Ee422 9

EE 422G Notes: Chapter 9 Instructor: Zhang
Chapter 9 Analysis and Design of Digital Filter

9-1 Introduction
What designs have we done in this course?
What do we ean !" #i$ters here?
What do we ean !" #i$ters design?
Given speci#ications %re&uireents' () H(z)
*et+s see how we can ip$eent a digita$ #i$ter %processor' i# its H(z) is given?
9-2 ,tructures o# -igita$ .rocessors
1/ -irect-0or 1ea$i2ation

+

m
j
j
r
i
i
m
j
j
j
r
i
i
i
jT nT y k iT nT x L nT y
z k
z L
z X
z Y
z H
1 3
1
3
' % ' % ' %
1
' %
' %
' %
4he #unction is rea$i2ed5
What+s the issue here?
Count how an" eor"
e$eents we need5
.age 9-1
Can we reduce this nu!er?
I# we can6 what is the concern?

' %
1
' %
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
' %
z H
m
j
j
j
z H
r
i
i
i
m
j
i
j
r
i
i
i
z k
z L
z k
z L
z H
,
_

' % ' % ' % ' % ' % ' %
2 1
z X z H z H z X z H z Y

-enote
' % ' % ' % ' % ' % ' %
1 2
z V z H z Y z X z H z V
Ip$eent H
2
(z) and then H
1
(z) ?
Wh" H
2
is ip$eented?
%1'
' % ' % ' % ' %
1
1
z V z k z V z k z X z V
m
m

%2'
' %
1
1
' %
' % ' % ' 1 %
1
1
1
z X
z k
z V
z X z V z k z k
m
j
j
j
m
m
+ + +
H
2
is rea$i2ed5
Can "ou te$$ wh" H
1
is rea$i2ed?
.age 9-2
What can we see #ro this rea$i2ation? ,igna$s at j
A
and j
B
: a$wa"s the sae
-irect 0or II 1ea$i2ation
E7ap$e
8 1
8 2 1
' 2 / 3 1 %
9 / 3 : / 3 8 / 3 1
' %

+
+
z
z z z
z H
,o$ution:
8 2 1
8 2 1
33; / 3 12 / 3 : / 3 1
9 / 3 : / 3 8 / 3 1
' %

+ + +
+
z z z
z z z
z H
.age 9-8
Iportant: <%2'(=%2'>?%2' %1' ?: 1@A/ %2' Coe##icients in ?: in the #eed!acB channe$
2/ Cascade 1ea$i2ation
0actori2e ' 1 '% 1 '% 1 % 9 / 3 : / 3 8 / 3 1
8
8
2
2
1
1
8 2 1
+ z a z a z a z z z

' %
1
1
8
' %
1
1
2
' %
1
1
1
8 1
8 2 1
' 8 % ' 2 % ' 1 %
2 / 3 1
1
2 / 3 1
1
2 / 3 1
1
' 2 / 3 1 %
9 / 3 : / 3 8 / 3 1
' %
z H z H z H
z
z a
z
z a
z
z a
z
z z z
z H

+
+

Genera$ 0or
?pp$" -irect II #or each5
8/ .ara$$e$ 1ea$i2ation %,ip$e .o$es'

poles congugae
complex !e realize
"
l
l l
l
l
poles real
!e realize
"
k
k
k
m r
#
i
i
i
z $ z $
z e
%
z %
B z A z H

>
+
2 1
1
1 C 1
1
1
1
I#
3 ' 1 '% 1 %
1
1
1
' %
.age 9-4
E7ap$e 9-1
'
;
1
1 '%
2
1
1 %
' 1 %
' %
1 1
8 1

z z
z
z H
cascade and para$$e$ rea$i2ation5
,o$ution:
%1' Cascade:
' 1 %
'
;
1
1 %
1
'
2
1
1 %
1
' %
1
1
1
1
1
z
z
z
z
z
z H
%2' .ara$$e$
'
;
1
'%
2
1
%
' 1 %
'
;
1
1 '%
2
1
1 %
' 1 %
' %
8
1 1
8 1

z z z
z
z z
z
z H
In order to aBe deg%nu'Ddeg%den'
.age 9-E
.artia$-0raction
E7pansion #or s

; > 1 2 > 1
'
;
1
'%
2
1
%
' 1 % ' %
2
2
8
+ +

z
"
z
%
z
B
z
A
z z z
z
z
z H

1:
'
;
1
'%
2
1
%
' 1 %
' ; > 1 '% 2 > 1 %
' 1 %
' % $i
8
3
2
8 2
3

z
z
z z z
z z
z zH A

8
4
' ; > 1 %
' 1 %
$i
' %
' 2 > 1 % $i
2
8
2 > 1 2 > 1

z z
z
z
z H
z %
z z

8
848
' 2 > 1 %
' 1 %
$i
' %
' ; > 1 % $i
2
8
; > 1 ; > 1

z z
z
z
z H
z "
z z
z & an"thing other than '( )( 1*+( 1 B & ,112
0or e7ap$e6 z(2
112
'
;
1
'%
2
1
%
' 1 %
$i
' ' % %
$i
' % $i ' % $i
' % $i ' % $i
8
3
3
3 3
3 3

1
1
1
]
1
+
+

z z
z
$z
$
B
B
$z
z z H $
Bz A z zH
B
z
A
z H
z
z
z z
z z

1E
;
8
848
; > 1E
8 > 848
;
1
9 > ;
2 > 8
8 > 4
2
1
4
4
1:
4E
4
;
1E
2
8
4
1 ' %
2
8
z
"
z
%
z
A
z
z H

112 F
1E
;
8
848
9
;
4
4E
4
G 2 + + B
E7ap$e 9-2: ,"ste having a cop$e7 conHugate po$e pair at
j
ae z
t

4rans#er #unction

2 2 1 2 2
2
1 1
2
' %cos 2 1
1
' %cos 2
' 1 '% 1 %
1
' '% %
' %

+
+
z a z a a z a z
z
z ae z ae ae z ae z
z
z H
j j j j

r j r j
r j
e a e a
e H

4 2 2
2
' %cos 2 1
1
' %

+
.age 9-:
<ow do we ca$cu$ate the ap$itude response
I ' % I
2 r j
e H

and ' %
2 r j
e H

?
<ow the distance !etween the po$e and the unit circ$e in#$uence
-H- and H ?
<ow the
distance
!etween the
po$e and the
unit circ$e
in#$uence
H
?

a 1

<ow the po$e
ang$e

in#$uence
H
and
H ?
,ee 0ig/ 9-9
.age 9-9
.age 9-;
<W: 9-2%a'6 9-116 9-186 9-14
.age 9-9
9/8 -iscrete-4ie Integration
? ethod o# -iscrete-tie s"ste -esign: ?ppro7iate continuous-tie s"ste

Integrator
$ x y
3
' % ' %
a sip$e s"ste
s"ste input
Jutput
-iscrete-tie appro7iation o# this s"ste: discrete-tie Integrator
1/ 1ectangu$ar Integration

+ +
$ x y $ x $ x $ x y
3
3
3
' % ' % ' % ' % ' % ' %
3
3 3

change o# y #ro
'
to :
' 6 %
3
y

& nT(
'
& nT, T

' 6 % ' %
' % ' % ' %
nT T nT y T nT y
$ x T nT y nT y
nT
T nT
+
+

T sa$$ enough ()
' % ' % T nT x x

' %
' %
' % ' %
T nT Tx
$ T nT x
$ T nT x $ x
nT
T nT
nT
T nT
nT
T nT

' % ' % ' % T nT Tx T nT y nT y +
? discrete-tie integrator: rectangu$ar integrator

1
1
1 1
1 ' %
' %
' %
' % ' % ' %

+
z
T z
z X
z Y
z H
z TX z z Y z z Y
.age 9-13
Constant
F' 6 G % nT T nT
Constant
y(nT) : ,"ste output
x(nT) : ,"ste input 6 to !e
integrated
2/ 4rape2oida$ Integration

'' % ' % %
2
2
' % ' %
' %
nT x T nT x
T
$
nT x T nT x
$ x
nT
T nT
nT
T nT
+
+

' %
2
' %
2
' % ' % T nT x
T
nT x
T
T nT y nT y + +
or

egraors
ime $icree
.o
/e.een
$i00erence
T nT x nT x
T
T nT Tx T nT y nT y
int
'F % ' % G
2
' % ' % ' %
+ +

1
1
1 1
1
1
2
' %
' %
2
' %
2
' % ' %
+ +
z
z T
z H
z X z
T
z X
T
z Y z z Y
8/ 0re&uenc" Characteristics
8/1 1ectangu$ar Integrator
1
1
1
' %

z
T z
z H
r
0re&uenc" 1esponse
2 > sin 2 1
' %
2 >
2 > 2 >
2 >
T j
Te
e e
Te
e
Te
e H
T j
T j T j
T j
T j
T j
T j
r
.age 9-11
Constants
Jr
r j
Te
e H
r j
r j
r
sin 2
' %
2

,
_
r T
r
T
s
s

2
>
1
2
?p$itude 1esponse

' 3 %sin
2
1
3
sin 2
' % r r
r
T
r A
r

.hase 1esponse

2
1
3
2
' %

r r j e r
r j
r

8/2 4rape2oida$ Integrator

1
1
1
1
2
' %

z
z T
z H
0re&uenc" 1esponse

r j
r T
r j
r T
e e
e e T
e
e T
e H
r j r j
r j r j
r j
r j
r j
sin
cos
2 sin 2
cos 2
2

2 1
1
2
' %
2
2
2

?p$itude:
2
1
3
sin 2
cos
' % r
r
r T
r A
.hase:

,
_
>
>
3 cos
3 sin

2
1
3
2
' %
r
r
r r
8/8 Kersus Idea$ Integrator

Idea$ %continuous-tie ' Integrator

2
' %
2
1
' %
2
1
' %
2 2
1
' %

r
r0
r A
r0 j
r H
r0 0
j
j H
s
s
s
when T&1 second %-i##erent p$ots and re$ationships wi$$ resu$t i# T is di##erent/'
.age 9-12
*ow 0re&uenc" 1ange
' 1 2 % 1 << << r T
%0re&uenc" o# the input is uch $ower than the sap$ing #re&uenc":
It shou$d !e5'

s
r0 r
T
r A
r r
r

2
1 1
2
' %
1
sin
cos

s
r
r0 r
T
r A
r r 2
1
2
' %
1
sin
1

<igh 0re&uenc": *arge error %shou$d !e'
E7ap$e 9-4 -i##erentia$ e&uation %s"ste'

' % ' % y x
$
$y

.age 9-18
-eterine a digita$ e&uiva$ent/
,o$ution
%1' =$ocB -iagra o# the origina$ s"ste
%2' ?n e&uiva$ent
%8' 4rans#er 0unction -erivation

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
' 2 % ' 2 %
' 1 %
' %
' %
' %
' %
1
1
2
' %
1
1
2
1
'' % ' % %
1
1
2
' %
+ +
+

,
_
+
+
z T T
z T
z 1
z Y
z H
z X
z
z T
z Y
z
z T
z Y z X
z
z T
z Y

-esign: 9-4 0ind E&uiva$ence o# a given ana$og #i$ter %II1':

Inc$uding ethods in 4ie -oain and 0re&uenc" -oain/
9-E No ana$og protot"pe6 #ro the desired #re&uenc" response: 0I1
9-: Coputer-?ided -esign
.age 9-14
9.4 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter Design
%Given H(s) H
$
(z) '
9-4A Synthesis in the ime-Domain! In"ariant Design
1/ Ipu$se L Invariant -esign
%1' -esign .rincip$e
%2' I$$ustration o# -esign Mechanis %Not Genera$ Case'
?ssue:
%1' Given ana$og #i$ter %4rans#er 0unction'
m
i i
i
a
s s
2
s H
1
' % %a specia$ case'
%2' ,ap$ing .eriod T %sap$e !
a
() to generate !
a
(nT)'
-erivation:
%1' Ipu$se 1esponse o# ana$og #i$ter

m
i
s
i a a
i
e k s H L !
1
1
'' % % ' %
%2' !
a
(nT): sap$ed ipu$se response o# ana$og #i$ter

m
i
n T s
i
m
i
nT s
i a
i i
e k e k nT !
1 1
' % ' %
%8' 2-trans#or o# !
a
(nT)
.age 9-1E

,ap$ed ipu$se response o# ana$og #i$ter

m
i
T s
i
m
i
T s
i
m
i n
n T s
i
n
m
i
n n T s
i
n
n
a a
z e
k
z e
k z e k
z e k z nT ! nT ! 1
i i
i
i
1
1
1
1
1 3
3 1 3
1 1
1
' %
' % ' % '' % %
%4' Ipu$se-Invariant -esign .rincip$e
'' % % '' % % ' % ' % nT ! 1 nT ! 1 nT ! nT !
a a

-igita$ #i$ter is so designed that its ipu$se response !(nT)

e&ua$s the sap$ed ipu$se response o# the ana$og #i$ter !
a
(nT)
<ence6 digita$ #i$ter ust !e designed such that

m
i
T s
i
m
i
T s
i
a
z e
k
z H
z e
k
nT ! 1 nT ! 1
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
' %
1
'' % % '' % %
%E'
'' % % ' ' % %
3
! L nT ! T1
a
T
e z
T j
%sca$ing'
()
m
i
T s
i
z e
k
T z H
i
1
1
1
' %
%8' Characteristics
%1'
' % ' %
j H z H
a
e z
T j

when T 3

#re&uenc" response o# digita$ #i$ter
%2'
' % ' % 3
j H z H T
a
e z
T j

%8' -esign: Jptii2ed #or T & 3

Not #or T 3 %practica$ case' %due to the design princip$e'
%4' 1ea$i2ation: .ara$$e$
.age 9-1:
2-trans#er #unction
' %z H
o# the digita$
#i$ter/ J# course6
the 2-trans#er
#unction o# its
ipu$se response/
%E' -esign E7ap$e
s T
s
s H
a
2
1
1
' %
+
,o$ution:
1 6 1 6 1
1 1
s 2 m

1 2 1 2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
' %

z e z e z e
2
T z H
m
i
T s
i
i
2/ Genera$ 4ie L Invariant ,"nthesis
%1' -esign .rincip$e
%2' -erivatio
n
Given: H
a
(s) trans#er #unction o# ana$og #i$ter
.age 9-19
X
a
(s) *apa$ce trans#or o# input signa$ o# ana$og 0i$ter
T sap$ing period
0ind H(z) 2-trans#er #unction o# digita$ #i$ter
%1' 1esponse o# ana$og #i$ter x
a
()
'F % ' % G ' %
1
s X s H L y
a a a

%2' y
a
(nT) sap$ed signa$ o# ana$og #i$ter output
nT
a a a
s X s H L nT y

F ' % ' % G G ' %

1
%8' 2-trans#or o# y
a
(nT)
N F ' % ' % G OG 'F % G
1
nT
a a a
s X s H L 1 nT y 1

%4' 4ie L invariant -esign .rincip$e

'F % G '' % % ' % ' % nT y 1 nT y 1 nT y nT y
a a

-igita$ #i$ter is so designed

that its output e&ua$s the sap$ed
output o# the ana$og #i$ter
Incorporate the sca$ing :

'F % G 'F % G
' % ' %
nT y 1 3 nT y 1
a
T 3
z X z H

2-trans#er #unction o# digita$ #i$ter
%E' -esign E&uation

N F '' % ' % % OG
' %
' %
1
nT
a a
s X s H L 1
z X
3
z H

specia$ case X%z'&1( X

a
%s' & 1 %ipu$se'
()
N F '' % % OG ' %
1
nT
a
s H L 31 z H

%:' -esign procedure

?: 0ind ' % 'F % ' % G
1
y s X s H L
a a a

%output o# ana$og #i$ter'

=: 0ind
nT
a a
y nT y

' % ' %
C: 0ind
'' % % nT y 1
a
-:
'' % % ' % nT y 31 z H
a
E7ap$e 9-E
' 2 '% 1 %
' 4 % E / 3
' %
+ +
+
s s
s
s H
a
0ind digita$ #i$ter <%2' !" ipu$se - invariance/
,o$ution o# design:
%1' 0ind ' % 'F % ' % G
1
y s X s H L
a a a

.age 9-1;
T
2
1
1
E / 1
' 2 '% 1 %
' 4 % E / 3
' %
1 ' %
+
+ +
+
s s s s
s
s H
s X
a
a

a a a
e e s X s H L y
2 1
E / 1 'F % ' % G ' %

%2' 0ind nT
a a
y nT y

' % ' %
n T n T
a
e e nT y ' % ' % E / 1 ' %
2

%8' 0ind
'' % % nT y 1
a

1 2 1
1
1
1
E / 1
'' % %

z e z e
nT y 1
T T
a
%4' 0ind 2-trans#er #unction o# the digita$ #i$ter
1
]
1
1 2 1
1
1
1
E / 1
'' % % ' %
z e z e
3
nT y 31 z H
T T
a
use G ( 4
1 2 1
1 1
E / 1
' %

z e
T
z e
T
z H
T T
%E' Ip$eentation
Characteristics
%1' 0re&uenc" 1esponse e&uations: ana$og and digita$
?na$og :
' 2 '% 1 %
' 4 % E / 3
' %

j j
j
j H
a
+ +
+
-igita$ :
T j T T j T
T j
e e
T
e e
T
e H

2
1 1
E / 1
' %
%2' dc response coparison % 3 '
.age 9-19
?na$og:
1
2 1
4 E / 3
' 3 %
a
H
-igita$:
T T
j
e
T
e
T
H e H
2
3
1 1
E / 1
' 1 % ' %

Kar"ing with 4 %shou$d !e'
: 3 T T e
T

1 6 T e
T
2 1
2

1
' 2 1 % 1 ' 1 % 1
E / 1
' 1 %

T
T
T
T
H
: 3 T #or e7ap$e
' 23 % 8141: / 3
23
2

s
0 s T

9834 / 3
T
e 6 E88E / 3
2
T
e

394E / 1 ' 1 % H
good enough
%8'
I ' % I j H
a
versus
I ' % I
T j
e H

:
on$ T sec 8141: / 3
23
2

Psing nora$i2ed #re&uenc"
s s
0 0 r > >

' %
2
2 2
E 4
1:
E / 3 ' % I
4 cos 99982 / 3 2 cos E129E / 8 9492E / 2
2 cos 3:9;8 / 3 2E4;; / 3
13
I ' % I
4 2
2
2
r H
r
T
r 0 0 j H
r r
r
e H
a
s a
r j

+ +
+
.age 9-23
%4' H versus
a
H
%E' Gain adHustent when 3 T
3 T () #re&uenc" response ine&ua$it"
adHust G () ' % ' %
j H e H
a
T j
at a specia$
#or e7ap$e 3
I# 3 & T & 3/8142 () 394E / 1 I ' %
3

T j
e H
I# se$ecting 3 & T*1/394E () 1 I ' %
3

T j
e H
8/ ,tep L invariance s"nthesis

s
s X
a
1
' %
1
1
1
' %

z
z X

N I 'FF %
1
G OG ' 1 % ' %
N I 'FF % ' % G OG
' %
' %
1 1
1
nT a
nT a a
s H
s
L 1 z 3 z H
s X s H L 1
z X
3
z H
E7ap$e 9-:
' 2 '% 1 %
' 4 % E / 3
' %
+ +
+
s s
s
s H
a / 0ind its step-invariant e&uiva$ent/
,o$ution o# -esign

2
E / 3
1
E / 1 1
' 2 '% 1 %
' 4 % E / 3
' %
1
+
+
+

+ +
+
s s s s s s
s
s H
s
a

nT nT
nT a nT a a
e e s H
s
L y nT y
2 1
E / 3 E / 1 1 I 'F %
1
G I ' % ' %

+

1 2 1 1
1
1
1
E / 3
1
E / 1
1
1
'% 1 %
'F % G ' 1 % ' %

z e z e z
z 3
nT y 1 z 3 z H
T T
a

.age 9-21
Coparison with ipu$se-invariant e&uiva$ent/
9-4# Design in the Fre$uen%y Domain --- he #ilinear &-transform
1/ Motivation %pro!$e in 4ie -oain -esign'

' %
' %
0 X
x

+
+ + + +

'F % G ' % G ' %

' % ' %
' %
1 1 s s n
n
s n s
s
0 0 X % 0 0 X % 0 X %
n0 0 X % 0 X
nT x
Introduced !" sap$ing6 undesired5
x%' !and$iited %
' 3 ' 2 > %
s
0 0 X
.age 9-22

' % ' % 0 X 0 X
s
#or
2
I I
s
0
0 <
' % ' %
s s
0 0 X 0 X +
#or
2
I I
s
0
0 <
Consider digita$ e&uiva$ent o# an ana$og" #i$ter H
a
%0':
' 2 % ' % 0 j H j H
a a

'
H
a
%0': !and$iited () can #ind a H
$
%z'
H
a
%0': not !and$iited () can not #ind a H
$
%z' ,uch that ' % ' %
a
T j
$
H e H
2/ .roposa$: #ro
a7is to
1
a7is
s
E / 3
1

%
s
: given sap$ing #re&uenc"'

%s p$ane to s
1
p$ane'
.age 9-28
J!servations: %1' Good accurac" in $ow #re&uencies
%2' .oor accurac" in high #re&uencies
%8' 133Q ?ccurac" at
C
1

a given speci#ic nu!er such that 3/31 s
Is it oBa" to have poor accurac" in high #re&uencies? Res5 Input is !and$iited5

What do we ean !" good6 poor and 133Q accurac"?
?ssue %1'
1
1
' %
+
j
H
a %origina$$" given ana$og" #i$ter'
%2' 4he trans#or is 1
tan 91E244 / 3
4hen6
1 tan 91E / 3
1
1
+ j
is a #unction o# 1
/ -enote
' %
S
1 tan 91E / 3
1
1
1

a
H
j

+
/
Good accurac":

' 8 / 3 %
S
1 2; / 3
1
1 ' 8 / 3 tan% 91E / 3
1
1 8 / 3
1
' 8 / 3 %
1

+
+

a a
H
j j j
H
.oor ?ccurac"

' E / 1 %
S
1 9 / 12
1
1 ' E / 1 tan% 91E / 3
1
1 E / 1
1
' E / 1 %
1

+
+

a a
H
j j j
H
133Q ?ccurac" %E&ua$'

' E / 3 %
S
1 E / 3
1
1 ' E / 3 tan% 91E / 3
1
1 E / 3
1
' E / 3 %
1

+
+

a a
H
j j j
H

Is
' %
S
1
H
!and$iited? 4hat is6 can we #ind a
1
such that
' %
S
1
H
(3?
Res6
2 >
1

/ We have no pro!$e to #ind a digita$ e&uiva$ent
.age 9-24

' %
S
' %
1
1
a
T j
$
H e H
without a$iasing5
*et+s use
' % L
as a nu!er %#or e7ap$e 3/2' representing an" $ow
#re&uenc"6
4hen6 !ecause
' 2 / 3 %
S
' %
L
a
H
is a good appro7iation o#
' 2 / 3 %
' %
L
a
H
6

' %
' 2 / 3 %
' %
T j
$
L
e H

' 2 / 3 %
' %
L
a
H
shou$d !e a good appro7iation/
? digita$ #i$ter can thus !e designed #or an ana$og" #i$ter
' %
a
H
which is not
!and$ited5
4wo ,tep -esign .rocedure:
Given: ana$og" #i$ter
' %s H
a
%1' 0ind an !and$iited ana$og" appro7iation %
' %
S
1
s H
a ' #or
' %s H
a
%2' -esign a digita$ e&uiva$ent
'' % % z H
$ #or the !and$iited #i$ter
' %
S
1
s H
a /
=ecause o# the re$ationship !etween %
' %
S
1
a
H
' #or
' %
a
H
6

' %z H
$ is a$so digita$ e&uiva$ent o#
' %s H
a /
4he over$apping %a$iasing' pro!$e is avoided5
4he designed digita$ #i$ter can appro7iate
' %
a
H
%#or
1
and
taBe the
sae va$ue' at $ow #re&uenc"/
8/
a7is to
1
a7is %s p$ane to s
1
p$ane' trans#oration
1e&uireent :
2
1
s

%
s
is given sap$ing #re&uenc"/'

.roposed trans#oration :

2
tan
2
2
1
tan
1 1
T
% %
s

1
1
1
]
1
E##ect o# C:
We want the trans#oration ap

r

%#or e7ap$e6
s ra$
r
> 133
' to r

1
' %
C
()
2
cot
2
tan
T
%
T
%
r
r
r
r

i/e/ when the sap$ing period T is given6 % is the on$" paraeter
which deterines what
wi$$ !e apped into

1
a7is with the

sae va$ue/
E7ap$e:
2 2
2
2
' %
c c
c
a
s s
s H

+ +
c c
c
a
j
j H
2 ' %
' %
2 2
2
+
not !and$iited
.age 9-2E
Karia!$e in

doain
Karia!$e in
1

doain
Constant
I# we want to ap 133 2 to
133 2
1

233
r
2
233
cot 233
T
%

<ence6 #or an" given T or
T
s
1
2

c c
c
a a
T
% j
T
%
T T
j H
T
j% H
2
tan 2 '
2
tan %

'
2
tan '
2
233
cot 233 %% '
2
tan %
1 1 2 2 2
2
1 1
is !and$iited as a #unction o#
1
!"
T
s

2
I I
1
' % '
2
tan % ' %
S
1
1

j H
T
j% H H
a a a

when

1
at $ow #re&uencies/
0urther
' 233 % ' 233 %
S
1
j j j H H
r a r a

E7act$" ho$ds5
<ow to se$ect
r
or sap$ing #re&uenc"
s
at which

1
?
%1'
2
r
T
shou$d !e sa$$?
wh"?
s s
0
T
2 1

s r
s
r r
T

<< << << or 1 1
2
6
%4he accurac" shou$d !e good at $ow #re&uencies'

%2' When
r
is given or deterined !" app$ication6

s
shou$d !e $arge
enough such that
s r
<<
to ensure the accurac" in the #re&uenc"
range inc$uding
r
When
: 1
2
<<
T
r

T T
%
r
r
2 2

since
x
x
1
cot
#or sa$$ x/
4/ -esign o# -igita$ 0i$ter using !i$inear 2-trans#or
? procedure: %1'
' %
S
' %
1

a a
H j H

%not !and$iited6 %!and$iited6
origina$ ana$og' ana$og'
or
' %
S
' %
1
s H s H
a a

%2'
z e
a $
T s
s H z H

1
I ' %
S
' %
1

.age 9-2:
%4rans#er rep$ace
T s
e
1
!" z
#unction o#
digita$ #i$ter'
C Tuestion: Can we direct$" o!tain H
$
(z) #ro H
a
(s) ? Res5 %=ut how?'
=i$inear 2-trans#or
.reparation : %1'
jx jx
jx jx
e e
e e
j
x
x
x

cos
sin
tan
%2'
2
tan
1
T
%

<ence6
2 2
2 2
1
1 1
1 1
' %
2
tan
T
j
T
j
T
j
T
j
e e
e e
j %
T
%

1ep$ace
j
!" s 6
1
j
!" s1 %
1 1
6 > js js j s
'

T s
T s
T s T s
T s T s
T s T s
T s T s
e
e
%
e e
e e
% s
e e
e e
j% js
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
2 > 2 >
2 > 2 >
2 > 2 >
2 > 2 >

1ep$ace
z e
T s
1
#or digita$ #i$ter

+
1
1
1
1
z
z
% s direct trans#oration #ro s to z %!"pass s
1
'

E7ap$e
2 2
2
2
' %
c c
c
a
s s
s H

+ +
-igita$ 0i$ter

2 1 2 2 2 1 2
2 1 2
2
1
1
2 1
2 1
2
2
' 1 % ' 1 % 2 ' 1 %
' 1 %
1
1
2
' 1 %
' 1 %
' %

+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
z z z %
z
z
z
z
z
%
z H
c c
c
c c
c
$

C: on$" undeterined paraeter in the digita$ #i$ter/

4o deterine C: %1'
' %
s
T
%2'
r
%re$ated to the #re&uenc" range o# interest'

.age 9-29
=i$inear 2 L
trans#oration
E7ap$e 9-9
2 2
2
2
' %
c c
c
a
s s
s H

+ +
: !reaB #re&uenc"
4aBe
c r

Consider
' E33 2 % E33
c c
Hz 0

sec' 333E / 3
1
% 2333
s
s
0
T Hz 0
C deterined () H
$
%z' deterined

2
2 1
191E98 / 3 1
292;98 / 3 E;E9;: / 3 292;98 / 3
' %

+
+ +
z
z z
z H
$

' %
2 r j
$
e H

6
I ' % I
2 r j
$
e H

6
' %
2 r j
$
e H

4o copare the #re&uenc" response with the origina$ ana$og #i$ter H

a
:

' ; % ' 2 % ' 2 % ' %
4
c a
0 0
s a a a
r0 j H r0 j H 0 j H j H
c s

% rep$ace s !"
' % ; s H in r0 j
a c
'

I I
a
H
6 a
H
4oo $ow 0
s
() poor accurac" in 0
c
/
.age 9-2;
9-4C #ilinear &-ransform #andpass Filter
1/ Construction Mechanis
%1' 0ro an ana$og $ow-pass #i$ter H
a
(s)
to ana$og !andpass #i$ter ' %
2 2
/
c
a
s
s
H
+
i/e/6 rep$ace s !"
/
c
s
s
2 2
+
to #or a !andpass #i$ter
0or e7ap$e
1
1
' %
+
s
s H
a
$ow-pass
1
1
2 2
+
+
/
c
s
s
!and-pass
Wh"? Jrigina$ $ow-pass
' % j H
a
*ow () <igh Gain

<igh () *ow Gain
?#ter 1ep$aceent
' % ' %
2 2 2 2
/
c
a
/
c
a
j H
j
H
+
high
/ / /
c
2 2 2
() high () $ow gain
$ow
/ c
/
c
>
2 2 2

() high () $ow gain

%2' 0ro ana$og to digita$
1ep$ace s in
' %
2 2
/
c
a
s
s
H
+
!"
1
1
1
1
z
z
%

' %
1
z H
$
#or e7ap$e
.age 9-29
In the $ow pass #i$ter

1
1
1
' 1 %
' 1 %
1
1
1
1
1
2
2 1
2 1 2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
/
c
/
c
z
z
z
z %
s
s

2/ =i$inear 2-trans#or e&uation
?na$og *ow-pass =andpass %ana$og'
s
/
c
s
s
2 2

+
' 1 %
' 1 % ' 1 %

1
1
1
1

2
2 1 2 2 1 2
1
1
2
2
1
1
+ +
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
z %
z z %
z
z
%
z
z
%
/
c
/
c

2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1 2 2 1 2
1
2 1

' 1 %
' 1 % ' 1 %

+
1
1
]
1
+ +
z
z z
%
%
%
%
z %
z z %
c
c
/
c
/
c

2
2 1
1
1

z
z Bz
A
with
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
c
c
/
c
%
%
%
%
A
#
8/ <ow to se$ect %
/ c
% 6 6
' #or !andpass #i$ter
%design'
.age 9-83
digita$ !andpass #i$ter
-irect 4rans#oration
s %in $ow-pass'

s %in $ow-pass'
Iportant paraeters o# !andpass
%1' center #re&uenc"
c
%2'
u
upper critica$ #re&uenc"

%8'
l
$ow critica$ #re&uenc"

,e$ection o#
c
#or !andpass:
l u c

2
-esign o# %
/ c
% 6 6
'
We want
2
tan
T
%
u
u

6 ?$so want
2
tan
T
%
l
l

one paraeter C () ipossi!$e
so$ution
2
tan
2
tan
2 2
T T
%
l u
c

!andwidth
2
tan
2
tan
T
%
T
%
l u
/

<ence6 ? and = can !e deterined to per#or the trans#or/
4/ Convenient design e&uation
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan 1
'
2
tan
2
%tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
2 2
T T
T T
T T
%
T T
% %
A
l u
l u
l u
l u

wh" no C?
2
tan
2
tan 1
2
tan
2
tan 1
2
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
tan
2
2 2
2 2
T T
T T
T T
% %
T T
% %
B
l u
l u
l u
l u

+
.age 9-81
2
' cos%
2
' cos%
2
' cos%
' cos%
tan tan 1
tan tan 1
T
T
l u
l u y x
y x
y x
y x

2
2 1
1
1
z
z Bz
A s
E7ap$e : ' 1 % ' 1 %
1
1
1
1 1
2 2 1
2
2
2 1

+ +
+ z z Bz A
z
z
z Bz
A
s
E/ In the nora$i2ed #re&uenc"

1e#erence #re&uenc": sap$ing #re&uenc"
' %
s s
0

s
u
s
u
u
0
0
r
s
l
s
l
l
0
0
r
()
u
s
u
u
r
0
0
T

2
1
2
2
6
l
l
r
T
2

()
'

' % cos
' % cos
2
' % cot
l u
l u
l u
r r
r r
B
r r A
s ()
2
2 1
1
1
+
z
z Bz
A
E7ap$e 9-9 *owpass
1
1
' %
+
s
s H
a
4rans#er #unction o# !andpass digita$ #i$ter

1
1
1
1
' %
2
2 1
+

z
z Bz
A
z H
$
? and =? -eterined !" design re&uireents/

'
Hz 0
Hz 0
l
u
E33
1333
sap$ing #re&uenc" 0
s
& E333Hz
'

1 / 3 >
2 / 3 >
s l l
s u u
0 0 r
0 0 r
.age 9-82
In $ow-pass
In $ow-pass
28:3:;3 / 1
' 1 / 3 2 / 3 % cot
' 1 / 3 2 / 3 % cot
2
399:;8E / 8 ' 1 / 3 2 / 3 % cot
B
A
2 1
2
399:;8E / 2 ;3422:1 / 8 399:;8E / 4
1
' %

z z
z
z H
' %
2 r j
e H

6 I ' % I
2 r j
e H

6 ' %
2 r j
e H

.age 9-88
9-' Design of Finite-Duration Impulse Response (FIR) Digital Filter
-irect -esign o# -igita$ 0i$ters with no ana$og protot"pe/
Can we a$so do this #or II1? Res5
Psing coputer progra in ne7t section/
9-'A A fe( $uestions
1/ <ow are the speci#ications given?
=" given
' % A
and
' %
2/ What is the #or o# 0I1 digita$ #i$ter?
-i##erence E&uation

k
kT nT x kT ! nT y ' % ' % ' %
%What is T ? sap$ing period'
4rans#er #unction
k
k
z kT ! z H ' % ' %
8/ <ow to se$ect T ?
4/ ?#ter T is #i7ed6 can we de#ine the nora$i2ed #re&uenc" r and
' %r A
and
' %r
? Res5
Can we then #ind the desired #re&uenc"
response
' %
' % ' %
r j
e r A r H

? Res5
E/ Wh" ust H( r ) !e a periodic #unction #or
digita$ #i$ter?
H( r ) & H ( n 4 r ) ? Wh"? What is its
period?
.age 9-84
period sap$ing he t
not period6 'U % % 1 s r H T
r

r is not
tie
:/ Can H( r ) !e e7pressed in 0ourier ,eries ? Res5
<ow?
,ee genera$ #oru$a :

T
jn
n
n
0 jn
n
n
jn
n
e X e X e X x
3 3 3
2
2
' %

2 >
2 >
2
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
' %
1
' %
1
T
T
T
jn
T
jn
n
$ e x
T
$ e x
T
X

In our case #or H%r':
1
3
T
r
H x

2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2
' %
' %
$r e r H X
e X r H
r jn
n
n
r jn
n
What does this ean? Ever" desired #re&uenc" response H%r' o# digita$
#i$ter can !e e7pressed into 0ourier ,eries 5 0urther6 the coe##icients o#
the 0ourier series can !e ca$cu$ated using H%r'5
9-)# Design prin%iple
n
r jn
n
e X r H
2
' %

-enote
'
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2
' % ' %
' % ' %
' %
$r e r H X nT !
e nT ! r H
X nT !
r jn
n $
n
r jn
$
n $
Consider a #i$ter with trans#er #unction
n
n
$
z nT ! ' %
What+s its #re&uenc" response ?
' % ' % ' '% %
2 2
r H e nT ! e nT !
n
rn j
$
n
n r j
$

given speci#ication o# digita$ #i$ter+s #re&uenc" response5
9-) C Design *ro%edure
%1' Given H%r'
%2' 0ind H(r)s Fourier series
n
rn j
$
e nT ! r H
2
' % ' %

.age 9-8E
3
: sap$ing #re&uenc"? No5 3

T
: period o#
' % x
where
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
' % ' % $r e r H nT !
r jn
$

%8' -esigned #i$ter+s trans#er #unction

n
n
$
z nT ! ' %

What+s !
$
%nT' ? Ipu$se response5
E7ap$e 9-13:
' 2 cos 1 %
2
1
' % r r H +
,o$ution :
%1' Given
' %r H
: done
%2' 0ind
' %r H
+s 0ourier series

+
n
r jn
$
e nT ! r r H
2
' % ' 2 cos 1 %
2
1
' %

where
+
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
' 2 cos 1 %
2
1
' % $r e r nT !
r jn
$

n & 3
2
1
2 cos
2
1
2
1
' 2 cos 1 %
2
1
' 3 %
2 > 1
2 > 1
2 > 1
2 > 1
2 > 1
2 > 1
+ +

r$r $r $r r !
$
3 n

+
+
+
2 > 1
2 > 1
' 1 % 2
2 > 1
2 > 1
' 1 % 2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
4
1
4
1
2 2
1
2
1
' %
$r e $r e
$r e
e e
$r e nT !
r n j r n j
nr j
r j r j
r jn
$

1 6 3 3 ' %
4
1
4
1
' %
4
1
4
1
' %
2 > 1
2 > 1
2 > 1
2 > 1
t

n nT !
$r T !
$r T !
$
$
$

'
t
+ +

2 I I 6 3 ' % 6
4
1
' % 6
2
1
' 3 %
4
1
2
1
4
1
' % ' %
2 2 2
n nT ! T ! !
e e e nT ! r H
$ $ $
r j r j
n
r n j
$

%8' -igita$ 0i$ter
1 1 1
4
1
2
1
4
1
' % ' 3 % ' % ' %

+ + + +
z z z T ! ! z T ! z nT !
$ $ $
n
n
$

9.) D *ra%ti%al Issues ! Infinite num+er of terms and non-%ausal
%1'
n
n
$ nc
z nT ! z H ' % ' %

.age 9-8:
2M@1 ters
4runcation ()
' ' % ' % % ' % ' %

n
n
$ r
#
# n
n
$ nc
z nT ! n . z nT ! z H
1ectangu$ar window #unction

'
>
# n
# n
n .
r
I I 3
I I 1
' %
4runcation window
E##ect o# 4runcation %windowing':
4ie -oain: Mu$tip$ication % ! and . '
0re&uenc" -oain: Convo$ution

r
r #
e e .
#
# n
r n j r j
r
sin
' 1 2 % sin
' %
2 2
%?#ter 4runcation: 4he desired #re&uenc" H

r
r r
. H
#re&uenc" response o# truncated #i$ter '
4he e##ect wi$$ !e seen in e7ap$es5
%2' Causa$ 0i$ters:

+

#
# n
n #
$
#
# n
n
$
#
c
z nT ! z nT ! z z H
' %
' % ' % ' %
k & n4#

#
k
k
$ c
z #T kT ! z H
2
3
' % ' %
-e#ine
' % # kT ! L
$ k

#
k
k
k c
z L z H
2
3
' %
1e$ationship:
#
nc c
z z H z H

' % ' %
0re&uenc" 1esponse
'

#r r r
r A r A
e e H e H
nc c
nc c
#r j r j
nc
r j
c

2 ' % ' %
' % ' %
' % ' %
2 2 2
-esign E7ap$es
<aing window:
'
>
+
# n
# n
#
n
n .
!
I I 3
I I cos 4: / 3 E4 / 3
' %

E7ap$e 9-11 -esign a digita$ di##erentiator
,tep1 : ?ssign
' %r H
.age 9-89
' %r H
shou$d !e the #re&uenc" response o# the ana$og di##erentiator
H(s) & s
() -esired
r 0 j j r H
s
r0 0
0
s
2 I ' %
2

,tep2 : Ca$cu$ate !
$
%nT'

[ ] [ ]
[ ] n j
n j
0
n
n
0
e e
n j
0
e e
n
0
e
n j n
0
e
n j n
0
e
n j
re
n
0
r $ e re
n
0
r r$e
n
0
$r nre j
n
0
$r e r 0 j $r e r H
$r e r 0 j $r e r H nT !
s s
n j n j s n j n j s
n j s n j s
r
r
nr j nr j s
nr j
r
r
nr j s
nr j s
nr j s
nr j
s
nr j
nr j
s
nr j
$
sin 2
2
cos 2
2

2 2

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

2
1

' %

2
' 2 % ' %
' 2 % ' % ' %
2

2

2 > 1
2 > 1
2 2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2
2 > 1
2 > 1
2

+
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1
'
2 2
2
F sin G
sin
3 ' 1 % sin
2
2
' 1 %
' %
n
n n 0
n
n
0
n
0
n
n
0
n
n j
j 0
n
0
nT !
s s s
n s s n s
$
.age 9-8;
nr j
/
a
/
a
/
a
e 5 r u
5$u u5 u$5
2
6

3

3 3
sin
$i
2
> ' %
> ' cos %
$i
2
cos
$i
2
F sin G
$i
2
3
3
3
2
3

n
n 0
$n n $
$n n $ 0
n
n 0
$n
n $
n n
$n
$
0
n
s
n
s
n
s
n
s

i/e/6
'
3 3
1 ' 1 %
' %
n
n
n
0
nT !
n
s
$
,tep 8: Construct nc #i$ter with haing window %M(9'

' % ' %
' % ' 1 % ' % ' 1 % ' %
9
9
1
1
9
z H z z H
z n .
n
0
z n .
n
0
z H
c
n
n
n
!
n s
n
n
n
!
n s
+

Example 9- 12:
Desired low- pass
FIR digital filter
characteristic
.age 9-89

'
<
E / 3 I I 1E / 3 3
1E / 3 I I 1
' %
r
r
r H
n
n
e e
n j
$r e nT !
j j r n j
$
8 / 3 sin

1
' %
2
1
' %
8 / 3 8 / 3
1E / 3
1E / 3
2

8 / 3
1
8 / 3 cos 8 / 3
$i
' % > ' %
' % > ' 8 / 3 %sin
$i ' 3 %
3 3

n
n $ n $
n $ n $
T !
n n
$

'
3
8 / 3 sin
' %
8 / 3 ' 3 %
n
n
n
nT !
!
$
$
NC filter with 17 weights window:

;
;
' % ' % ' %
n
n
! $ 6%
z n . nT ! z H
,
' %
;
z H z H
6% %

.age 9-43
Example 9-13 (90
o
phase shifter)
'
< <
< <
3 E / 3
E / 3 3
' %
r j
r j
r H
n n
n
n
e e
n
e
n
e
n
$r e j $r je nT !
jn jn
jn jn
r n j r n j
$

1

cos

1
' %
2
1
' 1 %
2
1
' 1 %
2
1
' % ' %
2 > 1
3
2
3
2 > 1
2

+ + +

+

n = 0 =>
3
1
sin
$i
cos 1
$i ' 3 %
3 3

n
n
n
!
n n
$

'
3 F ' 1 % 1 G
1
' %
3 ' 3 %
n
n
nT !
!
n
$
$
.age 9-41

'
e5en n n
o$$ n
n
6 3 3
2
=>
'
e5en n
o$$ n
n
nT !
$
3
2
' %

Filter:
9 ' % ' % ' %
9
9

# z n . n ! z H
n
n
! $ 6%
' %
9
z H z H
6% %

.age 9-42
Fig. 9-32 Amplitude response of digital 90 degree phase shifter
9.) Computer-Aided Design of Digital Filters
9-:? Coand "u$ewa$B #or II1
E7ap$e 9-14
9-:= Coand ree2 #or 0I1
E7ap$e 9-1E
Chapter 9 <oeworB
26 46 :6 116 186 146 2E6 2:6 296 296 836 816 446 4;6 E86 :16 :26 :46 ::6 :;6 :9
.age 9-48

Ee422 9

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Ee422 9

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

EE 422G Notes: Chapter 9 Instructor: Zhang

Chapter 9 Analysis and Design of Digital Filter

8/2 4rape2oida$ Integrator

8/8 Kersus Idea$ Integrator

-esign: 9-4 0ind E&uiva$ence o# a given ana$og #i$ter %II1':

-igita$ #i$ter is so designed that its ipu$se response !(nT)

%8' -esign: Jptii2ed #or T & 3

F ' % ' % G G ' %

%4' 4ie L invariant -esign .rincip$e

-igita$ #i$ter is so designed

specia$ case X%z'&1( X

%:' -esign procedure

%output o# ana$og #i$ter'

'F % G ' % G ' %

: given sap$ing #re&uenc"'

Is it oBa" to have poor accurac" in high #re&uencies? Res5 Input is !and$iited5

is given sap$ing #re&uenc"/'

wi$$ !e apped into

a7is with the

is given or deterined !" app$ication6

C: on$" undeterined paraeter in the digita$ #i$ter/

%re$ated to the #re&uenc" range o# interest'

4o copare the #re&uenc" response with the origina$ ana$og #i$ter H

*ow () <igh Gain

() high () $ow gain

upper critica$ #re&uenc"

$ow critica$ #re&uenc"

E/ In the nora$i2ed #re&uenc"

In our case #or H%r':

Consider a #i$ter with trans#er #unction

: sap$ing #re&uenc"? No5 3

%?#ter 4runcation: 4he desired #re&uenc" H

NC filter with 17 weights window:

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen