Basic Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics

Fluids are either liquids or gases Liquid: A state of matter in which the molecules are relatively free to change their positions with respect to each other but restricted by cohesive forces so as to maintain a relatively fixed volume Gas: a state of matter in which the molecules are practically unrestricted by cohesive forces A gas has neither definite shape nor volume

Fluids Mechanics
! it is the branch of applied mechanics concerned with the statics and dynamics of fluids " both liquids and gases ! #he analysis of the behavior of fluids is based on the fundamental laws of mechanics which relate continuity of mass and energy with force and momentum together with the familiar solid mechanics properties ! #he nature of a fluid is much different to that of a solid ! $n fluids we usually deal with continuous streams of fluid without a beginning or end $n solids we only consider individual elements ! fluid cannot resist the deformation force% it moves% it flows under the action of the force $ts shape will change continuously as long as the force is applied ! solid can resist a deformation force while at rest% this force may cause some displacement but the solid does not continue to move indefinitely ! #he deformation is caused by shearing forces which act tangentially to a surface

Fluids considered in this course move under the action of a shear stress% no matter how small that shear stress may be &unli'e solids(

$ntroduction
Field of Fluid Mechanics can be divided into ) branches: Fluid *tatics: mechanics of fluids at rest +inematics: deals with velocities and streamlines w,o considering forces or energy Fluid -ynamics: deals with the relations between velocities and accelerations and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion

$ntro.con/t
Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many areas of engineering and science 0xamples are: Biomechanics
Blood

flow through arteries Flow of cerebral fluid

Meteorology and 1cean 0ngineering

Movements -esign

of air currents and water currents

2hemical 0ngineering
of chemical processing equipment

$ntro.con/t

Mechanical 0ngineering
-esign

of pumps% turbines% air"conditioning equipment% pollution"control equipment% etc

2ivil 0ngineering
#ransport

of river sediments 3ollution of air and water -esign of piping systems Flood control systems

2ontinuum view of Fluids

2onvenient to assume fluids are continuously distributed throughout the region of interest #hat is% the fluid is treated as a continuum

#his continuum model allows us to not have to deal with molecular interactions directly 4e will account for such interactions indirectly via viscosity

! *hear stress and pressure

Fx = A Fz p = A

( s h e a r s tr e s s )

( n o r m a l s tr e s s ( p r e s s u r e ))

! *hear stress and pressure at a point

Fx = A Fz p = A

lim A 0

lim A 0

! 5nits of stress &shear stress and pressure(

[F ] N = 2 = P a ( P a s c a l ) in S I u n its [A] m [F ] lb = 2 = p s i ( p o u n d s p e r s q u a r e in c h ) in E n g lis h u n its [ A ] in [F ] lb = 2 = p o u n d s p e r s q u a r e fo o t ( E n g lis h u n its ) [A] ft

6 ) 7 -ensity and specific weight

-ensity &mass per unit volume(:

m = V (in S I u n its )

5nits of density:

[m ] kg [] = = 3 [V ] m

*pecific weight &weight per unit volume(:

= g

5nits of specific weight:

kg m N [ ] = [ ][ g ] = 3 2 = 3 m s m

(in S I u n its )

*pecific Gravity of Liquid &S(

liquid liquid g liquid S= = = water water g water

!A Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously% or flows% when sub8ected to shearing forces !$f a fluid is at rest there are no shearing forces acting All forces must be 3erpendicular to the planes which the are acting !4hen a fluid is in motion shear stresses are developed if the particles of the fluid move relative to one another !4hen this happens ad8acent particles have different velocities $f fluid velocity is the same at every point then there is no shear stress produced: the particles have 9ero relative velocity

:elocity profile in a pipe

:elocity profile in uniform flow

;ewton<s Law of :iscosity

#he shearing force F acts on the area on the top of the element #his area is given by 4e can thus calculate the shear stress which is equal to force per unit area i e !#he deformation which this shear stress causes is measured by the si9e of the angle and is 'now as shear strain !$n a solid shear strain% f% is constant for a fixed shear stress t $n a fluid f increases for as long as t is applied " the fluid flows
5sing the experimental result that shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain then

#he term

is the change in velocity with y% or the velocity gradient%

and may be written in the differential form #he constant of proportionality is 'nown as the dynamic viscosity%

of the fluid% giving

#his is 'nown as Newton's law of viscosity

:iscosity & (

:iscosity can be thought as the internal stic'iness of a fluid =epresentative of internal friction in fluids $nternal friction forces in flowing fluids result from cohesion and momentum interchange between molecules :iscosity of a fluid depends on temperature:

$n liquids% viscosity decreases with increasing temperature &i e cohesion decreases with increasing temperature( $n gases% viscosity increases with increasing temperature &i e molecular interchange between layers increases with temperature setting up strong internal shear(

More on :iscosity

:iscosity is important% for example%

in

determining amount of fluids that can be transported in a pipeline during a specific period of time determining energy losses associated with transport of fluids in ducts% channels and pipes

;o slip condition
Because of viscosity% at boundaries &walls( particles of fluid adhere to the walls% and so the fluid velocity is 9ero relative to the wall :iscosity and associated shear stress may be explained via the following: flow between no"slip parallel plates

Laminar versus #urbulent Flow

Laminar flow: #he highly ordered fluid motion characteri9ed by smooth layers of fluid #he flow of high"viscosity fluids such as oils at low velocities is typically laminar #urbulent flow: #he highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is characteri9ed by velocity fluctuations #he flow of low" viscosity fluids such as air at high velocities is typically turbulent #ransitional flow: A flow that alternates between being laminar and turbulent
6>

Laminar% transitional% and turbulent flows

=eynold ;umber

Transitional flow !7@@@ A =e ? B@@@ !<medium< velocity !-ye stream wavers in water " mixes slightly Laminar flow !=e ? 7@@@ !<low< velocity !-ye does not mix with water !Fluid particles move in straight lines !*imple mathematical analysis possible !=are in practice in water systems

Turbulent flow !=e A B@@@ !<high< velocity !-ye mixes rapidly and completely !3article paths completely irregular !Average motion is in the direction of the flow !2annot be seen by the na'ed eye !2hanges,fluctuations are very difficult to detect Must use laser !Mathematical analysis very difficult " so experimental measures are used !Most common type of flow

#he velocity induced by moving top plate can be s'etched as follows:

"

u( u( u( )

= 0) = 0 = ! ) = "

#he velocity induced by top plate is expressed as follows:

" u( ) = !

Bernoulli equation
$nitial 'inetic energy C $nitial potential energy D Final 'inetic energy C Final potential energy Although this is applied to a drop of liquid% a similar method can be applied to a continuous jet of liquid

4e can consider the situation as in the figure above " a continuous 8et of water coming from a pipe with velocity 56 1ne particle of the liquid with mass m travels with the 8et and falls from height 96 to 97 #he velocity also changes from u6 to u7 #he 8et is travelling in air where the pressure is everywhere atmospheric so there is no force due to pressure acting on the fluid #he only force which is acting is that due to gravity #he sum of the 'inetic and potential energies remains constant &as we neglect energy losses due to friction( so

*urface tension
! 2onsider inserting a fine tube into a buc'et of water:
x
Meniscus

r
h
" radius of tube

" *urface tension vector &acts uniformly along contact perimeter between liquid and tube(

Adhesion of water molecules to the tube dominates over cohesion between water molecules giving rise to and causing fluid to rise within tube

 = n

" unit vector in direction of

" surface tension &magnitude of

= [ s i n ( i ) + c o s ( # ) ] fo r c e [ ] = le n g th

Given conditions in previous slide% what is

= [ s i n ( i ) + c o s ( # ) ] $ = $ ( # )
&weight vector of water(

0quilibrium in y-direction yields:

c o s ( 2 r ) ( # ) + $ ( # ) = 0 #

#hus

$ = 2 r cos $ =
2 r h w a te r

with