Some reports fom oer laboratories also indicate that lange-eale rearrangements assoioed wih sng ‘copy TONA Insrs may be common, Tax an Vernon (200%) characterized two A alana T-DNA mutans {he molecular love! aneurin bath caves that 9 TONA. had interes to a txgete stg wihsesuerces aay fang fom @ diferent avemesome. In eno Ine Ne trenlocatad LB genome fanking region wa st ast 40 ‘bp, nthe ther twas test 1020p. In bo cases he {anslcatd lant DNA seemed to have been duplste, {85 cxpos of io raniocated DNA lo appeaeds be ree {nt at her engna Sasson nthe TNA inged Ines Kaya eta (200) analysed the TONAtapae0 thao Iulant called hosobsfoge tage ad fours 9 75. Kop ‘olen (redid to have deleted 12 nes) at be T ‘NA iserion sl In tebacco, nba ef (195) fnaloed the target ata ofa ingle DNA iserton ino ‘epativegromie soquncas. They founda shrt dion of targt DNA dplaton of ragrent of he T-ONA and ‘upleatene owes Seren ethos ofthe target ONA, 446 T-DNAs frequently insert int functional genomic soquencos Various exponents indicate tata lage properion ‘of TLONAs inert In or moar endogenous plant genes (Goong otal 2002, Szabacos of af 2002. Dong ata 4866; Kence ota. 1969) In fst ths the tac of T DNA ingrionsl mutagenesis (Forebcet of 182) and sctvaton tagging experiments (Weige !3 2000), ‘ich ey onthe terion 6f FONAS io rhea to fine ena gone sequences to ceale novel phenoypes fr research purposes. ‘Systematic ONA sequence analysis of 1000 T-DNA Insane naa nat tht 354% of he DNAS Inst in gene cocina sequences (47.8% f ogrsons Into regulatory sequences wore ads, Szabade eta 2002) Sar results were bfaned by Forsbach eta (2000), we estimated hat 85.0% ef LB and 86.8% of RB Sequences in their A. tholiona transformants wore inserted ito gene sequences. In other experenets 7 [DNAs inserted 384% ofthe time (2871 insertons) eto Plant gene coang oregutry sequences in re (ong fal 2002) and 42% of be ime (62 insertions) the legume Medicago truncatus Scho 2002) Further ‘pennants in A. talons, taco ana poat also nd ‘ale aigh Foquene of NA nsertn ocr esr pant ‘pees (Campi ota 1990, Undeay a a 1099, Kenca ot 311085). 414.7 Insertion-site mutations are present in Commercial ransgent cular created via ‘Agrobacterium -mediated transformation We wanted to detemine te extent to which vans ‘maboninduced muaons are presen in comma transgeric eaves produced ug Agrobacterium edated "Yanaformation. We have analysed the dat submits to he USDA in fe applzatons requesing conaral spprovl for a reprecetatve goup of vee such ans: Nios 5 O M3 a6 oe genic cutars. A summary of data aval fo {ulbvare and tho supperngrebrences can bo feu in Table 2 and inthe Appendte A fe culver sted in Table 2 and te Appendix Pav been graroa conmer- Sil separa bythe USDA ‘Sper DNA in commerce porovedcuvers ‘Alls the -DNsccantinng commer! ransgenic cults presented in Table 2 Cntan superuser bene DNA sequence ‘Ae determined by South Blot anaes: ec- ciao tolerant curva LLGater28. contains. 279 bp eiyer sequence, ie druesesatant squash culver (C2W.3 cares a 355 CaN promote reqlted na Selociabie marker gone: and Nwoa!® Pls. pelt RBMT2.62 has tree TONA rrion ovens, tee ot lhe conta inact copies of bat CA and PLAV. Two ofthe Newla?® Pls poblo RBNT22-82iseron Sons nate ict copies oft CP4-EPSPS selectable ‘arererbicide resistance gon and one inseson ever as a rosrangod copy of CPS-EPSPS, Ona inser vent asa includes inlaid alasmid sequences eon {ainng the bctaral aed gan ar te or822 bacterial ‘on of tepseaton Table 2 and Append Taget te eupton in commerety appre eutars ot the tee TONAconisiing commercial Wans- gon urs eccived in Table? ain the Appendix ‘Weotands, Squash G23 and peat Nawes® plus ReNT22.82, ro data derived om ether PCR or BNA sequanng were provided the USDA orbs purpose of Snatng the efocts of T-DNA ineerton on the lant {anome. No carparson was rade betwoon the TONA earns and be orignal gets 1.2 Transgene insartion events created using pentcle bombarament Parice bombardment ineaton events are pocly Lundertoed Ona reasons becsie stenineerion events {end be fet io analyze, a8 ey ae often age and ‘ampex. th mutpe expos ofranegone sequences, A ‘Stcona reason hal moat fhe pate bomberdmont incaron events deeonban te ele arti hay ben aniyed by Southam bil analys ree han ONA sequonaing. Souther Blt anaes an oer enya i= 0 understonsing of price bomberament insert ‘vents (Sections 1.4.4 and 123), Perle bombardment appears lo crete tee dt- tinct pes of transgene inserion event (called Type “pe I nd Typ it Kei eta 2008) The vast major Ivo the insertion events created va parle bombard rent ae extremly complex. with mulipa copies of transgenic DNAnserted ata she serena ft al 2008, Breidor af 2002, Loc of al 2002, Sutasnev and Somers 2002, Van et 2002, Svtashev and Somers 200%, Fo eta. 2300, Meno eta 2000, Stas etal 2000, Kei eta. 1098, Magoo! and Chrisiou 1689, Kohli et a 1998, Pawiowski and Somers 1998 and 1096, Riser er 1008, Wan ana ‘or vn eae Ur od Rs SreeLomaux 1904). The tansgene DNA s aranged he a rule copes of ctor faxyrantes Wanegene ONA (ype horas mutple copie of wanagona DNA inte Sersed wit smal orgs fagmens of plant genomic DNA (ype I). Bah Type | and Typo Wiarton events Canis lage aroun of superfuous DNA ar appes to Fesltin iago-zale gonome ONA dsrpton elabvalyepieinoerton ever Type I), having ‘oniy ane ntact copy of th vansgono, are ut to foun sing paride borbersmont Adstonaly, whan ‘hy characntand, ich ineerton events hm to ean {an Fagments ef superiuoes DNA andr ty apscr fo ‘be tsacated wi ge deloons andlor rearangerents oft target pant DNA (Sections 124 and 1.2), Wala single-copy ranogane insertion events are Be ype most ly to be soctd fr tanger ant brosang pupos- ts, here re fow studies descraing singe copy parle bembarirent insarten evnts (ection 1.24), 4.241 Supertuous transgene DNA insorbon ina doc comparison with medatod tranatommaton (Section 171-1), 00 ato (200%) used parle bontardmont fo vans sce with a plasmid arying @ T-DNA containing Beoo Yanogonos, tbe ip ‘ere, te EA gene, andthe rl gone. Souther lt nats of 4 Ines ndentod ha copy numbers foreach ‘tne tree india transgenes ranged between 03 por ‘ane por plant (th average hp Zanepane copy eumbor Tanjumedinew Taysomaton WSOA—Ouesl_—Cagetiows—— ence, Toca, EE se Belle Bitches Mucane Sindy Seeupee’”—Sotrg Soa betes Ceomeah—Agbaceam —eat201puncaied paper nd NeveatPis __Aycbactone —ooT30% vee) Te 7 crsseree Enno Sanee — ‘included plasms cawasqnn gabon o65Do1p Sencabonater na Visit Se on Fant Poon Coprgmwom Gore cnet omen ete E eae ‘Sire Sasicip Sagano —Sohines 551 Papaya ioeparma = fienetat SP ‘eae mer ‘plasmid DNA Tonapnnye peice 028801 Wy 5e—Superuoes na ee SOOSSST? Sawn Some” Silene mea : Seow Saeko, ‘am vettardo Ponce weoiroip wane row cane br Sane OT Secs enn wa —z ‘Table 2. Commercial transgenic crop cultivars or events discussed inthis report rane Scania Sei etn pox aramid iene open ee Ponswas 2.5 copies per plant. None of the 14 tnes hos ‘nly singe ntact copy of al three genes, ne desired Franolamation peauct These resute re vpresentatve of parila bomarement tansfomaten expermons In ‘at pemay eanstormants herring cy ce matin (Go-cony tanegone ison oven re rare (Kon 3 £209, Palawan Somers 206). 4.22 Supertuous plasmid, marker gone and ‘bactenal genomic DNA inserion [AIONA soquoees prsont on fo bombard pros ar equaly ely to ba tegrated ino te pon ganar ling Wanstonation (Chan a. 198) though posse fo use gone cassatis (ransgono and marker Sequences tat havo bean puted vay fem sporuis Plasmid DNA sequences) for pert bomsarament (Grote eta 2002, Lox otf 2002, Fs oft 200), hae boon standard practeo to use ont plasmids. Its Glo slndara pracice to Usa a selectable marker gone {o dently Wansiored plats Thus most parle Bombardment ineeen ever, whether eatod fr Faogare or commercial purposes, include bof super: fio integrated plasm and seloctade merkor DNA, Bacterial genome DNA, or any ctor contarnatng NA, that is adveronyIncuded in parte bora etnias may alo legate to he pt (Genome, Uther et‘ (2002) used BNA sequeneng To nae tho DNA locatd betwoen a hoad fo head repeat ofa GUS vensgee ata complex nseon even bocca ‘ney Tana 260 bp of E ea vomcomalONA nertod been the two GUS genes. Uke et a (2002) otod that, por to bombaranen. he alasmié DNA Bey used for tarstomaton ad been puffed usa standard metas, thue no Bactenl tromosemal ONA shoud have been resent “a dur knowladge, the is the oy reported exact intniona tgrton of acters genome NA ing plant tanstmaton, However fl\not posse Yo =) “hater ornatnagraton of contaminating DNA‘ 3 cart Iman event, because so few parse bomoarament ee tion events have been analysed using techniques capa Be a nthing such ONA 4.23. Southem blot anaiysis isnot suficient to ‘entity all inserton-site mutatons created ia pate bombardment For poriele bombers igarton events, a¢ for Insorion events creaiod va Agrobacerum mediates ‘andorra, te da reser he soni ers {and in appeatons for commercial aporova) ae usualy orbed soley fom Sauhorn bot ana. However a ‘ert accutataly doscbe the vansgeneiseron snd | assodated genome mutations, ts noconsary to Use ‘over! afleronttechniquas. Ths becomes clear whan Feseareers se mote than one fechnique lo nai 2 tranagane nsericn event ‘When Svishey and Somers (200) used fbo-F1SH nai to examine transgene fseron evens nsx Tranogenic ost nes ces va partie borberent they found tat he number of part ganae DNA De persons within the insertion event wae grater han HOW” predicted by Souther blot snaysis. At one inser paceese eka aeees ee eee es a es eg n ee ee pedro Ree etreepe ae nptieen ata a ioe ures reea a soriea ney Soren arnernn aa Tees eetiee eevee Reece eae ae Sioee reer Sacer nen tantra Ec re Sere earner Saree een Sone rstenaa sera a recieve eae ceaeioauansaee See ee ene ean agree aaa ala 1.24 DNA sequencing of paricle bombardment Inserion events reveals unexpected compety DONA saquancing of he entre nserton ott, ndudng te deivered DNA an fantng genomic DNA, provides the deft descipion of an near event Wen te rudleotde sequence of the Rsorion event ls then Compared 16 te nucleolde sequence of he Unda. Ts poss fo also detomina the disruption that ccoumed. during Wenspene insertion ‘arsine of pre bonbarinentneron events by DNA sequence analyse ae exert ae nha socrhe bled ONA Sequence arajses of parte tombarsrart Irsorcn overs (Panini ard Somers 1000) Bol (andi Section 126 Winds at 2001) we suming the ncings ofthe ree papers avaiable inthe slon- We terre which see” DNA sequence anayle 12 ‘escrbe ‘sinpl pare bombadmentinserten events ‘Shimizu of. 2001) used DNA sequenee anal © ‘amino a sgl earon overt fom a wanegorc bacco alin (he nseten even wast nate fom a ane. ‘Seni plant They found that ar inact copy ofthe dl ‘Sed plasm hod negated agacet fo paral cory. ‘Assodateddpton a te pl genome nso ne 13‘person ofa 1 Kb fegment of plant DNA with stasis Sequence and be croson of verted pect af 13K ‘flat gone ONA and sal ogre of psi DNA) on ar io ft incerta plasm sequoncos ‘The sequence of th egal large ste DNA wos rot determined Makarovich ot ob (2008) analysed toe parce bombaramentiserton overs fom two oat pany ‘anslomants (cal tanepeni in 3690 ae ranegonic Tne 1829) using DNA saquencing. When st anased ting fber FISH ana Souter ll eeigue, tne 3250 tas hough o contain enya single eansgene a ingle ‘Bo inthe gnome Ti nsrion event was called 3850 4 (evasahes ane Somers 200%, Swtashevet a. 2000, [DNA sequencing showed thal insaion event 3830-1 cantaied the fl sequence of th detvred plasmid, 2 Smal sven of ierepersod gonomc and plasmid Sequeres, a pari copy fhe delvored pls arator oth of sorarblod gonomi and plasmid sequences nda shoten of sommbied plaumd sequence (Makarov ofa 2003). Furr anaes nated at Tine 3880 sctusy containes two aetna iserton rants sion to 38301 Qlokorevtch eta. 2003) Sequence anaysis of minor insorton overt 3830-2 Ines that contd of 206 bp of rearranged pos DNA. The score minor nsercn overt wasnt erase, Inearon event 11029 was islated tom Waragenc ‘ont tne 11829, which had ben seated by co-bonBare rent th Wo diferent plasmids (Wakaroveh a 2003). Sequence anise reveled that inserion event "1828 contaned a buneatd copy of ach plasma Those were separted by scrambled gonoric and plasmid DNA Sequences (Makarovich eto 200). Malareitch ef al. (2008) compared the disrupted vransgane insertions to thar presnserton largest Sequences. Wher ey compared tho plant. genom: Sequences farting inerbon ever 9030-2 to he ge ft inthe non ranefermod paren ost Ine, Hey foun a [45 bp denton of plant genomic DNA Mad occured 3: ‘wos rearongement of pant genomic DNA sequences ‘onbot ies of he 286 bp plaid DNA Insert For both Ineorion event 3850-1 an Insrten evnt 1929, thoy ere urate 12 PCR amply Be fagotto From DMA hisied ram th non-ranclormod parental oat pans ting peers hamsoqous fo the plant DNA Naring te ansgone meorons. They suggested that additonal rearangenestanelordeston of ant genome ONAnad ‘oorered a the site of Varsgeno nsatton They dd not fates analyse nase rearargomont 4.25 Frequency of insertion into gone sequences ‘i nat known for pate bombarcment Insertion vents For parce bombardment thera are not enous sequence data avouble to detrmine tha oquency of ‘etvered ONAinseron ino gone sequences. However ‘Sinaresing to note that in ae f tho Poe oat rearion ‘vena (insertion event 3830-1) anaysodby Makarevicn a. (2008, he dolvorod ONA\s Ranked on eth side by awn plant gene sequences, each om a dierent ‘Athough Agrobactriumediated wanstormation has reauonty boon used oar fuetonal sequences In ga taggng exporments, te Nae not been to case Fe parle Borbertment tect paper by Slguco at (2002) fe rt doazibo fe ute of parte bombard ‘ortn a gine tapping expert Titrdcum (a axa iow cereal species) was tracted wit a promote fess ugh gone. Eight anstomants Were idertiies that contained the uidh gene Fie of these eight frpressed udA inatng tate Wansgene may have Inserts ino plant gone roguatoy soquences. This ory limites experiment suggests ta! para bombarament Ike Aarabactrarmmessses natrmation, may als6 resutin high Fequenc of anageneneoton It ‘ene coding andr regulatory sequences. However, the Plant DNR flanking the. sdk insertions was not Excueneed, aoe hypotbele romans uncontrid (Saigo otf 2002). 126 Inserton-site mutations are prasent in ‘commercial cultivars reated via particle bombardment ‘To determine the nahe ane extent of insertion ate ‘muta rest in corms anagene curs ee ‘ted wn particle bombardment we examined the data ‘Sutmitad ote USDA er ve rerecontatvetanegonic ‘op vars or ranagensinerton event, Dala ane rons refered ton thet are summarized in Tale 2 SIndmoveintaraton canbe fendi ha Append, Siperhoue DI cmmersty spore cuba “ranegense maze event Mon const of single copy ofthe dead ansgene C7980" and th atoning Stporhuous DNA a singe copy ofthe np eleciabie Imaver gene, sna. s 158 bp fragment ofthe ble gene (ition fers prt ofa deine mRNA waren) “Tranagene, papaya cutrar, Papaya 86-1, has an intact copy of te dered CHVARY Yensgens andthe folowing spertucus ONA sequonces: the GUS vistle ‘marter gene, the nll sclecbla raar gone. and ‘riot Batra sorwences. “Tranagen papaya cltvar, Peay 62-1 contains an stacy oft ores Cu. tarsere a he ‘olomingaupertucus DNA Sequecos the np ap fhe GENT onvet andOvtat boctrl Baers quences InPapaya 63, fhe GUS gone hae Noe ost ‘nd ahr ungpedtedrearangonents nave eccared a6 ‘nates by tmexpectd bonds an Suber bet Roundup Ready soybean event 4032 has Wo supose agents of he CP4 EPSPS hetlee e {ee gore a: eoalos below Targtste ernton in commercial aproved cubis “Relcatens fr approval fry contain an analysis ‘of the DNA requences Farking Yanogene nserion Stee and never a comparson wth tho unaerpted tr ‘eta. Of he appeaton forthe 8 ansgante cars ‘evan San yh Rey? amon anne egee pFthat wo examined (Table 2, Appendin), only one (for ‘event Manas) actualy povoad any scusnce data, ‘Maize event Monde: The sate applzaton clams to have proved 9 ONA sequnce analysis of he BNA tanking te trenegene Insert However, hese ta ‘tere cased as conidntal buses intraton (CB Sd.were tus not avalible forpuble examination ‘Roundup Ready® Soybean event 40:32: No ONA sequanca anal of soyocan evant 4032 was present Inthe org apleabon gard enproaxdreguaon 1984, However in 2000, Monsanto provided ‘urthar Infoeation fo the USDA on soybean ever 4:32, They aserwed the prosance of an aden 254 bp. CP EPSPS tagment adacent tthe deated CP4 EPSPS teansgene and the presence of 72 bp fragment of CP [EPSPS soquence hat wos gonial res fo he nat (GPa EPSPS gono, bul separatd by lant generic DNA, Windls et at. (2001) used DNA sequencing 1 nals the ganic ONA flanking tha EPSPS tanager in ranegone plants containing igrion event 4032 ‘Thay fone tbe adjacent 254 bp fragrant ofthe CP EPSPS gane reported by Monsanto and an addioral S580 bp sequeres of uneniied orign (Tele 2 and ner APRESS PCR, Windals otal (2001) wars unable to sly th gram rg si for he CP EPSPS wseson fram the norstansormed pareral soybean tno. Tis inated that soybean event 409-2 petabyresuted In ‘hose nsoron-ste earangerens was net olrmine, Maze VieldGarde event Manbt0: NoONA soqusac rays mat avert enBt0 wesprecant inthe original Sppleaton raed approval or derogation. However, Hemandez a (2003) and Holko (2002) cones tho psn genome NA Toning he wansgene rsertan event Fondo in maize VilsGard®, Hemansee ot (2003) ‘were unable to PCR amply the culate target ste Sequoncos from unvansermes parent pants ane they Suggest that plant genome DNA had Been rearanges fran doltes tthe sto ieartan of Ie euncales Goin) wansgane. They de! net setomin tho ect rate of the event Monst0 Inserionste reurange- Papaya clvare 69-1 and 65-1: Dsept tne avai ‘nay af Souter bit dats indeatng tat anagens fearangemonis had cosate, no DNA sogionoo eras ‘tite tanogane nasrion, te faking BNA ancr target Sie ONA wore coed oul x Vanagon Papaye cla Setorssa 1.3 summary 8) The ony sytemate analysis of ranagene insert Ste mutans isan analy of 112 sgl copy T [ONAnserions in nator, 1») No sjstamaticanayses of vansgene ncerten-t2 ‘mutations have been cared ot for pars Dom aramentnseron even r for vanagene cop Blan ranfomed wong any methos ©) Speruous ONA nears ana bot salad age {onomie deletons and earangemenis ave commen a ° 9 » 21 -0uA aon se * Je ‘eponaay 04 8% oONAS ner gone Sh rginnce analyses of dalvered DNA nae Sone ander il fring oA se ole ey ‘func puriae bate moreno fhoter inked da aon pest tt pase Dorbarinet ays Ganon nua Goons aresrangenane opens Ona se ae ee rosa Wt noma set rena rnagene owt ‘ogee sequnese wang pace bores Stowe Bunion gente Sai ton earangenont open a re Sonora ind comely eppored ages {ir csi So gobucounenades ‘Stare roar satin ‘plete ert USORo ne conan ‘Sic an bn eqns cm rea tere et err ewan mt iene one etn ore SR sudo he USDA ae ot ato evra whoa pat un sources ve Pon Spo tne weapons wero. ‘aaa Sean Liana Rea Saree 18Section 2. Genome-wide mutations in Transgenic Plants In cont the mutations crete he transgene Insorenste (Seeton 1), heriablo mutator are for (duced trougton he Genome by the sandard meas ‘plant anetomaton. This Is because both be tissue tee proceauros used dung plan Wanstrton srt the spetic ONA tancer mats (e.g A tumefaciens Infecten, parte bambarament and slecveporaen) Iniroduce uations ino te plant genome (2m 200, Forstiollo 1902) in Section 2 we discuss tase ‘iree wise rab canes sung plant wnaormston 24 Tiesue culture Induces genome-wide rutations thas lng bien town fa pent Hove utes ue ‘gone (Urn and Sener 81), Pan sin cro Indes base pat anges (pnt musi), BNA don {nd earangenort gow anpificaton ae darren, movment of tanspasns, mathtan changes Sn lay Tova ange (Srogtzr oat 2002, Jin 200, Kaeo 2000, Hosta ea 1006, Brown an Tope 055, Prize et 1990, nen sth musts aft nctona gene sequences ‘hoy ean esa n trie maa penaypee (ernst "87, Brot a 1988). eared tev cute Inced renaypes elude varaions hag expog sas) Yel, essential ol cents. dosare reson, and er rpstar was (ain 2003, Gosnin fa 1007, Sonn and ‘Tope 195, ilps aa 80, Fer tis reason eve cue Aue es sometnes been ud nal esa magen ‘cee phenotype varason fr use pt resin po- ‘gars (iy 207). “The mulogenicty of the Wau cute procedure opens ena Fest poy cerecensod plats at fal autrovetes Gare (Secton 42) Spases, cuhar ‘pe, eal scree and expan iy level cana hie hos te nunbar ef maton ound eganarta pans (Genin at 186) Lhowise cl cute condone, sich 3s Tengo amunis eve spt sue cle sect pe- orton te presona oan anche heme kor tr ave bean shown to fant teas tue Cas Fruagoricy (Serv ot al 1888, 22 Gene transfer methods can cause genome ‘wide mutations Populate of pary eanlomants fesuenty corn numerous plas wt seb abarant phenotypes. Primary tenformants eet a spectrum of mutant phenotypes smo the seen in tatue ete red Plans (Shu et at 200, Srepzer oa 1098, Kenewsk! find Thomas 1909, Hookers of 1989, Singh et a 1008). Nore subto Rerabio mutant phonotpos (09, tered iid ives ferences seas resistance Roduaton phenotype. gran cooking ually or cutuat tio fomaton can slo be wenttea In papulaons of Primary vanscrmants on sch phnctypes else fer opty (eat 2002, Scvoaer-Portoppan et 2000, Schauser of al 1898, Presing et al 1896, Westen a 1989), Many of thee are herabl srl ot gona inked to the transgene inserton sit. Thess genomesnde ‘ulations coud be do ether plat ese creo fo the ONA vansfermethed. Some plant poplatons wans- fered by citer Agvotactrummedieled © parle bombardment asfomation methods appear to have mote unoterded phenaysic varaton than nonans. formed ese ctre derived contol populations (Beogtze tat 1008, Dale and ePartan 1002). Taae parlous eesnonts, however fr fo conch "The mutagen of A. tarmac infection during plant warsfomation Is slgo suggested bya small body ‘Sf evdence based on T-DNA agg xpatmants. When ‘A ‘atora pans ate Worsted vo A. umelocone Siecson witout the use of tse ote, te resting Iansformants trequenty exit mutant phenayo hich are sinked to a anegee orion (Coury ang Folsman 1906, Negruk a al. 196, Metown ea 7053, Fostoetel fa 1882), Some oral of hese phenotypes maybe duo o mutator (uch s smal doltons subst- {tors sndinsreans resulting bm unsueosatl FONA iron overs (Couy and Falanan 1008, Nog o a 4906, Maron of 1084, MeN of al. 19) ‘Neguk oft (1886) soquonce two mutant ales of tne CER? gene that had been generated during Agrobocteriammedited 00d transformation”, but ‘ten were na Inked to 2 DNA. Thy fund 9 47 0p ‘elton in one alle anda 2p sbstion and 8229 No sioies, based onthe analysis of populations of plants vaneformedin te absenca cf tssua clo, have Specialy been cored alo astermine De mugoni Sy of othe DNA ona metsode Tt shoul also be not that eral stches of spor- ‘tuts DNAcan be nerd at rae gonome actions Gung bah Agrobactonum-modated and parce bor ardent anstormaen, Such anal nsartone coud be response for some ofthe gorame-wie mutations pres fntin varsgene plans. Forsbee eta (2003) ourd he Insertion of a -ONA lft border rgnent which maoped {fra aieret chremoaora than tha fl angty FONA Ineartimone of 12 nes. Maret oa (200) und {hata no which had been powuslycassied as having nya single eanegeneInsrien event, ft, od 2 ‘2dditona minor Inorton overs They analysed one ot {he minor aaron events and bund Rconaned 2298 bp agent of noncontiguous Wansgene DNA. These ‘Shall toerlons of supertuous DNA are not ready ‘otected by sanded Sotho Hot aati “oct tra tte ay 6 oro Scuning- yh: any? Tanatamaton Wn anes SPs2. Quantitative molecular analysis suggests ‘numerous genome-wide mutations a present In transformed plants FRecanty, resarches have begin using molcuer tecmiques to quay genome-wide mutatons in ane ‘en planis. Using tchnguos uch 9 RFLPH, RAPD™. [AFLP2” end RAMP, muatons Inte genome of nde ‘ust vaneformants ean be Wend and deplayed 3° pabmortic bands! ona gol or Souther bit (Table 3 ‘Sala ot! 2000, Use of hes tochniques to analyse transgenic pans ‘5 ute rou bt they have an exabiened hoy of Ure in documenting the mutagen ature of tssue cure (Gost 2002, Polanco and Rule 2002 lz a oot, Manes ata 200%, Goowin a a 1297, Kasppler fd Pipa 1089, Brown a 1297), o dala, estiney ‘ew qusotlalve molecu anayens of vane Induoed maatens have boon push We discuss a tte avaiable papers balou, ncuang hos analysing ess widely uses tansfomaton mstods such 36 ca locoperaton and prteplast transformation. In all of ‘hose suds, th lant vansfomaton meteds incor ad a ise cle sep. Ho9 i ‘The rests of hese expeiroissugpeat tat arent a plant wansfrmaton leciguet cea baw mains in agnifentgroprton of be al genome ote tens formed pon, ago (ern ee eae eeer ad eereeeeel ee ee Plant ‘Transformation method ‘Technique used to Reference species analyse variation Rie Abeta aro ‘aaa at SSetercn cele es Arp Swgecane ecropratonofembryogenic RAPD rob 3 1568 cat ane Panels bombaramentotimmatue RAPD oe ‘reno 198 arenes fae Beciopraionfemsnogeric RAMP Ree Proplastiastrmaton aro B20 oo 196 en Apacenmensaies Leatenioe ans ron Wg ofa 1838 Ree Preto lesopoaton Prenaypeenayls Schnell 1 Fogo Prenaypesnas Dale and ePeen 1902 ‘atey Paice bombardment mate Phenyl analyse rapier tal 1908 enoyee 3. Studios of genome-wide mutations in ranegenie plants234 ransfomation Letra a (2001) examined DNA polaris ‘oindepencentydenves raneqoni ie plans produced a Agrebacterummdaod vantomaten af aus Tho bredranatoraton calue wnt deved fom 8 shale Daren ne. WI RAPD” analyse, sing severaon Brine, they found 9 bands abe pobmorhe (.er fenton hese inthe parent ne} of toa ef 9 bands plied tom te ton angen genomes. ‘Using AFLP analysis an ung fur pire of primers ‘hoy found 19 alymersic bands cut of 288 anid ‘rm the same fon eansgerc genomes. Thre wore no palmerphe bands smptig fem 10 conte ans Thai aia ed Labra ot ot. (20%) to concude tha. or both RAPD and AFLP anaisis bie genomic sinlaniy ‘alue was 100% in tre case feo plans and 96-96% Inthe ase of he vanegenc popuato ‘iang of al (199) ebeored both phenolp (0 leaf shape dfereness) and genotypic changesin Pops nigra (pet) pants at haa undergene Agrobacteum Imosatodvaneamation and es etre ragenaraton, Using RFLP, RAPD, sod mizosstlte ans, toy fnayeed 17 insted P nora pants (rom 14 Inde Pendent wansforation events) conta ngs pans Fegenered winowt transformation, and 2°P gra nl forthe provenoe of DNA plynorpiems For RFLP ana, each nd netomat wae Score fer the prosanc a absonco of 1 fret bands No band feences wore found betaoen the 6 uns: {omed canta pans Teo oto 1 nsopandot ane. fermants algo showed no Band dence. Each ofthe romanng 11 Yansfomanis bad botwoon 1-8 bands whieh afer tom te pate shown by te cont pans The total numba of pobmorphie bands in these 1 Franstoranta was 35, ct of toll of 198 bands Ts fxtapdlates to approximately 1000s of polymorphic bende per dpi ganome "The same plants wore aaiysod using RAPD ana sian is ana, vos found thal moat 2 he wane ‘nic Png plans exh grater porephsm than ‘heise cute cont pans (lang a a. 1996), Mossoie analysis of te sae pant howe at ‘a four of he Beaus cate derived cool an alt Ino of te 14 independent nigra anefonnant shoes Mlerosatlte siz fleroncos as compare fo he two ‘gra cone plans Al of the gre terstormants ‘Showed DNA pebrerphisms by one r more of he Bree mato used (Wang eta 1906). 232 Panicle Bombardment ‘rena a (1996) examined mutatonsarsing co plants vansformed va parce boreardmont of Immature embyos. They ansised 12 worsgenie 7" ats rom each thee dierent ica cata. n these 5s wonagenc. genomes, they found ro palmate nds" sing RAPD analyst. When thy Used AFLP arly, hey found 12 poprephie bands ou of ta of 17H bande amped fromthe 38-genemes. Pogymortiame were sso found using RAMP and AERP nays. Exeapoaton from the combina data dorived ftom AFLP, RAMP and AFRO analyse suggests ain ‘is excarimont,tansormaton va par borbaramiont generated, on average, meny hundreds of changes per ansfomed fe plat gonome. The number of palmer: Phos ound inthe Soove eu cone! plats Spproxinatly the same a the nmberoundin hears formed plants. Ths suagess than this experment trast af he genome-ige mutate inthe ransomed Ines ae atbutate to este ute. 22.3 Call electroporation and protoplast transfor. mation ronebia et ai (1888) also exarined rio tans- fermad va elecvoporaton of eryegoni cals. They anayeed 15 indopendent wansron Ty plats tat Rad boon transfomed via call leetporaton. Using RAPD fanajeis, no polaris were found. Ushy AFLP nai, sx polymorpic band tof 638 were sean In tho 18 tanogenio genomes, Poymorphame were i teund using RAMP and AFRP aly, The corned ata sogget tat, n is experinon anstomaton via fall lacoporaton sso generale, on average, many hundreds of changes por tarsbrad ple genome. ‘ho nur of polymorpisme feud in ho tissue cultura ‘ria plans wos approximate Be san ose numb feund In ho wansormed plans. Ths suggests gan, most af the gonamesnie mulation oe tbs bio totssuocutur Avenel oa. 186). In sparta ste, Areata of (1000) examined tho gonomes of fo vanegonicsogarcae plats at had boon Yenstormed va oa tacrooerton of embryogenic talus. Using Boh AFLP and RAMP analy hy ound ‘tal of St pajmarhic ONA tds, eto 1237 arto ‘they existed thet they had ramed approximately 814 kbp of goneme DNA. Exrapoatod to he eno ‘name. tha Yepresens, depending mani onthe est Tat gonome 8, many 100¢ to 10008 of mutations Ps ogenerate plant aap aaa etn noc mae 6 Gene Santo ay? Tans nn ans ages PatBro of (1996), using RAPO ans, exaraned treo Irdopendent transgenic fice plants produend via protoplast ranstormation. They found 2-4 ofthe bands Enaiead wore palmortic between te tansormes pants and uneansformed conta pans 24 Genome-wide mutations aro likely tobe {ound in tranegenie crop plants granted ‘commercial approval “ha date decusse in Section 23 indats hat pant tanstomaton mods tan Induce talons t any {008 to 1000e ot sere alas nthe plant perc ‘Thase numbers ake a bo underestimates of ho tue ‘umber Tis ue tof ata al he ana meh (ds used (2g. RFLP an RAMP) ar ale to dott oly subset of ne possible mutans. Fer exams, some Into dete! ont Dae par sibttor.r umber of mutatons is mely 12 be greater Man detected Inhe eperimnts doscebed above: Tha exact Gepres ot the underestimate wil depend on te mutsiona spc- trum ot pant Vanstarmatin and i sat kro ‘Sala a (200) sate ta Inthe eaperance, such rutaons canbe found in every vansiomed lant Snaieed te ig molecular tous are used. Large umber of eee mutatons av Mersbe, eer cloraly nar semua (Slo eta, 2000, eri a. 1988 Boo eta 1800) Thus, using sniar methods of ara, uations resutig in pohmerpic tarde shou been bale n commer ranapnic cop plats, uless sich ‘mutans have been simnatedn er generatone by Bockerostng outcrossing. At preset, are smo pub- shed study sing such metoclrtetniquos tock fr muitos In conmarcally approves vane Bon lnes or cutars. 2.8 Summary 8) Few sues have examined the nature and extent of {he genome ide vanslomabor induced mulatons found’ vansgenie cep pans ») ONhpejmorhiam analy indeates at very ave numbers of tertle mlatons are reste ino ‘mary eansformant (and.esn be etaned i hat progeny) ung te tandra method of plot rans {eaton The ost eetmat eat fase under ‘many 100s to "000s per plant genome. 6) Trove mutton are eausad by sue cute tech ues and possibly by Agrobactoium edited anelomateon and prio borearaont pena fe kaly tobe underestimate of he wus numb, 9) Genemaide mutton ae ikl tobe fund in emvnercia vansgenic cars ues ey have been fomaved sig extensive Doskoosaing of aut omg 4) Thar o publishes sted examining genome-wide une corner! Weegee cer, Section 3. Significance of insefti site and genome-wide mutations i is s8cton we demanstata now the presaoe of sranstermaton-induced Ineaienste genome-wide ‘maations In vanegeic crop pants (Sections 1 nd 2) ‘ght result in poteialy har consequences. in oder {o oct te folowing discussion, we Mustete wih {he simple oxampe of tered rarantalegen oe xh cumulation. Howeve a of fe gonote consaquances Seccroed in Points LV teow cous equal welresut ih fered cop pant eclagy, ts posing envrcnmental fists, rater tan ike to ensues 24 Insertion-site mutations can result in ‘tansgenie erop plants naving hazardous phenotypes Inserion ofthe wansgene and. superivous DNA andor te selon of rearrangement of plat genamc [BNA ate inserson-sa may Fave te flowing conse 1 Loss of gene function: Inston ino, deletion or rearangoront et gone coin squonco srl to cause ‘ees of plant gene Ancion Ie Sarupled gone odes for an enzyme involved in mutant oyna (or for 8 reguatoy. protein cantating he soy of such ah fray) tie may result veduced nutfent love Simo, loss of tunebon of a regulatary protein tna fonts the Ievla of © subetanen that fe Marl 1 ‘allergens or ant-nutients. Soma inserion-site deletions Srreaangemons are large enough to real nto los fant of many gones (og Kaya 2000) I Altered protein function nseten of vansgene (or sipervous ONA) andor te asscoated elton oF Fearangamaie onomie ONA ey resuin Be predscon Ga truncated or hmaotsprotan Such proteins ray be his tcenises er misvegucaa a hey May @bt oe ise napprepriate actiy. An example would be the ston es nan tontonarunatd verion = pron that nomaly fom 3 mute comp wid other proline protein compo. amaby ecto reste foros ina runt Borys pathway. and he rune Sted poten dsplaces funcional subunis, tha cous ‘achat the comps resng fh resiead rin ols “Atemathly, Wuneatod of shenaere prtens raj ‘aura er ose Sequoens races clr lcalsfon (64. nuclear toatsson signal) or fer pron ctration ‘or rachvaton (eg. phosphoreton sts). he aires protans ae ives in the Syitesis of tox ot nue ‘oral compounds (rn th reguon of her acura) the love tae fx oe maonal compounds may be Tie Loss of gene expression or altered gone ‘expression: Aros pts ef gone expecson fe. Io of gone expresson, Ieesod expression, ot Ts ‘Seprasion of panes na test of cal pos may oo" ‘Sb (a) delebon or aruptono prometer or enhance: Sequonces,(o) atored spacing between genes and theremo of boundary sequences thal reenter, Snquonces of one ga rom inuencing another gone {@ ares igor er gonome structure resuting For [iutrearangerer or) see of anbonse surest ofan endoganou gone nang to rdutan oss of Srrecsen Far earre, a cuptod gone cess ug transgene inorion, could inset nox fo an andopenous bemoter (or one orang fom tho tanger, S00 Point bet and coat an anteanse rans Ths ‘sense wansarpt could slunee the homologous ‘Sedopeneus gone ‘atone n some functonal sequences can have ‘eats on moots gonas. For example,» maton 8 ‘ane which ences ¢tanaaipon factor cous roa {he mloreguaton of mae han ono Joe, [teratons In gone expression May have negatve consaquenoes they resin tbe ovevanorassion cr ms: ‘roreesan, (09. the able prs of pons) of goes roduchg balances tc to humans, letra. {hoy resulin Be lose of cression of gongs valved ih ution Bosyntest utatons of he yee menonedn Point ll above ar wel awn to molecu ganctsts od toy a6 ok ‘onfned to Vansgenc otanitms. The most common ‘ratte re ies neon mutatans, Precedent er {he gee consoquoncesrsuting fom he more com Bleated types of gnotrearangomonts and depen (atch ae ose Sesrbed tr Points Wa) eet nor anogoni aaa (Kusaba eta 2003), Aston ‘ranganl pane antearoe, ver-expesing So Inaneogatve mart genes or wih corsbuavaly aca ‘8d rant protons have a boon oreduee fot exper ‘renal purposes (Branen eal 2003, Uefa 2002, Marka a at 2002 Tao tal 2002) This verrces th factna such mutans are af laste consequences ef tereqone hearin, eepedaly hess Inserts associated ‘wt largoscate foarargemont ef Pest ONA andlor pete DNA Even fr simple mutalons (euch as besa pair changes or sma dletons),preccng te consequences ‘gone change ent easy. For exam, rowodge of etequenes cle targr sie srotcurenty sen ‘deemine bebe Insertion iia a cana target Sequoncs i whut corsoouanos. ls known at op Istoyrogions may rguate ere than one gene an ao Tra, n many higor evrarytes, regulatory ceauaness {ane ditt fom gene sing sequences (Carta a 3002) tis aso cea that igher eukaryotes genes se ‘often clustered and that genomic postion may have {onsequeees fr gone regulation (must sta. 2004. ‘Thoroe, whl clear hat vansgene nso ts noun gone sequences is preter snot clear how te'determine when a tanegene Insertion Is without consequence. $32 Potential sequence-specific consequences (of superfluous DNA insortion include the treatlon of hazardous phenatypes and increased risk of horizontal gone transfor ‘Tho sacusson above hs orgy assured tat te natze oeign freed suportuous DNA doos nat 3 fo the rk of Mazar consequences. However, Is may ot always be ts, |v. Transgene promotor induced mis-oxpression ‘of plant genes: nsoron of proncar DNA, euch as he 555 CaMV promote (whine eutelyusad naling transgene trop plas) an case overoxpresson ot misexpression of negbouting gone, wit to conser {Quenees deserted in Point sbove. Experments ca fed oun ronagene A haana aioe plants nate {hal stor tanagone ookancar or premotor ean oe endonenans gene eeresin, oven ata tance of ‘Several Kkbace pa Joong a 2002, Weigel a 2000, Wison at a 1990), \, ‘Morzonfal gone transfer: soron of supartux ‘us ONA (og. bactrim ONA, Bacto arker SN, or tanagene ONAN) ino anegente plans cous facae norzontal gone transfer of fe wanspone ONA (eco aot bacteria human o arial gut batons) by Proving cppartunite for horalogase recombination [felsen ofa 2001, Godard ar Sain 1908, Nelsen tal 1908, 19975, 1997, Lown and Wackomogel 4868. For example inthe human gt baer, Eo, 4 mia feng of 20 bp of hemaogy Is reed er ‘econbinaton to cecur (Meteo Wa 1880). Psd or Sins of repeater in parbour, ay fact hora ‘ene vanetor 33 Genome-wide mutations sso pose safety risks Much of te spectrum of gonome-wide mexatons (dolotonsrearangorents 0 probebl slr that bh ineerton ate musatons, Where these: mutstons {Section 2) cose uncon pon sequences they san Fosult in aberrant phenetyes by the mechani Coserbed in Pointe LV above (Negru ett 1005, Dens oa. 1987). Therefore, genome-wide muttons inode duting plant tansiomaton have he same Pott fo hazardous toxceegea, nutter, x Formontt consequences as inset sa mutations 34 Summary 2) Plant ransforatin Lo ts culture tchrigues, DNA vangor tens and DNA nerton) can te: fice awido spoctum fptenalydoetious muta tens nto the genome ofa bantormed plant ) When mutton eosin fnstons! ONA sequences they can result nos of ger atv tered gene function nd altered gens excression, and may Impec on grotns involved 9 amp gn regu: ton syetore and ostemsca paw, 9) Bothiserdorte and genone-sde mutations have tho potent alter tha bahavout adler Be Be heoiealcaraconss of pats ta cary thom. 9) Eventhough her ett may hot ba meaty Soparanto obuous these mttons may Nave Sr found concoquonces forth environment ot fr those whe produce ar eonoum such pants 1) Mutatonsivlvingnstionofcapertuous ONA Sequences may aso have crsequonaes fre potent fr horzonal gene raster of ransgene pwnage dno ticle 2 ‘evan an yh Rey? Yeoman ncn ht ane SeSection 4. Can transgenic plant breeding methods be compared to modern non-transgenic plant breeding methods? is common fracas rarsgene lant breading to argue tat Wansgene plant breeding maods pose no fsier vats tan ose ating rom aor Mader lat Eroeang methods developed dug the 200 oenitzy (Prataah 200, Stowe ota 2000, Conner and Jacobs 1860, Kosi ofa 1992) Ths assumption the Dosis for FOA roglaton of tanegeic crops in the Unig States (Koss fa 1982), Sotng ase tho question of ‘ete comparison wih oxsing wort praia the presumed mest hazasous brascng tremolo) ie an Epprorats baclne, hoy clam tat: (1) meso no anagenl breeang tachniquos crete muttons mi pant Genomes that are comparable to thore crotod by Hrenepenc pant breeding, (2) modern plant brooding techaiques are used on age scales that (3) rodarh Imathods have ator f safe use brougeaboutn pat because comarca bresgers can ana do detect ans lscard hazardous vanates(Prsteth 2001, tows sta $2000, NRE 2000, Canara acaba 1299, Keele a {na), Tees and ofr auhors laa comgare tenaganic odin wth ho uve of ide cesses and ay eu hat the produts of ide costes can sui Nazar Vals (Pratsoh 2001, Slower tat 2000, NRC 2000, Conner Se dose 199, Ressler tf 1952)With ene of thse Slas e portay gion thet modern pont treeing tectngues do produce cpredetale changes in plant fenomes {dain 3). hater these mutator ate ‘of 3 Sir magne and type to tose irvosuoed by wane ‘ne sant reoing methods i stil an open questo, Te is known that nontransgenic plant breeding programmes can produce cular wih hazardous poo (ties Asal numtbor of leary hazardous cutvers have been deveapod aoddenialy dung te course of 20° century plant breeding pogarnmes. For exaroe, polio ‘Seacolryeuvars wih igh level of ubstanoas tx o mans (Le. ycoakalie and ner fuanacoumains ‘eopectvey have been inadvertent ested uang ron {Wenegen plant breeang methods NRC 2000) Simla vers may show allved environmental inerachone Scho ncoased suscep o diseases (NRCIOM £2004), Thus, unexpected phenotypes arising fom mod ‘2 plant breding terns Go present 8 Yea! vk of ‘sovrse consequences. However, we args tal he ex {ence of hese hazardous cuars shou bo used fs Ay viganes rater tan comelacoey. when requtrs ‘30 conned by a vel pt brooding erro such ‘3 pant vansfomaton, fe Tul extant of whose ru ‘erty esl unknown Inthe restos section, wo argue that he advocates ‘transgene pat reacg fl to asoqualysuteonte ‘any of lr clams. We argue that he suggesion that (genomic changes eats curing non-vanegene lat Breeding are equtalont to thos fst using vanegenc ‘methods (dim 1 locks sufiort supporing eugene. ‘hiss veto alac of ecsorch no ena ad extent the mutton induced in plants be using er ans: ‘zor nos Re Sanbae iesemmmpmicnatt: tm tse ‘vidence suppor clams ol the wide-scale use of ‘modern on-renageni lant ceding methods (am 2 Indeed, or some, major cope fof which trensgene ‘maheds ar being use. wiespead use of oe made Breeding patos can be speatealy ruled ow. Fal ‘tere zo ook of evidence fhe soentialy eatat- ‘ded sate use of madam methods (aim 3) rte Slowing sectors te same the msgs of nomtanepane plan resing meade nc or ty se n pant broedng pram 441 Mutations introduced by modern non-rans- ‘gone plant breeding methods Inauosd’ mutator, Hesve cate, somatic hbridsn: ten and wide efossing fe all oder ochnuos Which ‘tbe used io cea race novel vara or ae in pnt brooding programs. Tssce aatre can also be forte clonal propagator of cram plans and © ‘manipulate plan csi or tebuee dung plant Pressing programs. In ts section, we dscuse what ls known Shout the unpredilaie genet consequanoas of tae rotode, Induced mutage genomes inaueos by appleaton of chemicals (EMS, ENU)' oF Wradiston can be Used to ieresee the mount of vaiton avaiable plat breeders. Over: pplication of mutagenic procedures renders the plant {genome non tnotons orleade th so many mutton {hat ine uss varaton eannt be lentes or 3p thorelore fo she balance between creating sh lent vaiaon and causing excessive damage. Lite Information exists on the gevete consequences of asiaus mutagenic tates for parla cops and the actual aplaton rates used breeders However. ‘oom reasonable conc ft he mutagenic est ‘ona cop plant genome cau be considered “Tissue culture: The mutagenic potnal of Yesue ‘cutie depends on varous fers (Caloux 1984). Tssue curs methods rlyng on dediferenaon re dey consdsrec to cause geste genetic damage than those whic do not (eg. veglatve propepation or ‘omy recut Slevin fa 1296, Karp 1865, Cal ‘a8e) Concequonty, dosieretaie tesue cure has oon used ecasonaly asa fom of nduod muagerecs(Gan 2001). Agi, 08 wth chemical and iradieonmuts- Gancaslocaques, he dla ofthe tase procesre Se cia. Part cas when spend extensive peneds Soasorontatng and reganoreing conten ao lay to thot more ONA mations then these that have nat {Bron 1007, shin at a 1004, Call 1964) isa, Specie aiferenes,hormene levels an ue of anti I have apparent flects on the nuts 3 masons ‘ich accom inthe plant ONA (Shivin 9 1964, Cato 1988, Tele mporant © emphasise the contrast betweon ‘hose tesue cutie procedues when necasstat del Ferentsion and terete now morse cream ornstcn and those tse cute procedures asocted wih plant [Popagaton (e9.of pol) The feme are usualy Used {emake Yansgoni plats and re assocted wi somatic Varaton, whe ths ler ae ar mate wialy used Tor Pepogain purposes but me general less mutagen (Stevi of 1094, Calo 984), ‘Somatic hybrieation and wide crossing: Somat Ipfieaton by pretest fusion fe 2 Uesue culture. ‘bad mead for fusing genomes whch cannot be ‘Bough! togeber by conventional sexual crossing. ‘Somat hyoriseason can nso be use 0 pul genome DAI ini naw eytoplamic backgrounds (Gree 2003, Aagh ta 1980) While to major of sue Somatic Rybrlsatons ave been between lato ‘paces wihin he same genus (Selomen Blac an ‘Berke 200%, Bown and Thorpe 1905) researchers have produced fra somatic hyde Between plone as ‘Stanty lated a5 Scots and monects (Micka ota 1867, Kisaka. of al 19). "The gonad cutomos of Semte hyriseaton ara npredciobe 2nd th Use of ‘lant eau etre and tho noun of very tan Folate’ genafe mstrl ino oe genome Sa have te botenial to croate large-scale genetic dilrencos Between tybids and the parents Conca” ove the Salat of ths lecnique has boon expressed becouse Impoing genes maior ising somatc fybrseston {ecinques has Seen shown fo est in enprescatie ‘onotype consequoncos NRC 200) ‘leary, some non-ransgonc modom plant beedng wchiques are potently ighy muagens. Aa the ‘ee fr pant ienfomaton he magntade an note ‘te mutatons induced by aerent breeding metho ot easly maasured and aly to vary wily dopend- Ing en te spel cultars and eaters Use. is ‘oefore ait to conpae the maga of moder ansgenis and nontaragane boos methods in the lghtoward manner pied inca 1 42 Nontransgenle plant breeding methods in the 2th Century: History and extent of use Unit te 20m cantry, farmers everywhere grew ropa deed tom actonal plant breeding metyoss “he diferences betwesn cultivars dependes mainly on tho soletin and propagaton of natal varios ansing from spontaneous mulaon, payplodsaion, and sexta! ‘sos and zany n he saan and propagation ‘tthe progeny rom inna cose (Koco at Star 2001). Tho rescovory of Mendes work aol fda change npn! breosng mottos uses ne West, the major one being the route use of irtnona soa {oseos by proossenal plat breeders (Koomnes! and Star 2001, Hayward at 1093) “The 20% century sto sath development of Sonali ale tate o rd gone vara ton or reeing purposes Koornoafané Star 200) ‘became possi to eat revel genet varton Using ‘mutagen rasaten, chemical reve care eaters {Sod to acco naw souteaa of gone vation By po. ‘ang wide ances’ va tchnigns such as embryores. ue oF somatehyrieaton (Shara 109, Hayward ot ST 1909) Tradlionl plant breeding methods (selection and ‘stent crosses) ao al rmponeble for the. vst ‘majority of rep plant cutvars avalabla Tor Use In Spreultve today (Koornnes’ and Stam 2001, Matuszynski et, $000, Brovn and Thorpe 1895, Meyer ta 1965). Mado nontanagenic echngues (9. tentanal mutagenesis an sorte Ryiaton) 2376 used mucn loss eflon to produce commerciale Cuthars. Nevornoles, wana ome cuore Incorporate gongs dered em radaton mutagenesis programmes (though many ofthese ar net eae ep Plans) an some cular caring incod maton (9. dvatcareal and ie vate) have boon gown cn argo scale Mlusaynt fal 200). Tere ae even {ema cltvars wihfeaue cure-dafved mutt goes (ian 2007, Ut 2001, Skin ta! 1984, Sry, boeause te vasi major of be products deed rom ‘Stic hybridaaton are genet untbl rinfro, ths mathod has not bean wily Used to produce ornmatil atars (Oreyk ef 2008, Colonie ef a 200%, Kooraeet and Stam 2001, Salmon Backoum and Barer 2001, Wot a 1994. Consoquort iy few rps (2g tomatoes, wheat and pote) do fon waragene conmereal ears conan peso. rate any_genes derived from ether plant species (ayrra of 1009, Jaunar and Chitber 1000, “hus. the calm 'hat moder norrensgeic plant bracing mates are used en argo tose ol uefa ‘most ropa. Some moder Sonanagene motos ‘wae rossos and_somatis yariseation) have nly Foconty become Incorporated in commer read borane, gs hv otnnae oe fren minor conibulon (eg, choral and Madan rrusagonesis). and this fo: enly afew cove (ea. wheat, (oe foal number of culkere inroswood worlwide (Maluzyns! a 2000 Indee, some mel eps for hich Wonsgenic varie are iw conmercly ait be e'g mae) have a nelle story af made non tranegeni pant treding (Smaft and’ Symonds 7955, Darra and Zuber 1966) Novrtolse, threw always be seme uncartany on the ext xen of use of moder nonsarperic nahods (cam eects teeny ect acy and fe ponathrtago of ears can be obscure cm na ne dt ne in rtm Sng tye Ray? Tanna vase ans age op Pat43 Role of backerossing and outerossing in plant breeding programmes commoral eattars depends on two facors: (1) the ‘rulagenio natura of he ril trading programme end (2) the stops akan by breeders to remove unwanted ‘mutations. Non-ransgent pant treeding programmes Uypely oxo backersting andor aeesing fo rome ‘te cutvare However ance than ea of pity ‘Commercial tre ite coneeto formation f publ Sralaie cetaing backroseng royarmes Io specie commercial ultras. Extensive baccrosing sient reduces the ik of commercial ctvars retaining mufatons invodvond fling modem plant breeang. proceauos. Genomic fchange ozs wi och backeoss,s that ho multe Sreundid (2g, ring eave cure, magna or wide {rosses) are progressively lst during backerossing programmes, Lack sf necessity 16 tacos edensiay fas been cod as a reason why brooding proyamenes festuing pant tansionaton are more rad tan na ‘ansgonis breading resrarnes (GM Sconce Review Panel 2003). Fuerore, plan vansformstio is efon apple io ot proposed forceps in wnich backeossing of tuossing ae Stout ox slow, such 30 poi, bana na papaya Table 2, iPirastomed plants ee not backcrossed or out sronsed then al of re maton nosed cing lst Tanstomaten wi b present inure generations ofthe transgenic plant For exam, the genome of commer Elly spproved Newioa? Pus Potato RBITZ2-82 has fiperiuoue marker, platmd and. vansgene ONA Sequences inserted at several diferent isortonstos (Section 1.17) heetre appears tat os cular Nas Tot been tackeccsod so finn sof ho mat. ‘ons ivosuces during wanstormaton Because te tanegone is alvays bing soectod for ‘n backerosee, i ic to romave DNA sequences {Gnd motatons contained win trem) that ae nkes the tansgene. Those Inked sesuences may constile 2 conelderabie porn of hafta goneme (Stam and even 1851), The exact proportion depends mong other factors, on he cop spe th fequency of recon recombining away linked sequences apples equal 1 {Yenagen and nonarsgens als meduced by mut {genie modem pant beading metheds ana fe asm (duo by wie roses (Gaps 2002) 44 Is there evidence of safe use? In oder to argue that moder nontansgen plant breding matte have ahs of slo use (im) IS also necessary fo domensate that crops bred by ‘mosem nentanagenie moana ate fot ale an "Te sno an abst frm, to define hia i mart by ICintis space conc t's beyond ihe scope of ths ‘epot fo do this Honever, is worh noing tet tans gone plat breeding advecates make no alert 0 do {his (Prakash 200%, Stonat ot al. 2000, Conner and ue fey se assis ee ots tenet a ae at ly ag anus, cow's mk, sojecans wheat, meat), fr many wit no psec evince for arm, fe anclear haber Thehuman dil would be superar winout em, snes our ily dort soucss of dele or eurdave raga Fret teen be human dels very ie Ware a ow wily 2 cop I grown, as wall a how the prods re processed and consumed so impact on he uta ‘Salty ofa crop pint an i products. Al of tees ‘ocr wre hard opr and ergo Thus ay sseron thst modem sontanegeie boo sng rehode slvr sae ‘has very Inte soma aly. 45 Regulation of cultivars dave from moder plant breeding technologies ‘We nave argued at thera are not enough slic ata fo support clams that (1 modern nensranegenic ‘reeing tscniquas cesta muatone plant genomes ‘hat are caroarble to those craig by tanegons ant ‘edn, (2) badetnnon-ransgel plant breeding t= ques a Usod on a wide sele and tat (8) odo ‘mathoss have aso of sate ue. Therafore we donot ‘Consider mesom pln breeding metros an appropiate ‘Sencha ram which to determine te efey of bane gone plant brooding tectriques Adtonaly, wo bere {hat a nether ralonal nor seni to auggeat that ‘ronepni prt benng shoe be cared af ican ‘De now tobe no weras than te cure! presumed most hazardous prac, To condons arguments in which & ew tcnology is capared ety wt least Safe exh Tots ota pote step ower onsues, poder or rironmentalpetoco, We rece a ceroarave ‘cea during ne pant breeding proces. 624 > We racommand natal transfered plants tended for fridscne tae or commas ‘aloara be subjected fexerave backerossing roprrmes,folomed by tes. ing for efectve removal of Waraermetonnduced Erfecvanoss of backrossing depends on the umber of bokcrosees cared out However, ta 26 ‘ot effet at emoung muabens stor near he ee of Itansgoreinsrien, > We recommend thatthe problem of nefisentback- {rosa bs rmediod by dala oloctin for recom bration ovens lose fo Vanstone nserien-ses sg rooclar markers (Noto hs wed rogue cessing 3 Tranegane overt nto 2 nerzarena Ihe. oreo leery appropita martes and to Idontyrecoret rns) 622 Testing for mutaons at tansgone insotion events [At present, he data provided by commercial apa cana no utente detsene whee enegene Iraorion has" arptedImpartant ‘est gona Sequences. Ts ls because ual ony Souter Bt nays of varapen arene a profded nope {or commerce approval > We recommend tat ensgen Insertion events ino Sequences whith fe, or may be funcbonl DNA Sequences shouldbe rejected om plant breeding Brogan.> We reconenand hat ranegenc nes contig genom ‘Gateratons a the ate of wansgene meer Borer >We recommend tat ha insertion of supertuous ONA ‘De considered uneoeptbl, >In ode to eaabla tet such inseton-ste mutakons ‘fe not poset we recommend fat he hl ext! of [BNA isupton at he site of tansgene insertion be etermined before carer! approve grantos. >To accomplish his we recommend that both the tan gene ierbon event flung a anstered ONA art $ingo avteh of fanting DNA) and theca ge te be saquened and compared ae tho only kon ‘ay fo deftly determine whether gene sequen Fave bon upto, > We recommend that as wel as DNA sequencing, ec ‘ques such an FISH, fear FISH, Sour nt mais fd PCR be vod to dtet ransored plats etan ing rearanged taneganes and superbucus DNA at oe ‘owe waregonereartonevort Ths combination ef Tectriquns shuld be sutordy senate" detect Ino wth inserts of sma ramen of anager St Supefvogs DNA at some dstance fom the tansgene ineoron te von with these simple cia, niorpetaton ofthe ‘igncance ofa Yarspona earn overt el 0b ‘oniroeril bacauea our cent understanding op ‘ant mokcuar genetics js meutieent to tern ‘wba etn Io a partalar ganomi pon spe ‘ovplally neonsoquental {62.3 Testing for phenotypic changes Biochemical, envronmertalmpact and ocogial toss af ona way of ertjngvanegonicculvars which Cary haf mutatons sn hue need to be els {fom brooding progarence (uportal 2007). They should noverhloss be considered a second ine of defence agains tansormation-ndvced mutations. ‘Those tesa fo Itty to be exponave, nadaquste and Atel to treet However. gven he mutagenic of ‘Sevent plant tanstaratan processes Such Tacs oro ‘equres tral tanepenie cop plans prt corm ‘Ga reagne, Such tele shoul Icke testing for al own toxins ad ant-ntiots, mar metabolites and >We recommand that mRNA microaray tongues be ‘sod Wo lok for lrations in gone axpresaan by com png the mRNA oxpresscn patos in wanegerc cl bars to owen nomtansgenc parent ines (Kuper et 200), > We recommend that signfcanfrences in blocham- les or mzrosay resus between waren nes snd part nes shoul be ovate not ot nts of {he specie mala or MRNA When deviate om 88 ‘oral vale Bale in he sone tht ay be ‘mater er over changes m th Wansgens ine, ‘Transgenic bes cling ochemicly fm non tanslomed parent ines shoul ethos be eimai rom pantbrossng programmes or aralyed uta (Section 5). Move reoasch le nosed t determine the sin ‘ance of oth chemi erences snd miosray Toronea, in rr to etablah thor usetaness ae rea. tore of halt or environment! hazeds Suk 6.24 Improvements to transormaton technology ‘Somna mitatons canbe preven byrequeing tars gene plant readers fo adept the flowing procures: > We recommend hat Sue cutie induced mutations be elma by he aspen ln lata Wastormaton cod (Table 1) tho plat gonome be eimnatos bythe use of POR ‘deny primary wanetonmant Ven ea 2003). >We recommend tat te Inston of plasmid ONA sequences be sliinated by using purified gone fassetas instood of ene pasmics dure pare Sembardment (Sailer af 2002, Loe oat 2002, Fe rat 2000), PCR sntfeton of ransfomsants ane the uso of ured gone easastes can Inada replace cunt fransfomaten methods. Severs plat species ave ody bean expermontaly Yarsfarec using” planta ‘ransfomaton motos. inetg thatthe development fof such mettods may be Tesi forall pecs. Novoras, any methods weal Nave to be evaluated Ineo (gt determine thelr rtageney) before fei 16.3 Recommendations for further research There ar st many scenic ncerintos ering to punt rnstanrazon i vansgete cop slats ae be {grown conmorcay ther research fs reeded boty fo lr more acer astimat ct he ie cused in tus repo and fo sock and oraice ways & eiminsing ‘+ Transgene insertion event: For tanegeni crop Pans produced ung any of ha curenty avalabl ant {ransfomaton matiods, we do net hrow what he pial ‘ngorent sof 3 ansgene nebo even. Homevet, fu norman neces fer ntspts the rake tranagane inearton which aries rom endogenous gene Aierpton and Wonagene fesrangement” Large-scale 28 Cer Sing Mh any? Trem nn Mac ges Pattstuds ned be card tush vatousYansorraon procedues andi ferent crops, These suas naod Io bo cad ot on lage numba of es asia as se Wanagane ners by Souterh 1 enya, as sngle tranepene inserts are the kind most oto ved for former! purposes (see Foshach tal 2008 To the Atexample of such study in any pant) DNAsoquence alysis needs to be cad oul on rurarous Wanagene tel as wal a age acts of ter tanking gonomic DNA te determine te fl extn! of targetate darupton. Sach large-scale stdosofrandom sleet lot il ep © lay the nelure ond extn! af genomic end Yansgene DNArearangement rng anegene nserion They i ‘asoheip cary te exon ana nature cf superuous ONA fneeron {eluding bactaral genome, ONA inserter, ‘Section 1.22) nie vein of fe desires vansgenes). ‘¢_Efiects of transgene promoters on endogenous plant genes: Recosch is nosded to doemine whothe Kransgene promoters inuonce expression of gonas an ther ste ofthe ieated ranegoe. This Is especialy ‘elovant when song vral promote oro used repate ranagones, a8 such promolrs are known to have tbe ly act nearby gonos (Seaton 3.2 Point), ‘© Higher order genome structure and function: ts Trportnt to understand te eles of wansgane nsacion ‘on genes in th vic of tho vanegoneinoorton oven transgene on highar eer ganeme uncer, ‘© Occurrence of gonome-wide mutations: Unioss on-mitagenle metnecs of plant Wansiormaton are evened. Kher esearsn 's needed (sng RFLP, [AFLP2 ot seo Section 23) 1 uantly the magne ‘genome change precuced my effrent species and by ‘nous trantermton meth, © Mutagenicity of gene tanster methods in the Absonce of tissue culture: Research snooded to guar tty me genomernide mutagen of plat vanstrmeton ethos tht do not use tau cre and fo detormine Tre natare of such mutations ie also imprint deve: ‘ap methodology thal perms more acsuratecompareons between tenstrmaton methods and batvesn dent Sipermonts. “The quant tchriques which have boon used to measure genome-wide mutations suggest tat gone ‘damage i extansivo, but invdualfectniguas ae Sp ally only competent fo dotct gross abrermatis ar ‘may flo detst mutations that may be more cormon {tnd moceimpertnt, sh a aml cnotoneornsorons For oxampl,tchniques base oly on anal of ban ‘te diferences cous fal to delet nucestue suet ‘ons er Inversone.Aadtenal mathade must be Se ped to improve the acura of assessment of gonore= ede genetic damage in ransfonned pats ‘i eae det Sn ess oe sateen coca ee 12 Improved precision of -ONA transfer: lant trans Termaton techniques are neaded tat eliminate. o rece the probity of neran fps ona the Superious DNA dutng Agrobecterar-mediated tans formation snd tht do ot esulinearengerent the TTONA and the targets ONK. Ths may be posse Using ferent Agrabactrium tains of By eedesiging the plasmids used for wansorraten ‘© Improved precision of particle bombardment “Tanagone Insarton events ‘vealed during parte omtardment are pal cortex. parte bombo ‘mont 10 be used. parle Bmbardment proceaies ‘Shou be developed that reduce elmnat varegere and targetste fearangements and the isan of Stporiuous ONA ‘© Targoted insertion of transgenes: Homologous Tecomoinaton or some oir aod of fargead wane {gore inserton should be doveoped to reduce te hance of elrypng fnctens ssqueness by random tranegone neoron (Brit ne Ny 203), © _ Prevention of transformaton-nduced metations: Pant wansmation msthede shaud be. developed whic donot tedoce genamewide miatens. Acknowledgements Wo are very grate to D: Mara Crouch, Ane Lorch andr loa Artniouforeadng and ang tonne manera for ell cecusions, We would ‘300th to ark De Marth Hitt end Helena Put or feadng ae adiing onthe sera and Peter Cis for ‘ery nepal iscucslons out Fadlons psn reeng ‘sd tangent plant breeding. He would sls Ike 12 ‘hank various scientist for making the ie to newer ‘ur questions ado sunpestg aes an books about ‘ant reeang: Dr. Joy Berglen, Dr. James Coos, De Firay Ose. Wter De don Or iin L: Gan, Dr. Veron Gracan, Dx. Stowe Jones, Di. Kent 5 Ickerie, Or Steve Milon, De. Gomera Falkow, O: {Gavin Remy, Or Shes P Segh, Or Mark SortReferences ro feos agen sane ion Preteen ernst er eet Pg aca, ge. Fu (08 Conran ce "Soren is Cn aa ste rs et el) ay sce 000. Tone Pe Ma a UAB TET tne Gnas a 0} Seer ant eo. ‘iret Ase oon hee os mana 0, Cumin aa Caton 8, Oy, “Senn rmme So 0 Soman oon mae ‘etiwanda pss {reat naam Tora an 300 ‘nce Gann Cube Cig 8 8 i eect Ghat Sa meray ecoe ‘congener (Cena pons pear apt ‘Sem ormet et sctopaton Ha Seg 425108 "Se ety besarte oe as Sms Zaman fat Pm) Poa tc ane 2 02 [ipl Gang 6 Cnt arg & Gos Caen "Sar bari Gamo banat Ronan Caan a tm eens genome nae nox 28 ‘et nonenstem sees amen fens 8, ‘tmnt 0A, Don RH] ad rn "ue open em ane ch wee met Pagnendun aloe Po sr steer 190 Pn apes nt rR {7 Pe aaron: Petes an geo roel open hr vy ge Cy sc Wu yes re Sensis rps as oat ‘an KS X Epo Exes of anise Sears nznina cnet tote Pinctyet ar 8 er Uno rs, Legon Gust 0) Sheet mmc mesa aon ang pre tr Ther cae TST gies Ler 9 (28) omacons ven he ‘any erage any sep Sense argc ara PFs nt "Soniye atau cnceghy abe ‘Poronmatetate op Sa 15308 ‘beet Deis, Some WP (08 ce Sites cone er ree Pisa) 908, oan Ph et La HB) RFLP a 2 rach reser ose pm aloo ae ‘Boum Ot Tape Ta (e0 Cop ngonmet ea tase ines Wat easoopy end eeomeny 0-8 rare pens Nea Aaa Remar 23 3 cau (st Pn na ane: ns ropaon nas tron be pt ie pnd wens ce Senet corse to Pore asco Cpt cg a He 8 Catia, An “ego Gan era tap ohne reer er tecteice rece rma Res cm ree ane on mates ea ene ecto Peoegancictesiaae carton omy ares pe meme neem eee eagaineren ener raeceertt fear cr fe ee ee ere Senet ene trainee ‘Seep cede eomersreetme ay Ds tran) COMNaton dn Sop ineonenan ‘tol (on Roe oc Pos, Does (8 2erg aera Ta Cnn 8. Bsy "snot Carer rye sone es Seong ee ‘le, haan Hes a ptamanc fg tt ‘hoe cae horn er br deo nage Tp on Daa Zte 88) 08 te nomen ‘varcnmecttmery anon op Sen HO aa Oe Cen ont Dpeer (00) OMA “il ar naan nario ig we ag WHC 0) hrtraton ea ane apenas sch ouch niente giacirseat rene agen racecar ba Skeuranne ton erate asc ‘a one ca ge me Semen tarot eee tee eae Se atten ime ty ce mae » Ceram Sera Ray? Tandem snd Manse Cp Pateexes seam mei a oe areas am mera tae eee oe ee oa he acre ter Sop ears earn een meme Sh mre eee Se ee ree mer apelin moans ‘rangers cre sat ONA seroma 5 USA Spee ence umn ee eae ee ees cere eee ae, Shes pare oa ae a Be nee Sea Saas oy see gmect me e eee seperti ‘Siem errno eine ey Se ee eee SBtRivtomen oes 1oaPste Te ote Shee annie ei ret ey a ete ee Semen interest a cgeene meneearn a Sarees eee one ceteerae cone ae aes Peete et ee pe thaw eeare “tukoyoic gene edo Nahe Raion Gants) 2 310 seyeae remem ao "ai sipeeion Duc ways ete arses Geputthate grime cuana Totaye cent cs ee dh Bal Sh nme ast aan a ata pee Saenger om ornon en sie Snr ate Jayesmeay sceueee ees Queswe ee Sc ee ee Abeer ee i i ae ae setae ore ty eeeaegaee ome Pergiireer celery ee en er tena aia ees eet ae na ae area ae eaten are aay ee Pett an andy weir fonnarcoe Cotes coon oe 220 ea a a Km sr R108) Veet ena: eeiac econ etree ee ee cS Soessresiaeeme Biresbrretieertsntin Spee ere ee Saar: Seiehooiimesr sitios tanecactnate ee ene pee eee eee sre tees rife amare see ent ere ee che ea anteeat meena sian meme Sea en ceo oe ‘Mure vty fom el cakes pl paar. Than me ‘iso in neon za Sarbwenei) Ganare argsin gone en Oye ar es pecebcenat tienen pen mt Aram ou ane Soa terme a ute onan ecm Se ee en, Sots: veer teen ont Scene NN nee sa tn ny essai te a Seiten «inset erento cage sneer ory So Ekopivaamcies aeegeatt seine sete pe avers 583) 563-602, “ og tmercet te cree Sosa Sree wien smcera eran ogee saison “spocameeee cetera sca cca stay Ses om sSerergers tata mromcngonn Sn Sree mare Sats musica Scorer nets sarneongae Smee uaeyenomac ptoen wanrn ee ‘Gules emai ca Seer ah mee meee tl eae er Soe ee {2000} Scena nays wanagenereanigemorin and sol, a ocd Pence aanece eee ee a mesh nme neg at ye. Seeeceeeteieens area ee canorainieeomrre serie, Space eee enna Non, Boe es J (7) ned atl ae ‘tion Somobrer cso ut mua Rt ‘Teron cy SO) TENT een fone A ala an San (1 Ha ere ‘Sutera pane real eee ce Fis Mong eww 20) 568 "iron sanction nee Gham sett ops Posen ayn: pes ts tone SS NRC! Cie on Cateay Mass Pan ar 2) sr ncoaner so hamethatn remenecfare, ‘762 cy a ec oe Sn Ragin Naa Seer Pre Wen SE ‘permeameter sane ‘erty Er Pce Por sang nt cose ai i at ohare ‘ceelenc on br vngan ngs Poe! OG Pou in on. 9 Sars Gatto ard gmc nat em ee cb ae cn tna pe kw ant San 4) Tere sn pec oie menpete rt t Baeh Pana WP Soe DA 8 Tape DNA ted Ras sovants tae, en nO Pon re oS reat ‘etal sputum mon Pont Pp eS Prego, Sic Ban 08 Revie pt aa ‘ns hpi peace oh cape foeoath ‘rer erome Ppp aes, ‘rR M202 APP ona aca tn “anscsne toa genet pas Pur Seed a expen Rabon Dra Gat (1), ‘letni et bsguaenae ne ete Es pat yrensomes oso [toot Gemes 0 Tas ‘ataran, p PCy 2 omni TE "ho ni tomntey sie nau eon Sap nres Fan Ent apt saps naan eget Pn Be PE, Buck WF, ae Fe ‘pen i) mad pe A pe ‘Sib hua Conger ta, a, ods Wb Secs aee poso “Ester a Bwcas P 202) twee ny tein, ‘Reoren no srs eT Reet eons ac apo Dae et 2 (Geen Szanbng Hyer ey? Tandem ins Tae Soy Patneal 120 renee lt portman ie and “Guan ra See oe a Sandal Er Tk Pan, ‘Sete tsa Rowe Mey 5, Cs Ona Tint fase trou onsen fee oc Fin craton re teenie ‘Seeger ery el Sergio 808 sma Onn ai 20) at 75 Sar Cz Do 2) eypcomeathgentn as sure (8) Ho vnc eco? Bae ‘Sisk Tne Mota Kaa na eran i Ren na seme nen ‘Sh imotalntemtmatntoners Poe ase)st4 ‘uy cate toy Wud Xan oe A (02) yom at maphanges uration geome eiiomed i poe Supa sa 3 sing Roo Ti Maal He ie tw CM (iam dpa eect tre sea. Sptawnrsestsase sium howe KO, Son 6 Sane andagace “nce ice trae St a a ‘Stik haan O20 supergene ‘per Gt eon Bont 9) ea ‘lamer Buin Far 207 Badr va east pts edo nec) re esto ote Seorsoes Reniy 6 Seka fare 8s Gaui 200 Taxi "Aiagioge en Gvo Pane 38 bemeane {Fede tomentosa Nein Br 8. i aay cai pe ‘am a 2A (8 he el gosron teee eame ngosraegne tetany bh yen Elpmos 0 are ‘ona XY Hal YD 20) Fast ‘Seton nen mbm ve pate Focaom ‘iyo rane Pool Sore A 5) ‘Rscuen rae mapa se win anon ‘Serge nea Tas hp Sua 72 600 {Eee Goris vewgee won wrt up ‘Sire frprteseponeeagerers Poe Jt ‘nae cpap noha ea a ‘Sate Skane ae DA 207 Gene gone atamne ‘Mouse ncn ftir es regenera oe Seniymocpuectntrmmrne Cuno te abt ama ove foe Saute 10% seared OWA ne annoga gro Pi) 2 20 ‘woe Coming en 2) Pat ace Paes eae “aan nati sone epee Pant “seg. ye namin ee ec Ran ey eae "Ychasuna, Heme ne Pel Macon a0) "Nour maton of ean yond plen wih eos ‘vate ot arn Patt a 7, ‘ori at Raat tse das I oman "i hoya Su pastes opel naz aneraer ep i ‘nmr overrun asc Pa) ror phe 8. GENE ss mal OMA “care ore nage on an re et pont cent eh na wees uep gm nto eames cereerg ee irae oramarart Siegen ete meer ata ee (SE Nonaiy chy 3 000 noon nna asp. Patel abl Shonteenananeea Peete inners tees na ae veneer men eer Scanners acon Sloe ees. meee ene resume ainin ioe eee Sle ae seta ween ere ee eon Sec eee meer eeeeiece ee Se are acer ofrecer stcerngennenaions ey eta eens Slheuma mare mca eect "lel usin comme sas At ee LY aaa ‘ino, aon Liao en Sarbuce 8Appendix “Trangenc crop plants gonad Non-requlaed stats byte US0R wien were najoed for repre “he open rose thr rons ht cre rel vragen Gop ine revert asses ie ok tossed nab Ache creostepre eso {tS coprova fer Nonfonucted sy yo ina ss Part Hoar inspection ‘Sermce (APHIS) atthe Unted Ste Desierto facie (USDA) The ul et corns regen cop aris cel aprved pang poor te Us tan be. cane atthe flowing Mote (tecihmenaohisute athena nun The apps {og smite USDA sb cde rm APES on ‘acs by eer hed spoesbonrurbusThe eo oe Eitan Une conte stars a to Dlonry alte (oedema tlenvconnentantaaisiansicss Scien, USA appro base nt fh ates by each corgany ar agenatan Ins Soma spseson or ‘espn The apples Coes whi dla o pes Sought eqslay beds can sk or stna ata We fave eamind te apes utr forever ‘Soe of conrercl vnsponie eerste mor 1 ‘Etbmine the’ rt and Faire of tastrmstn aad utter malig oregon ane ay reach ‘Sign hw cmmerialsabon pease. 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Sie Iv az Vidar evant MCNEYD, Alston E017. ‘rp Saheb nay aa a ony 9 ge oy Ie apay esr a rant rat OWT "ie DAA secerc srlyos othe Yaregene ONA, te ens tonsa rte trgersteONKWwero presen ie Slcin ar obw USOR Nochermanse gree ‘Siete sets re Aplenon ‘over sume dat and PCR arate repo by amides aa (2609) for even MONSTO, auppet at Instore ncaa eyo) ager ead ‘trl don cee earngenet art ere DNA She orienta ual pms Ronolegour fhe Dlrt [frome seqenes tang ta oy) waren, homarcet 12Saonee om gencmes En ton te ho-rmegen Yeu raine, hg 4 tectonic poet Stee fetes Soya anon cee cin tctemsn er Tins SA, [Aeon Wilson genet, pant molecu Jonathan Latha is @ moleculor iologat ana voles ‘lear Stenbrechor is a devlon- ‘mont bilo sa gontestEcoNexus ‘eghton BNI TL, UK Intoeoconons nfo 84) ooao-466.9528 ‘ww economia ramorngmmt nce noses €Transgenic Crops. 120. . yy Implications for Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture Maria Ace Garcia Instat de Bolopla, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Miguel A. Alert Universi of California, Berkley ‘The potent for genetically modified (GM) crops to vein biodiversity conservation and ssanable ‘great is subsanal.Megadverse cures and ‘ont of orgin andor aves of rp spel are areal alert regions. The tre of ssn thle agriculture maybe reverb) jeopanted by ontmination of isi preserved genetic sources ‘catenin strate source forthe word's fod secur. Because OM crops area ological nove tis, thir release ithe eminent pons concerns abou the ipredtableeclolal and evlutonary ‘sponses thar OM species emacs and th inter ‘cng bata expres the meu an lng tem (One ofthe consequences of these process may be a generalized comaminaion of nara flora by Git tras and a degradation and erosion afte commonly ‘umd gence resources aval ada for agree furl deelopmen. GM plans caring pharmacet: Cal and Unda il pose even more danger. ous isk if release in de erie Keywords: swsinale prc: ronsenic emp Daltenine agmeeaog oman arming INTRODUCTION Cenetaly modified (OM) cop ar becoming an Increasingly common feature of april lad ‘apes, The tal Word's are planed to tansgenic ‘ropshasincreasd dramatically rom3 milion ee fen 1996 to nealy 67.5 milion hectares in 203 (Goes, 2003). tnte ps3 years however, te speed at Crit 0 0 Na hich tansgeic crops have diplaced conventional ops as deine The increase area eveea 2001 nd 2003 was 12%, equivalent 061 millon hectares. Globally tke main GM crop sess planed in 2003 sere soybeans, coon canola rd com, respectively, 555, 21%, 168 and 115th bal prodoton. In the United Stes, Argentina, an Canada, more han alffthe rs lato sch mor crope is oecpied by wansgonc ares. Today, OM soybean coves about 3 millon betes ely In rail and about 20, counts hae bes reported x commecalizing and planing wasgeaie varies. Heiidesleant HT) ‘opsandthose xpress inseceidal xis fromthe ‘acteium Bails hago) hve been con ‘Sealy the donut asi OM erp altough ‘ange of eter quay tits tas been the subj of ‘much reseacch, and thee ate My tobe used com ‘mera she nerf beck, 2001). Among ‘henew generation of GM rps abe approved fr ration eer Yves maid to produce is ‘ins, vaccines, enzyme, and ober ind prod ‘es all of which may have unkown impact ‘vironment nd onthe Raman od hs Promotes of GM crops prone high ies end solstione tthe emionmentl pbs caine the Ineesiv sof pesticides and it therefore the wl, beustin fostering istiablesgricaire. Ba why has sustinable aseulue embraced GM eps? ont promoter of ssn gros gues tithe fatty of these promis and point onthe may heats GM crops poe tobinveryand tothe four ofsstanable agate, Als, despite theo16. BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Aust 2018 ettos that ransgeni crops woald put he x Sommer and beef word apc thes release is prompied legal plies, and socioezo- omic conf and many environmental cones, “Trasationl corporations, th main eoponcns often, argue ta cael planed into {icon of Bt an HT GM cops should ede rp Towser eto wendy, asec pen od patogens and rece ents of pruction. They eld ht the ws of ch cope wil have aed bene ets on the ‘viens! by significantly reducing thus ag Sena (Kein & Wut, 1996). Te has been fopzested that “if adequately teste." GM crops ‘may prmte a sustinale eovironment Broun & ‘Anima, 2003). This vw howeveris ot unverely shared among sceniss, and some of them have ecome ltensly involved in nesting te pos be aiveseeflers of GM crops, Heen (200) and ‘eh, Wilko, Broder, and. Srvardna (1999) ‘oesoned whether we av eared sient) fom the ps parolrty fom the mae epimism With ‘sich peices wee italy embraced i the mid 20m eeamay. Tapper 03) presented tics ‘hong the very smal Facto, 3 o es. of Bo ‘ecology bale spent om onafry or odes Stes A more eaefl anaes of ita on GMO ‘bowafey ch a hat cancel by Marve (2001), ‘Showed even base stats tess and exeries- faldesgns suchas reasonable number frepetions, [remotaten uo acount by covporaons wen com” ‘Sing unary ts for envionment isk sess ‘men. Welfenbuger and Pier (200) also conetoed that key experimen’ on enironmenal iss and bene Fis of GM crops ae lckng Irs soch weanes of. replay a biosafety measresiathe United Sates lin ou counties thet a vor te pred anageni crops allover he weed Tn January 2008 however te Nstional Research Coan of he United Stes eased report calling for measuesto prevent entcaly engineered organs rom xan 0 coxprems or fom sprening enatecred ats 10 ‘er pees, rengnaing the potential iss at OM {rope tay pose ¢o people and to the enviroment Soth cl iabit to ne ve the extent 0 which ch rope hve already spread worldie Evalming impact an ena of GM cops for biogiey and tainable agate is however 3 comple sk that oes far beyond an overview of ata ‘nd wats aaes of papers showing ends oe bias fororaganst GM. The main jeter lei to us jnfrmaton svi npc tht GM technology poset biden and fuming in the context of an ecologically sound, fecal js, economically ib, and ervroamen tly enya the Fare POTENTIAL BENEFITS [AND IMPACTS OF GM CROPS Sie th ta ofthe lesan thee have been many studies on possess and bene of GM ‘ops bat longer expres, ria for ‘lating esloiea nd heath implications of GM (ops ae srl ising. The most extensive expe ‘ment covets oa 3 yea, reporig fins fom ‘mse ealtios ofthe eet of erie tolerant GM crops on varie ase of bodes (Gee Fubank, 2003), Most ofthe sss haeeplored direst spect of GM crops, envionment Impact Dsl, 2002; Foote is, Sui Piz, 2002; Hal, 205; Janik Gaupisch, 200), ees fn ecosystem services (Lovei, 200), fat bio- ‘ity Pbk, 2003; Fibant & Forel, 2000, Watkinson, Fretleton, Robinson, & Sutherland, 200), inverebrate aun (Brokat al, 2008; Havghion et, 200; Hawes et a, 200: Roy etal. 2003), deeopment of BE risa set sis ‘nyotin & Feo, 1999: Cord & Wag, 2002) ‘ffeuson weed aindance and ders Heard eal, Dab, 2003), changes in plat commit struct rerlting fom pee Now (ilings, 200, Pash Gols, 19), and eicleoseations (Dale, 22 Gari, 20011 Robison 198). An extensive Titeratre hae develped lo onthe sks ity, ad shallenges of Bt erps (2. Cannon, 300; Ege, ened, Carol & Reding, 201; con, Zo, & Roush, 2002). Expesence so far accumulated ove the past yes uring which GMcrope have bee grown wily sg fests sever het othe tinea a ap fall sustiaiy, tat some athars also indi ‘Ste posse nvantages, paral on izesive Dstiide-dependencomentionl ros Ti ew Fhoweverisaely contested, ala explored Ia he following seston there ae may Yall grou © Ascot sock cams. Besse ost fhe GM eps So far eommecaized carry tis either for insect sii rnc, we wil feu on data ro these mos widespread GM rope (ee Table 1)‘he Smo i ei td nto Gna aie op ess pee “Seater ‘em pti ec ee eigen Sem wa af tr mie ‘yp gc or are ‘che coe Secon ‘suns tare ehcot peci te setlang serpy ‘aed cs Tag rot Sealace heen Sesion POTENTIAL BENEFITS Reduction of Pesticide Use "There reo studies thar leary suppor longer reduction of peselde use la GM crops. This Is Because sles uncking the se of all pests and ebiides (aot only the ones that target the same pts that GM crops 6) are lacking. Fr example, ebicideresistat cops may reduce the use of Roundup tut increas the ned se insects as ase: essay increase de to the vedoton of cet tan weeds ht provide net and pln 0 ata snemieof hose pests Considering tal pesticide use ‘ald alow rable comparisons of tal pesticide Input per are, osc, and tot rea payed under (GMandor-GM vesimets ina ergenberof ind ‘aul farms (Maries, 2002). Based on me est aa (Champion ea, 2003) it seems that fer eb fides, sorte riction of fps may oer for ‘ome erps bu no frees, and eduction in eri ide use maybe eporary.everting ales the Sr year faeto resistance development in cenain weno de to weed species shits. Is impatan to ake al is law conideraion when analyng reports sich 3s Phipps ad Pur (2002), which estimated GM sy- bea, comcanol,andcorono ue pesticide sed. 122.3 milion kg of formed prod In theese SEC crops in moet ofthe comm owing aes of he Mester United Stats rig he pas Sear he parentage of feld com tented wth insecticides has Femained a approximately 30% despite a significant Ineease in he bectares of Bt com pared (OY, ose, Tylor, Jesse, 200), 1 be fama evans of HT crops in the United Kingdom, auding of ried use in GM sugar bet, maize and aed pe ad convention '00-GM rps showed tht GM saga bet geerlly received fewer eb spray and ess aie ingre= ‘eat per aea than did he comparable conventions ‘ropsrhoweves fr GMoliced pe and forage mie herbicide input was comparble tothe atinal aver- ge (Chapin eal, 2008). Theor, the appre ‘enofitedue to ericide eduction aes far a mater sf speculion frangenic ro deployment roestoredce ps tee se nthe unre woul ely ve benef ‘aletfecto theenioameat sad bedvers. npr ola, reductions in pesticide tse would educe he ‘esiedendaced mriy of naa enemies—a mtcal aspect of conservation biological cone (Barbosa, 1995; Grd Wet, 2000; Gur Weaten, {Lane 2009) with consequat beaetits to pest manageren. ‘When compared with organically designed tems hvever,GM eps, either HT a Bt, appear sree ingly pesticide dependent, wheres eran firms, Taming ecomplesy dierent param, do notre a Allon pesicides and thas consti more sotainable option asler Management of Pests, Weeds, snd Natural Enemies ‘Theoretical, pests and weed cul! be rsmaped ‘more easly win GM erps tan In conventions tops Sam zu hat HT eropsmay offer opsions 0 bag more versity to comentonal agreultare For ample, by using hetcdecolran eps, farmers ‘nay coat reise patems of weed tips connecting ‘eld marin with eld ineorsad fetes soc ‘eee banks (Thoms, Weate,& Sothern, 191). "They may also favor bevel atop by cresting284 BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY / Avg 205 ‘Died ‘ede ofthe et of beet (GMI Cop Manage Deny of Arthopa Diet ‘acto rapt heron eae naa ere Sour Hentai 205 Hawes a Brkt 2, ‘Nays fom er scapes sed Kian “le nfo Wid Comme Arca Son Wi ee Tra GMI Crp Ron Aa So Remceret ‘oa eat “en “GT Oe ape tet comay ‘esta ‘ond ern ay inane et ‘eae te Acne Sareetee beickea ey recon sh ree) (Gey ie eee) “eon are) Falvedtimas —Ealoneartiawon ik amae(etaghern” Retin nthe “oom ee ‘omen enne) iho aero Weed ie stn ome (ghana ed Si Pane a ae “Soe Het i bm, wer ea 2D, Ban a m0 Nef aes yom re expec Ue igo, Islan orcoriors of habitat dversty with lowering tolerant GM crops and comenoal weed manage- ‘weeds, A network of baba comers woul allow ment in non-GM crops; howese, he dennis of ue of movement by natal enemies from neby erivores, predsors parasols, and polinars Tabs to alps realy within crops enhancing. change in be sane diction asthe changes in weed the spol wih which a numeral aguczatve re- biomass incachcop species Tes? and). Forbat- spose to pest fot may take place. The tendeney in terfes in best and canola an fr Heteropere and Inside folerant GM crop forms however is for bees in beet HT crops had Tower populitions ise inceasing Bolopcal homopensty and easy evel the eld and also onthe vegan of eld margins Ieticie prying fosering simpleton of frm- (Haight tl 200) fect on soil invetates fg paces and afsncng economies of sale nso an spk and carb ees were Approx ‘pputicaiomere roel racicstatiescco: tly era tndmaced betwee isacecs tad d ‘ey spaying crete precise ates of habia’ creases inthe GM cops compared with conventional ndspaies divert. Gene intensifeatonasci- crops (Ry et aly 2003). Genel, demnies were ‘edwithGM crops fring pracices doped in GM inreasediniIT com bough sven HT anos ‘Gems ae nt bringing the exoronmental benefits and bet Callemtaan dems mere signify striae yi promote. Aiher in HT crops, ate hm wa comer 0 ‘Asyopss af da produced by a UK experiment apply generally across eroping stems (Brooke conducted by Haves etal (2003), Brooks et a. eta 2003) Theimportans of Cllmbola nd ther (2003) and Head eal (20034 2003) indicts hat deivres sn peat manapemert i iat many ae ‘weeded tropes may esponddifeeny teach inporaa components fhe et of genera per (GM crop specie. Conor, aropd higher xa ts, sods presence could heretealy bop ain were insasive io diferences between herbie: twin wiin‘eld communities of maul enemies,¥en dng pero of prey seat Bat dt fr peed ‘Ss dont conti hs expectation Table 2, ‘Given the UK dua, the sitio snot clearcut reguig te effects of HT crops onitethe weed or von community. ‘As std by Head etl 2003, 2003, fms may benef fom eer weed management i they Teaco tolerate higher weed dense aly inches Soa and to apt threshold parameters fe spraying Homeve, option of esha permetes demands ‘urfulmontoiag ofthe fam and ext we stead, the aivanage farmers re aking fom GM crops is inthe spifction of faring rates. They ray spray anywhere, nye, wihot harming te rp but ne realizing that there may be unwanted ‘et Such songneriminatory apes Soe not Allow for amore sophisticated managemet of fora ‘divert and haba ned forth enhancer of natural enemies Also, without legion, Femains to be seen whether profitdriven priate woul dopo praicns, ‘implication of Farming Practices and Increasing of Ecleney Adina Denes chimed for OM crops inca ighereflency and increased ils and profits ‘These posible cone bencis ny oly be sere sued with he silica of farming pracces se ‘duced costs of applying pesticides, Sof, the are oda that sapor higher eds fr GM crop. In ac inmany aes wha bas boon observed elae™ tion in GM cop yes (eld compared those ‘bsined by non-OM varieties Benbrook, 1999; Etnore et a, 2001), Simplification of farming pra tices, partly fr Recideolerant crops, whee farmersimay spay allover tbe ida any tne instead of woryng abot being pce selec ad ie re ‘se can give afl impression of prodotvity. OM rps tend to reduce liber demand an increase tbe ‘Shortsemefseny of fanning practices bt in dt mento agroecosytem bioivesty atrlad bio- loge con and even yes, Suc combination of fet hasnt Been considered when anlying GM Impacs aod benefits POTENTIAL IMPACTS CGM coop species cently being induced cary particular tal tat make ther biologie novel to {he ecosystem. The ptcatal impacts of tase cops, WEae ine: ee ye summarized in Table 1, ae many associated with clopcal processes oping molding aoe Systems. OM crop species wil rat with he her mponent species of the agrscsystem and su ‘unding ements pot flectng hi i ‘ts, population dynamics, enbpical rls, nd i ‘erty, prematiag lod! exactions, population plas and changes in community setae and uel iide and ouside agrscespsnms. Evens that rely indict sy res on img ave bees explored many ahaa (eeeg, Alert, 2000, Garcia, 201; Cidings, 200; Kendall ta. 197 Riser & Mtn, 1996; Snow & Moran, 1957) and ‘ms lade he lowing the spread of transgene to wild oF weedy by feducton oincease af the nes of nontarget ‘rzanams (especialy Weel rocal varies) Through the aniston of wanaeni is va yin te evaation friar of net psts sch 1 Lepidoptera snd Colepea 0B tosis: {Sccombltion ofthe Beton, which remain c= ‘vein the si aferthe crops plowed under and ‘ind tig o clays and bmi cis; © disruption of arr comol of inset pests through inewophic level ees ofthe Blois ‘natural enemies, anticipated fests on netrget Rebar {vectored hina gene tanstr Ge. ‘0 unrelated toa) al recombinatio to crea new pathogenic npn, A caclton of babii in HT cope with ensoquent environments inpectinelodng reduced weed populins und divest |. fedoced Wed opulations ang dines in ‘i popultons hat eden orsblerin weds fed onthe areoped sipared by weeds: 4. reduced weed diversity ling t higher est damage because of rescrce concentration (Roo 1973) efertsorlmpoicishednatualen- ‘ny communes, selection of Rerbcderexaan nd more nox- fous weeds, (OM technology may so reife govt homo- seneiy and promote largesse monoculies, i ‘ening vleenbliy of ope to chat Change, pss td ices. The sim of his econ i ot ©[MO_ BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY / Ast 2018 open debate concesng te value and imitations of ch pte pac of ak ley Used at 10 fembine hem into reed topics aiming laste ther implitions for bodversy an stile sical Promotion of “Clean Farming” sd the Monoculture Paradigm ‘While Reducng Biodiversity (GM ros viable so fr encourage rica ntensifction, snd as fang the use ofthese crops follows elsty the high-lap, pestle paraion such bioecinologial predots will enforce the “pesticide weadml” usally asoiied with genetic tomy and edition of ioversty i aro: compres, Toth exe! thttringpeic rps ter faurac he caret ean crop monocie stem, they dscorage farmers from wing oer ecolosealy tsd pest management methods (Aes, 1996), Inclding simple ecologieal approaches Ike io Alves land, Sell margins, cordon. Mono ‘sles lo imi the extent ich fan lands stich coverage was ofthe world, 786 08 he United Kingdom: Hai, 2003)can conbte 10 sonerion of wld "Tere wide scence of thelmparane off magi eer of mata ees of cop pests those tbat provide sources of alemative rey! rats or pllon an ocr ad provide shel Pars fam of he amyivom, seule unpurcaa, was signfcamly higher ia mize fells embedded in plot ascape than in maze els surround by Simpler tia oa 2-year sy escrchers fond igher pars of Ontrinte nubs are y he siti rire rer neg of aie els Stjceat to wooded areas than eld interiors (Candis, Wate, & Ga, 2000, Simi in Ger ‘mary, prs of rape poten ete was bout te eg ofthe Fes, wees at the center ofthe ‘ek, prim dropped nian to 20 (Ties Tact, 199), Dist enefe of bisierty in agricul ie in therangeofecnglemersces provided the dil. fe bioversty component, These inde ae ‘eling ps regulation polition, and eters (Gare al, 2005) Inveltiontopestmaagement the wide Spread of rp monocular pd aendat eae Imogen ar olen asocated with elevated pest, denser Besabethe eof OM eop ifoees is simplifation of farming systems, arange of gave onsequencs coud ars aflecing conte ‘ses ad apron function. To the coal. ‘pane arcu benetis fom decades of using fcoloiclpriaiplestused on diversification, Tow trains esures conseration,andbilgieal Services In developing cunt, tational farmers ref ces sucessfully udecolgial pric les o dsign lel adap nd sustanable agro Ecosystems. These systems compe alteatves © ‘he conection farnsbut may be negate ated bythe widespread use of OM cr, ‘Increasing Vlnerbilty There is no douks tat agricole consis & snsor cause fe ssf bade (Conne lar, E Nap, 2003), Agate ypelly repeats at fewreme form of simplieator of teresa bio ‘Uvesybecanse monoculture, adition fo Being fseoetcaly aloe and specie-poor systems a “ace at the expense of ast ad atl Yee tion, key landscape component that provide impor. tant ecosystem seve. ‘Sheth onset of cultural moderszation fn sand researches have ben fc with an ecological {lemma uring om he ogeizaton of peu tual seems an ncesed vlerabiiy af eps tnpedicableairoped pests andes which ean be devastating when infesting peel uniform, lage-scale mooocutores (Re A Robinson, 1986) Examples of cen cpidenies orate wisbom- {ese crops sound in tbe rare, inl the Sion daca indoced lose maize the United ‘Stats in 1970 andthe Smilin ces ees desboyed ‘bypthogens in Flora 988 Tho, 199). Increasingly, evince suggss tht changes in landcape dersiy due wo menczlres hae ed © toe itt cues due othe removal of naira Vegetstion and decreasing bait diversity (Aer, 1994: Gari, 201), One of themain characteristics ofthe wangeneagcolualldsape i tbe lage ‘Sze and homogeneity of crop mena that fg met the atl landscape Tis en ety ae ‘tandance and diversity obesbores and natura ee Ines a he ler the area nd monocaltre,the Tower the vibity of sven poration of beneficial fauna AL he Bel lee, decreed plan diversity in agoecosytens allows gree chance for invasive ‘paces colonize, subsequcnty ding tenanceeivrous inset abundance. Many experiments hve shown fry content rl: Speciale he ‘vor species nly ex higher abundance in Ionocltee than in verified crop sysems (Ando, 199). rai a welas in many other developing coun- tres, beaae loa sed compan have ees Bought by trnsnatonn Bstechnlony companies, llth tnvestment for bling capacity for sel eince on op scode of aris well eed wile en ‘ontens may be lst nthe coming year. Tis not [at pleal an economic nae bt repress & evous ecological treat to extsinabl gc i thes counts Consgerble increas on cop Vlet- ‘Silty ie expeced sth extet hat el aspoYr- ‘te ile diaplacedby more niform OM varies. (GM Yield Drag, “The meeton of yds (ad eg) in GM crops compact what fms would ebain ithey ws ‘Bebest adapednop-CM crop vais may becom Pens by economies of scl a icurporaton of ‘ow land This enforces the ioc acl eo ‘dency to expan atthe expense of nur veeation nd the ssocinted dexroction of die Monoculars of ary fpe of emp, especie of water GM orconveatosl may eoastute he most Irdesesd impediment to sonable pest manage tment. Ths the evidece tat GM efops stony fcnuage moncclareand increase vulnerbisty eof with ustinable nicole, Sal GM Tecnology asocned ith herbicide and insect ‘este cop ls coofics with pani ad cher Wellestablhed and svcesol ecologically based ‘pins of fanning. Parle tess re and i ‘he folowing secon. ‘Threats Associated With Herbicide esstant Crops Development of weed resinance. A coer with mages from HT crop th ough gene Tw they may confer signif bologia advanages to ‘ther plans, canforning wilweey plas io ne ‘rwone weeds Hybriiaionof BT cops withpopu- Tidoos of e-tving relatives would make ese plans Increasingly ica o conto, especially i hey are drcady recognized as arcaltal weeds and if hey ‘Segue retanceo widely ed erids, The QM conn. anes cicanons oR poonvessm? a 7S crop self ny also assume weeds crops that Fowler ins tatonal rpping yen fr ex len Canada, volunteer ana ssn thre be Fides (epost, imidazoline rd ghfoiaie) th been detected, can of sate” oreitanceo ‘mail eticdes Hall, Topink, Hoffman, Good, 20), Reliance oa HT crpe iso perpetuates the treed resitance pcb and sei sits at ae ommontoceventional etc based approaches. Herbicide esatane becomes more of 8 pobin the numberof heticde modes of ation to wich ‘weed ar exposed becomes fewer and ewes end {tot HT cops may eine defo market forces. ‘Given indy presses 1 increase eid ses, sear treed ith broad-spectrum herbicides could ‘apd, exaceratag the reste problem. Ta the United Stes, Lolium specie, Eesine species and Coma canadensis hae seat ben reported f= ‘Sentto plot (Heud etal,200%)-Seletionof herbcderessant specie, bes reducing dive Sly, cn née weed commusity mae fiat © imanage by cemizal methods oc by oer pets ‘oul sed by organi farmer, Impact on flora end fauna biodiversity. Some ‘nce ar impran eomponeas of agroecosystems Tun they postvely fet bebilogy and dear ‘cr of bene insets. Nose vegetation oes ‘nay ingot resources oral eens, sich as Shematie preihoes, pollen, necro well Inirabiae that re not tenable im Weeds ‘monocular (Landisetal, 200), Many inseepests ‘Se norcootauoly preset in arml rps and hele dar and presto mast vive eseibere dur ‘gt abense, Weeds can provide such resoues, ths siding ine persistence o€vinble natural nen ‘opal. Crop elds wih dense weed cover and igh iver uly have mor precios aro ‘odethan do ede ells (Guia, 1991). The se ‘esl esablishment of pasts usally depends mth preaeace of weeds tat provide neta for he fal eal wasp: Relevant examples of roping Systems in wich the presence of pei weeds has hanced the biologcal cone of pariclar pests ‘ere reviewed by Aer and Nill 2008. “According estups he gees problem sos ated with these of HT eopssteact hat associated trod petram herbiles offer cope o completely remove weeds from felis, edng Pat vers in fsgoeconystems. Ths conan ith bial weedS12 BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Asgut205 smatagenen approaches in conventional ros where Selene hide use may lee seme weed ax resent Many studies have poduced vent he ‘anplaion of specie weedspeiesors particular ‘Need contol rates ca ale the ecology of eect pts and seocstednatral enemies (Alien & Eetumeny, 198), Even though HT cropMesbicde package could patil allow more ronal weed manage trih pte benef for aged pest manage ‘men the gal of acing sease-ong toa weed olin crops enforces thos of ies and ‘Soli serio in conventional farms By evew= ing weed phenologies and population models, "reckon eal (2008 showed that weed diver ‘ney to creas in HT fl esas spraying sera dled othe pint that most weeds do nt Set send. These ator spent thi the postive fiers on Beery observed in ome ale ate lly beset nd thereon one cana expect thar benefil anos ad desing resourses from wees wil enefit rom th se of erie. ‘rant cops. Orzaie fame on the ther Ran ae ‘sed alee cone nd recognize te postive es that weeds uy have on astral enemies ‘gy ate sol conservation. Tadional nd organic ‘Tamer avid cop lou dt weed competion and oc aor demand by adopting a ore preci in Ingandselcive approach o weed management Con. Sequent organ farmers guaance 4 permanent high plan bodies aside and slong the Geld ‘maging which sully enances natural pescoatl ‘rh farm scale evaluations (Hagin ea, 2005; Roy etal, 205) showed that eduction of weed tomas owen, and soding of pants wer ‘crop mangement within ad ia marae of beet and Spang ites pe imolvedchangesin resource aval bili wih knock-on effects o stops kevels redcngabunince of ete slentay d ost Specific herbivores incloting Hetoper aod bulee- Mes and bes. Coons of predaciows crabid betes ‘ha fal on wood sade were also smaller in HT cop ‘els (eo ao Table 3 In acon to Heard (20030) dia oertine, wed specie tht es publ glyphosate andor late amon, Such at Viola arvensis, Lamium species (Chenopatiaoan,n eronc perio, ab ably be favored io GMT crops. spose that Selecion wl ealto dominance of the weed Moray 4 retooed numberof sore etic tolerant species This impovesbed weed community may redoce ives atop communi an iologel ser- ces they provide to aroecoxstems, Researches ts recorded Tower iomass for many species of tweed among the to BT crops, whi ed them 0 onc that these diflrences campo overtime ‘ould result inlage decreases ipopalationdenstes ‘of anble weeds. The thundane of ivenbrats, Wich in rn serve food for aa, dad ‘thrives, re important for coutalig pets ‘erecjling mtn within thei was alo founds ‘egeneraly lower HTectandeaol. Spell, 2 reduction in bees was anit wth fer flow ‘ing weeds inthe GM bee, which also hat clear {mpeations forntural enemies uch spi sopkapoas yids and parasitohat ke bes ‘aque wea loves for nesta an pole. Tesaotewerthy tha oagh th rth far-ssle evaluations were ambiou in seal and rigorous in sign ikea eet investiaons, they were ma. rally conte ad hs ihe exet to which Findings can be genrlzed (Bank, 2003, For ‘rample, organi systems where bert eels ‘ay be comierbl higher were pot nade inthe ‘oparisoas. Fathers although denies oft ‘aletemies were measured pron ts sch ae ion and paresis of pests were not investigate Parola inert to faves te the conse sence on neighboring ra ad faa of sig lt higher level of pesticide deft epee by Roy (203) for al tke GMT cops alyzed ia the Ux eperiment Tir imo of gest eh aden ronmental sgiicance and consti major source sf direct conflict beeen GM aogier Tina ways of faming. “Threats Associated With Bt Crp nae pest resin 1 Bt and ees essen on ote, ase on th fat that orth SOD spe of sts ne ledyeveved resistance to comenon Insecticides, pests can alo evletesisane 0 BU fn presen wanseni cops fg Gould, 198 Sayyed, eta 203), Becase Bis being sucessfully ‘wed for dees a8 a Bolg conl agent and tical ual to crgnifumers that doa we ste, this resource may he glk depleted by Inappropriate se of cop. Transgea for Bouinmay alto be ranted by hyiization to wild o¢ ‘reerelives of GM ro species, These wild spies ‘ay benef by escaping damage by inset herbivory find may become serious weeds or may aso ‘itompete and cll extinguish ede Species ‘ata environment "Tere ie par! betwee caren Bt cops and imine (sea 1950-190) elena spraying In which inetd were applied regula doing the promt of rp respecte of pest presence oF en. Despite all the pesres for US farmer ‘ee necesito OM vars, eves om sin lmanagenie com se no! arsred Because population ‘ets ofthe ey pst, European corn bot (ECB), lt ot rdicnble, nd outbreaks of Soonay poss have lod farmers to spray eta sets (Levidow, 203) The ECB des ot atin equal es proportions inl vegioos and sens oes poem every 408 years. In ears when the ECB i ot ps snot ‘Sconomicl for fers ose Eco Bt and other insect crops exes ons mores niformly ovr th plat and continous) ter their ves, thar exposing continually the pest opulition fos slecton presen cont these ftspeaysare geal aplidinrespose oman toring of pest denies and may be alemated With ther pest management stateis (4 the fet des inundaive biologi contro prods) 1 Inininie the development of resigance nthe pes. ‘Te farmers tha fie the rests ak from Be evelopment of inet resitane to Bae neighbors ‘rane farmers who grow erp thot aoc fal Once resistance pps in sect popalions, ‘rane farmer wll oe able tous Bis ico ial insecticide for to conto he lepopiean pests that move in fom adjcea eighborng tansenic els, In addon, genet polation of gsi ruling fom gene ow (plea) fom transgenic ‘ops can jeopare the certian of organic rps {ong org fumes o lose premio marks. "Bees of gee ow, Br rasa betansfered0 wil crop relatives by hybiiaion. If these plats ese fom seduced herbivory, they may ineeste thee Gnas and hecome serious problems inside eo ‘ouidesproecosystems. Snow et (2003) demen- ‘aed tha wild suaflower thar vaste witht fonflower produced significa more viable seeds er pln than sonrasgeic plat. The authors Sop (rtd hath ceed ies of hybrid plants is rely duet reduton on Toot and stem damage Pharr, Se cc aay nascar ron moncvansys 796? caused by lepidopteran. This un gue as igh {SS inrenee nsed progctn on Wild wansgenic Pins, Stang oppression of bebivery was ore ort fora wood species Bria rapa ith Cry Ac Fesmgene Gall, Millwood, Ryme, & Stewart 202 iaing that cleat Bt rnspees may dr tnntclly intense the fitness of dard wedspecis ty redcinghivory, This sget hat selection fivring aa ncrene of equener of BI arsgee is wil species is potentially high, with wopedicable fcological nd evolutionary conienes. The mag tide of such est for bodiverty and sustainable ercuare cast be exited, bot many sthos ve ponted ot hatter of gentipaition isnot only serious fr erp gene sures avaiable for rue bu ao for wi pis innate, Re- ently the Naor Resource Council of the Uried Sies (2008) called for mesa o prevent genet telly engineced erganisms fo escaping i e+ ‘ystemm and rom spending GMs nme Br erops ond bei et. Bt proteins arb coming abiqotows, boat substances in agroeco- ‘stems present for may montis. Most not ll sonaret erbiores colonizing 3t rosin the Hd, tought ely ets pla issues con. fining Be proein that hy os pas oar oa enemies, Polyphagosnatal mis hat move be ‘wees ciope are ely to encour Bt conaang ‘onaret ebivors prey ne aon crop du fing th entre sexson. Aesoring to Groot and Dike {22 tral enemies may comesn conta moro ‘en with toxins ianontarge hts because {oxi do ot indo receptors he midgut men ‘rane inthe notargshrivres This amor eco- Tepe conce gen safes tat documented a he Bruin CyAb avery afc the prdacious Inoeing Chrysoperla came rere on Bt corte ey larvae (Hlheck, 2001; Hubeck, Baumgarnt, Fed, € Bgl, 198; Hibeck, our, Pusata-Caey, Flip, & Bgl, 1998), Sublet eft how coef the fines of a rn enemies o be indiecly afer by Bt toxins ‘xpored to GM cop vi feding on suboptimal food ‘orbecause of ox deat and sary (Groot & Dicks, inn, Moreover, te toxins produced by Bt plans tay be pad onto predator nd parastes i plant terial (pollen snd times sch asin the case of Geocotsspecis, via lets). Nobody has ana Iyned he comagueces of such nse onthe my{4 BULLETIN OF SCENCE. TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Asgut 208, Judo ar exes hat depen pollen orepro- icon sol lngeviy. Funhermore, hough nectar oes st cotai sects gene prods, para ‘de iadvereny ingest pln when taking nec, ‘ahisexposs them del wns within hp len Pally, became ofthe dvelopnet oe pe ctton of erope wih mach higher expression fey ‘le the ects on natura ens repred 40 fir (bland Appeoi for deta) az aly ob an ‘nderetmateo ure imps. Although no conclusive, th data in Table in cairns and Stine tal fet Bt cope te ioe common tan posite effec Als, predtor Species cer tobe ks afletd than perso pe Stes. Amo the atl enemies hat ve excuses fon insets the Bt crops ate designod to kl (iets Tapdopes), gp and lar parte would be mot affected Pease they are tally dependent lvehos for evelopent ond survival, whereas some redtors could theoreti thve on dead dying ‘ey (ehuler, opps Poin, Denon, & Kens, 198). Along the Bx toxin expression ite insect resistance ims idly edn GM cops expe= Son athe mows lectin GNA hat alo Been engi sere nto po Forth on, Dich a (1998) ‘owed deleterious eet on ec pa viliy, fad leageviy of two sot lsd Adaline. au), Stszguet sais suggested at thee ees nthe rds ate the esa of reduced weight ofa ‘ial aphid when ered on GNAverresing plants tutor tan det effect of he toxin othe thi ‘Toph level (Comer etal. 200). “The fact that tral ecies cin be affted irc trugh interop level efecto th toxin present in Bt rps (Table) raises concerns abot the teal spin of srr pest conus ply logos enor that move within and between crop ful willeacouer Becoming. nowaret ey throoghoat the erp season. These adiags are pob- lem or smal fmers in developing contr nd also diverse organic Famers who rely fer insect Pestcontaonberich complex of predators na parse Ses anocitd with ther mined cropping stn Dispel contol mechanics wil Hel est in increased rps eto pestsortoineressed sof pestis by farmer, with consequent sh so {hirer Maar ‘When aslying the magritde of any negative cleo inst restant OM eops on ata ene- ‘ny important conser atin the soy of (ich te lernatvetn hire nan imetne pray rogram whose impacts on beetal artopds an {estan This valid only i ie pole sho rections of pesicieuseinGM monocutures. (nthe ctor hand organic and adonal systems slay rely eal on natural exces for pest cow {r Fven though the tol area of ran faraland, ‘there fers appa mniulaon sprees, is comparatively small those apecosytems area paricully appropiate refeense pint to eval (Gatco they sly expressmaximam ves ative {fees on the si ecosem. Te possiiies fe sel Biota to be exposed to angele prodcts ae Iph The it serch conden hi re a a ready demonstrated perience ieee pr 1c (Bt and protein bites in si fi exp fre to deconpaing microbes (Dengan eal 1997, ‘The inetd oxi produced by Bac: tur lnglents sbyp. Kester stv in te 2, thre it tnd apy and igh clays and mic ‘eid, The ound toxin eins mtd poper ss as peat gant coil degradation by ‘eng bound sol parts, pesing nario ils for 234 days (Pal Shale, Danan, Side, 1996), Palmetal (1096 fund 2951030 a GIA. protins produced by Bt exten lees te rained bound inthe sl een fr 140 days Taam ‘te vest, researchers confined the pes ce of the oxime rom Bt com and erie ‘hat twa ace nan seta bona using lt ve of the tohacco homwomn (atena, Ros, & Sto 1999) Inarecene fer 20 days of sre, aul earthvorms, Lambs eres expe enced significa weight loss when fed Bor Ii fer compared with eartiwoms fed on non-Bt com liner Zale, ea 2003). Petal these earth ‘ws my serves termed hongh hick Bt fexinsmay be passed ono orgasms edn on these Carvers Gen the persense sd the possible pesos af exudes, thei pteta or prolong ‘xpos ofthe merobial ander comemnty tosich texas, and therefore ses shoal vate te effect of wansgenc plano oh microbial ad invert cormminies tnd te eslogicl prseses ey mediate ‘Tuasgerie cop substan ater oil bit and ect roceses suchas organic mater decompo ‘Stina mieralation dhs woul bot seriouscon- ‘emt orga fers td mot po ares oth ‘.eloping ward who cant purcsse ro twattai Nenana “led sumaary a Sumber of Specs Nata net Wh Tar Ase Repro Bets Do Cope Gently etter esa And Paley Ae wear Tale [Somers pectim) pir en xterm ‘heen oo Vee Gop prl epen Taahymmonen Ore) din Dele pss Telenor ewe faece ‘oe ‘Paapeluee owen) Set deen Sipe Taapena Oe) Sot ie Tee tousechemia ferlize and tht ey nscead on cal ‘ends organic mater ondespeial soil orgasms forall felt Le, key invent, angle ace- flaps) thet canbe fected bythe sol boued "oxi. Sl vty cold be dramatically eded if ‘op leachsts inh teat ft soi bit ao Slow domo atural ses decomposition and maint ‘else Bue to accumaliton fons overtime {ng degradation of plat biomass the doses of Box {0 which these soll organisms are exposed may Sserease wih ne, soimpetson soi bokgy could be ‘wos and longer erm. Again yry ite infomation [salable on the potetal effets of sock toxins on soiling predacious fauna (beetles, spider, ‘andthe pst consequences asoited wither al reduions of ential ground reat Staiesby Sele etal (1996) noc Asani ed ie agoccosystes showed that by nes ‘npn mater in est los, researches could Bost Poplin of dulivores and plankton eden {om sgl bost te abundance of seers predators. Supiingly, organic mater management [Proved toe aay mechanism inthe supporto high fovels of tral slog consol. Bt toxins can only dst such mechani, thus ndesty Promoting pest outbreaks "Nematode are another important component of scileooytems nthe eto Bt in fam OM lant these bee ite tied Mamaia Lei 2000) showed tht tare wat no pant fet of Bt cor culation or nematode Tau, thong change in opi groaps as ated fr one regio, and ned fer longertorm tes ws poled THT crops can affect sl boa indecty tough fect of pyphoste te aplication of which my be encouraged by some HT crops. Tisherticide appears {oaetaran eno inte oii mycorae, agonists, and nivogen-xing bacterin, Roo eel ‘Spec, odin, and nivogeeSaton is impated ltaome HT soybean varies tatesitlower lds, fd thse eles are worse und draght sues oF inert sls Benbrook, 2001 ofa ‘ats could ender GM soybean more sscepabet Soi-bome pathogens GENERAL ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS ‘Wheres the pote for GM cops benef bio- Siversiy coseron sa suranable agree is elite ora leat qustonatl, the potential for inputs or thet of GM tcholgy ive the ev ‘etc far appear substantial pricy case (Ghtcrps are taly logical pve that would ot exist vis natural process. The lease of these ne ‘ological phenotypes inc the ecvireament ised © serous concms aout the unpelicable ecological nevoltonary sponses GM pecs ad the er= tetng bios may expes in he eum and long tems, One of the consequences of these processes ‘nay bes generis contamination of atral Noray CGM tate an erst anderoson of the com ‘monly owed genetic resource oda atalale for ‘sic! developmen Bolg concems there- fle are not ited fo pes ressuace and creation of now weeds or ius ins (Renal etal, 1997). AS ‘Sghod erin, tanspeie crops proce toxins tat ‘Smovethrogh he food char dls end up inte fail where thy bing to colds drei the oxi fy, affecting inversbrates and possibly auseat ‘ling (Ale 2000, Ris vw imposible ‘any oped the long termmpess on grblo-[6_ BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY! Aunt 25 ivy andthe processes they motte resoing from widepread we of OM cope. "Tari ler ned t fuer aes the sever, ‘mapas, and cope of isk ssecned with he of transgenic crop, Much of th eatin fk {nustmove beyond comparing OM feds scorer ‘onal managed syst tocde opie andother lematve coping sstams featuring cop diversity nd low-saput appease These stems expres ghee of blogic divesty and tallow atisbio epee the lean ompactaf GMereps onbindversty and agroecosystem proces, Moreover the increasd landscape homogenization ‘ha could result fom GM cogs wil exacerbate he tcologial problems seal asocsed with mono. fale agiclure (Ale, 2000). Ungoestioned "pension ofthis fecinology ino developing coun tre may’ othe wise o esrb arly ito tropical eas whore centers of bier oul be thentened (Kaen, 1986). Theres sen inthe greta diversity of many of hese outs adit Should ot be jeopardized by extensive monocular, ‘Specially when consequences of dong so vests ‘eros social and environmental problems (Ales, 1986). “The repeated oof ange rosin an sea may seal in imalaive effects sch a those esting From he bad up of toxins in ste For hie eon, sik ssesent stasis not only have to be of neo Togs ature to apr effects om conte Pro cesses bao of sft daraton so ht probable Sccumultie ells can be detected. Manan apd {Lenz 002) teed the ned for longer tem ck sewer A decade of carefully mented eld cology is ncery to sien the fll poeta risks ‘esl em GM cop tote envioament Event ‘Geren pestcide tt od sinplifatn of farm Ing prac renataccopable as pros fer enien. metal beefis. The plication of muliple diagnos tiemethods assess malophi eff nd imparts lm ecosysem sot ad uncon wil vide the ost sensve and comprehensive assesment of the eal impact of GM expe on bioiversity and on the development of sastinable agate ‘Uns tes stas ae completed, moraorism on ‘ransgenie cops sed on the reson principle Soul be imposed a a bisscty mess every- vee. Meqadvere counties ant centers of eign andlor diversity of erop species we pricy el ‘erable regions. The fru of osinable asic ‘ny be ineveribly jeopardized by contamination of in sta preserved genetic sours, Fotes (2003) Pont ot hat we shou Tok onl oy heat {0 that sage resource fr th worl’ food secu: sity, Preceutonary principle avis tht instal of ‘ng the ein the absece of evidence” of se ‘os envionment damage the proper decision ie- fon shuld e the evidence of absence” in ther ‘ends aoiing Type statsialenoe—ihe ever of {ssuming that no sigan enronmenta ik i Preset When inact kein Thr sims anced for ‘Sear las and elation foe GM iberaton it the ‘Although batechnology may bea powerfal and Inlecllysmaaing tool, GM crops ar devel- oped age for prof motives ars argu in his tier signin yt hard ogni isk, GM ‘plans caying phmoceucal and instal ais, the eat generation of tangent crops, pose even ‘more dangers sh if leated he environment, ‘pecially asconnnent of anges sna red, ‘Eivalnt lvls of esearch and evel vest rmenthave ot beca made inecolopia pyc a ‘east pay beste the solon generated by babi ‘manipulation approaches are tanagement based ‘ater hn prod aso. This psa few opp ties fo pteting and revenue great tl Jecual propery, opiate estat on agroncolory ‘Sunfly fobecome significa This suggests a ead forgovenmentandforuniventymscerches olives pai resource in rich rset Danse develop ‘ent of sntanable ert compatible with Aversiy conservation wil not be acheved lying on ‘the dominant genet-enginering sed options.seat esd eds et (om sexi Ss (cee atog suse oma nzerng (ee eto ong eee cia ent soph: mae sch eso soe cman ceo oe dn an nota oe oR Poy eae AON Seay aN STEAL HRT 0) POON ATOHHN) wT) oH TNT TANT WO NRE PLOT tanaveo ma Sea ‘Poy Sonn om come ‘panes pyut) ve aN (uate og eo nse ep cen apa sy ea m8, sen Pou Senea ae ‘my SeapeN on ‘ponana03) ppm eo380 BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Auge 208, [REFERENCES ‘et M.A 00, od ye men i ct gry Pr ‘eet ANC 2009 Bade apa eset Energon 3. Andon D199 Ngee deny nda ple ‘hep sn ee Sms 36581508 aan 00, Cas ea el sD sm BL Ay dn EDR. Fn Ls Man 0. ‘Pa (SI) Be ty oe yp ‘Sher i one put nd eetp ts ‘Sth Lana toes pe Na) ae oa et CEs cep Fries MEE MeN, "Lis € Aeon AMR ea (99) Ae tenemos iting po spi ey 2p Ind umn puss expe en ‘Seapine Marg 5798, geD- Can, Mt Dele a, rn ih inn pes nk ‘Sem rr Enon Ba oan & Aman C0, mtn: Blin — "Re nga ct Hono in Asm, Yo by Mf sme of a os Biro tec) ah it dues ery ‘wo Boa. Chin Thon.) re He (0 eres ‘emuagnel pny mato ea ‘Sova pings bl cost nes ‘i cit of eR fami, ‘con i. mpgs: Ras ni Tec oe anja een ST cer hg Gb, Cigna mac ‘nes per, js camp 67 hey MJ, ees D, BD. Chk, sacccmetethofeneaeeaerc ges Kedbon nts spe Psa sens of ea Sy of a8 0 taal aed ob em Pn inc). Tesminanel inet geal Te ie sa A es, engin Sel Fa, Sle. Gy ‘etry enpewes b s Poe See pen ct Sec pin a of a Bs 98. sg) M Bema, 1. CaF Rain 00, ‘hg cot: Armen gal eine ‘Ronin wt Sof nw nes RW Rath FW, Neem A, Shap Kl, Te Nek 8 Ze GO Cpe rina eo li opr wid er ac Ap Soe ha ‘im (00 has Pop Tomo "ef Soe ef md 84 FTE fet Ree i, Gly mabe ope ‘in, MO. (19) Lap md ep come out ‘nse lho ei Pa, ate EM Pek 8.8, Sh E RA Pi A ‘Gs Te eames tn psy med {Eyer sham ey stn 8 P,Sepen A Shin, WJ Wiki, “xn Ancor ere npc ee (hy mod wap eign orgs. ‘ect od Sob 338 mii A tinea Tie man @ w Femme SW Bowen ‘Pant! ct nese eal nd ‘caper mow gp. 6193) New at We ec ia) limes ange Rae ati ‘Sn msec Hak no eo ‘Aorta 6135.00. cide Cah, singe espe ain (pe he apo fr nen nd peed tempi Thee pied oe 1 1ees . Oe ‘Garcia Ai /IMPLICATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY “3 Fema 401. nu AT Die MGM, mci rae ‘tnd cones as ara reo (aR Wren (0 isco ef eta wanes yma 20 Mo con ‘ant pd Big TG 8 Sym pn enna i sua leo R ym P&S, 0 Be ‘Ses kn pened wi wed es ratory: Bre ge Rec 11938 ie went tn ee ‘slow np Pino Sete. Himes gin OL Rap. D Ba. Fer! etl Ot) eyes ett ‘ale gop ean ie ogee ‘Sr eater cé parsaly mie! bets Sr et Pvt ilies ae er; Hones C- Cann, Ca. Fb, Casein As a, Wes le wih Sin Senn nr me ie ‘of pa Sy of ur AS Hone C_ Cea... Fa et i, ea Gy Wa ak ‘Stamp rs onal pce, Porn ‘eon of pd yn Bm HR RD, Geely ped cpa ei ‘hc aplooe fo Ama os Bean naj at eames pt Bs ‘hon hcg ep. Se) Bot Sot Sear ee raheem epi een plas fe suctandpnctoaneny pacer Po Ele rin and Sma 4 85 hes numer MP he 988. (ecttiamgehc caine ‘Sy tn Scot ne of uae Cypors cames (Bewopuee Chup) Ene! Bing. 7 ie Moe, WP Cy Mla A.M ae (50, Tey Boris A ‘Stnwaepeu Canyon Eon Eo tng 271818. ies, A Mow WP aM lpi AM ise (9) mtn cof A an ad Srna 2 pn on he re Chane ‘Eimer: Erop Enna ef pen 93 a9, Pre: sal ounce a “cap 2 tonsa evar eso ‘rnc glenn Be Ne hac NYSAAA, ah apa 0) Ane een ccf mn pm Pus merch, 3 en MT (199, tn fast ls a ws usin fear eps Noe) esos 3 37-1 Seu Me T&G (980, mot of gy npc ce nie ‘Sten Leper Nee) te. ie ‘nn ab 2 38697 an fe (90 he inp of emg cp eto (elon cous Benya De pe Moar li Lage A (99: Cona of lee est lasing InP 1 SC. Spates gation oo ‘ew pec Ty on pace 1) oe ep. ey Rime Ca Hr Ra, Tila (09), Baxcrg of cop eet te ‘ho ane Pan mg Cop tigen BC ak Ro D Bary 8B Sn ML {ic et png in 0 1 612. ty, Sr We 0, eae tie oven Sc ply on ct omer ‘tn Cae tin Pe. ny ae, © M200, ba mags ni mls Aa ee of name vi 1200, Pec kama Bai ‘a ce marae Po 3 13- Lo, (10, soi ee ge "ins Ns ln Pe Pc 310 Loin 6 Cen Cy Mach let “998, tec af enn ow Epa pl (Wyn A) ptr Cert ore Stephen eonper Chop Blue acre ‘Arita 3014 Lage 658 Wea ND), Cope oe ‘scion Eom wm se ln eso fe the nt os mange ct Clon mar fee Care Coan Seren ome Mono Lanta .€ 002, exon hn eer cep Nn Bod nos ‘wie saem 2 8598 an Mh 8, lyme Gy ‘Seprcptenttimente sean me{382 ‘BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Asp 205, Mat MA 0 Inorg ik sn or st sign co tne Nam Resch Cael 200. pa nef ac ides Wagon DR Ne noe ota ET 0.8, ewe CHa. “Fees a oes Bod el ey {Sagi plenty Boe 5.5838. nb.Be Lan 8A (197 Opin neg ee ‘nm em 599 ‘im Ser Ly Daan AS 15, ‘le Inf gee pt proce ace tri ornate Cana ama of. tg 36 1 ochre niin (99 Eg scot Sindy and ooo 1198 ch gpa sei a nomena bent ayant ep Gl a apn prt Soon eine et fen el et ‘der (99) Paap pines Uap dtl dentin oes Sas ie der © Dh Je MLE. Lei C(09), Pipl anos aa el at Secrest a ik BW Baron tn enna) pep Let ELE Wetec tuto PC cfr ‘ition pind sore pot ee ‘tana oar rma (sep a) ‘atoms CeCe) a ‘taal iy ofr 91,13, as 8 Malo (990, Tell a of eve pe Cae, Ma MT ene oie 1 9) bn an gen oon IB ‘rr mao antag sain (990 Rew Bede yen tance Dave Ae oath Osten eft aca ihn ere ns Teen crm eae eel Me 88 “LL iat, e0 GN, on eon {ekimepi nese nae cso ‘eer Pm Sone gay el cele ope Pulp owas of he Roa Sey of td 889 so 8S 6 eth na eyed eee 8 Wie GMD ere "Fame Bani nied pop Paleo Patapon 9912 "Rep Phra ‘SE of eugene! es Mabe soe es Sehr isp GM Pa 8, Den Ram, "2 ns mann ton ot lt pt ‘tnd pn sal comer DPC Span Pe ens 3 Sei TH Pio Dt, Pa: ttl Mia Bet (1999), Ma el poss npc geal ue sa ‘hep Seog st ‘Seto fa Ra Ros Tapani an ence emt een pe aoc 8 ‘Si 199, naa ips cat CoA) "moc peal gn ce Econ hee ES ce Ba Si 8.099 Hote pte eC Balas ‘orn ap. rsa prot cs Lip ‘Dende ce ts 2. ‘sno. A Maas F907 Commerinont rae es a let Bie: ‘gan he Re et a OD, A Be cs isl wel nage ae 209, ‘rom MB, Wen 5 Be Sader W991 Oe ie of thats isnt ace es ‘ee weg Pele sn gan, Sao ped tg 83885" ‘hing, C6 Cah der Agryan “ao ew Mose, a a Me Res ‘Sede Wl 0) Petar iy ene Sey nets, olen LL er FR 200 Menge it ‘mtn of tay ep om, “un, Cy Neti We Bae. bec, A. 280. “ee iene wiht srs terpenes Tg ad ‘he pnaor on mn mers: Ash Eten oon 2 8 “rite bch Hoa RNs.) ero amas Bn at sre abe tomar Moet By 10 10S1g: ee eis oe oo eee Mara Alice Garcia. boos PAD ney poestref—Mguet Ange Ate aprons, PAD i ecly.prfer ‘ology nd erology ai Univers Esa de sro aprocalagy at Overt of Clfor ely (Coppin UNCAIM Sto Pl, BraThe Myth of Coexistence: Why Transgenic Crops Are Not Compatible With Agroecologically Based Systems of Production Miguel. lier Univers of California, Berkely The conssonce of yeneticliy maied GM) op non-GM emp isa mth beans the movement oF trotagene Boon termed dette ‘ai an hs east gente conto of Saleen herpes cheaiey Irongenes ae tated once he he expe thas he dase the prof on GM sede per manent. The dona GM emp ave he potenti 0 rece bindery eter by creating arial Ienication. There are ols. potential risks to Univers arising from gene ow and aly to morse organi from Pe th eee eri sr dctared Gi gre re, th deel) divine ser agriutire (GM and non-H) i lhe impose as GM arian emer che ‘expen of al oer forms oa sn, Reyords: ogroecology: coesistence: transgenic ‘ops ecologelmpats: organi fing Cocaine nape refeston sate whee di ‘nt primary production sem sch av emnic praction comentona gral, and yeretally Tail CAO tye oe emer yor ee at ne andter wie each coming in fir tv yt the veal bene fon or coat. our that hi operations re nage ha te ect cach other ite sponse, Many ne at this eoney fs nok rw a “ Dokpe sw se sal. aly smal ro of farmers for years ee te prac alompise conventional farmer Wh ie Pree anders forbidden nia {yrs & Fromber, 2003) Test couse ane case when on considers spay rift oF esc re ‘hes orgintng in convertor systems ad Tit vey affect eighborne oan systems. Dit ‘cre ovoid ith ll grin an aerial eth ‘sv of eid application Int, 150 35% othe Pesticide appid with ground aplication equipment oes thtget res wth SO 075% othe esti pps mises the fet aren, Cleary dit ‘amaze, human expesire and wiespreadconaina- Tomar inerentinte process ofpesticie aplication he fot convents avclie nt is ean farming. Data on rp losses anderson it de at ut obtal, however Pentland Letman (19. {timated US rp losses du ewe pesticides fo reach shout 950 millon. Tse cost donot Tide tas derived fon utes of vera pte iggered ln whole regions do t developnent of pesticide resistance by pests and dsimction of oplaions of natural enenien “similar cate occured wilh be Gren Reoltion ‘nthe developing word The mposion of Wester ‘ode apa development id ne cx ‘aia tags sito ection Becec it ‘sume a progres and achioang developmen Sn apr naly earl e epe inal faming systems lo the pal stn was *mabld nese prcton. fe ‘enced hy the Geen Reva, the intodsction ot ter vretes and economic ington og Sever ie impact (Lappe, Colin, & Reset 199K; Shen 191) lad following[42 BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY agit 2005 1+ TheGreea Rvolationinaoed the promotion G's pckage Wt inched mors vartes (avs) feizer and rig, marialiing {pea mmber of resourses ‘oni on alto he eta +I aeas where fers adopted tbe package Salted by goverment extension and eet rogram he sprad oF MY re ct the we of psd, fen with ero lh never enseqpee=s. + Bnhone uiocnty cased by sowing large trent. f MV’ noeted ik for farmer {Geely uniform crops proved more sa epuble 0 pets and eae, nd 30 five varices did ot pero wel ae il enioemets wher the pce ve + Thesyeadof MV war accompany asin- plifoon of tadionalsproccsytes and ‘rend tard manele ta alee etary ives, thas alg consideabe national +The replcement of fot writin a repre ent los feral vey a may Va ‘fics ae negra to eis or commu ool thor predicts that he inten of range rope wl probly replete ue ag- rte the eeteof MV onthe genetic divest of lindas and wiles in ares of ep cin ad iverson a therefore afc te ctrl tread ‘ofr coemanties (Ale, 200). Despite thee warnings, proponents fbn ‘ey ste that transgenic opr are saepy ipovingconentonal farming ethos escing these of yt chemi pesde a at tee forecomsses a podton sem hat compatible vith ot enironmently Benign Fos of sec Tore. Glotally. he cropland area pans 6 GM eps. fc om 677 milion ecaes in 2003 0 SUD Honbectars a 204, ceibting growth ate of 20% “Theblkohepodchon ofthe dom = ‘can, mine canl, neat sono ei the United Sates, Argentina, and Canad although "niu option ecuing a Brn Chia, "guy, Ina, and South Afri. Herbicide esis {Ty sybean osupes 60% of he plait are {4 millonhecare) fllomedty nseceesistt B) tnaze, wich occupies 29% of the Boch ae (ames, 2008 (hoe and, nga grit is practiced Jn loa ll comes the worl, an sre of ‘ictal lad and farsi growing Acoring oa ‘potty Food and Aprcukare Cranzation ofthe UUnied Nations (FAO 2002), th toa sganclly nage ares more than 24 lon stares woe ‘vie AvsaliatOeeana holds 43% ofthe world’s Manta titty Le Amos (242140 Bae (229) Oceanis and Latin erica con teach of he lad unde oman: manggeret ba ths is dt the fat hat eee ng vestook ‘systems dominate in Austral (abt 10 milion ect ‘es andi Argentina (almost 3 milion het). ume and Latin Ameria have he highest aber: ‘of organi farms andi Asiaand Aca osu ms ings prong, and both regions harcieied slams. In Enos organise sire ing rapid In Hay thre ae abet 56.000 oes farms oscopsing 12 milion crs. In Geman lon, here re stot 000 organ fs cope thow 2% of te tol able nd and is Aus sbont 20,0 ogg ams acct oe 10 tl gic {oral oupaInthe Unie Kingdon, the zane mat Stir diplaying rowth eae of 30% to 50% por tum Ah the United Ses ora Fas {cre doubt heen 19a 1997, and 199 the rt oric produce indy geaeed 96 bi on ater In Cali organic bdsae ono the fastest growing segments of he aula economy, vith etal aes roming a 208 to 25% pr ea fot thepsat yea, Cubeietheony country undergoing ‘mative conversion o organic farming rome by ‘hedopf ferlizs esc, andpereteum imports llerthcolaseoftdereitions vite Soviet oe i109 By masiely promoting groecolopealteck gue in bh rena rales, prciy Teel tesla ve recovered otal Maj Differences Between Organic ‘nd Transgenic Agecultare qecanie Famine preeton sytem ats tans acl grt by aon ey ‘cluding synthetic Fertiizer and pesticides {Campin 1980). Exel reais, sth as cm tneclypurchived chemical ad oc re repre by esos foundon ornare im. Tese ral ‘esos incl lar wind ene, local pest, eno, ad biologi) tx nirgen and other ute leased remargani materi rere,‘Ths. nani aes ely heavy on he se of rp liaton- mineral bearing ack snd apts obo Topp contol to mann oil prsuctiy and to spp plat out Sire opie farmer fer Ign based rttions, te of empos, and series of versed cropping ‘ystems sch as over cops rsp topping, Ing srop-venock mintre, Reseach shows that those spseme exhibit seep yes, contre tener. ond profes he sil whe nding ml “vienna Inconrast, GM cropping stems are chraterzeé yan system thy oleh setter othebicides or aparicularinsecte uta restit hreily dependent onthe we of ryt feliz: nd ther fetes to sappres aren OMe ecatee se Alhith teh ysens nay provetobe preauetveandinsome cases. or telly groiable sever scent rg that esi Eiders ros (HRCS) and Bt ropa have boo a pr hole of tat eae es paces ‘mena problems andthe sie of sane el "hn Ia, theres enouph evince o mig that atk these yper of crops re not relly nesded ides te problems they were designed to sae On the coma hey tnd t oc the pest mangement ‘oto sale ofrmers To th extent tha ane [encom rte entrench te crent mona System. the pee farmers rm sing a plethora of slomie mete crime & Write, 156). ‘GM crops fre ead agit tensa sie, an coogi hey pret ht fg 36 ‘ramgenc eros follow slowly the peste naa Aig sich itecntnial nne ii at ah felnivive OMe pes ctce ace LF sgroccosscms thus legitimizing the concerns that ‘many environmentalist std some scents have expres egading th possible ew ioe > ta genctaly engined organisns. The ist or tan difeence beeen organs unig an itech vou itor anmers rly tees scree of arora thon oi the ae ‘chemical fein an peices in thee ang operations. Comesly, GMT cop firme promote etic uniformity and monoclures ad do not Festi she we af chemical peseies end feliz Ce here are sharp contrasts between zac and biotech agcltre Table oe ibe Ait snororcotsisTeNG 26 Mos suis assessing the eniromenta pats 2c gem pe hve concerted in eomparine aot a genie oped Rest = spor about population decreases of particular spe ‘es aus a underestimates comparisons sh slide ntde opine stems. Suchreductionst Stes ere noe able wo caer the al spectrum of ltnactsGM crops on diversi, ander didthey ress the effects of bioivesityredutions on goecesysem process sch avin eyeing oF pest reglaton. Merely examining the ees of GM "Copsonthe aundang fafewtugstspeies doesn provide eclogial information of mish use. pe ‘ly if tose sudles exclude aroessytee thse {xpress high evel of ier "Te role behind each se is substantially seen Ora tas are bs the assumption tha dient ian ipa put of agoccoaem Sesign and atany pen tine sone othe screaze is Plain wid crne green muntres tet il Alb tue othe si, The transgene fare asd onaprofoundlifferen sumption: Theis ‘i Sepensom th acco gente sore ha il vie Key itso engine plans al 035 reshemical factor somewhere tat consing ‘et amountsof foul els andemiting peenouse os ‘The Agroccolosial Basis of Incompatibility Between GM and (Organ Forms of Azrcultore Fr promoter of itechnolg: chemi dian potential pene ex bled meant the om Rh or wient se here leet pcton = aie ot rahe inten aaginges Ming valves and ako requires conan technical isaes tobe resoled suchas preventing homical dt ‘or minim’ ng the physical tanser of material becneen Goiand non-GM pllenroma {GM plant ferazing neighbor non-GM ep othe fresene of GM pollen in hoes. te) Bathe pro Jems aremch deeper han cat bcasethe erences betwen iotechnoogy-bse and ergunic gscue ‘eso fundamctal thc bath nyse reason ‘oll ferent cool rttafs Ta fat a ca ‘ent implemen. he two Fermsof ive arn ent Beas ematonal ezine tana po Ib the we of gently engieered inputs and oo eante anny we Ne (Shree tent ter yo hd Nisan ney Wi cnn ‘eno ge Aetna em Pret a epee Up ene ea oop sf mine, es titi lea ening, Mannan, ita. nr mage te lmeton Fier np gon mesoing tolerate GM crop pote it tht may rece the Imation crops “The bovery welt ih agiuharl ay tens led binge igncry by conven tional guration, with many species ‘oF farmland bis, butts, an pans having d= ‘lind subsancalydring the past 30 yearn agree Tur ondcapes workdwide Using cerain types of {GMcrops ashe poem to eda bidet Fe ‘herby ineesing sh mension. There re aso tcl ro sve arxng from pene Now td txt fo nome rans from some GM ‘ren fice ae several wey aap eh ronmonaleavbacks sce withthe ap de Poyrent and ideal commecatzation a uch rope re monorail the wing {Kol tl, 1997: Bsr Melo, 1996: Sow Moran 197) onpesfis via coped hybridization, 1 tedoton of the Rens of motarge oan fens (especially weeds or loa! varieties) through the segusiion of wansgene tals vinhybridiation: the api even of ristance of set pests ‘chat Lepper Be 4 secumulaton fhe seta Bon which ‘omavacne neste he crops plowed ner an tds gly to eays an hie & dkrptin of atl cot of icc pes ‘woh meno deveefets fhe Box ermal lect on nxt ivr nsec manuch burt) though depo sition of watsgenie pln > flage of ss founding wid vegetation WLosy, Rayo. & (Cater 199): and vectored Horizontal gene transfer and {ecombination fo create new pathogenic organs. By fuer examining he fundarenal premises on which erg Taming operates, i clea hat GM rps ae tally icomyarbe wit groscoogically ‘sed approaches. By deserbing te fetes of ‘eanietinning its posible vsilze why GMag- Aneure fa medel of farming ht isompaible ‘ith he tnt of sane arcane ix ‘ats at he expense of ther prodktion Forms. Onan egricute ler on dversition sae. ich es polreinrc, tons cover opt finnal integration to eptince prodaciiy and ‘cheveagoconytan heath Tengen rps f= [eilly HRC) condemn farmers © moose hesticidesuchasRoundop area petraInaing all ezeationexepthe cinerea tn ee sich shen, tis impossins "pie gt that ivolveinereroppng and rotional stems ‘when associ cops are socio the heii torts estes Perhaps th retest probe of sing ERGs sole wed problems is tha hey ster ors "sy om iran sch rp on or over ops encouraging waineance of simple cop Ping stems dominate by one oro annul species (Paoket & Pinent, 1996), Cropton acon toes the nt or herbicides bt ls imposes so {nd water quis, minimizes requirments fr sy theue mizogen ferie, regulates insect pest ad Pathogen poputions increases crop eld a = fice yield varie alien 2 wns nt da acre HVC en i of otto rope and cover crops they inde the ‘ovlorient of teas ape pens. pid ela, leading to fur enromenl ip estima enter isos hs repesty show hat uniformity charstenng agrees tres swe alr euber of atin the fase of GM crops, is a sure of increased rik for Tamers the gently homogenous els > te more vocab odie ed pet atc (bio ‘vith homogeneoss crops abound He rare Incline the St blion Toss of maize te United by ptlogen in Fda I9R¢ (Topp 998 rqamegre gsm ay vt ees edaed spect condiions and lina ‘agement lel, the we of geet ier by ‘rani mess ak pei ist th sn tenance an enhancement of prety of fami ‘ystems os iverity provides security to farmers ‘agains dieses, pests doughs and other sess ay ws rma ex he a ag ‘iver arming sperms the probably or ans enc cops of fining ex comple wid {ves ey high Usama gene lw ro GM rps ‘ay compromise etre crop divers (and fore heated synome of agriclealknowledze nd pace lon with eal nd eb? Sy process inven may ose a them =e te cerns: oe Sart Ga seo In fit, some reseateers eve hat DNA fom ners ops iyo eof an evoluonry advange ad anagencs do paste mast tly prove disadvantageous o fms an erp der ity (Stabs Suro, 200) Can geet eg ered plants actly increase cop podicon d st "he sme ime repel pst es bos and contr ‘Mion to ssa factors camo faced By ml fans? Ase she posit ht ais i Porant oinigenou farmer (ostnce to UO, Eompetitve abi. erformans on eescrops, gr ly) coll be ced for tangents a tis tht mayne importa Famers rn, 2001, Unt this sera sh could inerease and eB ality 9 ap 10 engine gh 1 ens eaments aM pave et tbl ike witha inmost inp while ‘Soporting thee communes fe ey, ‘Aaa cogil risk eh ages roles oF HT tacgenc eps nay promote arse. ot tages fom crops to athe plans, which then ould become weeds (Snow & Moran. 1997) ‘Tansgenes that confer sigan Nols van tage may transform wives pane im new oF noe iasve weds (Rsler & Melon. 1996). The Dog preces of cone aes intogresson— hybiation among dint pln species Thi sorrisome gen hata aber cope are grown lose proximity 1 eal compatible wild eaves (Cama, 199), Exverme cares eakennplant stems exiing easy coss-elinin. sich as ‘at, bay, sunflowers, and wild eaies, and of> od sad lated cries (Saw in of sper woul Soo ta (203) showed that when atranhgene coding oan imei compound Inoved fr commerl ramen: enflower into testy siniower the ses experenod redken fectvory and produced more ses, tus angst cespek making 4 weed probien wore “The transfer of genes fom tangenic cps onznically gown cops pes» pei problem ‘rn lamer Organi teriteton depends nthe rowers ing abe to pura tha het cops have 4 ised sens. Crop ale w oatbrecd, such tise or eued ripe, wil be afte tthe grt xen, tall rani fares se ak of pec Seceetea eeerres ‘iim iting distances Hever angen rt ong el (Royal Socket 198).$16) BULLETINOF SCIENCE. TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Aus 205, Organicfars depent on the presence of facnal ves hl farms as provides ecto series sca pes regain polinaon mrent ‘eng. ano. During the pst acer. cop tveraty as declined pecptousy in comenonal higiiopt faring sysems nthe United States and thr industrialized countries aswell a inthe "ermexpr reson ofthe developing world. Sch shctoninerp vers hasrested inde simples tin ofthe lnscape, The expansion of monocres his deceusedabuance and activity of paral ene ‘mcs cto he removal fre Feo resorees nd ‘herinring aes en Nihil 208). Many Scientia are concerned ha with weseriting te of Itt rea the conto wo et spre hy con gens sing the abt lng ‘resin aca to pot sain entre, neal, mcwuties do conte good ei ‘omens ir ata ene Such shape cop ay toms ak many of he esoures, seh as fuze its, pulley acd alternative py and host, hat tal enmis nos! 0 fed an epee therefore, lasect pt Uaaly dive a each pest oubeak Proportion. “Tl weed removal stocated with bebicide- resin cop wil sey aggravate pest problems ‘cited wi vepetaianee menecales. The Imesve we of Roundy and oer bead pectm Fev efiinser my eed apoio Mer ‘many npr requisites fr marl sense thcmatvepreyihoss, pollen, or nectar as well tncrobabis tat av not aval in weedtee tomo (Ari & Nic 208 nthe past Dyan, rsh a shown that otras oF cern ‘ype of crop pss ae fs ikl 0 xc in wed aersted cop systems than in Weeds Tels, tun det nreaned morality pone by aa temic Crop els wil dese wood covert igh Aiversy usally have more pedacess artropads thando wes ee elds Testecesfaleabanen seve prastois sly depend onthe presence fof weeds at provide nectar forth adult Fee Sep Relevant examples of copping ssn it Sehichthe presence of pie weedshaseancod he stg onl of parla pea were revieneby Ale and Nill 2004). iterate sey By Salata 198) shed hat patron dusts oF 27 sot pet species ined i Wen eps ompared to wes eps. bv. linn tin of weed it common practice er HR crops, can have major coogi implications for ins pest mangement. Organic aqrewtore promotes smal medin June hat promote loco ond email ae Samy Faring. Dui the posters pero. names ‘tar othe Unie Sater expensed ahr ‘ne, Moe thin 4 milion farmers have gone ot of Fans othe pst 0 years an seape of 219 aes tent pr da. The reality that US fares hve reainly beer caught in a cospice squeeze wee he fallacies mers ann eho ‘ky tae consent swallowed ay ncrene infirm Income White foe pices have ng bon stata ‘eto overpeduction, css of mice ins have aered. Fumes ve been en ino de ‘over the costs 40,0 vetoes 8100.00 a ‘esters by an gether shim rotcmrsins have oben enough to cover debe ere ths easing ‘eeesofburkrpties and frstosres isimporant to noe that bot verpredbetion an high predton nts are resus ofthe same prdetions ehnoOx3- Which is ths responsible fee bth the ost an the Pie side ofthe economic squesz afecting farmers {Rosset 202), ‘Blochnolgialianvations a rine example ‘fa ecnlog hat promotes erm of ee an ‘oncetaton ofan ing oingshoughout the wr bch he North the Soh Inher Frnt teat reais aed fn ames ‘ot ive ithe Bealand of US tansgeic com ad Soy. Aough weeds aan anoyne thre prob Tem the Tamers face is ling fa pies. ven doa by longtem overpredection Fran 198010198, the were ricco amc ‘ofsonbean deren 62% and em ver nnd ts dina rom 8530 SIB2 por hactre,6 ‘op, Faced with fang returns pr ect, Err. avehad no nie bt oye big get out” Osly hy Profits at farmer say nes Any technology at fcittes going big wil besezed om even i shot-enn pin ae wipe ty ie that contin tobllanihe tral agculial del expands For hese Towa farmers edt er pr i of ‘ropladhave forced he imporance of heres the production proces a they volace tine evena to mechanics ution, ling = he Tarr at nr ce A sty of Tova furs ‘induced in 1998 cate ae of poate wit lyphosezssant soybean acts veluceded coi oss by nearly 30% compared wih con. ‘eotoal weed management fr noazansgeleYariet ies: However, yes forthe glyphoste estat beans were about 4% Tower, and et eas per it land are from posse resistant and comveona soybeans were ney ietical Aten, 2003). Fromthe standpoint of convenience and cost ee ‘inthe ae of ow spc erie ncomtina- tin thei estat ate apes fem fe Sach systems ft well with pe scle perio, ostillage production. and subconracted cenical "plisatons. Homeve, fom th ops Sposite, St nen tes Memocetlans Wil make’ the impact‘ existing Tow price =o tre, Taking ino account Aerican exports of ‘oybeats the European Union pleted es #1 tile to lion fos 0 TF So se enccally modified organisms (GMOS) Europea ‘Sommer, tis easy to pee dase fr farmers ‘open on tarsgenie crops Brummer. 1998, “The integration of he eed and chemical indies anpere acceler increases in per ace expe tes oseads pls chemicals even signieany Tower rearas eo growers. Companies developing hesicdeolerane crops af ying osha much peor ota posble fom the Reid oat the eedy-sed comand ecology charges. tee Ingly pice eduction fr heiides willbe ined rowers pucsing technology packages In lin, Thealopion ferinteetarscop ace Oe tun expt ney St tence nse ‘steno moder istry beoneen $40 and SH per ce dpening cee ats, wed presse nd 00 Int 3 yr ago the verage eye cod owt on Mins farms was S20 per ace and =e ‘ented 23% of variable cost Ty. they ep sent 8% 10 AO (Carpenter & Gino, 199) Fares ay experens spin savings in ec cnts (opto 30) tthe iference vn seed cos In 938, Towa farmers spent $2642 per ace on genetically ‘hginecred ned wile the cst of conventions et ‘sony SIR perce. Many farmer se willing Fey forthe simply and robustes ofthe ew Weed Imanagement stem, bt stch advantages may be shore-lvd as eolgial problems arise In Argentina viral al ofits 5 milion hectares of soybean hasbeen pln with herd? oot sgh hn ee are inte, 20 “athe vse of gyphinne,big tacos comin Y= screag onde nil farming. Tis egrctua wns. fomacon has ecu ina ones of posit nN ll = ineo* oats a ep fang don by 50 Hetwecn 192 a 1999, which rove many. firmer ext of bsness. Fares ae indeed with ban oa koto high interest tes to pay Bok for nssments machinery, chemi inputs apd sees. Tis tuations favored the estab shee of lage Holdings and te disappearance of sal Tames stn yeas femme of farsin {Ea Pampa desied from 170.00 to 116.000, while the average sz of fas increased from 2431 538 hectare in 2003. The 125% crane of soybean ee sagen the ps decade also ocired athe expense of Sica areas previously oredr day ie ow ‘Sis Whee economies the country he ‘ys ot much fod ofr he ging ung pope Tato other as soe, a fot hat Argenieas tae neve" Loon acct song (Penge, 2000 In Europa rcent stay bythe lsu for Pro spective Technological Studies of the EU Joint ‘esearch Cente (Bock etal. 002) stad chat ll, Sarmers would face high addon, in some eases tsustaale cos of frodutio sf GM crops wee fenmescilly grown ia lg le. The stad ee fed hat conmeriition IMac pe ud Iuaze and co lesser extent ples wl nese ‘cats frig foreonvestonal and oan fares Marana between 1S an 41% fam pices ort Seolrape and between and 9 fr maize ad po 4 tection eel f 0.15 wo fe vitally ios Deinmostcases nme al piconet ‘code ond maize weld be comnts with GM. toavenai sent Unertoatly th seems tobe te {Ses the United Sates, wheres et om fea "aries of or soybeas neal have ou et ‘sive tansgenc cotaminaion (Mellon & Riser 2008. ‘Sma onan farm are more rade and en mmmentaly sound thaw largest convertion and ‘ranger farms. This GM apiece vend ‘wud lan! consolidation it hn ars ot ony tlle farmer bt ao tere aginst he er. Sof proucion of a county ind ensequaty is fia seein Designo to matinz the rod oil neat secein he Be ‘anathis ecalogy’ has proven to be was land ad capa. When expo! to cous with chron usemployment and ie capt ilySoh HULLETINOF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY Aven 2018 leans enomos raatan igri. ilps lems nd the penration of aire by foreign capt (Rens, 1999) The monoclieage ar trpis ali a undring enon ow prc in tt coum Ege frm lost hay display fmuch lower prodigy per ni aen than sale ge farmers ter 1 plant monccutres beease ‘heyarethe simplest omanae wid heavy machines. Smal farmers onthe ter band, exec ia the “Thind World, ae nach more Hkly to plant op snares —ntreropping where the ene che ‘acs would eerie peoduce Weeds stead 5 cupid thr crops. They also tend combine rote cop ae tesock, with mare sing replenish oi fei. Such megrated farming tems produce Tar more per unit area than Jo ‘mance. Aho thie pe enitaren one {rope fr exaple—ay be fer nasal fam hn oh ze moaocut, the al pet pe uit ae, fen composed fret a dozen eres nd varios imal rode can be mach high, ‘Thovefore, wl oup rabe han yi isa ete paratrto compreyiee age and smal fs. "ona att the sm of exerting sal Famer prac’ rrous grin, rite, vegetables, fodder hina rity and 0 oo, Wheren yields "Sysstat tovand lange msl ut Potala to sc the roe produit aamtape of alo Rost, 1999) atta ml fan los bays race far more agrcfta out per nit area than ger {Semeboh nina and deeloping oun, Ts soo widely recognized by agra ecomomiss. ‘ron the piel spc the "arn elo ip henwcen frm ean ea” Sates, the sales fam those of 27 sso os, ve more thn IO tir reste dlr att per ce ‘hago arms. Abou his repr ae {he fc at solr Fars eto specie Sale sre sachs septal ad Howes i aso ‘ellos lainey higher aban inpat elcome and the yielehancng eee of mn divene lain ‘stom ower, 199), Rewer i shown ha oran fam can be rodive a conventional ener at witout wi [prec They sho comin les ener at ‘ve sl nd water A shone boy of evidence ts tht rgnie mot ca pode enough oad forallandoi romonegeerationtothe neti ct depleting mtr ures ohare the env ronieat 1980, the Naional Rescurch Count ‘erate up case stiles of eight cane fs at ‘go rm 400-2 graifvesek farm nOhioto 1.400 eres rapes Calf and Arizona. The eran farms average yields were gener eal fr beer tan the average cs ef the convertion igh-msty farms sroending thm once again ‘howing they cout he ssaned year ier yar wih ‘out costly aynteti inputs (Rational Research Coane 19, "Recent long-tem stadies sch asthe on condcted athe Faming Systems Talat he Rodale ste. ‘sono esearch fait near Kowa. Pens ‘a tse three kinds of experi plos side by ‘Sd for nary two decades. Ones ana bh neni ttn femal sean nich com Ire ferilizers and pence have beer eso “Anoter isan ora system in which a rotation of {gnrvlezame forge ise ae th Te 10 cvs ‘nose mani thn etre nd The hd Sn organic rtion in ‘wich scl fer fos ecm rinind soley with ogame ever crop hat awe ‘een plowed onder Allee Kndvo pls have Ben ‘uly profiabei market erm Cr yells have {ered feathan 1. There thane hs far srponed he ether oo in Balding sll gnc ern nope. iit has acted ever ates Inte pronase During te eco doug of 1999, thechemieallydpendet ployed jus 16 base, of soybeans pe sere: the Feumeod organic el’ eivered 20 asl pe ate, and the mare ‘rzni kde dived 24 ashes per ate (FAO, 22). nf mst the longs rnsing again the world180. youre England's Rothamsted Fst Sai Clo ie mas he asta OF !nrbie Crops Resa) sports tht i organic nud plot bv delivered whew ys Sos peace conpare io syietcal feild plas tht fave yielded 158 tos por ee. Tat may see Tiere, bth ue plats xan si ties he fic mater ound nthe cena rested pot FIL Resear itt of Organ Asc) ssn Cena Europe cocted 21 yeustuy of the agronomie and ecological performance of ‘odyranic, organic and convenonal farming = tens They found erp ies be 20% owe i he fnganie systems. athoogh input of fri and enoay was reduced by 31% 10 38% and pesticide input by 978. They eopeladed haseshanced wile tity and hig Bey Toor in nee plesFendeod thes ssn Jess dependent on exter Inputs (Made ta, 200), terms of emioamental bereits, the eid shows that organi farming conserves natal resourcesand protection nee si lig SO oh oe et in ran fas and level of biaiversty ar inc in ‘rani farming systems tha i conentonal ons Mow prationers of erase agstare ey ‘Sh ta aad uade gan gic dos ot nit he deat esies of anya species ‘Secrets dominated by conventional ag arn een srvey ofthe rare Hole a {200S) reviewed 76 puis sis al Found tht specisatunnc anderen scone ane ‘faa was higher on orga farms tan on ally represnative conventional farms. OF partir impomance from a coseraon perspec In at ina f these dierences apy species known tase experienced detnes inrange andor abundance ‘Sacomegoenc fps acl imeniicaton, ‘ipa number we! are mine 0 [reste and eser horseshoe ba orm baer Romicula rvon, an ted het all UK. goverment Bes Ate Pie") ‘west bontisare kl 6 Biv tam the spe- ‘ie emionmental fetes and mnagement prs ies employed within ganic stems, which ae fete absent or only rarely used nthe majority af ‘esto yes. Reganod, Glover, Andrews, and Hinman (2001) assed the sain of ogni, coment a {nde apple production stems in Westin ton Sa ro 1994 to 199A ee systems ge Siar apt yck. although organ systems pr fone eter in dry yeas, The onan an itr systems ha higher Si quality and penal Lower tpt emcee! th he corse a Tie cet he show hac ngatie napa ape production systems We ‘oma elds and forthe srs 9m Profs and geste enemy efceney. Aough erp ed and ality ae importa puts faring System the benefits of beter sil nd exirounenal ‘gulty provided he crganian img prode- tom systems are equally valuable and «on gett ins CConctustons and Recommendations “The avaible, independ geerate siete imation sogents ht Beaute masive we oF pence pose sail etenti coogi! TEE me antes itaatic tas ingorate aera forms of educon. OM as ‘ir undermines exons noch Cece the Sty of farmers ong he a 3 {he benel of biodiversity or a esoures, or cramplehyreguiing intesed we of bets ‘Sono! volun by vedic Famers’ chace of rotations or other diversfiestion management “The fist inpoantazunet azn tbe concept of coexiatence thatthe movenent of tunegees ‘ejond ter imendd destinations and yb ‘wi weed elatves and conan ain of ther non {GM crope is vinat cern (Marver, 2000, Removing or calling genes one they have capa into natal gee pole ior, Thee ae 0 ‘legte safeguars aust gee ow berwcen the wp vo mis aness,derease gnc UNE incase tonicity (Seinbecer, 990) Although the refered meta should be Yo wed releasing ans sc ogra in ares ith vewaly compaible Skelter sno pane ta hs wl hp en due to corporate presses, lack of biosety ‘egulaions, human evo, comption “The enviermen fet ato ied 0 fest sestace sl eeaton of pew edo ia ins ‘agen Now (Kendal a, 199) Diet sks om (GMOs may ince tsi of wansgnic organisms ‘owilife competitive dplcementofraive spies ty tamgeicongnians orgs wath wld spies, nd effects i and suc ecosystems. det Spement tha re dame he wile tht se ‘Gemland wood, feswsts or the seas. Hs owt ane crap tania ht move throagh the iad hai an endup inte ol where they bind oeooisandresin thee tong, aecng iver and possisy et hing (Aes, 20), No oe can els Atk ong ering on arbi versity a the proseses they mediate fom the asi deployment ffsuch cops an ufone read as os Siests {eo hat sch knee was eal fo have Before botechnoogctimovons were upsuled to ata level570. BULLETINOF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY / August 205 Although hr is clear aed t fare ies the seve migitude,andseope of aks asset wih “hemasieteld eles oftansgeaic rps uae ‘movement via pole sud aleay so pers the oly psd safe owe wo see en ie tur fe of CR contamination eo crete MO ‘laa geaprapical re ano maintain ome no (Gh seed eager cs where peopl ere rp ‘peated ne of ramen crops am re yrs dopo toxins nos which wll make those ls ‘known nunber of years, Desens in pes we rent seceple ss proves or eminent ose St this doesnt mean thatthe GM eop do no exe xis or ssc ebicies domo exe. ‘nulvophie eects and impacts on aaoecoyem ‘ction. ‘Tere mo doubt thatthe are sale nncape homogenization with rasgenic oop il ence {he seongiealprolem aeady seca ‘monoealre agnouture (Alen, 20%. Uagenn tint expansion ofthis technology ino developing eumaries may not be wie or desirable. Ther 1 ‘tenath nthe sanclura vert of many of hee Counts, el soak not etait or ede By extensive monocular, especially when eoase- {uences of doings esa serious soca nde ‘eel robin ei 2003). Unde ondtins ‘of povenye marginalized ral popuios hve mo ‘pin to aan Te-skproccoyatents ‘ue ima aructured to ensue calf sec. rors the mari havea eed 0 cue po cing ond ort ocal emma the ase ‘moder ips and hs canbe eho by poser im sta ecology intel, Healy sdapted ‘Sorbie. ort tay benecnary om tain geographically isolated areae of tradition Sms and pools of geet lvere teria ‘thew nds of radios arc om “tant safer psn the penal elif te detived from an inappropriate retro ization edhy GMcrops isprecslybeabity 0 cern ul monn dere cop gente sures that fer unique” niche posses to marzo ‘armors cunt beep by ete fer ih tiforn exis int nee fvorble ands. Ths wifes” inert to tection sptes canbe strseialy ey explo elite’ appt Ven tex fo king talitonalagroavenity ‘ith eaacionainteraionsl markets a ong a+ ‘seats are cael plnne nd eman under asses con References A. Ag se ne Raeet econo noe iM. 2006), Geee epee are The sh chm mana gehen oer enti ra near ‘me (199, Dry. sie Masesnlcc ten eun ee ern sere acer ee ouaraa Tar h poere cy a oars ee cae ‘en a en ec me TCA Me eal 86h bueno Repatte my Wiel RP 1980, ng Lam On a ph aadeens me ee ae ‘mga crys rs Cro Proc Coe Sova ‘Wegh UC. Si ea eee ‘ens? angen cp he ee i). Sue A imc. ct 99, hpi qs, i tc tie smo au Fomine ‘ea of a is ok ep __§% ot CHD, nn ei ceri re set am ny ale i dw 7 ‘Ba ei: es nd oi. ‘eng Masi “male. Wishing DC: Wed Rees Ini "wn i nay nen hae swt Cop ry. Sa ‘asus ha Chane te ppiction.* Atco fre dsl ee aie min ste Clr Lats erie Hs rockon fief hides anagcanen fnt ‘Bel nae ah is otra leTBRASIL ‘Ministrio da Ciéncia © Toceelogia - MCT seria, omibo Tea cd Bega CN Cart CTNBIO 41 06 Brasila, 22 de setombro de 2008. Web ‘Ao Senhor ‘Anibal Eugénlo Vercesi one Faculdade de Ciéncias Médicas — UNICAMP oes Nocleo de Medicina e Ciurgia Experimental Frm HBS Rus 5 dojunho, 350, Sea S Campings SP fies ‘3083-877 ‘Agsunto: Processos para reltar Prezado Membro, De ordem do Dr. Walter Coll e, em cumprimento 20 definido na 63° reunidio das sub-comisstes setoriais permanentes saide humana/animal ocorriéa ‘em 16/08/2006, encaminto cbpia do proceso 01200,002293/2004-18 para andiise e ‘emisso de parecer. ‘Atenciosamente, Jairon Alcir Sant Coordenedor Ger Bio ‘SPO Kren 05 — nda Bow Besa, BE Che Yoie-200 Foo (KEI) 34-81 FAX: (N61) 3917-1098Carta CTNBIo 442 108 Brasilia, 22 ce aetembro de 2008. pe pe ‘ko Senhor a” 48 eae, ch ? FlndaydoHemocaivo de Rbkto Preto 5c Rua Tenente Gatzo Roxo, 2504 hig Rv PretsP oes ‘Aseunto: Processos para relator Prezado Membro, De ordem do Dr. Walter Coll e, em cumprimento 20 defnido na 63 ‘reunido das aub-comissdes setoriais permanentes sade humana/enimel ocorrida ‘em 16/08/2006, encaminho cépia do processo 01200,002283/2004-16 para andlise © cemissao de parecer. ‘Atenciosamente, () \ ninth ‘Coordenador Ge rai, i aan one: (6) SASSY FAN (55461) 3817-708Price a RAST Minltrio a Coca © Tecnologia - MCT =H aoc, Comin Tencacinebemcpmmevemmme ZN EIS Carta CTNBIo 452. 6 Brasilia, 26 de satembro de 2006. Ao Senhor Dr. Danto Pazzanese Duarte Lenn Universidade de Sao Pauio. Departamento de Zootecnia Av, Padua Dias, 11 - Caixa Postal: 09 Piracicaba, SP " Brasil 13418-900 Assunto: Procasso n? 01200.008201/2004 anélise ¢ emissSo de parecer. (01200:002299/2004-8, para Prezado Senhor, De acordo com contato anterior, ¢ mediante vosso celta, enviamos os processos para andlise e emissdo de parecer. © aludido parecer deve abordar os aspectos de biosteguranga pera uso na alimentagao humana ou animal, alergenicidade @ humanes ou animais, toxicidade a humanos ou animais, valor nutrcional para alimentagéo de humanos ou animals e possiveis efeitos adversos decorrentes do seu uso, dentro do &mbito de ‘sua especialidade. Sua colaboragéo seré de grande importancia para esta Comissdo © seu relatério subsidiard a elaboracso de um parecer final, que seré ‘apreciado por todos 0s membros em Reunio Plendria para delieragao definitive sobre a blosseguranga do uso deste produto ora em andlise. Solicitames que nos avise @ previséo para o envio de vosso parecer. ‘Atenciosamente, / \ Jeiron Alcir Santoe\ Specimen ‘Coordenador Gera! 1a CTNBIO \ssUY eee CT BRAS Ministério da Cigacia e Tecnologia - MCT. & ING; TRL consisTnahatel eBieermeemnio () F NIC Braailla, 28 de setembro de 2008. Carta CTNBIo 4429 106 s% 4/4 po sere yes’ 129 eecuta peared et Universidade de S80 Paulo, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmactuticas, %° Wor La ae ees meee eee Se ee oer Sores ‘Assunto: Proceasos ns 01200.006204/2001-16 « 01200,002209/20066, para anilles © emizszo de parecer. Prezado Senhor, De acardo com contato anterior, ¢ mediante vosso aceite, enviemos: 0(e) processo(6) para andlise e emissao de parecer. (© ludido parecer deve abordar os aspectos de biosseguranga para tuso na alimentaggo humana ou animal, alergenicidade @ humanos ou animais, toxicidade a humanos ou animais, valor nutriconal para almentagao de humanos ou ‘animais © possive's efetos adversos decorrentes do seu uso, dentro do émbito de ‘sua especialidade. ‘Sua colaboragio seré de grande importancia para esta Comigsio e seu relatio subsidiara a elaboragéo de um parecer final, que serd ‘apreciado por todos os membros em Reunigo Plenéria para deliberacgo defintiva ‘sobre a biosseguranga do uso deste produto ora em andlse. a cae Besa De Pons (56H 38 SSE PAs (9y60 3917-675coCTBRASTL, —__Mnntrod idee Tenoga- MCT ea, conte ence Bessy a Sencar nen Carta custo Lr) 08 Brasla, 25 do sotambro de 2006. po Sorter aes 00 anucc 140 Faculdade de Medina de Retr Preto oP ‘Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Monto Alogre Xe slo? Ribeitéo Preto, SP - Brasil +14049-000 Assunto: Processos ns 01200.000082/2006-21 e\f200,002293/200046, para andliso 6 omlesSo de parecer. Prezado Senhor, De acordo com contato anterior, e mediante vosso cet, em 0(s) processo(s) para anlise e emisso de parecer. © aludido parecer deve abordar os aspectos de biosseguranca para uso na almentagio humana ou animal, alergenickdade a humanos. ou animale, toxicidade @ humanos ou anima, valor nutrcional para alimentacdo de humanos ou ‘animais e possiveis efeitos adversos decortentes do seu uso, dento do émbito de ‘sua especialidade. ‘Sua colaborago sert de grande importancia para esta Comissao e seu relatério subsiciard a elaboragao de um parecer final, que serd ‘epreciado por todos os membros em Reunio Plenéria para deliberagao defintiva, ‘sobre a biosseguranga do uso deste produto ora em andlise. ‘Solictamos que nos avise aaa > parao envio de vosso parece. Atenciosaments, -— 0 arao mifo. Desde entao os hectares dedicados a eso caeal tm aurora ata - 58.000, segindo.o Ministerio da Ageia, a marie om Aragio e Catalirha. & a comivéncie ane ambos os cuvos se masvou insustentvel, segundo 0 ecologletae, © perfeitamente compativel no dizer dos defensores dos transgénicos. YW, 12 0 diretor de Assuntos ce Ragulamentagto e Cienticos na Espanha da ‘muttnacional de ransaéricos Monsanto, aime Costa, argument, com ae avalingSes do Ministrio da Agricuitura', que o iho no se contamins 6, so faz, "néo en uma ropersdo maior co cue 0.8%" que cregulamento europeu define para comorcialzagao, Tamm o polén do miho cutvado deforma convencional vaae pode ating os campos ecoldgicos, « tampouco as sementes que usam s80 necessariamente ecolélcae’, conta staca Costa. Para tratar de solucionar essa polémice coexisténcia,no (NT: Minit da) ‘Agicuitura se elabora um modelo de decreto real em que davera defint-se sma distancia mmiima entre uns e outros cultivos. “Um gro de palen de miho vive res ds e a tim regulamentacSo do Ministerio fala em separar umas patceas das outa de 220 mets, iss0 no serve de nada’, expica Oimo. Entretano, para Costa essa separarso é Considerada “desproporciona’. "A partir de 15 mets a presenca de Wranegenicos cal ‘baixo de 0.9%. Porém essa proporcio no serve para. ecclogice, que deve ter ‘uséncla total de tranegenia, ‘QUADRO, ‘As esplgas, grio a gro ‘Arag € Catalurna so 2s prncpsisprotutoras de miho ecoldgico ~ Omi transgénico passou de 22.317 hectares em 1998 a mais de 58.000 em 2004 ‘Atma reguamentacao do (NT: Minisode) Agricultura determina uma separagso entre plantages de transgénico e ecolgico de 220 metros, com feras de gros Convencionais ene elas GRAFICO Fonte: Consslh Catléo para Produeto AgrériaEcoldgica (CCPAE) © cultivo de milho na Espanha ‘Superficie cultivada em 2004 — hectares Espanha ~ Total 478.685 hectares - Transgénicos 58.219 ha (12,14%6) Galeia - Total 24.702 ha Transgénicas O ha (0%) Castella e Leo ~ Total 131,211 ha Transgenioas ha (0%) Modtid Total 8.801 ha — Transgenicos 1.385 ha (15,7%6) Extremadura ~ Total 58.450 ha ~ Tranagénicos 2.026 (5.5%) ‘Andalzia Total 48.216 ha Transgénicas 2770 (5,7) Murcia Total 230 ha Transgericos 12 ha (5,7%) Casha ~ Mancha ~ Total §4.851 ha~ Tranegénicas 8.197 (14.9%) ‘Comunidade Valenciana ~ Total 748 ~ Tranegenioos 73 (2.8%) Baleares ~ Total 874 hectares ~ Tranegéniece 29 ha (3.3%) ‘Tratup El Pale, 19 de curbro de 2008- Pagina? de 3Ctalunha ~ Total 4.799 ha ~ Tranegénicos 15.698 (37.6%) ‘Aragho ~ Total 91.042 na ~ Trensgenicos 25.547 (28.1%) Navarra ~ Total 16.343 ha ~ Transgénicos 2.446 (15.9%) Pals Basco Total 173 ha ~ Tranegércos ha (0%) Cantabria Total 125 ha ~ Transgenicos 0 ha (0%) ‘Asturias ~ Total 1,000 ha Tranegénicos 0 ha (036) Candrias- Total 480 ha Trangenicos 0 ha (0%) Varlacdo do cultivo por classe 2005/2004 ‘Acagio- Mio ecolégicadiminulu 69%, miha transgénico aumentou 3% Calunna ~ Mino ecolgica diminuiu 5%, mith transgenico aumentou 11% Espanha ~Miho ecol6gieo diminulu 42, mill tranegenico aumentou 3% Mino ecotégico Catalina 2000 ~83,1 ha 2001 =87.8 ha 2002-872 ha 2003 ~ 82,5 ha ‘Aagto 2002 120ha 2000-37 ha 2008-253 ha ‘Tralugo: Greenpeace / Ventura Babei Revisto: Greenpeace / Daniele Bambece Tradugio El Pai 10 de ourbro de 2008- Pagina 3 de3al F fad Ht i ail i ae ae ae ae ; aauiy au He 3 HE 5 ae Ss % 8 Hi! Heh a co uh El maiz trans; con los cultivos del ecolégico tlsCTBRASIL munisterio da Ciencia e Tecnologia - MCT et eau Comlsito'Tética Nacional e Blosoguanga“CTNBIO es ‘seer acta Oficio n? 56 107-CTNBo Brasilia, 28 de fovereiro de 2087. ‘Ao Senhor Francisco Guilherme Volistedt Bastos Procurador da Replica Procuradoria da Repdblica no Distrito Federal - MPF 'SGAS 604 - Av. L2 Sul—Lote 23 - Gabinete n® 221 BrasilaDF ee 7020-840 ar at ‘Asuna: Em standimento a0 Ofer 21007 - MPFIPROFIFGIGAB id b Senhor Procurador, af De ordem do Dr, Walter Coll, Presidente da CTNBio e, em atenglo a ‘missiva em epigrafe encaminho oficio n° 054/2007 - CTNBio bem como ebpia dos 16, 0200,000062/2006-21, 01200.0¢0004/2002-74, /01200.005154/1998-36(retiradas as folhas, Vol. |- 18 & 76, 412 & 501, Vol. -533 & 1543, 632 & 702, 855 & 864, Vol. Il- 1026 & 1100, 1108 & 1138, Vol. Il- 3324 3390, por conterem informagdes. confidenciais), 01200,002906/1999-64| retiradas as folhas, Vol. | - 595 a 625, Vol. II - 823 & 845, 856 a 898, 1100 1198, 1151 a 1185, 1188 @ 1281, 1304 a 1315, Vol. Ill- 1822 & 1828, 1850 4 1855, 1859 a 1888, 1915 1977, Vol. IV - 2237 & 2245, Vol. Vil - 3758 & 3761, por conterem informagées confidenciais), 01200.007232/2006-07( retradas as folhas, Vol. Vil - 2726 a 2781, 2790 & 2799, 2808 a 2819, 2828 2897, 2809 & 3174, Vol. XIK - 3175 4 3339, por ‘conterem informagdes confidencias), 01200.002109/2000-04(retiradas as folhas, Vol. | -838 a 368, por conterem informapbes eumseres RECEBIDO Atenciosamente, A Em ee JAIRON ALCIR SANTOS RONASCIMENTO Coordenador Ger BioMINISTERIO DA CIENCIA E TECNOLOGIA, - SECRETARIA EXECUTIVA. ‘COMISSKO TECNICA NACIONAL DE BIOSSEGURANCA -CTNBio © Psat Comite Nason de Boegarngs «CTD de ese scsdocom oan Peo Xi do Deo 1950 de 3 de dz dS, hn PICS ae ‘Stoevnres cm sft Conia pine: rues Proce OBE0.016 Reger oman do Bras id ahireessnsoona0 are Av Nats Uni 2901 CENU ~ Tre Nore 7 Anka, So al, SP. CEP 057.000 ‘Atom Saag de Libri de Mie Geatcomene dicate Ementa: Soca 8 CTNDip Pacer Térico Préio Concsivo relive 2 iowegaangs do organisms senetcanente iad (OGM designado "Miho NKGOS genetcamence madifadotlante a pfs ot ‘Miho Rowdy Ready® 2” (Evemo NKEOS), pra eeo desta lero no meiambiene, comerialaco, aun, pio equasguer oats nade slatanan» ene OGM, tntagem c ales dle derived. ‘Adena, rgaer gus 0 refergo Pacer Tecnico Povo Conclavn ja midcom buss 0 documents "AVALIAGAO DE BIOSSEGURANGA DO MILHO NKG03 TOLERANTE AO GLIFOSATO"O maiko NKEQS {61 dene lend a mtadlops de eaafrmasosestin po sclera de pals otic © psa dois eases pata capes do gone gp ep inurios no genoma 6 mb staves de ut ico Ins, Ese mero nc pssl os clement gomicosfgaatores ur exes eel Jo one cp ppt Imepado a DNA nc 60 ro NKBIS.O Bene cpl pape & derivado de um hata comin 9 3, Atrobacterum sp. cepa CPs, qu cain a expres da prtsina Ch4 EPSPS ntralmensbltete 0 gosta (to NS ola apliaes sls do heticda aes em psemergtnia da clr pra maj dat Plans dans“ erase eaviowinformacs e document para sbsidar 4 avlgio Je seaurangs Miho NKEO3, que comemplan infomoyees sre © lho com cxzansma recor. metodlop de Transforagio genta ecacerizaio cee do reso NKGO3. Atenas ste seurngs ambi to NKAOS loam preset san deta penicn da carctertsica de lerincn a0 ont, ef. fm orzmismosn-ao, 0 poecial eanserecia gia, 0 dsenvolient eo seu deepen aaromiice ‘ns ifrnagies cee surg liens dono NKEDS fala sviae da rota CPU EPSPS, expos ccna CPv EPSPS naa, gestae exes Ga prot CPS EPSPS aly de ass dos naents [rotias, tees, carbons, una, amiotcdon ids gas © ine) asl do deseo ‘Mintaro rages de cot ra, cs ea snr ep de coe como Mito NR 'A.CINBIo escaree qu ee exo prvi ao exime a aguerete do camprimento ds demas leplaes ‘eentesm a pie a0 ojo do requiem. /ACTNBoifena qu opaico rs wna das pr se manifesto preset ple, paid data de So pubiago. Soleiagses de rites infomaytes deveao ser ecaminhadss por eco, A Seetars Exceliva da CTNB, SPO Arc Qua Blco Sala = CEP: 7010-200. Brian = DF onan do fa (61) 115196, process esa ipso, par consul pic, na Secretaria Facet d CTO, 3 pur data de pubic dest Exe eda CINBIOaH J Soiree case Hi fae ie ike ey rt u ‘ He a ita 7 a ctu ailies tee He lau en te Ha file sia m4 ce (ee 1 eas ae jo 7 i a Ni A i ae : i a Hie sil fHsyngenta wermun treme ES sos me ae ot, (Seiiae BO ate Stee Set Brut 2 Otren@s2a%fteoindis ban e lan sesteteygenia.c (Cart 040727 doe ‘to Paul, 27 de utho de 2008 mo Se. da Assessor Técnica da CTNBio MCT BrasilieDF Imo Se, [A.ClBio da Syngenta Seeds Lida solicia uma cépia do Processo de liberaglo comercial do Milne Round up Ready feito pela Monsanto do Brasil Ld Agrees ves seo & aos cclosamos 2 woo dipr pea quer cues pwoceamen, Qaz9cBo Src ai See Eng. Agr PhD. grrop tl al Pred Cio ‘Syngenta Seeds ida firew> nN a SoLices THaU Las 20,9t-o4 “ont NT ae?ED < == ws. CTEBRASIL _ Ministerio da cigncia e Tecnologia - MCT io ee rneoeang Swtresitomem crm BLINN CartacTNBio 483/04 Brasilia, 14 de setembro de 2004, Ref. Em resposta a Carta 040727.doe, referente a0 proceso n? 01200,002298/2004-16 Prezada Senhora, Em atengio & Carta 040727.doc, datada de 27 de julho de 2004, fencaminhamos em anexo, odpia do processo n® .01200,002299/2004-16 de Liberagio Comercial do Milho Roundup Ready feito pela Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. Informamos ainda que as folhas faltantes na referida cépia sfc de cunho confidencial. ‘Sem mais para o momento, colocamo-nos a disposigo para quaisquer ‘esclarecimentos que se fagam necessérios. ‘Atenciosament, tpn Jaron Alcr Santos do Nascimento ‘Cooronader Gorda THB lima Sra. ra, Lilian Saldanha Presidente da Comissao Intoma de Blosseguranca ‘Syngenta Seeds Lida. ‘Av, das Nag6es Unidas 1801-4° andar ‘So Paula/SP (04795-900 SFO — Ree 8 On ones fs). 11 SSE 411 508/41 S16 FAX: (561) 115196CTEBRASIL _ ministrio da citnciae Teenotogia- MCT. ‘Comisso Tenica Nacional de Bioseguranga- CTNBio Sad ‘Secretaria Exectiva Carta CTNBio 33 //04 Brasilia, 01 de dezembro de 2004. Ref.: Cépias de Processos. Processo 012001002298/2004-16;, Pracesso 01200,001471/2003-01. Proceso 01200.002095/1990-54 Prezado Sent Estamos encaminando, como resposta a solitaeao felta pelo Sr. em 22 de setombro de 2004, a lista de pessoas fisicas @ juridicas que solicteram a esta Comissio cépias dos soguintes Processos: + Processo nf 01200.002293/04-16 dosignado “Avallacdo de Biosseguranga do rmilho NK60S tolerante a glifosato" : Syngenta Seeds Lida, Dr? Lflan Saldanha ~ Presidente da CiBio (Engenheira Agronoma), + Processo n® 01200,001471/2008-01 designado "Algodao Bollgard Evento 531” Bayer Seeds Lida, Sr. Denis Lima - Regulamentagdo om Biotecnologia (Engonheiro Agronomo). Syngenta Seeds Ltda, DF Lian Saldanha ~ Presidente dda ClBio, Sr. Sivio Valle- Coordenador dos Cursos de Biosseguranca, Fundaca Oswaldo Cruz; + Processo n? 01200.002995/99-54 designado “Avaliagdo de Seguranga Ambiental €@ Alimentar’ ndo consta no Processo nenhuma solicitagao de cépi. ‘Atendiosainentt, Jairon Alcir Sa sscimento ‘Coordanadar| ‘NBio Sr. Geraldo U. Berger Presidente da CiBio| Monsanto do Brasil ida ‘Av, Nagées Unidas, 12901 Torre Norte —7e 8 Andares (CEP:04576-000 Sao Paulo-SP se (S561 i641 S174 48 S816 —AN: ANE) SH 96

106 Brasilia, 07 de margo de 2006. 4 acuta ib? Maria Rita Rots ‘Asseseora Juridica da Terra de Diretos Rua José Loureio, 48, conjunto 26, Centro Curitiba, Parana 0010-907 ‘Assunto: Envio de cépias de processos. Prezada Senhora, Em atendimento ao Oficio TDD 17/2008, envio cépias dos processes (01200,000004/2002-74, 01200.00210972000-04, _01200.002293/2004-16, (01200,002995/1999-54 © 01200.005164/1998-36, ressalto que as péginas contendo Informagées confidenciais foram retradas. Atenciosamente, IAIRON ALCIR DOS SANTOS NASCIMENTO \Coordenador Geral da CTNSIo,pxtankcherttn rm Cominta Then Neco de ash—O1SSIT-T475 Blowers e_Temade ion ate 2100006 rats_mequrimeno dence aproceuce_ Pant 2 me Capes CPwareto Cfnetemerty Cfcrmapnt ChartCO gv soa HOTT GTNBIO vioin 9/ Prov | (Curitiba, 20d toversir de 2006, Onelo TDD 1772006 ‘Ap Tassimo Senhor “Jatron Alcir do Nateunento oS Sante oe * Comite Tene Nason! de Boueguroga-CTNBio Bras, Di A Terra de Direts, Neriea,contue desde 20m, isi no Cadato Nacional de hanes Jariioas sob o (Ctrth, Pain, CEP 20010907, vem, epuiteamene expor solciar 0 que se segue: !Nosenop0 raoceso Tormcican | ronero | vowneowaca, [emanemmo] caMcrmsnch tomtom | temtnntan | wo | samme | gh | aman 3. Considerndo © carter pilico dasts procesoe; coniderando ot prinlpiot 1 roneadores da Adminiuagio Piblica da Publicidade © dx Traneprécin; ¢ cousidesnd tamibtm oanigo 7, incso XT, da Lei Federal 8.90694 (Estat da Advocai), que gente ‘ 0 advoyade 0 exam, “em qualquer drgto dos Poderes Judilirle « Leglilavo, ow de “Adminsiregto Pablica om Gert, outs de process fades ou am axdamento, metmo sem | procuagia, quando nto eselam sujetce a spl, axsequrada a obtenst de edplas,padendo ‘omar apontamentoe; « Terra de Diretos rater © pedldo do cépas (2 teem envins ox fess por conta prépria) dos process acne referdon, 4 Dest, solcitemos que as ofpiassejam remsias pars o endrega da Tem de Direos, ima infrmado, ou ma inposibiidade, sjainfrmada dam pare que poeta ser retras n Secretria de Coisto Ténioa Nacional de Biossegaranga Ateaciosamanie, ‘Marl its Re ! Assessor Jrdin da Tera de Diets - OABISP 212628 ‘Arsssr lio Diros~ OABVPR 38.216ILMO SR. PRESIDENTE DA COMISSAO TECNICA NACIONAL DE BIOSSEGURANGA (CTNBI0) Rot: Carta 148/07 enviada & CIBio da Monsanto do Brasil Lida, em 071032007. ‘A Monsanto do Brasil Lica, eslabelecida 3 ‘Avenida Naptes.Unidss, r® 12901, 7° © 8° andares, S30 Paulo ISP), CNPJ de a? (64.856.528/0001-45, vem responder a carta 145/07 erequerer a V. Sa. 0 Ue Segue: 1 Na data de 31/05/2004, spresentamos a V. 'Sa.requerimento de emisséo de Parecer Técnico Previo Conclusivo relatvo a besseguranga fe mao NK6OS através do prteelo do documena“Avalino de Bossoguranca So miko <603toleante ao glfsalo”e dos Anexos 1 @ 5 2 0 processo n*01200,00229912004-16 consists do documento “Avalagao de Biosseguranca do miho NK803 toleante ao glfosato™ (261 paginas) © dos Anexos 1a & (25 publcagées). O objetivo do erwic desses anexos fol Aisponilizar copias na. Integra de algumas das publicagdes que server como reterencias biblogrtioas no processo, demonstrando a Wansparénda © dispodgio da CIBio da Monsanto do, Brasil Lida.’ em fomecer informagdes para a andlie do proceso n° (1200,002283/2004-16 com tase no conhecimento Genii dsponivel Enretano, como as, informagées relevantes contdas nessas publieagGes esiao contextualzadas e Inclusas no documento “Avalagao de Biosseguranca do milho NKBGS tolerants ap gifsato’, esse ‘anexos_ no s80 inprescindiveis para’ e avaliaglo de blosseguranga do processo n° 191200.00229312004-16, 3. Tendo em vista 0 informe 3a CTNBIo sobre © ontetdo do parecer do CONJUR n° 006/2007 (12/02/2007), moivado pelo Ofiio 2294/2006/P RR IGABIMSCC (19/01/2007), que requer que todos 08 documentos que fazer parte dos processos protocolades na GTNBIo, inclindo artigos clerincos, devem ser ‘presentados no icloma Portugues, @ CIBlo da Monsanto do Grasl Lia. entende que. @ {exclusto dos Anexos 1-2 5 (que contém pubicarses em idioms estrangero © patio) neste ‘momento em nada prejudicaré a avallagio de biosseguranca do processo n° (01200 00228312008-16 4. Portanto, como as publcaptes objeto dos Anexos 1 a § estio referenciadas 0 as informacées relevantes (de pustcagdes contendo ‘dados gerados pela empresa © outres) para andlse de biosseguranga do proceso n° (1200,002289/200e-16 esiz0 descria no documenta “Avallagso da Blosseguranga do min'NK603 tolerente ao giifesato", solictamos que os Anexoe 1 a 5 selim excluldos desse processo, 5. Dessa forma, a CiBio da Monsanto do Brasil Usa, também soliita que todas as eéplas dos Anexos 1 a 5 protocolades na CTNBIo nos ‘jam devolvidas. Por im, a CiBio da Monsanto do Brasil ida, apresenta@lsta dos ancyos ‘que devem ser excluldes do provesso. Nesses Termos. Pode Deferimento, ‘Sto Paulo, 15 do margo de 2007. coda Monsanto do Brasil Lida, REG-220/07ip aN‘Anexos ao processo n* 01200.002288/2004-16 que devem ser excluidos e retornados CiBio da Monsanto do Brasil Lida. Obs. As pubicapses que constam dos Anexos 1 a5 esto indicadas na lista de refecdncias, ANEXO 1: 1, Boek AK: Lheureux, K Libssu-Duos, M; Nisogr, H. © Rodrgues-Cerezo, E. (IPTS-IRC), 2002. Scenars for co-existence of genetcaly modifies, converionl and orga cops In European ‘Agile, Insiute for Prosposive.Tecrndlogcal ‘Studley ~ Join Reseath Cone! Eurooosr Commission. 189, 2. Carpenter, J: Fels, A; Goode, T; Hamm, M. Onstad, O. ¢ Sankla, 3. 2002. Comparative Jodo Licio de Azevedo é Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes 'Nacleo Integrado de Biotecnologi Rua Dr. Candido Xavier de Almeida, 200 Mogi das Cruzes - SP 08780-911 ‘Assunto: Processo para relata, Prezado Membro, Conforme defenido na 85" Reuniéo Conjunta das Subcomissoes Setorials Permanentes das Areas Vegetal e Ambiental, segue anexo 0 seguinte ‘documento que seré deliberado na préxima reunio da CTNBio: ' Solctagao de Liberagdo Comercial da Monsanto do Brasil Lida, ‘Proceso 01200.002292/2004-16° ‘Atenciosamente, Jairon Alcir Sar imonto ‘Coordenador Gl Bio one (N61 SAL STS AK: 85161) 3947205jo da Ciencia ¢ Tecnologia -| CINBio TRUS tates San CINBIO Carta CTNBio 368 107 Brasilia, 28 de maio de 2007. a wy ae ‘Embrapa Milho e Sorgo Rodovia MG 424, km 65 ~ Zona Rural Caixa Postal 151 Sete Lagoas — MG 5701-970 Assunto: Processo para relatar Prezado Membro, Conforme deferido na 854 Reuniso Conjunta das Subcomisedes Setorais Permanentes das Areas Vegetal © Ambiental, segue anexo © soguinte documento que sera deliberado na préxima reunio da CTNBi: © Solicitagao de Liberagso Comercial da Monsanto do Brasil Lida ‘Proceso 01200.002293/2004-16. Gunes Be B= Tir =e a 10 esrbe (361) SIL SUSY PAN: (55461) SHT-078patCTBRSIL isi da Citi Tenlogia- MCT cTNBE STIS teenies Sia Q CINEI0 Carta CTNBio 36°} 07 Brasilia, 23 de maio de 2007. Ao Sr. Ten Cel Clévis Eduardo Godoy tha Diretor do Arsenal de Guerra General Cémara ‘Arsenal de Guerra General Camara Rua Daniel Balbao, SIN Centro General Camara ~ RS 195820-000 ‘Assunto: Processo para relatar Prezado Membro, Conforme defenido na 85* Reuniéo Conjunta das SubcomissSes Setoriais Permanentes das Areas Vegetal e Ambiental, segue anaxo 0 seguinte ‘documento que serd deliberado na préxima reuniéo da CTNBio: © Solicitagdo de Liberagdo Comercial da Monsanto do Brasil Lida Pont: (5(6) 3A SIST AK: S61) 3817-7478oSCTBRASIL sais Citnca Teenlogia- MCE aa estreng Combs Tenn Nacional de Blossegurang -CTNBo =e Sieh Carta CTNBIo 330 07 Balle, 29 de maio de 2007. an Asa : Vania Moda-Crino inf TAPAR'~ Secretaria de Agicuturae do Abatecimento > 2 ‘rea de Melhoramento e Genética Vegetal see Rod, Celso Garcia Cid, Km 375 ~ Trés Marcos Caixa Postal 481 Londrina ~ PR. 3601-970 ‘Assunto: Processo para relatar Prezada Membro, Conforme defenido na 85* Reunido Conjunta das Subcomissses Setoriais Permanentes das Areas Vegetal e Ambiental, segue anexo 0 seguinte documento que seré deliberado na préxima reunio da CTNBIo: © Solicitagao de Liberagdo Comercial da Monsanto do Brasil Lida Processo 01200,002293/2004-16. ‘Atenciosamente, Jaron Alc 8 ‘Ares 05 — Quads 03 Bac Pome: SGD) MULT FAX: (SYD 3017-7075FACULDADE DE MEDICINA DE RIBEIRAO PRETO DDAUNIVERSIDADE DE SAO PALLO 708 MCT ICTHBIO \ Jairon Aloir Santos do Nascimento SPO - Area 05 - Quadra 03 Bloco B - Térreo ~ Salas 8 a 10 Brasilia, DF - CEP: 70610-200 Prezado Senhor, fea snexo parecer relacionado ao Processo n°s 01200.000062/2006-21 © 01200.002293/2004-16. Atenciosanente Hoo. Relic Vannu: Divieko de Nutrolegia ye (DELECNDENG F nwecm REVO. EGER OE DE HANES RNINFACULDADE DE MEDICINA DE RIBEIRAO PRETO DAUNIVERSIDADE DE SAO PAULO ie (© mitho GA21 foi desenvolvido por meio de modiicagdo genética para se tomar tolerate a herbicides contendoglfosato, visando fins econdmicos. © elifosato & um composto onganosfosforado que no afeta o sidema nervoso presenta clevada efiiéncia na eliminagBo de ervasdaninhas. & um herbicida de amplo ‘expect, no-sletivo que mata plantas por inibiglo da enzima sintase 5-enopiruvl shikimate-3-osfato (EPSPS), importante para a biossntese de aminoios aromicos, Vitamins, e muitos metabsitos secundisios. PARECER Apesar de ser consderido pouco téxio, hi evidéncias de efeitos deletérios do lifosito para o ambiente, principalmente dovido & resstncia adquiride por slgumas cespévies de eras, apés o uso prolongado do herbicide. A aplicagto de glfossto pode resultarnapresenga de resus tanto na colheta quanto er animals usados na alimentas0 ‘humana. No ambiente, as concentragdes mais alas de ambos os cempostos foram ‘ncontradas no solo, Em Smbito nacional, no hi limites legs estabelecides para glifosato na gua ou solo, A Agdacia de Propo Ambiental dos EUA (USEPA) esbelece limite de TOOyg/L de glfosato em dgua potivel como “limite consutivo de sade". Entretanto, Comunidade Esonémica Buropéia (EEC) estabelece como “concenraplo mixima missive” para pestiidas em dgua potivel, como substincias individ, o limite de O,1ng/L, desde que concentrago total de pesticidas nfo ulrapasse 0.5L. [A EPSPS & uma enzima importante na via bioguimica para sintese dos aminodcidos sromiticos (fenlalanina, triptofano tirosina) encontrada em todas as plantas, fungos bactcias mas, ausente nos animals. A EPSPS é altamente sensivel a produtos hebicidas contendo lifosato. 0 GA2I express uma enzima mutante mEPSPS que cnfere olencia 0s produtosherbicidascontendoglifosato. A mutago foi introduzida paraconferirFACULDADE DE MEDICINA DE ‘DAUNIVERSIDADE DE resisténcia estes produos,resultando em duas mudangas na EPSPS selvagem do milho, uma na posigo do aminaécido 102 (treonina para isolecina) € 106 (proline para sein). (0 insero (mEPSPS) no possui homologia com qualquer toxina conhecida © no & considerada uma proteins téxica para humanos. Além disso, ndo possui homolog e nem carecteritcas tpieas de proteinas alérgenas conhecidas. Ao contro de alégenos conheidos, a EPSPS é apidamente depradada pela digestio gstica © enéica. ‘A moliicago genétics do milho GA2! ndo resulta em qualquer melhor quanto 20 valor nutricional, seado exe um produto equivalente a0 sem modifica, eximindo dos riscos relacionados. O GAZI toleante ao glifsito parece ser seguro fara o consumo ‘humano e animal, Conudo, devido as propriedades herbicides de grande espectro do ‘lifasu, isto & noseletivo, ssémico © pouco téxico a animais, tamouse © mais uilizado no mundo, sumentando a necessidade de implementsg8o de programas de ‘montoramento, considerando-se inexistncia de legislago que estabelga limites de slisato em Agua esol. Em fungdo disso épossivel conclu que @ utlizagto do GA21 no Helio Vannuesh Professor Titular FMRP USP Parecer elaborado com o auilio de Mércia Elona Zanutto,bidloga com Doutorado ‘a Faculdade do Cidncis Farmacéuticas USP e Camila Siqueia Silva uticionist, mestre pela Universidade Federal de Ubelandia - MG ‘eRe RTO RTD a reams AIRY 9 CF WD FOE ANE PA eaefeet: LUNIVERSINADE DE Sio PAULO Tota Simone Alm TURA "Le Quan” ner erem arn ree me Piracicaba, 08 de dezembro de 2006. Emissio de Parecer Técnico re ' Do Processo n° 01200.002298/2004-10 to Sr JAIRON ALCIR SANTOS DO NASCIMENTO | ‘Coordenador Geral da CTNBIo j [433 «8 Prezado Coordenador, De acordo com a solcltagao de andlise do processo r* 01200.0022882004- 40, estou emtindo parecer tecnico sobre aspectos relaciorados com a biosseguranga do uso do "Mlho NK603 Tolerante ao Gifosato" que segue ababxo: Iniciamos 0 estudo das evidéncias experimentais avaiando a composi¢g0 rutricional e 0 valor nutricional do OGM denominado Miho NK603 ou Mino FRoundoup Ready e sua comparaca0 com 0 milno conwencional, Nesso parecer & ‘que diversos trabathos cientices muito consistentes comprovamt que 0. valor Putricional é, na média, igual a0 do milho convencional.Citamos ‘na media’, pois ames os milhos apresentam variagdo (desvios em relagio & méda), sendo que tambem esta _variagao foi demonstrada ser semolhante para 0 OGM @ 0 Convencional. Em funedo de caracteristicas especiicas do processo de producao do milho NK603, é possivel prever que, quando produzido em algunas condigtes ‘agrondmioas especificas (e9, alta competiio com plantas invasoras), 0 valor ruticional do gr80 derivado do OGM referido tem potencial de ser, na realidade, Superior 20 do gro tradicional ‘Sob o aspecto agronémicolambiental, bservamos que 0 uso de gifosato, lum herbicide de amplo especio, reduz a necessidade do uso de nerbicidas pré- femergentes, apresentando retornos econémicas positives. Em alguras situagoes a possiblidade do produto ulizar esta tecnologia permite maior produfvidade, menor testo © menor impacto ambiental, fato evidenciado na literatura, além do potencial de melhora do valor nuticonal ja abordado. Em termos de blosseguranca ‘ambiental 0 glfosato & um herbiida ullzado a mais de 30 anos que se caracteiza or baixa movimentacdo pelo lencol treo, pois se liga 8s particulss do solo, bem Como degrada-se rapidamente apresentando baixos efeitos resivais no solo & Consequentemente 6 classiicado pelos especialistas como de baixa ecotoxicidade, ‘menor que o de outos herbicdas altematvos utlizados na cultura tradicional. Desta forma o refero OGM NKB0S tem o potencial de trazer beneficios ambientais. uiro aspecto importante na questéo agronémico/ambiental é que espera- ‘se para as proximas trés décadas um explosivo aumento no consuma per capita de Droteinas animais principalmente no mundo em desenvolvimento, Alem disto haveré {um significative aumento populacional, A mutipicagao do aumento populacional x fumenio do consumo per capita de came e liter se tadulr em um iccvgl0 VERSIADE DE SHO PAULO cou Suon oe cmt "Pha Gant HEP SB ‘SE ase te ata EsiQ) ontipntss mascot ‘aumento na demanda de gros © um extraorindrio desafio ambierial. O aumento da produtvidade do miho sera uma ferramenta importante para reduzr @ demanda or novas areas de produeao. © NKSOS oferece este potencial de aumento de produtividade (produgio por unidade de drea) em algumas sitagdes especiicas de produgao ‘Avaliando ainda a questéo de biosseguranca alimentar & possivel constatar que o gene introduzido no OGM NK6O3 atua na via de biossintese de compostos fendlcas aminodcides aromatcos, via metabdlica esta que nao ocoTe em rmamiferos, aves ou arimais aquatices. Portanto @ introdugd0 do zene funcional Breseie no miho NKEDS folante ao ifesatoapreseraria bao isco 8 sae humana e anim Com relagao 20 questionamento sobre alergenicidade o toxicidade a ‘humanos como esta nao € a nossa érea de atuapso, podemos apenas avaliar 0 ‘material erviado © concur que o risco 6 extremamente baxo e apenas para alergenicidade. Entretant, sera oportuno solictar parecer da area médica com ‘embasamente técnico-cenifico na area de toxicologiae imunologia. Embora nosso parecer favorével se basele nas evidéncias cienticas ‘apresentadas em experimentos. confimmades ao longo dos anos, sm outro fator importante na nossa avaliapdo se basela nos dados epidemiologiccs resultado da liberaglo deste tipo de OGM ha varios anos. O histérico do uso do iho NK603 na Uniao Européia (desde 1996), nos EUA (desde 2000) e no Canad (desde 2001), ‘além dos dados dos testes de campo reaizados no Brasil (desde 2000) fomecem ‘videncias de que os gra0s e 08 produtos derivados do Miho NK6Z3 Tolerante 20 Giifosato $80 tao seguros quanto 0 milho convencional e portanto temas opiniao {avoravel para iberacao do seu uso no pals. Com base no exposto, nosso parecer @ de que © OGM NKED3 tem o mesmo valor nuticional e agronémico, sendo tio seguro para seres humenos © animals {quanto o produto corwencional, Seu uso em situacies especificas tem ainda o ppotencial de ser superior a0 milho convencional e trazer beneficios agronémicos, ‘ambientais @ zootéonicos. Ficamos a dlsposigzo para quaisquer outres esclarecimentos cue possam ser solicitados, ‘Nerclosamente, Aigo A lev ents Pazatlon Lanna rate da Unverlede de to Pao ‘Depto. de Zootecnia ESALQIUSP,hint yn Jaw sat gid)ser Phpewete. os PhowsrFnowsar wi glz00 OF war hoe MGI) GINBIO arent) 21 60 | 902995 [1999-54 # u ‘Sto Paulo, 24 de agesto de 2007, in. sr Dr. Walter Cott Presidente da Comissio Técnica Nacional de Biosseguranga -CTNBIo Ministero da Cianclae Teenologia- MCT Centro de Estudos Estrategieos - CEE ‘SPO. Area §- Quadra 3 Bloco 8 Térreo Salas 10.8 14 Brasilia -DF ~706%0-200 Ref. Justineativa técnica para 08 locals rezade Dr. Colt, Em fece da Apio Cll Publica n° 2007.70.00.015712-8PR © cansderando & uma quitnase {lgumas edo alergénicas). A prolamina de mito 6 @ zelna (8 de tgo, ladina, causa a ‘doonga caliaca), mas sabe-se com seguranca que, apesar de ser responsdvel por 55% {do contetco de proteina do miho, la no estd corelacionada com a incidéncia desta ‘doenga. O milho pode ser encontrado em muitas formas diferentes, como 08 hibridos Ullzados nat alimentaeso animal, miho pipoca, mitho doce e diversas varedades locals selecionadas em diferentes partes do mundo. Segundo Pastoello ota. (2003) apesar ‘de apresentarem formas varaveis, os diferentes lpos de mio perencem & mesma ‘espécie, apresentam 0 mesmo perf protéco © as mesmas proptiedades alergénices, Inalviddos que spresentam alergia 20 polen de milhe padem apresentaralergia 20 gro,Monsano do ral Usa, Proce? otosanzroobe 0 Pagina 6 de 57 pis 0s dois possuem alérgencs semelhantes. Iso ficou demonstrado em um estudo ‘onde denire 56 criangas que apresentavam a febre do Teno causada por palen de milho, mais da metade também eram sensives a alérgenos presentes no gro (Buezyko etal. 1988), IIL & planta receptora ou qualquer de suas partes apresentam caracterieticas do toxicidade? 'Nateratura nao s80 encontradas referencias & toxcidade causada por plantas de rmilho, seus gros, ou qualquer de suas partes, ao hamem ou animes, quanco estas S80 Dlanisdas, clivadas e colhides vilizando as paticas agrlcolas recomendadas. Existem diversos relatos, em todas as regibes do mundo, sobre toxins (micotoxinas) presentes fm plantas, gros @ produtos de miho, © que sio produzidas por microrganismos que Infectam a planta de miho ou os seus produtes,prncipalmente quando produzidas & ‘armazenadas em condigses inadequadas (Sokyiama et al 2005; Garcia et al, 2005; Briones-Reyes ot al: 2007; Czagledi e Gutzwiler, 2006; Causin at al, 2005; Lit ota 2008; Kaaya e Kyamunangie, 2006, Brera eta, 2006 e Yazdanpanah etal, 2006), Fumosinas s80 conlaminantes comuns ns gros de miho e so nocras a sade humana e animal quando a dieta predominante & composta de produtos @ base de milho. A fumosina é um tipo de micotoxina produzida, predominantemente, por fungos das espécies Fusarium verliodes e F. proliaratum. Elas estao associatas a sens problemas de sate animal como alleragdas neurotoxcologicas e levcoencefalomalaca fom eqtins, edema pulmonar em suinos, problemas cardiacos em macacos, cncet hepaico em camundongos @ ralos, defetes no tubo neural em camundongos e e&noer Fenal em ratos. Além disso, fumosinas foram associadas a0 canoar de eséfago em hhumanos e também a defetos congéntos no tube neural em uma popular humana que tem produtos de milho como componente predominante na deta (vrios autores ‘itados por Clements et al, 2003; CAST, 2002: Marasas et al. 2004). 0 actmulo de fumosina nos grdos de mio ¢ inluenciado por fatores bioticos © abiéticos.sendo que (8 danos causados por insetos so falores Imporianes na maior contaminagso dos ‘tos pelos fungos que produzem esse ipo de micotoxina ) QUESTOES RELATIVAS A PROTEINA EXPRESSA NO VGM L._Ale)_ proteinale) alergénica(s)? Nao, Poucas proteinas vegetais © animals da dieta sto absonidas de forma Intacta pelo trato gastintestna, j4 que em geral elas so grandes demas para avavessar as membranas das ceula intestinas, sendo ent decompostas no sistema ‘igestvo em aminodcidos individuals peptideos menores pelas proteases gastricas 6 Intestinais (Davenpor, 1971). Proteinas que sdo repidamente.digerdas. possuem enores oportunidadés de exercer efeiios sdversos @ saulde quando soneumidas (Bannon eta, 2002). {Uma comparacdo da seqiéncia de aminodcidos de uma proteina na qual foram introdusdas sequencias de aminoacdos do. alécgenoe conhecdas & um indicador Important do potencialalergénico de uma protaina em questionemento, Foram rlatadas seqiéncias de eminodcides da maioria dos principals alérganes, incuinde alécgonos pecticada(s) pelo(s) transgene(s) podem serSEE et ea cmt Me) Eee: mis “almentiios (Astwood et al, 19968). Foram mapeados importantes epitpos de tgagao {8 IGE de diversas proteinas alecgnicas (Elsayed e Apold, 1983; Elsaved el al, 1981, ‘Zhang eta, 1992). O comprimento da seqisncia de polipepticeos idec| para a igagao 6 de € 2 12 aminodcidos (Rothbard © Gofler, 1991), O8 epitopos Ja célula T de roteinas. alergénicas e fragmentos peptcices. parecem ter peo menos: “oto fminoacides “de comprimenlo (OHehi" et al, 1991). A conservazso exala das Seqléncias do eptopo abservada em slérgenos homdlogos de die‘entes espécies (Gstwood et al, 1998). Com base nessas Informagées, um teste comparativo de Ssimlaridede dé seqiéncia imunclogicamento relevante. entre a seqUéncia de ‘aminodeido da proteina introduzida © os alérgenos conhecidos, & defnide como uma ‘orrespondéncia de pelo menas cio aminodcidos contiguesidénics. ‘Uma base de dados de 567 sequncas proteicas assocadas & aleria © & doenca cellaca foi monteda a parir de bancos de dados genéices publcamente disponiveis (GenBank, EMBL, PIR'e SwissProt) © a pari da Ierature alual. AS sequéncias de ‘aminoacidos das protainas CP EPSPS @ CP4 EPSPS L214P foram comparadas és ‘Seqlncias dos bancos de dados utiizando a feramenta de ainramento de sequtncia enominada FASTA (Pearson e Lipman, 1988). As proteinas CP4 EPSPS e CP4 EPSPS L214? ido compartinaram simiaricads ce seqiénca estuuralmente significative as ‘seqléncias do banco de dads da aldrgenos (Croon etal, 2001; Croon etal, 200036). ‘Alem disso, a8 sequéncias de aminodeldos dae proteinas CP4 EPSPS e CP EPSPS L214? foram comparadas a base de dados de slrgenas utlzendo um algoriimo que realiza 8 varredura de seqUéncias com oll aminodcidos idéncos lineariente contiguos. ‘As ceqidnclas proticas CP4 EPSPS @ CP4 EPSPS L214 nao comparinam de identdage ‘com. of aminodcides linearmente contiguos de qualguersequéncia deposiiada nos bancos de dados de alrgenos. Esses dados eslabeleceram que as proteinas CP4 EPSPS néo compariiham nenhuma simlaridade de seqUéncia Imunologicamente signifealva, com as_proteinas considerades lergéricas ou. com ‘kadnas (ou sela, seqUéncias derivagas de um gone precursor comum eu conteno um ‘piigp alernico em potencial) Os paris boquimicos das enzimas CP4 EPSPS @ CP4 EPSPS L214P tembem fomeceram uma base para a avaiaga0 slergérica quando comparedos aos perf de alergenos protscos conhecidos. Os alérpencs protéicos devem ser esléveis sob ‘condigbes pépticas © &cidas do trato digestio, caso precisom ating @ alravessar 3 ‘mucosa intestinal para provocar uma resposta alergénica(Astwood et al, 1996b; Metcalfe ‘eal, 1996). As protelnas CP4 EPSPS demonstraram variagdo quanto & cigestio por proteases do trato digestivo de mamiferos, minimizando assim qualquer potencial de bsoredo pela mucosa intestinal (Outro fator signfcativo que contibu para a alergenicidade das proteinas 6 sua ata concentragdo em alimentos, o que estimule uma resposta alergénica (Tayfor, 1992; Taylor et al, 1987; @ Tayfr el al, 1992). A maior dos alérgenos esla presente na forma dos principals componente’. protéicos ‘em alimentos espectics, geralments Variando ene 1 a 80% de proleina total (AStwood © Fuchs, 1996). Iso 6 vido para os alérgenos presentes no ovo (Yunginger, 1991), no lite (Baldo, 1964; Lebenthal, 1975; Taylor, 1986; Taylor et al, 1987), na soja (Shibasaki et al, 1980; Burks et al, 1986; Pedersen e Djuroft, 1986} e no amendoim (Barnet etal. 1963; Sachs et al, 1981 ‘Bamett @ Howden, 1966; Kemp etal, 1985). Ao contro, as proteinas CP4 EPSPS & (CP4 EPSPS 2140 juntas estzo presentes em aproximadarmente 0,01% da protena total tencontrada nos gros do mino NKBOS. Os baios nives des proteinas CP4 EPSPS nos ‘gt20s de miho, em combinagda oom a fungéo dessas protelnas no precesso digestivoRecon tte Norma 20 -no NAEIS Prose? O20 9220800016 gina 8 o 57 fom rotagdo & fungo de alérgencs.alimenticios. conhecidos, estabelecem uma probabildade extremamente baixa de que as proteinas CP4 EPSPS sejam absorvicas: pela mucosa inlestinal durante 0 consumo. Portanto, do. se espera 0 ‘desencadeamento da produgao de antcorpos,inclundo os anticorpos IgE respansvels, pela alergencidade, (Os dados e as andlises descrtas acima e resumidas na Tabela 1, axresentada anteriomente, confrmam que as proteinas CP4 EPSPS @ CP4 EPSPS \214P nso Tepresentam um risco alerpénico signifcalvo uma vez que néo sto derwvadas de uma fone alergénica, no possuem simlaidade de sequénea Imunologicaments relevante ‘com alérgenos conhecidos © no apresentam as caracterisicas dos alérgencs potdions ‘conhecidos. Além disso, essas proteinas compartiham de homologia signifeativa com ‘8 proteinas EPSPS a parle de viras lonles vegetais @ microbianas.comumente ‘onsumidas @ que possuem longos histricos de consumo ¢ exposigaa e2guros. AS protsinas EPSPS séo, de fto, equivalents & proteina CP EPSPS que apresents um Fistrieo de consumo seguro na soja Roundup Ready © em outras culuras oneticamente modiicadas tolerantes 0 glfosato, como a canola, 0 algodio © a Deterraba, Em resumo, a seguranca das proteinas CP4 EPSPS em termos de saude ‘humana e animal é baseada na extensiva caracierizagao das protainas CP4 EPSPS © (CP4 EPSPS L214P e na capacidade de comparacao dessas com as enzimas EPSPS ‘Comumente enconiradas em uma ampla varedade de fontes aimentcias com longo Fistéico de uso seguro. A proteing GP4 EPSPS 6 idéntica & protcina CPs EPSPS. tencontrada na soja Roundup Ready” © om outras culturas genelcamente modificadas tolerantes 20 gliosato, as quais apreseniam um histérico Ge consumo quo poe hhumanos @ animais desde 1996. As proteinas CP4 EPSPS © GPa EPSPS L21UP. tiveram sua seguranga também confrmada por. auséncia de toxicidade ora aguda da ptoteina CP4 EPSPS conforme determinado pelo estudo com camundongos, rida Sigestéo das proteines CP4 EPSPS © CP4 EPSPS L214P em flidos gasticos © infestinals simulados; auséncia de homologia da CP4 EPSPS @ da C4 EPSPS L2uAP_ om toxinas protéicas conhecidas; e euséncia de potenealalergénico dae profeinas (CP4 EPSPS 6 CPd EPSPS L214P. ‘Alm do histrico de uso seguro da CP4 EPSPS e do estudo de toxidade oral ‘aguda com a proteina CP4 EPSPS purficada em camundongos, foram conduzidos studs para comparar as respostas de frangos de core, ratos, suinas, gado de carte, novihos ‘@ aves que receberam cletas.contendo graos do. milho NKGD3, controls parental convencionale dos hibridos convencionais de diferentes germoplasras, ‘Com base na lleratura cada © om resultados de estudos, a8 proteinas CP4 EPSPS, @ 08 produtos derivados do miho NK603 no causam’alergenicidade em hhumanos e outros animais.nformagdes sobre a slergenicdade dessas protenas foram apresentadas no Documento 1 (Capitulo E, lem 3.44, paginas 164 a 162) © neste ‘documento (Seqdo B, Questo I), 1. As) proteina(s) especiicada(s) pelo(s) tranegene(s) podem ser téxica(s)? (© mitho NK60S expressa duas proteinas CP4 EPSPS tolerantes ao gifosato quase_idénticas, denominadas CP EPSPS © CP4 EPSPS L214P._A -enzima CPAEPSPS LZ14P 6 estrutural © funcionalmente equivalente & CP4 EPSPS. mas ossul um aminodido diferente em sua sequéncia. 0 aminoacido na posiglo 214 6 a LEUCINA na CP4 EPSPS © a PROLINA na CP4EPSPSL214P. Jé a soqiéncia de‘Monsanto do Broa Lda, espa neu Noms of 20-maiho NKBOS Proce vata 2254200818 gina ‘aminodcidos da proteina CP4 EPSPS produzida no milho NKBOS 6 idéntica& protein (CP¢EPSPS produzida em outras cuturas tolerantes a0 Roundup, induindo a soja, 0 ‘algodao e beterrabs Roundup Ready 'AS proleinas EPSPS calalsam a conversdo de dcido chiguimico em 5- ‘enolpiruvichiquimato-Sosfato, que & um intermedirio na sinlese de amincdcidos ‘aromaticos e composts fendlcos. Devido a sua func, as EPSPS so essenciais a0 ‘rescimento normal de plantas e microrgenismos. Nao existe loxicdade associada a ‘esea famila de proteinas que apreventa um longo histrco de seguranca ambiental © ‘alimentar. Além disso, as proteinas EPSPS ngo so conhecidas por pesistrem no ‘ambiente’ ou por afetarem 0 fendtipo do organismo hospedeiro com propriedades: negativas, como patogenicidade ou potencal de desenvolvimento em plantas deninhas, Diversos pesquisadores caracterizaram amplamente @ proteine CPé EPSPS @ os Fesuilados demonstraram que essa proleina possul_propriedades. enziméticas ‘equlvalones as protelnas EPSPS endogenas de plantas @ microrganismos (Harrison e 1996; Croon etal, 2001; Croon eta. 2000a). Adcionalmente,estudos detalhados demonstraram que a CP4 EPSPS ¢ suscetive& protedse e digestao enzimatica, como Seria esperado para 2s proteinas EPSPS. Além disso, hd dados disponives, gerados fos estidos de toxcdade oral aguda, cigestblidede in vio @ comparagso de Diinformatica da CP4 EPSPS que confimam sua equivaléncia com as proteines [EPSPS (Croon eta, 2001; Croon et al, 2000ab) ‘Além do hisiéico de uso seguro da classe de proteinas EPSPS @ do milho, foram reslzados estudos que confimam a seguranca das proteines CP4 EPSPS fexpressas om culturas como a soja, 0 lgoddo, o miho, a canola a beterraba. Em um testudo de toxicidade oral eguda, 2 CP4 EPSPS fol administrada em cemundongos, na forma de dose nica elevada, para confimagao de sua seguranca iHarison et al, 1906), Os resultados deste estudo demonsiraram, conforme esperado, que a proteina (OP4 EPSPS ndo 6 téxca. A proteina CP4 EPSPS foi produzida © purfeade a part da Escherichia col, fol caracterzada (Croon et al, 2001; Croon et al, 2000ab) emonsitou ser equivalents 8 CP4 EPSPS produzida no miho (Croon et al, 2001 ‘Croon et al, 200026). A proteins purfcada fo! adminisirada crlmente a camundongos para avalagso de sua toxedade aguda. A administragao aguda fol_considerada ‘propriada pare a avalagso da seguranca da CP4 EPSPS, uma vez que as proteinas {Gideae atuam por melo de macanismas.agudos (Sjoblad et al, 1992: Parza e Foster, 1983; Jones. ¢ Maryanski, 1991). nivel sem efelio observado INOEL) para a {oxicidade oral em camundongos foi de 872 marka, a dose mais elevada testada (Croon tal, 2001; Croon eta, 200028; Harrison at a, 1998). Este resultado representou uma ‘margem de seguranga ‘de aproximadamente 260,000 vezes, com base no consumo ‘medio dirio de mino nos Estados Unidos e na expresséo media de prosina no grdo de ‘lho geneteamente modticado tolerate ao gifosato (assumindo que ro hi perda de CP4 EPSPS. durante 0 processamento}. N3o foram observaias diferencas: tslatstcamente elgniieavas\no peso corporal, no peso corporal cunavo OU NO ‘consumo de alimentos entre 0: grupos controle (com o velculo ou soro de albumina ovina) e grupos Valados com a proteina CP4 EPSPS purlicada. Esse resulado ers ‘esperado, uma vez que @ maiora das proteinas no 6 téxica (Pariza e Foster, 1983). A proteina CP4 EPSPS demonstrou ser rapldamente digerica nos fkidos géstrico & intestinal in viro (Croon et al, 2001; Crean et al,, 2000ab). Além disso, proteinas EPSPS que possuem Um hisirico de uso seguro, jd estdo amplamerte presentes na iota YGorp Intra Nematin 20-ho NK Pros 01200 0029S Pina 10 ae 87 ‘Além disso, fo1 montado um vanco de dados de 4677 seqincas de proteinas associadas & loxicdade, a partir de bancos de datos genéticos. dlsponiveis pubicamente (GenBank, EMBL, PIR e SwissProt). As seqléacias de amincdcidos das roleinas CP4 EPSPS foram comparadas és seqlsncias de proteinas no bance de {dados de toxinas, utlizando a feramenta de ainhamento de seqUéncias FASTA. Albm disso, as seqiéncias de aminodcidos das proeinas CP4 EPSPS foram conparadas a todas as seqiencias de proteinas os. Dances de dados gensticos diepaniveis Dublcamonto, quanto a simlaridade estnutural em relagio as demele protelnes Conhecidas, incluindo proteinas farmacologicamente alivas. Conforme esperado, a= roisinas CP4 EPSPS © CP4 EPSPS L214 compariharam simlerdade’ de Seqiéncias em relagio as proleinas EPSPS homélogas. Essas proteinas EPSPS nao foram descitas como toxnas relevantes @ sade humana. Néo foram observadas ‘utras homologias esiuturalssigifcatvas & sadde humana (Crean etal, 2001; Croon tal, 20008). [Em resumo, a seguranca das proteinas CP4 EPSPS quando se trata de sade humana e animal é baseada na exlensiva caractrizagao dae proteines CP EPSPS © (CP4 EPSPS L214P e na capacidade de comparacdo dessas Com as enzinas EPSPS: Comumente encontradas em uma ampia variedade de fortes alimenticias com longo histérico de uso seguro. A proteina CP4 EPSPS ¢ idéntica & proteina CP4 EPSPS encontrada na soja Roundup Ready” © om outras culturas geneticamente modiicadas. tolerantes ao glifosato, as quais apresentam um histonco de consumo seguro. por hhumanos & animais desde 1996. As proteinas CP4 EPSPS © CP4 EPSPS L214P tiveram sua Soguranca também confemada por: auséncia de toxcdade oral aguda da proleina CP EPSPS conforme determinado pelo estuco com camundongoe: rapa digestéo das proivinas CP4 EPSPS e CP4 EPSPS L214P em Muidos gasticas & Intestnais simulados; auséncia de homologia da CP4 EPSPS @ da CP4 EPSPS L214P ‘com toxinas protéicas conhecidas: © auséncia de potencial alergénico das profeinas CP4 EPSPS 0 CPA EPSPS L214. ‘Alem do historico de uso seguro da CP4 EPSPS e do estudo de toxkidade oral ‘aguda com a proteina CP4 EPSPS puriicada em camundongos, foram sonduzidos ‘studos para comparar as respostas de frangos de corte, rales, suinos, gaco de corte, novihos 'e aves que receberam detas conlando gros do. milho. NK6OS, controle Parental convencionale ds hibridos convencionais de lferentes germoplasrias, ‘Com base na Feratura clada e om resullados de estudos, as protsinas CPS EPSPS e os produtos derivado do miho NKEG3 ndo causam foxcidade em humans © ‘outros snimais, Infommagdes sobre a toxicdede das proteinas expressas no miho 'NK603 foram apresentadas no Documento 1 (Capitulo E.., tem 3.4.1, paginas 161 @ 1620 tem 3.43, gina 164). 0 aor date proteins) espctcada() pelos) ranegene() &comparivel ‘0 teor da mesma no organismo doador ou em outros alimentos’ Nio. As proteinas CP4EPSPS @ CP4EPSPSL214P astio presentes om pequenas concentragies nos gros © na forragem co milho NKBOS. A expressio das protsinas CP4 EPSPS 6 esperada nos dvers0s tecidos da planta, uma vez que os Dromotares utlizados propiiam a expressio da proteina de forma consttutva no milho Nk60S. Cada cassete contendo 0 gene op4 epsps esta sob controle de un promotor diferente. O cassete responsével pela expressdo da proloina CP4 EPSPS (cassete proximal) estd sob o controle da seqUéncia contendo a extromidade 5’ da actina 1-06Respowat §nsturso Nomatva r?20-mine NEO Paina 1.6057 arrz (rat) que contém o promotor eo primeito intron (McElroy et a. “980).O cassete. Fesponsavel pela expresso da_proteine CP4 EPSPS L214P (cossoto distal) € controlado pelo promotor CaMV 38 moditicado (6358) (Kay et a. 1985; Odell et al, 41885). Nos dois cassetes que se expressam na plants, 0 gene op epsps est igado 8 seqiéneias do peptideo da irénsio para 0 cloroplasio (CTP) baseadas em sequéncias Isoladas da proteina EPSPS de Arabidopsis thaliana. Tals seqUéncies transporam = proleina CP4 EPSPS para o coropasto, que 6 0 local onde normalmerte se enconira a Proteina EPSPS em piantas (so de a¢d0) © ooorre a biossiniese de composios fends © ‘minodcidos aromatcns (Kishore e Shah, 1988) (Os estudos foram conduzidos para caracterzar os proteinss expressas. © doterminar 0s niveis de expressao nos componentes de alimentos e ragtes. Os niveis das protsinas CP4EPSPS © CP4 EPSPS L214P foram estimados em amostras. de forragem © gids coletadas de ollo ambientes representativos da cultura de miho nos Estacos Unidos na safra de 1998. Seis enssios foram conduzidos ulizando 0 sistema de parceias subdivcidas entre o parental convencional e 0 milho NKBIS. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos ulizanda 4 repeticses. Os ensaios foram conduzidos nos estados de owa, tino, Indiana, Kansas e Ohio, e foram ullizados na avabagao da expresso das proteinas CP4 EPSPS e CP4 EPSPS L214P. Amostras de foragem @ gros colada 60 miho NK6O3 e do mio parental convenciona (LH82 X B73) foram analsaéas pela ‘erica de ELISA (Harlow o Lane, 1988) para estimar os niveis das proteinas GPa EPSPS © CP4EPSPSL214P presentes nesses tecidos (Tabela 3.0 niveis das proteinas foram estmados usando a tecnica de ELISA eanduiche com anticorpo duplo, {ue consisted um anticorpo monoclonal ant-CP4 EPSPS como aniicarpo de captura ¢ lum anticorpe poltonal ant-CP4 EPSPS conjugado com uma poroxidade horseradish (HRP) como anticorpo de detecgao. Um substralo pare peroxidade horseradish (substrato TMB ou 3,3'5,6' tevamelibenzideno) foi adiionado para a produgéo de Coloragso. A quantiicagso des proteinas fol realizeda por comparacae da absorbance a amosira (OD) & absotbéncia produzda por um intervalo de concentragtes de (CP4 EPSPS produzida em E. col como padrio de referéncia. A proteina CP4' EPSPS ppadrdo fol purficada de uma lintagem de E. coll que expressa 0 gene cp4 epsps de ‘Agrobacterium sp. cepa CP4. Essa proteina padréo fol previamenie caracteizada (Croon etal, 2001; Croon etal, 20002) (Os niveis estmados das duas proteinas CP4 EPSPS em forrgem e gros do miho NKB03 estio resumidos na Tabela 3 Os valores mencionados representam a Some das dues proteinas CP4 EPSPS, pois o método analiico ELISA reconhece as CTNBIO on” (01200,001980/2002-44) As amostras de Ponta Grasta (PR) no foram coleladas em {ung do ineidente de nvasio do Movimento dos Sem-Terra na Estaczo Experimental da Monsanto. Somente amostras de dois locals (Rolandia, PR; Santa Fislena de Goids, ‘GO) foram enviadas para olaboratéro TECAM (Tecnologia Ambiental Lia., So Paulo, ‘SP) para as andlses de composicdo de grdos @ forragem. As andlises demonsirram ‘que 0 milo NK603 (AGBOTERR), 0 hibdo parental convencional ‘AGEOTG) e os hibridos convencionais (AG7575, DKB350, DKB214, DKB747 e FORT) ndodiferem em termoe dee companentas bromatoiégleos avaliados. (carboidetos, maléria seca, lipideos, proteinas, cinzas e umidede) (Tabela 11), estando dentro das amplitudes pubicades pelo ILSI (www-cropcompositon org; Tabelas 4 ¢ 5). Obsarva-se que osResp rats Nora? 20-ho NED Pree 01200 02204200016, Pina 20. 57 valores obtidos para os diversos pardmetios nas andlises de composicdo do miho 'NK03 coletado no Brasil eso deriro do intervalo de valores apreseniaco ne banco de ‘dados do ILI, ¢, portato, correboram os dados de composigao dos estudos realizados ‘com amostras de Torragem e gros coleladas nos Estados Unidos e na Unido Européia (Tabelas 7 2 11). A Tabele 11 apresenta também os valores minimos e méximos das, parcelasindviduais para cada hibrid, alm da méeia para cada gendtipo testado. Com bbase na confimacéo dos dados de’ composiedo de gros e forragem gerados em ambiontes. agricolas brasieics 6 possivel conciulr que 0. miho” NKEG3 —é Substancalmente equivalent ao milho convencional e, portato, t20 seguro, saudavel © rutitvo quanto 0 milho convencional Tnformagdes sobre @ equivaléncia substancial entre @ mitho NKBOS @ milho ‘convencional fram apresentadas no Documenta 1 (Capitulo E.4, lens 4.1. 420 4. paginas 165 a 192)7 z i (eoes ond) itera (ease ood) (ooss one) a (esos one) ee1 sone {eo0s oned 4) | down eBnvooemm | clomeen | .sweodwos = SopUN SORES “6061 9 3661 uH0 Sope}o}09 COHN OUI op soeL6 we eWBo}o}EWIONG STes0UIN‘seIAY OP OPNEHOD 9 HEGEL, Teor eeu Tr pMRREEOO EID oI S099 om 2 enuon arab §Sodsewee] | eroee Gacoaera) | Teroazor formu) | (omnia) | nn pr sg oP ote— |e anu some "6661 9 8661 to ePID COON OU OP WeBe:H05 we eIBojorEWIOAG © SeIAY oP OpNEIIOD L EIOaL ro ‘Tr pUaRRETz OREO oma som) ou 0 euoN oPsou § sedaeNune ups eupno conn ony ensue conuedee op sui owns) | (ose) eemesn, r= wong OWT 5 oppgoutuy "6661 © 2661 we sopeiojo> c09yN OUI Op so4s6 op sopjozoulme op oRStsodwoD "s EIeREL Ee ETREeen eres wire _| ere wren _| weee ea ees oud {orn | (or sopegoue 9) [toon e190 ‘npgounny ‘Sr RREETaOETO ons ‘009 mtg eneson aPou Setory ROBE OTD ORES camp oun oz eneaON apa edo "ep 882809 cHESUONzeD. [teroe-so00r oa foram) | renew) dot | oo le kes | atts | mena “Heoieues semua “6651 © 9661 we sopei2}09 ‘S093 OUI OP 80836 op soLEpUNdeS soyroqeIoW © 3 EUHEHA ‘eUrsdiN ep JOPIAIN ‘OOH OPIOF OP OPNEIUED “ PIEGEL Tem eRi e i ani! j 2 acee ii ; Tor of 18) | Baan e098) (wal PRON: OO =W a ‘(¥¥-7007/086100'00710 1 O1GNLO 05880018) £002/2002 ees eu sePeret0> cog OUIU Op weBeLI0} 9 SopIB ap sensoWIE Ep O¥s|sodwoD ep SOPENSeR “b} SIEGEL Beate TI pi tsa op OweEsUOHreve ‘err soe vezE eL9E | GRU OW soMDRAY SOIR oe ‘pan | sraeuo¥ THE ‘SPAN | —wunTOSBOW roMonsanto do Bra iss Respotsrabuso Nama 20-ho NKBOS Probert oooanzsnao04 16 Pana 30 de 57 {i A qualidade nutricional do alimento ¢ alterada pela modificagto genética Introduzida? Se postivo, apresentar resultados experimentals. Nao. A produpao de substéncias toxicas ou alergénicas novas no miho NKBO3 no ¢ esperada e ni fol observada nos esludas com animals e nas ebservagées do "(seau9} 9 so4seU! 9p sojppL So101eA) ‘sex09 9 owed ap eanpio8 9 eulsioud ap opS|soduioo 0 essea1eo ep olewipues ‘609 ep OOUEY ap oYUodwsOq “EL KIOqeL, Tr ROERRETOg DITTO TS cnmpy cma -o2 uv nteuon ops 9 seoaeN(61) 210 969 oF) opsuorseag TROTTED oI comp oun 2 swab oP seod=eLMonsanto do Brel Liss. Pina 4 de 57 Resp so Norma 20- mio NAEES Protec? orzo onaau00e 16 Foi também realizada uma avallagao nutrclonal do milho NK603 2omparado ‘com hibridos comercais para frangos. de corte (Gaines et al,, 2001). O mesmo ‘experimento avalou também o mine MON810 (mio resisonte a insetos pela insergo do gene cry1Ab). Fram utlizados 0 miho NKBO3, 0 milho parental isons ‘convencional is hibridos comerciais de miho (C1, C2 e C3). 0 ensaio tere duragio de 14 dias e uiiizou frangos de corte machos de 3 dias de idade, alocaées em 50, {Galois (6 aves/gaiola) em um desenho experimental completamente casvaleado, Para ‘a tratamento, cinco hvides de miho (miho NKB0S, miho parental convencional, C1, C2 @ C2) foram adicionados as dietas na mosma porcentagem. Os parsmatos de 0,05) fossem Stsertaes, Ape 0 Cros 3 elses (8 evexpucl) ram eleadee pas oars valores de energia melaboizados, sem que dferencas fossem observadas (P > 0.05) fem fungo do hibido avaliado. A concluséo do estudo fol de que o mifho NK6OS fot ‘utrioralmente equvalente 80 seu parental convencional em cletas fomecides a frango de corte. Enirtanto, pequenas diferencas foram observadas ene os Wes hibridos comerciais avaliados, Ratos Um estudo teve como objetivo a comparacéo das respostas de ratos ‘alimentaéos com dietas contendo gros produzidos @ partir de um hibride do milho 'NK603 com aos alimentados com dlelas contendo gos dervados do mio parental ‘comvencional e ratos almentacos com ielas contendo gros derivados de ses hibrdos {de mio comercial convencionel de diferentes germoplasmas, cultados em diferentes locals geogricos, designados como controles convencionais (nibrdos Pioneer 3304, ‘Croplan Genetics 461, Crows 363, Campbells 6985, DKS37 e DKSI0) (Cron et al 2004; Croon et al, 200020). Os grB0s do hxido do milho NK6O3 © do milho controle foram produzidos em 1998 no municipio de Fayette, em Ohio. Os gros des hres Convenionals de referéncia foram produzdos em vrs locals @ representam uma lversidade de gendiipos comerciamente disponiveis. Os grdos dos hbridos Convencionais de referencia foram produzidos em Ohio (Crows 363, Plonser 394), Indiana (Campbels 6995), Iowa (Crople Genetics 461) © Colorado (OKS37 e DKS39). A eta formulada fol o veiculo para admiistacso dos graos de mio aos rato. A Purina Tosiet (Retmons, idan) to utizata ‘para femur ‘eas ‘utrcenanente balanceadas contendo gros domino NK603, do controle parental convenconal Ceniolesconvenconais de elerencia, A Purina TestOe!produza ta Rodent #5002" cetiicada para diversas instuigbes de pesquisa, incluindo laboraténos de teste toxicoligico. Antes da formuiagdo das cletas, os gros foram analsados quanto & Presenca dos principals nuvientes © do resicuos de pesticas no Covance Laboratories, em Madison, Wisconsin. Os gros de milho também foram analisados {quanto & contaminagdo potencial de micotoxinas no Romer Labs, em Union, Uissour A finalcade dos testes de pestcidas e de micotoxinas foi garantr que as anostas de ‘rs utlizadas.no estudo de alimentagao néo contivessem niveis inacetaveis de resiuos, o que paderia interfer nos resultados do estudo. O mtho NKB03 também fi ‘analisado quanto @ presenca de residuos de glfosato uma vez que o herbcida fo! * Rodent Dit #5002 6 uma marca comercial registrada da Purina Mis, IncMonsanto do Sas is Resale #inugia Nort r°20- rane N03 aplicado nos cutives de milho NKB03 em Ohio, nas doses indicades no rétulo do produto, "as letas foram formuladas pela Purina TestDit (Richmond, Indiana) de modo 3 ‘serem comperdveis (em termas de composicdo) & deta ceriicada Rodent #5002. © milho NKBO3, © controle parental e 0s contfoles convencionais de referéncia foram Titurados e aticionados as dietas em conceniragbes de aproximadamente 33% pesolpeso lla dose), que é a mesma concentragao encontrada nas detas certicadas cima mencionadas. Os mines NKBO3 e contols também forem adicanados as detes hha concentragio de 11% pesolpeso (babea dose), de modo a avai os efeitos potoncal de resposta a dose que passam ser observados no nivel detéico de 33%, Os ‘dos de miho fomecido pela Purina TesiDit foram adicionados na concentragdo de 22% pesolpeso és cietas de milho na concentracdo de 11% pesolpeso para que 0 teor {otal de mito fosse de até 33% pesoipeso, de forma consistente com todas a8 outras dielas no estuco. As formulas da dieta foram enviades & Purina TestDiet pare & preparacio das dletes «depois ao Covance Laboratories para confimnagso das specticagdes nuticonais das dietas, de residuos de pesicidas e de residuos de Iricotorinas da deta Rodent #6002 corificada, Todas as dietas possulam um teor Similar de proteina e gordura ¢, de modo geral, alendiam 8s especficagdes de dietes ceniicadas. ‘0 estuco utilzau rates Sprague Dawley Cr CD (SD) IGS BR™ om 6 semanas de idede. Os animale foram cbeervados duas vezes 20 da quanto 20 sparecimento de Sinais clinicos adversos. Os exames fisicos Individuals foram reaizades em intervalos Ssemanals 6 os pesos corpoals Individuals foram registrados a cada semana, Durante = primeira semana, a Gioia Rodent #5002 ceriicada foi oferecda aos rai © o consumo Ge alimento de cada animal fl medido nos dia 1, 2© 3. novamente nos dias 4 8 7 do fstudo. Assim, foram gerados dados de consumo basal de alimentos para avaliar palatablidede cas delas formuladas pela Purina TestDiet © que seriam oferecidas a Partr das semanas 2 a 14 do estudo. No da 8 (apés a suspenséo da diela Rodent 195002 certficad), o8 animals de cada grupo receberam as suas respectvas dita: ‘ontendo gr20s do miho NK6U3, do milho controle parental ou dos minos controle de feferéncie. Para a semana 2, 0 consumo de alimento foi medido nos dias 8 a 10 € hovemente nos das 11 a 14 do estudo pera avalar a palatabiicade des dletos ‘ormuladas. Posteriommenta, ¢ consumo de almento referents 8s delat contendo gros, {do milho NKG03, grdos do controle parental e dos conroles convencionsis de referéncia foi medido semenaimente da semana 3.a 14. ‘Os pardmetrosclnicos (nematologi,bioquimica cnica, anise de urna) foram rmedidos em 10 ralos/eexolgrupo apés a quinta e na décima quarta semana do estudo. (Os pardmetos de coagulagao sanplinea foram avaliados no final do sstudo. Apés 14 ‘semanas, fodos 0s animals foram sacrficados © submetidos a necrépsi. Os pesos das ‘reneis, obtebro, coragdo, rns, bago e gSnadas foram registrades. Um conjunto ‘Complete de tecidos de cada animal fol colotado e armazenado em formalina. Os tecidos dos principals orgs (adrenals, osrebro, clon, duodeno, corazlo, le, jejuno, fins, figado, nado infabeo (mesentsrico), ovéros, pncreas, reto, bago, estémago, {esticulbs, tiedide/paretreside) foram examinados microscopicamenie em todos 05 * Sprague Dawioy OOD (SONGS BR & ume mare cerca regs do Charles River Lebron,Monsanto do Bra Lids Pina 36 do 57 ‘Resgosst 8 nto Nematva 20min ‘animais que receberam uma alta dose do iho NKBQS © em animais que receberam 0 mio controle Para as medicées quanttatvas, os grupos alimentados com os grés de milho 'NKE03 foram comparados com os grupos atmentados com a seta de gros contole © ‘2 populagdo controle de reerénciaalimentada oom 6 cies de controle Gonvencionel de ‘eferéncia. Para cada sexo, os dados foram adaptados numa nica andlise do modelo e variancia e combinagbes tratamento-especticas comparadas, utlizando contrasts. 4s dferengas foram avaladas estasticamonte erive soxos (p< 0.05). As medigoes {uantativas (pes0 corporal, consumo de alimento,patologia clinica, dados referentes {0 peso dos érgics) foram analisadas quanto a heierogeneidade da variénca, desvos Io esperados (outliers) outras anomalias que podem comprometer a valsade das mecigoes da andlse padréo acima descitas. Casa tenham ocorido, esses cficudades, foram eliminadas ceetanco-se os desvios no esperados, transformando cados. ou uilzando analogos néo-paramétices das analses pacréo. Todas essas adaplagses foram documentadas. Os grupos controle de refeéncia foram ulilzados para determinar se as diferengas estatisicas foram biologicamente signieatvas. Por exemato, se um Paardmetro dos animais aimentados com © miho NKBOS fo signficatvamenk diferente {om termos estatisticns) dos snimais aimentados com o controle, porem nao ferent da populagio dos contoles de referencia, conclul-se que essa diferenza.ndo fol Diologicamente significative. Os dados microscdpicos foram analisados.ulizando 0 Teste Exalo de Fisher com a corregao de Bonferon. ‘A palatabildade das dietas formuladas cantendo os gros teste ¢ o gto controle {ol semelnante a palatabidade da deta certicada Rodent #5002. Os pesos corpora @ (08 ganhos de peso foram comparaveis para os grupos teste (NKBQS) ¢ core parental convencional e para a populagdo controle convenconal de referéncia, Houve somente suas ocasioes om que ocorrou uma dferenga estatisicamente sgnificatva no peso ofporel absoluo; durante as semanas 4 @ 7, 0s machos qUe receberam aia dose de milho NK603 pesavam mais que a popuiagéo dos cantoles de referénca, No entanto, ‘08 machos que receberam a dose alla de NKEOS nao foram diferentes dos contoles Perentais de alla dose © no houwe diferengas em balxa dose, Foram cbservadas: oucas diferengas no ganho de peso semanal ou no ganho de peso cumultivo em ‘ambos 08 sex0s. Porém, essas diferencas pareceram ocorrr aleatoraments entre oS ‘grupos, nem sempre foram relacionadas 4 dose endo forem consistontemente ‘observadas de uma somana para a outa. ‘Somente poucas dferengas estatsicamente signifcativas foram observadas em termes de consumo de alimento. Nos casos em que howve diferengas, 0 censumo de ‘alimento fol geralmenis maior (5 a 10%) nos grupos que receberam cieias contendo os {97808 de miho NK603 em comparagdo as populagées controle parental e de efersnca, Os parémetros hematologic foram, em geral, comparaves entre os grupos do mio 'NK603 e os grupos conirole parental « de referéncia. As poucas diferengas ebservadas foram geraimente de pequena dimensio, ndo relacionadas a dose (obse-vadas no ‘grupo que recebeu a baixa dose, porém nao no grupo que recebeu @ alta dose) e no foram consistentemente observadas quando comparadas com os grupos controle, ou sea, diferentes do grupo controle parental, porem no da populagdo de contoles de ‘referencia. Os pardmetros de bioquimica clinica foram gerslmonte comparaves entre os ‘grupos do NKG03, os grupos controle parental ea populagao da controle de relersnca, As poucas diferencas observadas foram geralmente de pequera dimensao, 280 foram Telacionadas @ dose (observadas no grupo que recebeu a baiva dose, porém no no sTupo que recebeu @ alia dose) @ no foram consistentemente observades. QuandoSESE ett nto Up a ‘comparadas. com 0s grupos controle, ou sea, diferentes do grupo controle parental, porém no da populagdo de controle de releréncia. A maioria das pequeras dierencas (@ saber, uréie sérca, creatinine, alco) demonstrou redugées en relacdo aos Controles, cferengas essas que ndo foram consideradas biologicamene signicaivas, ‘Além disso, melade das diferencas cbservadas na amostragem preliminar no foi ‘observada na amostragem final. Nenhuna das. diferencas. foi considerada biologicamenta relevante. Os parémevos de andlise de urna e de bioquimica da urina foram geraimente compardveis entre os grupos do NKB0S e os grupos controle parental (© 2 populace de controle de referéncia. AS poucas diferencas obsenadas na bioquimica da ura nao foram relacionadas 4 dose (observadas no grupo que recebeu 2 Balsa dose, porém ngo no grupo que recebeu a alla dose) nem foram Consistentemente observadas quando howe a comparacio com os. dois gfupos Controle, ou sela, diferentes do grupo controle parental, porém no da populagso de controle de referéncia. Metade das dierencas observadas na coleta prelminar no fol ‘bservada na colela terminal. Nenhuma das diferengas acma mencionadas fo atibuida '808.tratemenios (milo NKEO3, controle parental convencional e referéncies onvencionas), Houve apenas poucos achados patolégicos macroscépicos, Essas slleracSes ‘so comumento observadas em ralos e foram aleatoriamente dstrbulses entre Todos (08 grupos sem qualquer relagdo com o tratamenio. Os pesos dos érgAcs, 08 pesos dos ‘6190s em relagdo ao peso corporal e a0 peso do cérebro foram comparavels entre os ‘grupos do milho NK603 e do controle parental» © populagao de contoe de referéncia, {© pequeno aumento do peso do figado (aproximadamente 9%), em comparacdo a0 controle parental, « do peso dofigado no grupo dos machos que recebe'am a alta dose, no ol observado quando compared 4 popuiagéo de controls de refréncia. O peso o figado em relacso 80 peso Go cérebro no grupo que recebeu a ata dose nao fol ilerente do controle parental ou da populagdo controle de referénicia. Aciferenga nfo é Cconsiderada de signiieancia biologiea Uma vez que nentium sinal cinco 6e toxildade hepatica fo! identficado, tanto macro quanto mictoscopicamente. No houve evidéncia e diferengas microscépicas relacionadas 20 ralamento nos tecidos dos machos e das ‘émeas do grupo de teste que receveu a dose elevada quando comparados aos controles parentais machos © as fEmeas que receberam a dose elevada. Ratos alimentados com dietas & base de ardos do mio NKEOS, formulades pera atender 8s especticacées de cistas cetiicadas, apresentaram respostas similares &s dos ratos alimentados com dietas controle a base de miho parenial e dices controle de Teferéncia a base de grdos de miho. Alsm disso, os parémetros cinicos (hematologia, bioguimica. clinica, andlise de urina) e achados de patologia.microscopica & macroscopica nos animaisalimentados com dielas a base de NK6O3. foram Tavoravelmente comparados aos parametros de ratos nas populagées controle parental ‘2 contole de referencia. Os resullados deste estudo confrmaram que ¢ mlho NK6O3 & ‘Compardvel 20 milho convencional quanto & qualidade nuticionale seguranca alimentar para mamiferos coma ros. (Quo estudo comparou as respostas de ras aimentados com diatas contendo ‘0 miho NKB03 com as respostas de ratos alimentados com dietas contendo gros do parental convencional (PC) e com uma série de cistas contendo grdos de hibridos Comercial, ou seja,contvoles de referéncia (HC) (Hammond et al, 2004), Um total de 4400 ralos Sprague Dawley mactos e fémeas (com eproximadamente seis semanas de dade) fol dvcido em 10 grupos de 20 raloslsexolgrupo, Os animals fram aimentados com uma das seguintes dlelas durante 13 semanas: 11 ou 33% (posolpeso) de grosMonsanto de Bras ida, gina 38 6057 erp inure Nomatia 9 20-ro AXIS Processor? 01200 D022 6 4 miho NK603 moidos; 11 ou 83% de gros de miho PC moidos ou 39% de gros de ‘mh HC moidos (6 hibridos comerciais foram testados). Todas as delat foram formuiadas pela Purina TestDiet (Richmond, indiana) para serem o mals semelhante possivel as detas cetiicadas Purina Rodenti#5002, que contém aproximadamente 33% {e grdos moidos de miho. As detas com 11% de gros de mtho NK603 ou PC foram ‘suplomentadas com 22% de gros de miho convencional para elevaro total de gros para 33%, 0 que é consistente com ouras dielas, Amostras de gras e detas foram ‘analsadas para veriicar a composiglo de nutentes, resiouos de pesticides © ‘micoloxinas, Todas ae dietae foram balanceadas para serem rutndonalmente ‘Squivalentes, As observagSes foram fellas cuss vezes por sia para avaliar morialided ‘¢animais monbundos e uma vez por da para aval sinais de toxidade. Anostras de ‘Sangue @ urna foram coleladas de 10 arimalslsexo/grupo dras apos 46 12 semanas, ra analises (quimica do sangue, hematologia © urna). Apos 13 semanas, todos os ‘nimais foram ‘sacriicados, ‘seguingo-ee a necropsia ea pesagem r= tecidos ‘eleconados. © peso médio, o peso corporal, 0 consumo de alimentos, os parémetros, patolégios (quimica do sangue, hematologia @ urina). 0 eso dos Srgdos @ ¢ aparéncia ‘Fosseira e microscdpica dos tecidos foram comparavels para 0908 os grupos. OS Tesulades. dese estudo complemertaram os extensivos ‘estudos agronimicos, de ‘composigao © 6e nuircso animal que. foram realzados com o.mito NK6O3, Confimando que o mio toleante ao gifosao é to seguro, saudavel e nutvo quanto ‘08 hibridos de miha convencional em comércio. ‘Novithos (Gado de corte) Dos experimentos foram conduzidos para compararo valor nuticional do milho INK603. com hibridos convencionais para. novihos (Erickson etal, 2003). Os ‘watamontos inciuiram dois hibrides.convencionais distnios como referéica (REF), 0 Conitole isolitha convencional (CON) eo milo NKEO3, resuitando em duas ‘comparactes. pré-planejadas de CON x NK6O3 @ NKBOS x média das REF. No Experimento 1 (mino NK603), 198 novihos (BW = 420 kg) foram alimentasos em 28 ‘cofcados com sete corcadosihibide de miho. No Experimenta 2 (milho NKBO3), 200 novihos foram almentados em 20 cercados, com um desenho experimental somelhante ‘20 experimento 1 cinco cercadosihibrido de miho. Todos os experimentos foram ‘conduzidos em desenho completamente casualizado o utlizaram miho presuzido nas ‘esiagoes de pesquisa das universiades de. lino (Experimento 1) © de Nebraska (Experimento'2). Nos dos experimentos a DMI (ingestdo de Matéria Seca), a ADG (Media Diara de Gano) e efcténciaslimentar foram similares (p> 0,30) entre o miho 'NK603 e REF. No Experimenta 1,0 miho NKEO3 nao fol ciferente (p> 0,25) 30 controle para desempenho de crescimento. No Experimenta 2, 0 milho NK603 nao fi cferente fo controle para ADG © DMI (p > 0,18) au efciénciaalimentar (p = 0,08). Nao foram ‘observes dferencas entre o mitho NK6O3 @ o controle ou entre © mio NK6OS © as REF para peso de carcassa, rea longissimus dors! e notas de marroreamento (intercalaggo de gordura com came magra em um corte de came) em qualquer dos fexperimentos, Pequenas diferencas entre o mifho NK6OS e 0 controle canvencional ou 26 referéncias foram enconivadas para espessura de gordura em cada experimento Enivetanto, os animais alimentados com o milho NK6O3 néo_tveram um valor Consistentemente maior e vatiaram em relagSo a0 controle ou & referénci (mas nao Contrastaram em ambos) dentro de um experimento. Baseado nesses resultados, & Insergao do gene cod epsps nao teve um efeito signifcativo na qualidade nuicional do miho’ para novihes. © desempenho © as caracersticas de carcassa néo foramMonsanto do Bae Li, espa Norma °20-ho NKGOD Proseen 1200 anz280 00018 Infuenciados, 0 que sugere que o miho NK603 é to seguro, saudével © nutritive {quanto o simiae canvencional quand formacido como alimento pare gado de corte, ‘Um experimento de 144 las fol conduzido uilzando 200 noviho bovino para terminagdo (321 kg) para avaliar 0 efeitos do milho NKB0S quanto eo desempenho e {8s caracterisicas de carcassa de novihos. Os tatamentos conslstram éo mio NK6OS, {60 hibrido controle convencional RXG70 (PAR) ou um dos hibridos comerciais ‘convencionas (RX740 (COM), DK847 (CON2)). © gado fo alocado ao acaso, com dez rnovihosieercado usando um GRD (5 cercadositratamento}. As diatas (base matéria seca) consistram de: 10% steep liquor, 7.5% alfa molda; $,0% suplemento seco; & 7.8% do vies de mine incurring de mati eae ou DMC) ‘08 hibridos de milo NK6Q3, PAR, COM 1 © COM2 foi, respecivamente, 10,9, 0.8, 109. 11,1. © ganho médio dio (ADG) nao fol ren ene os hides, ango 1.78, 1.87, 1:78 © 1/84 Kold pare o miho NK6O3, PAR, COM © COM2, respectivamente. Além disso, a efcéncia, medida como ADGIDM! fe 0,163, 0,172, 0,163 @ 0,16 para o mio NKBOS, PAR, COMI e CONZ, respectivamente, Oxerencas signiicatvas no foram observadas enira o miho NK6O3 @ a méda dos hibridos ‘omercais no peso inicial e final, DMI, ADG ou eficéncia alimentar. Além disso, Sferengas (p < 0.05) no foram delectadas entre o milho NK6O3 e 9 PAR para os ‘mesmos parémetos acim, Simlarmente, 2s caracterisicas de carcassa e composigl0 da came no demonstaram diferengas quando foram comparados os tratamentos do iho NK603 e dos dems hibridos convencionas. Portanto,o milho NK60S apresentou ‘equivaléncia substancial em relacao ao controle parental © aos hibrdos comercais Convencionais quando formecido como. aimento para novihos, sendo to seguro, seudve enutriivo quanto o mio convenciona Vacas leiteiras, Um experimento fi realizado com o objetivo de vali o efeto do mitho NK603 ro consumo de alimentos e produgso de lite de vacas lileras, conparado com 0 hibise convencional parental e dois hibridos comarials como referéncias (Grant etal, 12002), Dezesssis vacas leteras Holstein (96 Dias de Leite - DIM) foram indicadas para lum dos quatro tratamertos em um quadrado Latino 4X4 com periados da 28 dias (14 das de adapiacio © 14 dias de coleta). As detas contnham 40% (Base DM ~ Matéria Soca) da siagem de miho NKEC3, sagem de miho controle (pareral) ou de dois hibridos comerciais de miho convencional. Cada dieta continha tambén 23% de gr80s. do milho dos mesmos hibrdes que forneceram siagem. A sllagom fol coletada no ‘mesmo estigio isiclégico para todos 0s hibridos © @ composiso quimica foi siiler entre eles, exceto para matéra seca. A sagem do milho NKBO3 foi coltada por timo fas condigdes de secagem resultaram em uma silagem menos mide (42,5% de ‘matéria seca) © menos fermentada do que a siagem do controle @ das referéacias (média de 36,5% de matéria seca). Consequentemenie, no howve efeto da cista com ‘omilho NK603 na eicéncia na produeso de late corigido para 4% ce gordura (FCM ou Fat corrected mil) (FCMingest#o de matéria ceca) que apresentou média de. 1,43, kgikg para todas a5 cietas. Os contetdos de gorduras (3,919), proteinas reais (3,07%), lactose (4.66%), sbidos ndo gordurosos (SNF) (8.61%), contagem de celuias somaticas (SCO) (144.8%) e uréia nitrogénio no lite (20,8 mgd) no foram infuenciados pelas Gigs. Nas condig6es do experimento, a dieta contendo miho NKBXS resuliou em sinilar composigao do leite¢ eficéncia de produgdo de FCM se comparada com a dicta Contendo © milho parental conrole ou os dois Ribridos convencionas uilizados como referencias.Monsanto do Bra Liss. Pina 40 de 57 Respite nes Noma 20-rio NOTS Em um oulro estudo, dezessols vacas llteras Holstein com 74 dias de produgdo de late (74 DIM) foram uliizadas para comparar os efelos de desempenho ‘animal apés alimentagdo com silagem de plant totale gros do mitho NKBOB, do mitho Controle parental e de dois hibridos convencionais (DK647 e RX740)(jpharaguerre et ‘al, 2003), © material testado foi produzdo nas mesmas condigées e paticas ‘3gronémicas na Universidade de ilinis, nos Estados Unidos. As detas contnham 30% {e slagem @ 27.34% de gras (Base DM - Matria Seca). Além do conteido da matéria seca da silagem, a composicso quimica dos quato hibridos testados (arose silagem) {ol substancialmente equivaient, As dietas contendo 0 milo NKBOS (24,6 kgid) © 0 hibriso OKG47 (24,5 kai) tonderam (p « 0,08) a decrescer a ingestlo de matéra seca (DIM) quando camparadas com @ inhagem controle (25,5 kg) o hibrido R740 (26,1 gid), Ingestéo de proteina crua, fbva detergente dcido (FOA), fra detergente neutro (FDN) @ carbolcratos nao fiorosos foram senlares (p > 0,05) para vacas que se ‘alimentaram do miho NKBO3 e do mio controle. A deta contendo 0 hibido RX740 Fesultou na maior ingestio de fbras e de proteina cua (p < 0,03), enquanto ue a dieta ‘contendo hibrido OKB47 resultou na menor ingestéo de protaina crua (p < 0,01) Essas_dilerencas na ingesto de nutientes ocorreram em fungdo das. pequenas ‘ariagbes tanto em DIM quanto em composigao quimica dos ingredientesalinentares e diotas experimenials. A produgao delete, 3.5% FCM, gorcura, proteina cra, proteina verdadeia o silidos tolals (médias = 2,1; 93,0," 1.2, 0; © 40 gid, Fespectivaments), © @ porcentagem de gordura no Ieite, proteina ‘cra, proteina verdadeira e sbidos totals (médias = 3,68; 3,27; 3,08; 12,39, respectivamente), assim como uréia N no lite (méda = 15,2 maid) @ contagem de células somatcas (SCC) {radia = 167 (108 my) ndo foram ‘afetadas polos tatamentos (p > 0,05). Os dados indicaram que a insereao estavel do gene cp4 epsps no milho NK503, nfo aetou a sua Composigao quimica © o seu valor rulfional para vacas letras, quando comparado 20 miho convencional. Poftanto, esta & mais Uma evidénca de que o mio NKBO3 & ‘Wo seguro, saudavel enutivo quanto o milo convencional para vacas litres. ‘suinos: ‘Dois estudos foram conduzidos em dois locals para avaliar o desempenho de croscimento @ caractristcas de carcassa de suinos de corte almentados com dietas tontende © min NK603, ou © miho controle geneticamente similar convencional (X670), ou duas fonts de milno convencinal (RX740 e DKB47) (Hyun eta, 2004). 0 esenho de blocos completes eo acaso (és e quarto bloces nos estudos 1 © 2, Fespectivamente) com um arranjo dos tratamentos em um fatorial 2X4 (dos sexos © 4 linhagens ce miho) fol ulizado. O estudo 1 usou 72 machos castrados e 72 fémeas jvens (agrupades em grupos de 6 incviduos de Unica sexo; ses cercados por dleta) om peso corporal inal @firal de aproximadamente 22 e 116 kg, respectvamente. O festudo 2 usu 80 machos castrados e 60 fémaas jovens (agrupados em grupos do 5 Indlviduos de unico sexo; oto cercados por deta) com peso corporal inicile final de ‘aproximadamente 30 0 120 kg, respectivamente. No’ estudo 1 os. aninais foram ‘olocados em uma construgéo modicada aberia na free © no estudo 2 em uma ‘consirugdo de engorda com ambiente contolado. Os hbros de mio testados foram Incluidos. nas dietas em uma proporgéo fixada em ambos os estudos. Os animals ‘ivoram acesso ad ldstum & aimentacdo e Agua. Os animals foram abatidosutlizando~ ‘@ procedimentos padréo e as medidas de carcassa foram anotadas. De maneira geral, no estudo 1 a ADG (média didia de ganho), ADFI (mécia disria de ingestdo de ‘alimento), © ganho:simeniagso (G:F) nao foram afelados (p > 0,05) polo hibrido doPhoina At 6057 ‘iho contido na dista. No estudo 2, de mansia goral nfo houve efeio do hibrido de / mitho na ADFI (como base de alimento) ou razao G:F. Adicionaimente, a ADG de ‘achos castrados alimentados com os quatro pos de hibridos no fi diferente (p > 0,05), enretanto, @ ADG de femeas jovensalimentadas com o milho DKB47 fol malor (9 0,05) que daquelas almentacas com outros hibrgos de mina. No howva efeto (p > 0,05) go tipo de hiro no rendimento de carcassa ou meds de gorcura em qualquer os. estudos. As diferencas entre machos castrados e fémeas ovens para Caracterisicas de crescimento e carcassa foram geralmente similares pare ambos 08 estudos @ estiveram ainhadas com estudos prévies. De manera geral, os resullados Indicaram que o mio NK60S proporciona um desempenfo animal equivalents aquele fomecido pelo mito convencional para porcos de engorda. Portanto, esta & mais uma evidéncia de que 0 mitho NK603 ¢ t20 seguro, saudavel e nutritive quanto 0 milho ‘onvenciona para suinos de corte. (Outro experimento fol realizado pare svaiar 0 desempenho de crescimento & ‘mensurara qualdade da carcassa de suinos de corte almentados com datas contendo ‘omiho NKBO3 que expresse a proteina CP4 EPSPS, o miho parental controle, ou dues ‘ontes de miho comercial convencional. © experimento ullzou 72 macros castrados © 72 fémeas jovens com um paco inal de aproximadaments 110 kg (Fscher et al, 2002). 08 animals foram alocados em um desenho de blocos complelos ao acaso com lum arranj dos tatamentos om um fatorial 2x 4 (dois sexos x quatro hibrdos de milho) © experimento continuou até um peso médio de $82 kg, quando se realizou o abate. Untrassons em tempo real foram fetos no timo dla do experimento. AS medisas de ‘qualidade de carcassa foram realizadas 24 horas postmortem. A média dia de ganho (ADG), a média daria de ingestgo de slmento (ADFI) e @ efcéncia. almentar (ADGIADFr) nao foram afetadas pelo tipo de hibrdo de mio ingerdo, mas howve um ‘felo do sexo para todas as caraceristices de desempenho de ciescimento, com ‘machos castrados com maior (p< 0,007) ADG e ADF! e melhor eficiénca allmentar (p= 10.001) do que fémeas jovens. As medidas de ulvassom foram similares enire os hibridos, embore tenha ocorido um efelio do sexo para sspessura Je gordure das ‘costas (BF), com fémeas jovens mostrando valores menores (p < 0,001) de BF que ‘achos castrados. Nao houve diferenga nas medidas de gordura das cosas na linha Go melo da carcassa enive os hfrdos, mas houve dferenga signiicava entre machos ‘castrads « fémees jovens, com fémees jovens apresentando menor (p< 0,05) BF que. machos castrados. As medidas de condulvidade eidrica tolal do carpe no foram 4afetadas pelo tipo de hibridoingerido, mas 0 peso da carcassa quents foi maior (p < (0,001) em machos castrados que em fémeas jovens. Além disso, a porcentagem primal € 8 porceniagem de carcassa magra foram maiores (p < 0,01) em f@rreas jovens que fem machos castrados. As notas de qualidade do misculo longissimus foram similares. fenire os hibridos ingeridos e entre machos castrados e femeas jovens, xo2t0 para pH, {que fol maior (p < 0,05) am machos casirados que em fémeas jovens. As andilses da ‘composigdo do masculo longissimus revelaram que no houve um eieto do tipo de hibrido de milho ingerido (9'> 0.08) ou do sexo (p > 0,05) para parcentagens de proteins, gordura e gua. O mio NK60S (2.98%) diferiu(p < 0,04) do controle parental (2.20%), mas no ders dos hbridos comercais de mio (3,08 e 3.08%) em contetdo {6 gordura no longissimus. Em resumo, néo howe diferengas no cesempenho de ‘rescimonto ou nae medides de careassa em euinas de corte alimentos com deta contendo © mitho NK6Q3, ou 0 parental controle ou duas fontes de niho comercial convencional. Assim, 0 mio NKB0S pode ser usado em substitigéo do. milho convencional nas dietas de suinos de corte, pois se mostrou t8o segs, saudével & Vip (7‘Monsanto de Bras Lis, cine 42 6057 ‘espa nro Nometia n° 20-mibo D3 Prosan 120500220708: rutrivo quanto © milho convencional. Portanto, esta 6 mais uma evidéncia de que © milhe NKB0S 6 tdo Seguro, saudavel e nut quanto © milho convencional para suinos decors, Em outro estudo com suinos, 0 objetivo foi comparar 0 desempenho de ‘crescimento @ as caracleris cas de carcassa de sulnos de corte, almertados com deta contendo 0 miho NKB0S (genttipo A), com o milho controle parental (gendtipo B) ‘¢ duas Inhagens comerciais de miho convencional (genétipos C © ) (Bressner etal, 2002). O deserho do estudo fol completamente 30 acaso © comparou os quatro tratamentos (dietas), em um programa de trés fases. As dietas da fase de ‘desenvolvimento (30 a 50 kg de peso corporal) continham 1,02% de lsina tla: 18.5% proteina crua e 3,370 kcal MEIK9, As detas do inicio a fase Tnal (50a 80 kc) e.da fase final aria (80 a 120 kg) foram formuladas para conter 0,78 ¢ 0.67% de isna, 15.0 6 18,5% de proteina crua e 3,383 ¢ 3.395 kcal MEikg, respeciivamente. Todas as dietas {foram formuladas com uma quantidadefixada de mio: 65, 74 @ 77% para as fases de desenvolvimento, fase do crescimento inilal @ fose tarda, respectvamens. Os 160 animais hibxdos comerciais(nimeros iguals de machos castrados e fémeas jovens) Toram criados de 29,9 + 3,08 a 119,4 + 5,96 kg de peso corporal em grupes de cinco animals de apenas um sexo e com acesso ad fstum & comida e gua durante todo 0 stud. Os ambientes foram contrlades e apropriados para engorda. No final do Periodo de teste, os animais foram abatidos om uma plania comercial © as medidas- padrto de carcasea foram anoladas. Os animals almentados com os quatro gendtipos 4e milho tveram similar (p > 0,05) ADF (2,45 a 2.54 kg; SEM 0,042), ADG (943 a 988 g ‘SEM 14,4) e razdo ganho-aimentagao (0,37 a 0,39; SEM 0,004). Adicionsimente, 25, ‘medidas de carcassa (porcentagem de dressing, comprimento de carcassa, magreza da ‘ordura das cosias e ree de misoulo longissimus) nao foram diferentes (p > 0,05) {entre as inhagens de milho. Notas subjetvas de cor do masculo longissimus, frmeza e ‘marmoreamento (ntercalacéo de gordura com came magra em um corte de carne) foram tradas na déoima cosiela @ foram similares (p > 0,05) entre os gendtipos de milho, Fémeas jovens comparadas com machos castrados tiveram menor (p < 0.01) Ingesiao de alimento, taxa de desenvolvimento © magreza da gordura cas costas, fembora maior razdo ganho:alimentagio (p< 0.01). Os resultados desse estudo

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