UMA.S.N. Assistant Professor Department of Metallurgy and Material Science College of Engineering, Pune. UMA.S.

N/MST/COEP/2014

Overview of the lecture

Transformation Products of Austenite Pearlite Bainite Martensite TTT/IT diagram
Critical cooling rate CCT diagram

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Isothermal transformation from Austenite to Pearlite

Incubation period (For Fe-C Eutectoid alloy)

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(For Fe-C Eutectoid alloy)

As the transformation temperature decreases (727 - 540)

transformation time decreases - incubation period decreases

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TTT Diagram
for Eutectoid composition steel.

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TTT diagram for Eutectoid composition steel

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Transformation of Austenite to Pearlite

Diffusion controlled transformation Nucleation (of

Cementite) and growth. By diffusion of carbon and Iron atoms

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Lamellar structure

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Interlamellar spacing Vs under cooling

Interlamellar spacing log of , A0 4.0

3.6

3.2

2.8 20 60 100 140

T, undercooling

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Coarser Pearlite
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Finer Pearlite

IT/ TTT diagram (For Fe-C Hyper Eutectoid alloy)

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Transformation of Austenite to Bainite

As the transformation temperature decreases(540-215) transformation time increases - incubation period increases - Bainite formation

T > 540 C
Austenite 215 <T < 540 C

Pearlite

Bainite *

* The study was first conducted by Scientist Bain

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Bainite
Bainite = extremely fine mixture of ferrite and carbide
Diffusion controlled mechanism Nucleation (of Ferrite)

and growth and shear mechanism. Upper Bainite feathery structure 2. Lower Bainite acicular structure
1.

Subunit/ ferrite plate 0.2m thick and about 10m long Sheath group of sub units

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Microstructures of Bainite

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Kinetics

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Martensitic transformation
Austenite (FCC) Martensite (BCT)

(0.8 %C) (0.8 %C) Supersaturated solid solution of carbon trapped in BCT

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Complete IT/TTT diagram for eutectoid steel

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Mechanism of Martensitic transformation

Diffusion less (no long rage diffusion) transformation

No change in the composition

shear transformation Independent of time

Function of temperature only rapid cooling -Athermal

transformation Ms temperatures independent of cooling rate function of alloying elements.

* Names after German Metallurgist Martens.

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Ms&Mf temperature Vs Carbon

Ms (oC) = 539 - 423 (%C) - 30.4(%Mn) -12.1(%Cr)

- 17.7(%Ni) -7.5(%Mo)
Temperature

Ms

Mf

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8 Carbon, Wt%

1.2

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Bain Model (Homogeneous lattice deformation)

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(b)Greninger Troiano relationship (c)Kurdjurmov sach relationship

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Habit Plane Model

inhomogeneous or lattice invariant deformation

Undistorted lattice

Shear Parallel to Habit plane

Dilatation perpendicular to habit plane

Atom shuffle within the unit cell

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Habit Planes
(111) (225) Low carbon steels Medium carbon steels

(259) High carbon steels

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Morphology of microstructures

Lath martensite

Plate martenite

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Lath Temperature

Mixed

Plate

Mf

Ms

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Carbon, Wt%

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TTT Diagram
For Iron-carbon alloy with eutectoid composition.

A: Austenite

P: Pearlite
B: Bainite M: Martensite

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Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams

Isothermal heat treatments are

not the most practical due to rapidly cooling and constant maintenance at an elevated temperature. Most heat treatments for steels involve the continuous cooling of a specimen to room temperature. TTT diagram (dashed curve) is modified for a CCT diagram (solid curve). For continuous cooling, the time required for a reaction to begin and end is delayed. The isothermal curves are shifted to longer times and lower temperatures. (to rightwards and downwards)
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>140 140 C/sec C/sec

35 C/sec

3 C/sec

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Critical cooling rate

Rate which just by-passes the nose of the IT/TTT

diagram Controlling factors

Carbon content (Shifts the nose to right) Alloying elements (Will be studied later)

Less critical cooling rate more hardenability

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Transformation product of austenite

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Spheroidite: Non equilibrium Transformation

Fe3C particles within an a-ferrite matrix diffusion dependent heat bainite or pearlite at temperature just below eutectoid for long times driving force reduction of a-ferrite/Fe3C interfacial area

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Strength

Martensite Lower bainite Upper bainite Fine pearlite Ductility

Coarse pearlite Spheroidite

General Trends

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For Eutectoid Steel Coarser Pearlite Finer Pearlite Rc 15 Rc 35-40

Upper Bainite
Lower Bainite Martensite

Rc 40
Rc 60 Rc 64

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