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RCOO*)
R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can b sat!rat " or !nsat!rat ". [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound] The history of soap manufacturing
sa#oni$ication"
What is saponification? +' sa#oni$ication #roc ss is t' #roc ss o$ '("ro%i(,ing $ats or oi% !n" r a%-a%in con"itions.
Therefore, +' sa#oni$ication #roc ss in0o%0 s boi%ing $ats or oi%s 1it' conc ntrat " so"i!m '("ro2i" to #ro"!c g%(c ro% an" t' so"i!m sa%ts o$ $att( aci"s or soa#s. General equation
is poured into a bea)er0 eated0 stirred until it boilin! [t e layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled"
Glass rod /ea)er Palm oil .oncentrated sodium ydro'ide solution
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Tripod stand
boiled a!ain and cooled" # ite precipitate is formed Spatula and floats on t e surface of t e mi'ture"
Sodium c loride Precipitation of soap is float
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Sodium c loride reduces t e solubility of soap in *ater0 t erefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats"
3
2i'ture of fatty acids0 salts and *ater %ilter funnel .onical flas)
%iltrate
Residue 4soap5
Distilled *ater
%iltrate
Proc "!r : 1" 17 cm3 of palm oil is measured *it measurin! cylinder 17ml and poured into a bea)er -87ml" -" 87 cm3 of concentrated sodium ydro'ide solution 8 mol dm9 3 measured *it measurin! cylinder 87ml and poured in t e bea)er" 3" T e mi'ture is eated and stirred *it !lass rod until its boilin! for 8 minutes" T en0 t e flame is turned off and t e mi'ture is left to cool" 6" 87 cm3 *ater and a fe* spatulas of sodium c loride *as added to t e mi'ture and boiled a!ain for 8 minutes" T en0 t e flame is turned off and t e mi'ture is left to cool" [1'it #r ci#itat is $orm " an" $%oats]" 8" T e mi'ture is filtered *it filter paper0 and t e residue 4soap5 is *as ed by distilled *ater" Example
Pa%m oi% ) so"i!m '("ro2i" / so"i!m #a%mitat ) g%(c ro%
Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium!
7E+ER8EN+
What is detergent? 7 t rg nt is so"i!m sa%t $or s!%#'onic aci". S!%#'onic aci" is an organic aci" 1it' c'ain % ngt's o$ 12 to 18 carbon # r mo% c!% . T"o common detergent; i" Sodium al)yl sulp ate R O
O 9 S 9 O
O: Na)
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Sodium al)yl sulp ate ? Sodium al)ylben1ene sulp onate are anionic deter!ent" PREPARAT@ON O% SOD@A2 AB=CB SABP:ATE Step 1, Sulp onation
Step -, Neutrali1ation T e al)yl sulp onic acid is neutrali1ed by usin! sodium ydro'ide"
So"i!m '("ro2i"
A%-(% b n, n
Step 3, Neutrali1ation
) NaOH
So"i!m '("ro2i" So"i!m a%-(%b n, n s!%#'onat ;7<
Na)
=at r
End