3.

Seminar Energy Methods, FEM Class of 2013

Topic Potential of Internal Energy 30.10.2013
A c c e s s
1 MPE: Planar truss system
Wanted: internal potential energy depending on nodal displacements v
1
(k) and v
2
(k) of nodes
k = 1 . . . 5 in terms of
i
= f
_
v
1
(k) , v
2
(k)
_
for linear elastic material and small deformations
1 2
3
4 5
x
41
x
12
x
31
x
43
x
35
x
52
x
32
x ,v
2 2
x ,v
1 1
E, A = const.
L = L (for all truss members)
ik
remember last seminar:
i
=
_
V
w
i
dV
1.1 internal potential for a truss member
denition of truss member: stress/strain distribution over cross section:
i
k
x,u
E, A, L
u(i)
u(k)
u, , = const F g
x x
x
specic stress condition for each truss member (solution step 1)

x
= 0
y
=
z
= 0 trusses only axial forces

xz
=
xy
= 0 (no torsion and transversal loading)

yz
= 0 (no shearing/slipping in longitudinal direction)
stress-strain relationship (solution step 2)

x
= E
x
(1)
internal potential for each truss member (in local coordinates):

i
=
_
V
_
x
0

x
d
x
d V = E
_
V
_
x
0

x
d
x
d V =
1
2
E
_
V

2
x
d V (2)
1
strain-displacement relationship (solution step 3)
small deformations

x
=
d u
d x
= u

(3)
inserting (3) in (2)

i
=
1
2
E
_
V
u

2
d V =
1
2
E
_
L
u

2
_
A
dAdx =
1
2
EA
_
L
u

2
d x (4)
ansatz-functions for displacement eld (solution step 4)
linear interpolation of displacement between nodes (compare last seminar)
u(x) =
_
1
x
L
_
u(i) +
x
L
u(k)
u

(x) =
u(k) u(i)
L
=
L
L
(5)
inserted in potential

i
=
1
2
EA
_
L
_
L
L
_
2
d x =
1
2
EA
L
2
L
(6)
(for each truss member)
1.2 determination of L for each truss member
i
k
L
i
k
L+ L )
x
1
x
2
v (k)
1
v (k)
2
x (i)
1
x (i)
2
x (k)
1
x (k)
2
v (i)
1
v (i)
2
" )"
ik ik
+
"
ik
~
~
undeformed initial situation
x
1
(k) x
1
(i) = L cos
ik
x
2
(k) x
2
(i) = L sin
ik
(7)
deformed state
x
1
_

k
_
x
1
_

i
_
= (L + L) cos (
ik
+
ik
)
x
2
_

k
_
x
2
_

i
_
= (L + L) sin (
ik
+
ik
) (8)
2
_
x
1
(k) + v
1
(k)
_

_
x
1
(i) + v
1
(i)
_
= (L + L) cos (
ik
+
ik
)
_
x
2
(k) + v
2
(k)
_

_
x
2
(i) + v
2
(i)
_
= (L + L) sin (
ik
+
ik
) (9)
in case of small deformations: 1 cos = 1
sin =
recalling: cos (a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
dierence between deformed and undeformed state (eq.(9) - eq.(7))
v
1
(k) v
1
(i)
. .
= (L + L) cos ( + ) L cos
v
1
= (L + L) (cos cos
. .
1
sin sin
. .

) L cos
= (L + L) (cos sin ) L cos
= L cos (L + L) sin (10)
v
2
(k) v
2
(i)
. .
= (L + L) sin ( + ) L sin
v
2
= (L + L) (sin cos
. .
1
+cos sin
. .

) L sin
= (L + L) (sin + cos ) L sin
= L sin + (L + L) cos (11)
multiplication with cos , respectively, sin
v
1
cos = L cos
2
(L + L) sin cos (12)
v
2
sin = L sin
2
+ (L + L) cos sin (13)
addition of both equations
v
1
cos + v
2
sin = L cos
2
+ L sin
2
= L
_
cos
2
+ sin
2

_
(14)
for L follows
L = v
1
cos + v
2
sin (15)
potential of internal energy for each truss member

i
=
1
2

EA
L
(v
1
cos + v
2
sin )
2
(16)
total internal potential of truss by sum of truss members s = 1 . . . n

i
=
1
2
n

s=1
EA
s
L
s
(v
1
(s) cos
s
+ v
2
(s) sin
s
)
2
3
1.3 Solution
L for each truss member:
truss
member
node i node k
ik
cos
ik
sin
ik
L
1 4 1 60
1
2

3
2
1
2
(v
1
(1) v
1
(4)) +

3
2
(v
2
(1) v
2
(4))
2 4 3 0 1 0 (v
1
(3) v
1
(4))
3 3 1 120
1
2

3
2

1
2
(v
1
(1) v
1
(3)) +

3
2
(v
2
(1) v
2
(3))
4 1 2 0 1 0 (v
1
(2) v
1
(1))
5 3 2 60
1
2

3
2
1
2
(v
1
(2) v
1
(3)) +

3
2
(v
2
(2) v
2
(3))
6 3 5 0 1 0 (v
1
(5) v
1
(3))
7 5 2 120
1
2

3
2

1
2
(v
1
(2) v
1
(5)) +

3
2
(v
2
(2) v
2
(5))
boundary conditions:
v
1
(4) = v
2
(4) = v
2
(5) = 0
total internal potential under consideration of boundary conditions

i
=
1
2
EA
L
_
_
_
1
2
v
1
(1) +

3
2
v
2
(1)
_
2
+ (v
1
(3))
2
+
_

1
2
(v
1
(1) v
1
(3)) +

3
2
(v
2
(1) v
2
(3))
_
2
+(v
1
(2) v
1
(1))
2
+
_
1
2
(v
1
(2) v
1
(3)) +

3
2
(v
2
(2) v
2
(3))
_
2
+ (v
1
(5) v
1
(3))
2
+
_

1
2
(v
1
(2) v
1
(5)) +

3
2
(v (2))
_
2
_
_
(17)
4
Appendix A: matrix formulation
starting with eq.(15)
L = v
1
cos + v
2
sin =
_
cos sin
_

_
_
v
1
v
2
_
_
(18)
recalling v
1
= v
1
(k) v
1
(i) and v
2
= v
2
(k) v
2
(i)
L =
_
cos sin cos sin
_

_
v
1
(i)
v
2
(i)
v
1
(k)
v
2
(k)
_

_
= T
T
v (19)
inserting into eq.(7)

i
=
EA
2L
L
2
=
EA
2L
v
T
T T
T
v = v
T
K v (20)
with
K =
EA
2L
_

_
cos
2
cos sin cos
2
cos sin
cos sin sin
2
cos sin sin
2

cos
2
cos sin cos
2
cos sin
cos sin sin
2
cos sin sin
2

_
(21)
example: truss member 1 with node i = 4 and node k = 1 and
ik
= 60

1
i
=
_
v
1
(4) v
2
(4) v
1
(1) v
2
(1)
_

EA
2L
_

_
1
4

3
4

1
4

3
4

3
4
3
4

3
4

3
4

1
4

3
4
1
4

3
4

3
4

3
4

3
4
3
4
_

_
v
1
(4)
v
2
(4)
v
1
(1)
v
2
(1)
_

_
recalling boundary conditions v
1
(4) = v
2
(4) = v
2
(5) = 0

1
i
=
_
0 0 v
1
(1) v
2
(1)
_

EA
2L
_

_
1
4

3
4

1
4

3
4

3
4
3
4

3
4

3
4

1
4

3
4
1
4

3
4

3
4

3
4

3
4
3
4
_

_
0
0
v
1
(1)
v
2
(1)
_

_
=
_
v
1
(1) v
2
(1)
_

EA
2L
_

_
1
4

3
4
3
4
1
4
_

_
_
v
1
(1)
v
2
(1)
_
_
5
Appendix B: consideration of large deformations
strain-displacement relationship
large deformations (2
nd
order theory, linear and quadratic part of Taylor-serie):

x
=
d u
d x
+
1
2
_
d u(x)
x
_
2
= u

+
1
2
u

2
(22)
inserting (22) in (2)

i
=
1
2
EA
_
L
_
u

+
1
2
u

2
_
2
d x (23)
ansatz-functions for displacement eld
u

(x) =
L
L
(24)
inserted in potential
=
1
2
EA
_
L
2
L
+
L
3
L
2
+
1
4
L
4
L
3
_
(25)
(for each truss member)
undeformed initial and deformed situation as before but in case of large deformations:
cos = 1
sin =
for L follows (similar as before)
L = L (1 cos ) + v
1
cos + v
2
sin (26)
determination of using eq. (9):
cos ( + ) =
x
1
(k) x
1
(i) + v
1
(k) v
1
(i)
L + L
sin ( + ) =
x
2
(k) x
2
(i) + v
2
(k) v
2
(i)
L + L
tan ( + ) =
L sin + v
2
(k) v
2
(i)
L cos + v
1
(k) v
1
(i)
recalling:
tan (a + b) =
tan a + tan b
1 tan a tan b
can be determined
6