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Author:

Kalidasa
Title:

The Sakuntala
Place:

in

Hindi

London
Date:

1876

BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD TARGET

Author
Title:

K alidas a.

Published: Description;

the text of Kanva Lachhman Sinh The Sakuntal a in Hind i critically edited, with grammatical, idiomatical, and exegetical notes, by Frederic Pincott. London Wm. H. Allen, 1876.
:

xii,

137 p.

26 cm.

MICROFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES

BETHLEHEM, PA 18017

on behalf of American Theological Library Association and

Yale Divinity School Library
Joipt Preservation Project of the American Theological Library Association and Yale Divinity School Library, funded in part by the Pew Charitable Trusts

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THE SAKUNTALA
IN

HINDI
LICHHMAN SINK

THE TEXT OF

KAMA
WITH

GRAMMATICAL, IDIOMATICAL, AND EXEGETICAL NOTES,

BY

EHEDETIIC PINCOTT^
MEMBER or THE ROYAL ASIATIC
SOCIETT.

>

-mtm

<

LONDON:
WM.
H.

ALLEN AND

CO., 13,

WATEKLOO PLACE, PALL MALL,

1876.

S.W.

t. *t.|

^'<;

Iir

iS

London

W. H. Allen and

Co.,

Pbintees, Waterloo Place, S.W.

X\xs

PREFACE.
The
object of the present

work

is to

provide those wishing to learn

the Hindi language with a text-book of an advanced character.

At

the present time there

is

only one Hindi text-book in existence, the

Sindi Reader ; a work in every respect admirably suited to the end To for which it was designed, namely, that of an introduction. follow this, books have had to be selected from the best that offered themselves among those recently published in India. These works are
translations

from either Sanskrit, Persian, or English books, and were ipublished for the information of the Hindus on the subjects of which they respectively treat; but, however suitable they may be in their place, no care whatever was taken to make them proper vehicles for imparting a' knowledge of the Hindi idiom. Their authors could not, indeedj- have ever expected them to come to be used for such a purpose
-

and they abound in

features,

irregularities of

grammar and

construction, false

gender, unsystematic spelling, provincialisms,

and other objectionable

which are likely to confuse much rather than to instruct the learner. For these and other reasons, it was felt that (considering the growing importance of the Hindi language) an advanced text-book specially prepared for the use of Europeans and Indians familiar with the English language could not be otherwise than welcome. The present volume is offered as such a book.

The reasons
and
satisfactory.

for ehoosing the

Sakuntald for this purpose are many Eirst, the Sakuntald is a thoroughly Indian tale,
.

breathing a purely Indian sentiment ; Secondly, the legend is most popular in India, so that all about to reside there ought to be familiar with it, to avoid a feeling akin to that of a man who should pretend to
education in England without having read Shakspear
;

Thirdly, the

I
y\

mSStSmmmSmlKSm

PREFACE.

play incidentally imparts a large amount of mythological and other

such facts most useful to he acquired, and which none of the works now used as Hindi text-books contribute, with the solitary exception of the

romance found in the dreary pages of the Frema-sdgara ; * Fourthly, the language in which the Sakuntald is written is not so stilted and so pedantically Sanskritic as the

run of that which

is

intended to be classical.

The

from the Sanskrit, necessarily contains a good many Tatsama words but the translator does not seem to have gone out of his way to bring in Sanskrit vocables;! on the contrary, he does not hesitate to employ, occasionally, both Persian and Arabic, when they seem most fitting. No doubt he could have gone further
play, being a translation
;

in this direction, without disadvantage to his work; but

certainly
feel

we should

thankful that he has not studied

to

exaggerate the

mischiefs which well-meaning but unthinking Pandits are bringing

upon the language they

profess to love.

Perhaps the strongest reason

inevitably colloquial in style

for selecting the Sakuntald for a text-book lies in the fact that. Fifthly,

the play, being a series of dialogues,

is

and thus the book forms an excellent introduction to ordinary conversation in the Hindi language. This method of acquiring colloquialisms is a very practical one the thread of the narrative giving an interest to the speeches, which conduces to their dwelHng in the mind. A few crumbs of poetry, also, are to be found in the book and these will give
; ;

the student a taste of what he

may

expect in that somewhat

difficult

kind of composition.
It
is

not necessary to give here any detailed description of the plot

of the Sakuntald.

reading the text

Those learning Hindi can ascertain all about it by and those not learning Hindi can find what they want

* This work, furthermore, presents, in a thoroughly artificial phraseology,

only one

phase of the late and corrupt form of Brahmanism more general form of belief.

the Sakuntald illustrates the older

and

t With regard

to this class

of words,
is

it

may justly

be urged that, as the vulgar Hindi

must be enriched from some source, there

more hope

that Sanskrit

words

will

take

root

among the people, than there is that unusual Persian or other foreign vocables will do so. Words which are fairly well known, however, whatever be their origin, are vastly preferable to resuscitated Sanskrit. It is much to be regretted that Paridits do not see that every unnecessary Sanskrit

word they employ

is

a fresh obstacle to the natural development of Hindi.

PREFACE.
in Professor

VII

Monier WilKams's translation of the Sanskrit original. It is enough to say that King Dushyanta, having plighted his troth to one Sakuntala, subsequently, under the influence of a Brahman's curse, loses all recollection of the fact. When Sakuntala comes before him, he ignores her and she is unable to release him from the curse, having, in the interim, lost a ring into which talismanic virtue had been infused. The subsequent recovery of the ring recalls Dushyanta from his obliviousness and, shocked at the injustice he had unwittingly done, he refuses consolation, until he has regained his mistress, and acknowledged her as a wife. The legend itself is among the oldest in India for Sakuntala is spoken of in the Satapatha-brahmana and her mother Menaka is mentioned in the Vajasaneya-sanhita of the Yajurveda. In the Mahabharata the whole tale wiU be found in much the same form in which it is here given by Kalidasa whence it appears that the poet has embodied a genuine tradition, and has not presented us with a mere invention.
; ;
; ; ;

The chief historical value of the play consists in the social and moral state of things which it exemplifies. We have before us a life-like picture of the Hindus, men and women, as they were in the time of Kalidasa and, although in some respects we may disrelish it, the picture is, on the whole, by no means disagreeable. We find an innocent play of feeling, and a conscious striving after virtue, which impart, and must always impart, a deep human interest to this drama. The whole is so eminently natural, so full of artless simplicity, and so devoid of all artificialness, that the characters come before the mental eye as living beings, and the reader irresistibly feels that " touch of nature " which
;

invests with kinship to us even these legendary creations of distant

India.

Conformably to Eastern ideas, the machinery of the play is supernatural ; but this can scarcely be considered as a defect, inasmuch as
the play hinges on it essentially. The eaves-dropping of King Dushyanta does not seem to have been thought ungentlemanly ; though
it

may have been intended to illustrate one of the littlenesses of great men. The King, however, is not the best drawn character in the play. The witty, credulous, selfish, and vain Madhavya is far above him as an

mmm
vm
artistic conception.

PREFACE.
The
latter is the

prevents

all

risk of tedium by his absurd

Sancho Panza of the piece, and sallies and clumsy drollery.

is

The

portraiture of the old Doorkeeper, also,

tions on delivering a message (p.

In his reflec52), we have an amusing pictura of

excellent.

temporizing subservience, mingled with a singularly natural dash of

cunning, which shows

how
sex.

true an insight Kalidasa possessed into the

weaknesses of his
is

own

The representation of the female characters

generous
are the

simply charming.

Sisterly affection, kindly forbearance,

assistance, tender

solicitude for the welfare

of others,

such

virtues

which the reader is taught to expect in the gentler sex. The intellectual and social status of women is revealed by the circumstance that Kalidasa felt it necessary to make the King give Sakuntala a ring with three letters upon it, so that, by reckoning one letter each day, she might be able to compute the three days he intended to absent himself from her (p. 75). Indeed, it is insinuated that women are designedly kept ignorant; for, in p. 61, we read that "women-folk without instruction exceed men in craftiness should they become wellinstructed, there is no knowing what they would do " Moreover, we discover, from p. 50, that woman was esteemed a mere chattel for the gratification of her lord [pati), as the husband is not inappropriately It is, however, fair to add that this last passage is found in only called. the Bangali recension, which is the more modern and corrupt form of the play. Some consolation may be drawn, by Englishmen, from the episode of the Fishermen, in p. 68. It has been asserted, that the English have
;
!

introduced intemperance into India

but the incident referred to teaches

was only natural to represent the less refined portion of his countrymen as resorting to the tavern to indulge in a carouse. Dr. Fergusson inferred, from certain Buddhistic sculptures,
us that, in Kalidasa's time,
it

that anciently the highest in the land enjoyed the seductive glass, or,
rather, the spouted pot
;

for the liquor

seems to have been sucked up

from

a vessel not unlike a tea-pot.

The text of the play here given is a critical reprint of the translation of Kunvar Lachhman Sinh, a Deputy Collector of the North-West
exceedingly well executed, and, while adhering faithfully to the Sanskrit, moves with all the freedom of an original compoProvinces.
It is
sition.

have already commended Mr. Lachhman Sinh's unpedantic

PREFACE.
vocabulary
;

IX

and

may
life.

here add, that the idioms he employs,

also, ai-e

those of every-day
is

The

translation

is

evidently derived from what

;

known

as the Bangali recension of the Sanskrit original

and

it,

therefore,

abounds in additions to, if not improvements upon, the older and simpler form of the drama. These additions, for the most part, fill in little details in the narrative, or expand simple statements, and so on
:

they

are, in fact, just those

things which a first-class writer would avoid.

;

The obvious

inference

is,

that they were added by later hands

it is

and, as
diffi-

they characterize MSS. written in the Bangali character,

cult to guess the quarter

Uot

which we must hold responsible

for

them.
to

As
:

more than doubtful passages at times somewhat disjoint the the chief of those which influence the present text are here referred
these

sense,

Passages not

to be

found

in

MSS. known as

the

''

Devandgari

" recension.

iiiiiiMiiiiiiniMiiiii^^

IP

PREFACE.
The following passages diverge widely from the corresponding
passages in the " Devanagari
p. 7,
11.
''

recension

1720.

p. 55, p. 68,

11.

p. 16,

11.

912.

11. 11.

p. 22,

11.

914.
55 transposed
in various

p. 74,
p. 76,
p. 79,

46. 3-6. 57.

1922.
23, 24.

p.

52

to p.

11.

wavs.

11.

Besides yariations such as the above, the present text will be found

from the Sanskrit in numerous words and expressions ; at times, the same ideas receive a quite different colour and, at times, the speeches are put into the mouths of different characters. The peculiarities and divergencies from the older form of the drama, however, have no injurious effect on the utility of the work as a medium for the Por this purpose, the translation acquisition of the Hindi language.
to differ
;

here edited

and of

its

way admirably suited, on account alike of its matter manner. Mr. Lachhman Siiih seems to have executed his
is

every

and without ambition after farfetched ornament. The speeches, except where intentionally otherand colloquial ellipses, wise, flow with natural grace and freedom besides \adgar forms of words, are freely and properly employed. Herein and no more need be said on lies the value of the book to the student this point, further than that the words understood in the elliptical
translation without pedantic restraints,
;

passages have been supplied in the Notes.

In the

text, all

Mr. Lachhman

Sihh's words
it

and forms of words

have been retained, except in a few cases where

error of oversight

was

felt

that a mere

and every one of these departures from the native translator will be found specified in the Notes, along with the reasons which induced the amendment. As regards the
;

had been committed

rest, I

have confined myself to reducing the words to a standard orthography ; as I am convinced that this should be the first improvement

made

in Hindi literature.

It has

been

my

wish to explain, in the course of the Notes, every;

thing likely to perplex the learner and I have not been deterred by any
fear of overdoing the annotation.
fullv elucidated,

All the difficidties of the text are

;

and

all

the hard sentences are translated

at the

same

PREFACE.
time, a good

XI

many

simpler matters which might cause some to stumble

have, also,

had a word of comment.

The absence

of a good Hindi

Grammar has caused

several elementary matters to be noticed, such as

the interjectional use of the interrogative pronouns, the various uses " tenses of the verb. With respect of U^ and of the so-called " dubious
to the latter point, it is

hoped that the present text will effectually dispel the notion that these tenses are seldom employed; a misstatement of grammars. While so many points have been annotated
be noticed that such expressions as -i^ti im % have not been thought worth remarking on. Many Pandits consider this form objectionable ; and perhaps it is so ; but it occurs too frequently in the text to warrant the supposition that its use is accidental.
upon,
it

will, perhaps,

Occasional assistance, in connection with this book, has been rendered me by the compiler of the Hindi Header, already spoken of.
I have also received most welcome help, upon every point submitted to him, from J. T. Platts, Esq., F.E.A.S., a scholar well known for his

researchfulness and for the thoroughness of all his work.

It is

with

much pleasure that I further record my

obligations to that eminent scholar

and accomplished gentleman, Mathuraprasada Misra, who, with much Besides courtesy, solved all the diB.culties which were referred to him. the assistance obtained from the above-named gentlemen, I have compared the text throughout, sentence by sentence, with the Sanskrit text ; and have laid under contribution the Notes of Professor Monier

The very valuable work of the Boden Professor requires no commendation from me its reputation has been
Williams to his scholarly edition.
:

long since fully established. The foregoing acknowledgments of obligation are by no means intended to relieve

me

from the responsibility of any shortcomings which

book.

may

be detected in the

These I shall be very glad to have

pointed out to me, in the interests of truth and scholarship.

The
which

numerous highly idiomatic and

I have assigned to

elliptical

sentences which the book

contains, in several cases admit of explanations other than those

them

it is,

therefore, needful to state that

no phrase

has been here explained hastily.

of the idioms are

Every meaning assigned can be supported by similar usage in other works though no small number
;

now

explained for the

first

time.

It will, I trust,

be

wmm
PREFACE.
from the preceding statements, that I have taken pains to
;

xu

evident,

secure the accuracy of text and notes equally

that both will be found trustworthy.

and

it is

to be

hoped

No
will be

apology

is

made

for the length of the list of Alterations, as it

seen that the changes

directed are, in the

main, preferable

readings, and not rectifications of oversights.

FREDERIC PINCOTT.

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Pllili

103

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

[When
a reference

is

made from one

note to another, a note in the same Act

is

always

intended, unless otherwise specified.]

1. liye is

an indeclinable past

part, refer-

ring to an objective, and used in a sense akin to that of the conjunctive participle, but im-

the transitions.

Past tenses, to express the rapidity of Lit. " See he has stopped .... he has jumped," &c.
8.
!

porting a continuance of the action spoken

of,

9.

kaisd

and

its

congeners are frequently

during the time indicated by the

it

finite

used, as here, interjectionally, not interrogatively.

verb of the sentence in which

occurs.

word
2.

charhd, just before,

its

is

adjectival,

The and
past

The
is

sense

is,

" See, what a bound he

has taken!"
10. ki

therefore retains

inflexional power,

not infrequently used, as here,

The

stage-directions

are in
is

the

in the sense

tense,

because the action

generally per-

of" insomuch that." 11. Transl. " He appears quite up

off"

formed before the speech commences. 3. The black antelope was much esteemed
for its skin,

the ground."

Here one

preposition governs

another.
12. dikhat partd or detd literally means " the sight befalls or is given," respectively.
Lit. "

which was the appropriate dress of

the latter portion of their

those

who devoted

lives to
vi. 6.

holy meditation: see

this
fit

Manu,

ii.

64,

The land on which

grazes
:

animal natufor sacrificial

The very sight of him is not easy." 13. Transl. " hitherto the ground has been

rally

is

held to be
ii.

purposes
4.

see

Manu,

23.

undulating." Notice that thi is here, and often elsewhere, the equivalent of " has been."
14.
tition

Lit. " a
(it

ing,

is)

thought of this nature is formas though " &c. Ki could be

The
of the

verbal repetition denotes the repeact.

"With

constant checkings."

optionally inserted before mdnon. 5. Siva is called Pinakin, " armed with a
trident," or else with a wonderful bow, called

15.

e^s=" level,"
jo djnd
is

"uniform."

16. " In two bounds."

17.

an abbreviation of such a

Pinaka.

Benfey thinks the

is

latter.

The

phrase asjo djnd rdjddete hain us kd sddhan

Hindi

text inclines us to understand a bom,

main karungd.
18. See note 9.

as the Charioteer

comparing Dushyanta's
This
is

dhanush with Siva's pindk.

6. Plural for singular.

19. See note 10.

honorific.
will

20. Lit. "even the dust of (their) hoofs

The

incident probably alluded

to

be

did not attach (to them)

"
;

that

is,

they

found in Wilson's Vishnu-purana

(ed.

by
.

outstripped the very dust raised

hoofs.

by

their

own

Dr. F. Hall),
7.

vol.

i.

p. 131.
. .

kabhi

....

kabhi, "at one time

at another time.

21. karhe here, and in many other places, has the sense of se, " with."

mmmKmmmt'ifiim

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f^^fy^-fmmmi^r^i^^HS^mf^ftfH

104

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

Mr.
Platts, in his scholarly
fiill

[Act

I.

22. bhar idiomatically follows substantives

Urdu Grammar

of time, to express the

riod
it

or complete petoo,

(p. 193),

considers

it

a true dative, derived

an opinion in which
concurs.
first

mentioned.
the
force

Sometimes,
of

as

here,

from the Sanskrit

the learned Dr.

krite,

has

"

single.

"

Transl.

Trumpp

On

the

" within one minute."

23.
si

other hand. Dr. F. Hall,

Lit.
*. e.

among Hindi
p.

betokens likeness, semblance.

scholars, treats

it

(Hindi Reader,

139) as

" those which were apparently joined,"

the inflected form of the genitive.

For very

" those which seemed a connected whole." 24. Lit. " through the swiftness of the wheels there was no interval at all, for a short time, indeed, between the far and the near."
25.

many
it is

reasons, I

am
;

strongly of opinion that

a true genitive

and

this conclusion is

fortified

by the

fact that, in the sentences in

it

which

it

occurs,

generally expresses posthis is clearly

The

plur. is often thus used for the sing,

is

session or

endowment, and

one

26. Transl. " the deer

27. This tau
sure."

within bow-shot."

may

be here rendered " to be

form of the genitive idea. This uncertainty as to the origin of the inflexion, however,
causes no difficulty in
its

It does duty for that slight change of

application;

the

voice with which, in English, the subject of

phrase before us meaning "

May

there be of

a phrase
28. ki
.Itl'liil

is,

at times, emphasized.

you a son,"
form
son," &c.
yourself,
in other
is
i.

&c., or
e.,

" May

here introduces

the

direct

"

May

you a you have a son like

there be to

of speech.
29. See note 17.

imperial and virtuous!"

And

so

such cases.

It is

worthy of remark

30.

Here
the

the present participle

used,

that, in

such constructions, the genitive (not

is

because

charioteer

stops

the

horses
obser-

dative)

employed

in Bangali.

simultaneously

with

his

signifying

36.

"Bowing."

vance of the king's order.

31.
ii

37. ^\\\^t\cioT sir aur

is

mMhe par hai. Ac-

Here

the

future

junctive,

the sense being

used as a sub" the arrow that

if

cording to

Hindu

belief one's fate is written

should strike his tender body would be as

on the forehead (see Hindi Reader, line 964). The compliment is that a Brahman's word is
fate.

m
tli

fire

were to catch a heap of cotton." Jo and

so are pronouns.

38.

Kanwa was
the

a descendant of Kasyapa,

kahdn is highly idiomaIt indicates xery great disparity tic. between the objects spoken of. Transl.
32. This use of

What a contrast between thy thunder-bolt of an arrow and the brief life of this crea"

Hindus regard as the actual father of the inferior gods and demons, of men, fishes, and, indeed, all animals, by his twelve wives. Kanwa, from his ancestry and superior
piety,

whom

seems

to

have been recognized as chief

ture!"
33.

among
namaskdr karke, " making an
obei39.

the hermits residing on the banks of

the Malini.

sance," or " with an obeisance."

34.

Puru was
the son

the sixth in

descent from
:

Budha,
a
;l

of the

Moon

he married

daughter of King Satyavrata, and was

this

"Should you have an opportunity." " being," " having Present part. existence." The sense is, "seeing our sacred rites going on without impediment, you will
40.

preserved from the general deluge by Vishnu.

also perceive," &c.

Dushyanta was descended from

prince,

renowned

41.

The use of the 2nd

dp
is

pers. plural with

and

is,

therefore, called " the

lamp of

the honorific
as

considered by

many

writers

the race of Puru."

35.
origin

inelegant,

but will

be found to occur
ultimately,

Much
of ke

uncertainty prevails as to the

frequently in this play, and in other Hindi

when used
it

as

here.

Native

books.
its

Custom may,
Mine
is

improve

grammarians think
equivalent to
the

a separate postposition,

present character,
42.

Persian

ba,

"

to ;"

and

exclamational.

Transl. "

How

"

"

Act
many

I.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

by
this

105
it is

are the good people preserved

agreeing with the substantive to which

joined, not with any other to which
it

my

arm, on which are the adorning marks of

!

may be

the twanging bow-string

43. See note 6. 44.

supposed adjective.
it is

Lit.

"how
!

like a line

continued upon the river

ya

is

considered as peculiar to Urdu,

60. This alludes to the practice of digging

but will frequently be found in this play.

45. Lit. "to obviate the (malign) influence

small trenches by the roots of trees, to conduct

the water near them from wells.
61. ho rahi hai

of her stars."

some calamity about

46. Somatirtha
in the west

There was a nresentinfient of to happen to Sakuntala.

is

and handh rahi

hni, just

above, are instances of the tense called by

a place of pilgrimage

Hindus
then,"
62.
i.

tdthdlih varttamdn,
e.

" the present of

of

of India, on the coast of Gujarat,

of a former time.

near the celebrated temple of Somnath, whose

gates are said to have been carried

Transl.

" the kusa-grass

which

away by

place," &c.

Mahmud

of Ghazni, and were brought back

by Lord Ellenborough in 1842. 47. achchhd is here adverbial.

48. Notice this use of the present tense to

express the future. 49. Transl.

It indicates readiness.
will tell

Very leisurely." Here the past tense is used where, in English, the present would be employed. 65. With the infinitive, chdhiye has the " One must not be disresense of" must."
64.
spectful to," &e.

63. "

"she

the arch-sage

the greatness of

my

piety."

66. See note 1.

50. See note 21. 51. Notice the use of kaddchit here
;

67. karke
it

is

here

conjunctive

parti-

ciple.

supports conditionals.

" [Though] perchance

out," &c.
:

68.

negative

is

commonly

inserted in

no one had pointed

it

52. aise agrees with chikn

"

What

indi-

phrases such as this ; the sense being " as long as I may not be returned," i. e. " until I do
return."
69. Notice the interposition of aur between two participles which are called " con-

cations of this kind have you seen ? " shortly,

"How
54.

so?"
is

53. Notice that the dative

required with

dikhdi dend.

junctive,"
is

because

they

are

supposed

to

Hingot
of
this

a corruption of the Sanskrit

obviate

the
is

use of conjunctions. properly inserted

conthe
first.

ingudi, the Terminalia catafpa.

fruit

From

the

junction

because

plant

oil

is

extracted, with

second action does not arise out of the

which Indian ascetics anoint their bodies, and which they burn in their lamps. 55. Lit. " getting (meeting with, or hearing')

There are

many

other like instances in the

course of the play.

70. Throbbings
eye-lid of a
in the right

arm

or right

my noise."

man were

thought to presage

56. bannd frequently, as here, signifies " to continue, to remain, to be." Transl. " they keep intent on their sports just as they

side were of

good fortune; similar feelings on the left ominous import. Throbbing of

cated union with a beautiful

the right arm, as in the text, specially indi-

were before."
57. Ascetics wore dresses

woman.
"

made of

bark.

71. Notice the infinitive.

is to

What

result

Fragments were necessarily detached, when hey were washed in the river. The Sanskrit text difiers completely from this.
58. Eepeated
to

be from," &c.
Lit.

72. kuchh refers to striyon.

as if of

" a voice
always,
'

some women,"
anusdr generally,
but not
is,

express dispersion,

beis

73.

cause different pieces of chhilkd are spoken of

59. sd
is

preceded by he.
74. See note 1.

The

sense

each ac-

often

stantives, to

added in this way, to subexpress " likeness, similitude,"

cording to her strength,"

"

106
75. Transl,

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

'How
fascinating

[Act
is,

I.

are their

Sanskrit keiara, that

3Iimusops

elengi,

glances
76.

strong-scented flower, reckoned

infinitive, in constructions

among

the

The

such as

flowers of Paradise. 95. See note 9. 96. Notice the use of se with lipatnd: "to

this, (. e.

where the sign of the genitive is not interposed) agrees with the subs, with which it
If the genitive sign were used, the infinitive would be masculine as chhahi
is

connected.

adhere with," " to cling to."

97. See note 10. 98. See note 35. 99.

kd milnd, but chhabi milni. 77. jaise .... rvaise hi here imports that
wild flowers put to shame flowers of the garden, as much as the beauty of the rustic girls in the King's presence eclipses that of
the court-ladies.
78. The future "must."
is

In

this

sentence jo

is

three

times

understood, before adhar, bhujd, and nava

yovan.
tala's

Lit. "

The

lips

(which) are Sakunthey are drooping

they are the

young buds of the vine

the arms (which are hers)

here used to express

tendrils," &c.

100.

The

of chhore

is

emphatic.

79. tere agrees with ang. 80.

Here

se is

truly adjectival, agreeing

Let me not at any time forget 101. Lit. myself! " that is, " Rather would I forget
myself." 102. See note 9.

"

with ang.
81.

Notice this use of men to express

"for." Lit.
i.

"my

affection is in these plants,"

I have an affection /or these plants." e. 82. " Like (that) for one's own full

"

The e of hahe is emphatic. " Somewhat vexedly ;" hokar is adverbial, and SI diminishes the force of the
103.
104.
substantive.

brother."

Sahodar

is

brother

related

through both one's own father and mother, as contrasted with a half-brother. 83. The imperative of chalnd, though it
really

105. Transl. " What is the matter with you now ? " Sujlind here means " to occur."
106. bat

understood

the

sense

being,

means "go, move,"

is

often employed,

"some very
arisen in

similar expression."

as here, as the equivalent of

ally

"come,"

especi-

107. Transl.

" or

when meaning "to come along with"

my mind."

else some perplexity is The next word, paranttt,

anyone.
84. See note 30.
85. chakit hokar
is

may
here
adverbial.
It

be translated " anyhow."

108.

yogya forms,

here, almost a compound

adjective with the preceding infinitive.

means

" surprisedly."

109. See note 78.

86. See note 78. 87. This looks like a neuter verb

passive

but

it

is

really

made a compound verb

as though,"&c.

jection to her,"

on the model of chald jdnd.

88. aisd hai jaise, &c.,"
89.
is
it is

The Acacia suma,

the

wood of which
here emphatic.

very hard.
90.

The double negative

hi,

is

91.

affirmative

emphasis.

"A

bark

is become in sub" I am captivated by her." 111. A pure Brahmani on both the mother's and the father's side was not permitted to become the wife of a king. See Manu, iii. 12, A Brahman might marry a woman of 13. the lower castes (Manu, x. 64, 65); and the female offspring of such a marriage might become the wife of a Kshattriya. The chil-

110. Lit.

"my

heart

I. e.

dress does indeed suit," &c.

dren of such a marriage were of the Suta or

charioteer class
:

92. " Scum

93.

itself looks well

Here

khulti

hai

on the lotos." means " acquires

even a dark
full
;

see

Manu,
it

x. 11,

49.

112. "

Well

be

as

it

may," &c.

beauty."

Transl,

"And
mango

line

113. See note 65.

gains grace (when) on the

94.

moon."
the original

114.

The dm,

or

in

equivalent to the French

mere exclamation of impatience, "Mon Dieu !"

"

Act

I.]

NOTES TO THE 8AKUNTALA.

Somewhat
in a flurry."

107
is

115. "
116.

131. karunhigd

an emphatic form of the

"

Coquettishly."

future, frequently occurring in this play.

particle hi is inserted before the affix

The

117. Notice the future tense to express

" about to." The sense

is,

" thou approachest

the fact of
light

its

gd ; and some inserted throws being so

her ears, as though thou wert about to impart

some

secret message."

118. " while," not

119.

" until."

" Whom need I fear ? " 120. " Now, come what may," &c. 121. " Wherever I go, he hovers on close behind me." Lagd indicates the constancy, and the emphasis in pichhe hi pichhe, the
closeness, of contiguity.

upon the formation of the future tense in Hindi. The sense is, " Come what may, Ennius ventured I will converse with her." on a yet more daring tmesis, when he wrote "saxo cere comminuitftrMw;" for he bisected
the cerebrum
itself.

So $o ho is the equivalent
is

of the Sanskrit bhavatu, "let

132.

samp rakhnd

may]." " to intensive,

it

be [as

it

entrust to."

122.

The

regular form of salutation ad-

133. Lit., "

nated-like."

somewhat abashed and

an exclamation. "

fasci-

dressed to persons engaged in religious exercises was,

" 1 trust your devotional

for the feet is
all

rites

may
first

134. This

is

Would that
?

be effectual."
123.

Kanwa
one of the
;

were at

home

to-day
if

Water

135. Tra7isl. "

What

he were

"

things provided in

eastern countries

and
us

136. se idiomatically omitted. 137.

it is

in India the rights of hospitality were strin-

This

is

a conditional form

and

gently enforced.
(ch.
i.

The Hitopadesa

tells

plural honorifically.

St.

64):

"The

stranger

who

turns

away from anyone's

and takes the

house

disappointed,

138. This speech is highly idiomatic. It means, " Go, be off; there is something quite
different in
to

leaves his wickedness with the (householder),

virtue (of the house) with him."
iv.

your mind

go, I will not listen

is,

yon."
139.

After teri the word bat

ellipsis,

by a

See also Manu,

but

29, 154, 253.

common
"
I, for

omitted.
tense
;

124. haule means, more generally, "slowly,"

is

The present

but

it

here means,

used here for " softly," " in an under

my

part,

am

about to ask," &c.

said to

tone."

140. Visvamitra

is

have been the

125. " one

by one."
it

son of Gadhi, king of Kanauj,

converts

who won

the

126. Notice the genitive here ;

dignity of saintship, after a long struggle with

the

the pronominal dpas into a substantive. There

is
is,

Brahmans.

It

was while Visvamitra was

which were
to raise

a similar expression in Act IV.

" has

fitly

established

The sense between you correunderstood

practising the austerities

him

to the saintly office, that Indra, jealous of

sponding friendship ;"

before priti.

for taisi is

his increasing power, sent the

nymph Menaka

The Sanskrit of this passage is, aho samavayoruparamaniyam bhavatindm sauhdrdam, " Your friendship is delightfiil
from equality of age and beauty."
127. This use of he sdth for se
is

to seduce

him

fi-om his life of mortification.

These events are recorded in the Ramayana,

i.

51. 65.

141. Transl.

" It must be that you

are

now un-

happily common. 128. " Of what royal house are you the

about to name Visvamitra." 142. Transl. " Kanwa is called her father,

inasmuch

ornament ? " Notice kaun se, not kis. 129. kya kdran hai jis se may be translated by " For what reason ?" 130. Transl. "Anasuyaissaying whatiskind
to thee,"
i. e.

as," &c. 143. Idt. " to him she was

for,

met lying."

This is the idiom

144. This 145. to
is

" he found her lying" &c.

is

an exclamation. "

here merely emphatic.

she

is

making

the very inquiries

146. Transl.
origin,

Now

recount to

me

her

which Sakuntala would have wished made.

from

[its]

beginning."

p 2

"

"^vmnPipPiPPiMippRiil

wp^sm

108

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

by the practice of
to dispossess the

[Act

I.

147. Transl. " feeling apprehension."

148. Mortals,
extrasuffi-

169. Infinitive for imperative. Mr. Etherington (Hindi Grammar, 544) thinks this an Urdu idiom and inelegant ; but it is freely used by every Hindi writer, even the most careful who has yet appeared, viz. Mathuraprasada Misra. Far from being inelegant,
it

ordinary devotion, could acquire merit

cient to enable

them

gods of

Swartra, or heaven.
occasional alarms

This was the cause of

the immortals.

among

149. Transl.

"As
Age
is

to

what follows," or

is

at times
is

employed when a

little
it

"

for the rest."

applied to boih future

courtly etiquette
is aoristic
:

intended.

Often, too,

and

past.
is

hence

it is

appropriate in the

Ten

150. After ab the word ;o

understood.
it

Commandments.
170. Adverbial: "forcibly."

151. Transl. "

Why

should
it

not be so ?" ."?

152. Transl. " were

not so " &c.

. .

170a. This

is

an instance of the
part.

statical

153. TrawsZ. " where would one find

154.

use of the pres.

It

would scarcely
the correct-

The word kahin here expresses doubt. The sentence means, " But there is this surmise,
that

have required a note, had not so recent a

writer as Capt. ness

Holroyd denied

possibly [her]

friend

may have

spoken of marriage jestingly."

155.

of such phrases (Tashil-ul-Kalam, p. The participle is used absolutely (in 117).

the locative) because
it

The word

hat

is

here understood.

does not refer to the

156. abhi here

157.

="

still."

subject of the principal verb tliak

jdnd

see

Transl. "no one

has

power over

Platts's

Hindustani Grammar,

p. 333.
is,

The
that

hermits."
158. hairi
is

simplest explanation of the construction

adjective to bdnprasthanii/am.

men

is

understood after nthdte.

159. See note 44.

171.
;

The word

bat

is

understood.

160.
like her

si

here == sarik/ii

" deer with eyes

172. Transl. "

now

go, if

you choose."
Transl.

own." 161. " fit, suitable, equal."

173. Neuter past part., used adjectivally,

with hai for principal verb.

is,

"is

162. See note 108.

The

sense

that the
fire,

entangled."

shining object which he feared was like

he now finds
touched.

to be a

jewel which can be

The word man is understood. 175. Neut. past part. Lit., " so her [mind]
174.

appears arrested by me."

other

163. bahnd, like

verbs

expressing

176. yadyapi

is

understood before meri

it.

or,

" speaking," &c., takes the ablative. Transl.

and dekhti hui

177. This
is

after

"Anasiiya
stop her."

is

talking nonsense to me."

a masc.

compound

the ki

164. Lit. " so got up as though he would

agrees with dhul.

178. Transl. " as an embodied hindrance

past part,
is

165.

The

now
;

rarely used in

to

our penance."
179. Transl. " with his feet entangled in

conjunction
says that

with chdhnd

Capt.

Holroyd

it is

never used with the past tenses

creeping plants."
180. See note 9.

of chdknd. 166. Transl. "

Had

not virtue, perchance,

!

181. kiye ddltd hai

is

more

intensive than

helped [me] what would have come to pass

har ddltd hai.

182.

Kaddchit
stood
;

is

preceded by jo or yadi underwill stop

parnd with
Transl.

see note 51.

183.

" must." infinitive " Gautami will be anxious

167.

"Who
This

me
is

"
idiomatic.

about thee."
184. jis se
185. Lit.

168.

sentence
!

very

=
It

" so that."
it is

one should keep one's Transl. though. There are still two more trees word,

" Friend

"by me
is

not gone,"

t. e.

"I

cannot go."

rather unusual to find se

remaining for thee

to

water."

employed thus with a neuter verb, but by no

mmmmm
.

"

Act

II.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

to

109
is

means unusual

find

it

with a transitive

2.

The word

idt

understood.

participle in this sense.

3. Transl. " I think I

must give up every-

186. sanhhd generally forms

adjectival

thing, and rest quiet."

4.

phrases thus, being added to an accusatival

base.

Transl. "there

is

5.

Transl. " should you

a scampering." feel thirsty " &c.

187. Transl,
hospitality

"

We

have not shown the

6.

ku, as a prefix, gives to nouns a

bad

due to men like you." Here again a neuter verb has se ; but it does not, as in
note 185, imply "impossibility."
188.

sense;

and

so bhi

kusamay here means,

i, e.

" and

even that at unsettled times,"

hazard way.

in

a hap-

"

We

are,

therefore,

ashamed

to

7.

nindhhar

is

adjective to sond;

ask," &c.

two together
sleep."

may

and the be rendered by " sound

189. See note 169. 190. ek tau

. .
.

dusre,

"

for

one thing

8.

Transl. "
'

the sons of slaves cry out

for another," &c.

nothing but
9.

flesh.'

191.
darbJia,
grass.

Ddbh
the
It

is

a corruption of the Sanskrit

cynosuroides,
or

Transl. " These have been [my] griev-

I*oa

kusa-

ances hitherto."
10. Lit. there]

was used
the

as

was deemed very sacred, and a sdbstitute for munja, in making

cord of the

"What-like returning
?

to

town
is

[is

now

"

i.e.

sacrificial
ii.

Brahmans

(see

now
can't

of returning to

" What chance town P"

me.

there

Manu,
grass

43).

addressed as a deity
[darhha],

In the Atharva-veda it is even " Destroy, O sacred

:

11. " Until

I catch sight of the king, I

is

know what
comes

in store for

my

foes

exterminate

my
i.

12. " he

in altered guise ;" badle is

enemies " (see Colebrooke's Essays, vol.

p. 81, ed. 1873).

a past part, used absolutely.

13. Transl. "

He is actually coming

in this

192.

The

kin-d (or

kuravaka, Sans.)
It

is

very direction."

species of Barleria, with purple flowers,

and

hai increases the

14. 15.

The separation of dtd from emphasis: see n.55, Act III.

stiff-jointed attitude."

covered with sharp prickles.

is

also the

" assuming a
sahi
is

name

of the

Eed amaranth.
" she makes her exit in con-

emphatic.
this

The meaning
is
:

is,

193.
fusion."

Transl.

" Come, leaning

16. aisd
is

the thing." " my heart here adverbial

way

is

194. See note 185.

so agitated," &c.

195. Transl. " I will take up

my

abode

17.

The

singular form

is

often thus

emboth

somewhere just
196. Lit.,

in the vicinity of the

wood."

ployed for the plural.

18.
places.

Sakuntala's

"How can the desire of beholding blandishments leave my heart ?"

The word

chd/i is

understood

in

197. Transl. " a pennon moving against

the wind."

19. Lit., "

when

one's [affection]

is

fixed

on anyone,
also

it

seems that that one's

[affection]

ACT
1.

II.

must be fixed upon me." The particle ki here introduces the oratio directa; and this causes the change from the impersonal to the

This

is

the

name of

the

Brahman who

personal form.
20.
verb.

acts as jester in the play.

Sivaprasada, in

anakhnd

is

here used

as

an

active

his edition of the Sakuntala, substitutes J!/a^a/i

for the proper
this conflicts

name of
is

this character

but

21. "it was evident to

22. "

my

mind," &c.
interest."

with Mdtali, the

name of Indra's
further on.

what concerns

their

own

charioteer,

who

introduced

23. Inelegant after dp.

The

writer should

Prof. Monier Williams, in his Sanskrit text,

has the appellative vidushaka, "jester."

stood, in

have put puchhte hain, unless turn be underwhich case dp is emphatic.

"

mmmfiiimm'mmmKif^fmm

*A!!*.JWlfPPiWliPi(|p!P

110
24. Plural
for

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

singular

[Act
infer that the

II.

="I
?

did

not

From

the text

we may

Hindus
at the

understand you."
25. "

were familiar with the burning-glass,

itself

Did

it

bend
It

down

"

Apne dp

time of Kalidasa.
46a. waise here means
*'

dp

se dp,

" spontaneously," " of itself."

in

an ordinary

26. Transl. " the stream."

must have been bent by

way."

It

is

very idiomatical.
" to the touch."
suryakdnti,
the nominative

47. Notice the use of the ablative here.

27. Transl. " and should act like foresters."

28. idhar

The meaning
48. These

is,

.... on the
29. "

.... udhar, " on other hand " &c.

the one

hand
at

verbs agree with

is

although svabkdv

of the

How am

I to discharge

my bow

relative clause.

deer, the co-dwellers of

my

beloved !" &c.

so

49. "

The king's

order_[shall be obeyed]."

Notice the future for the potential. 30. Transl. " Can one know what thought
is in

50.

continuative form.

Transl.

"Just

may you always

51.

be frustrated."
Transl. "

your raind

My words

are

become

like

The

use of the past tense of rahnd for

is

wailing in a wood."
31.

the present

very common.
is left

Now

The

aorist is here

the second future;

33.

" shall have rested."

used in the sense of

not even a fly

left

here," or " has been

behind."

"His Majesty sits waiting for you." "watching your way, the king is seated." Notice the use of the Persian word rah. 34. " insomuch that," &c. kaisd, just beLit.,
:

52.
is

"That

is

true; because

Your Highness

ever before

my

eyes."

53. Notice that hhdnd takes the dative.

54. " Well, then,
this ?

what

will [you] get

from

"

fore,

is,

of course, exclamational.
" his

35. Transl,

bulk

is

mountain-like,

55. This use of the

puzzling.
Its

word

alin

is

rather

and

his strength like that

of an elephant."

Notice the difference in meaning caused by

inserting the genitive before sd.

would be "undissolved," or "unabsorbed;" but it is

ordinary
senses
here,
alino,
like
its

possible

prototype the

Pali

36. " the tracks of animals of the chase."

used in the sense of "unconnected,"

37. "
t. e.

How is it Your Why do you stay ?

"

Majesty

is

seated

"

"unattached."
that the girl he
is

Madhavya

tells
is

Dushyanta

2nd

pers. plur. again

in love with

a Brahman's

with dp.
38. Transl.

daughter, and therefore beyond his reach (see

Do

you keep

to

your pur-

note 111, Act I.); to which the king replies,

pose."
39.

"Why do people, with upturned faces and open

The word
hat understood.
is

eyes, stare at the

new moon?" The implied

fatuity."

40. "

How

varying

the condition of ani!

answer

is,

mals from anger and from fear " for diverting." 41. hahldne ki

yanta continues, "

people of the

"From sheer Do you

Puru

Dush-

rest assured that

race never fix their hearts

42. Transl. "

.
.

What

is

come

to

you, that

upon an object with which they have no

(proper) connection."

?" &c.

The

sentence

^ ^f^

42a. bahut here

43. Transl. "

= " too much."

some old bear not
in

May

seize

^^TTT ^ has warrant from only very iew Sanskrit MSS., and is regarded as spurious.
.

upon

you,

one

day,

mistake

for

For alin vastu the Sanskrit has parihdrye

vastuni,

jackal!"
44. Transl. "

" on

a forbidden object."

Your Majesty's wish [shall

within

56. "Providentially."
57.

be obeyed]."
45.

"A consuming energy kindles up

58.

The word bat is understood. "It is so. How can she whom
" not be superlative ? could
I

the

them."
46.

king
Suryahdiiti means " beloved of the
It is

may praise 59. " How

!"

praise

her

too

sun."

one of the names of crystal.

highly

Act

II.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

means "
in

Ill
;

60. s he age

comparison with
often used with

Svarga, the abode of Indra

her."
61.

" unpierced:" bind

"
I

is

past participles, like the English prefix un-.

and it was their office to amuse the celestials by singing the glories of gods, saints, and heroes. 77. Transl. "and there Gandharvas and
title

62. Transl.

do not know to what

for-

Apsarasas laud him under the

(or royal saint)."
78.

of

rajai-shi

tunate [man] Fate will consign this unsmelt

flower," &c.
63. Transl.

A postposition

following an accusatival

"Well, how
is

does she fancy

base.

Transl. " as far as the ocean."

your
64.

Kaisd

adverbial.

79. Daityas were Asuras, or

An

adjective governed

by the

genitive,
Lit.,

tinually warring against the

demons congods. They were

of which

many
.

instances will be found.

the

" shy
65.

of disposition."

ma ...

na, "neither .... nor."

!

66. "

Of

course

As soon

as she sees you,

she comes and

67.

sits in

your lap ?"

This use
:

one of the wives of name. From Manu, xiii 48, we learn that it was possible for mortals to become Daityas the becoming such was the humblest superhuman exaltation
offspring of Diti,

Kasyapa, whence

their

" without

[real] occasion."
is

attained

by those who sought

after beatitude.

of the Persian be yrayojan or bind hetu would have been

better.

not commendable

nixh-

80. Honorific plural.

81. Rakshasas were demons who seem to have taken delight in the interruption of Brahmanical sacred rites. They were especially inimical at night-time
;

68. se

is

idiomatically omitted:

"under

pretence of releasing," &c.

69. Notice the separation of de from the
for the

and we

learn

from Manu,
to

iii.

280, that obsequies were never

at

and note 56, Act III.

that

purpose of emphasis: see note 13 above, Transl. " It is lucky

after the deer."

be performed

night,

in

consequence
beings

thereof.

To

frighten

these

terrible

you came

from the
itself

sacrifices,

a lamp was lighted and

70. (lend sometimes, as here, intensifies a

a prayer recited, for which see Colebrooke's

vol. i. p. 205. Although power of the Brahmans was illimitable, yet they had frequently to call in the aid of the military, in combating these foes. This shows that the Rakshasas aflbrd a tradition of the attacks of savage races, while the Aryans

neuter verb, and, in doing so, becomes

neuter.

Essays

(1873),

the spiritual

71.

that a king
clear

From Manu (vii. 131, 132) we learn may "take a sixth part of the
trees,

annual increase of
clarified

flesh-meat,

honey,

butter,

perfumes, medical
roots,
fruits,

substances,

liquids,

flowers,

were establishing themselves

in India.

From

gathered leaves, potherbs, grass, utensils

made

of leather or cane, earthern pots, and

all

things

As to the efficacy of giving presents to Brahmans, mentioned in the next 85. sentence, see Manu vii. 83

made

of stone."

Eakshasa condition was one of the punishments for wrong-doing mortals, after death ; but the Bhagavata-purana, ch. x., shows that they
xii.

Manu,

60,

we

learn that the

can

interfere beneficently in the affairs

of men,

72. " a sound of voices like that of her-

or rather of

women. In

later times, their

mits."
73.

denoted any class of giants.

Thus, the

name Mahadiffi-

men

is

idiomatically omitted.

bharata
culties

(iii.

16255) speaks of certain

Frere's

74. Transl.

"In my

opinion, the reason

is

of navigation as caused by a water-

must

be, that his

very nature

like that

of

demon.

From Miss
the ideas

" Deccan Days"

to these

hermits."
75. Transl.

we

learn

now

attached

"and he has

established the

monsters. 82. Transl. "for a few days."

83. Notice

protecting of us as an accumulating of [meritorious] penance, day by day, for himself." 76. Gandharvas were the musicians of

the

use

of upar

with

the

nominal anugrah karnd.

; :

r^^^^m^mi^ifii^pmmmifimfii'-!^ ':'

4'j*T!*t!r!PMI|gH

112
84.
also."

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

" Let him bring
is

[Act
Kaisa
is

III.

my bow

and arrows,

account of Dushyanta!"
mational.

excla-

85. It

useless to call attention every time

3.

"What

(need

is)

there (to speak) of fix-

to this employment of the 2d pers. plur. with

ing the arrow (to the bow)?"

hat understood.
4.

Ki

agrees with

dp:

it

will be seen that

Lachhman Sinh
show

fre-

quently writes thus.

86.

Plural, to agree with ye ddhh.

Z^sir

The

past tense, to

intention of

5.

(also uira or khas-khas)

is

the

immediate obedience.
87. This use of the dative with

root of a fragrant grass

darnd
form.

is

peculiar

the ablative

is

the

common

{Andropogon muricatuni) from which a cooling unguent is made. This grass is also used for the tattees or mats
6.

88. Transl. " Sent by

idiom
in the

is fully explained in the

(my) mother," This Hindi Reader,

to cool the air in houses.

"What

did you say?" This

in

is

a com-

Vocabulary, under
the

mon method,
stage.
7.

Indian dramas, of getting

is

89. djsechauthe din, "the fourth day hence."

an answer when only one actor

Lit. " I

on the

same as Satyavrata, He was mentioned in note 34, Act I. is fabled to have King of Ayodhya, and sunk to the condition of a Chandala or out90. Trisanku
is

am

taking (some) cooling thing

for her."
8.

Feminine, because the speaker

girl

is

sup-

caste, for

disbelieving

the

assertion

of his
58,

posed to be repeating what the

the stage.
9.

says off

spiritual
i
:

preceptor

(Ramayana,

sect.

si.

8).

Visvamitra took his part against the

The word prdn

it is

is,

ordinarily, masc.

A^asishthas
raised

by
to

whom he had

been cursed, and

his

but, as

used in substitution for Sakuntala,

him

heaven by the power of

sect.

there seems to be no impropriety in chano--

austerities

(Harivaiisa,

12,

si.

753).

ing

its

gender.

Indra, however, hurled him back from heaven

10.

yajnamantra hd parhd
parde has

Jal,

"consethe con-

but he was stayed, in his descent, by Visvamitra, and remained ever after as a constellation in the sky, incapable of either ascent or

crated water."
11.
trol

= parbas, " under

" having
of

of another."

descent.

See, further, on this curious legend,

12.

Pushpa-iara,
is

flowers

for

Wilson's Vishnu-pui-ana (ed. Dr. F. Hall),

vol.
iii.

arrows,"

name

p.

285;
I.

and Dr. Muir's Sanskrit

He

is

fabled to

Kama, the god of love. have a bow made of suo-arof bees.

Texts, Part

pp. 86, 100.

cane, the string of which consists

91. Transl. " Imitating Trisanku, stop just

where you are." 92. Transl., " the two

acts are

wide apart."

For use with this bow, he has five arrows (hence he is also called Fanchasara), each of which is tipped with the blossom of a flower
with
tliese

93. Notice the ablative with bolnd. Transl.,

he pierces the hearts of his victims,

"

A mother has
93a. kahin
936.
94. 95.
te7'e

addressed thee as a son."

through the five senses.

13.
rities,

nahin not at all." sdth ho ^= " for your escort."

is

....

"

When Kama

Siva was once practising austeapproached him, designing to

for

Mere emphasis
kahin

here denoted.

inflame

him with love

Uma.
it

^iva was
required a
to

....

na,

" may

he,

on no

so enraged thereat, that a flash of his eye re-

account, tell" &c.

duced

Kama

to ashes;

and

shower of heavenly nectar from the gods,

reorganize the calcined deity.

ACT
11
1.
2.
!

III.

the Rishi Urva]."

" Appearing somewhat astonished." Lit. " Ah what awe there is on

Badavdnal "the fire of the mare [of The fable is, that, when Urva was pressed by the gods to perpetuate
14.

his race, he produced

from

his thigh a devour-

"

Act
ing

III.]

NOTES TO THE 8AKUNTALA.

113

fire,

world, had not

which would have consumed the Brahma appeared, and asits

signed the ocean as

as
its

habitation,

and waves
et seq.

33. Notice this use of ho with larjud (which often takes men or par). It gives the sense of " up to," "as far as;" thus

food.
in

The

particulars of this story will

11.

"Does
not ?"

it

[the

wind] reach your body, or

be found
15.

the Harivansa,

2552,

Transl, "had it not been for thif, how couldst thou who became ashes have inflamed the hearts of separated (lovers) ?"
16. Notice the

34. Transl.,

" Has the glare

suspected ?"

affected her ?

Or

(is it) as I

35. Transl.,
lassitude,

"but,
beautiful

notwithstanding
is

this

bakhdnd,
present
tives

to

kahnd and express "to term," and "to retwo

infinitives

how
si,

(her) person

30. tha(/i

" as though captivated."

not, forsooth, that indis(affecting)

(as) ;"

both being, in

fact,

nomina-

37. Transl.,
position

of the clause introduced by ye donon.

is

"Is somewhere

her?"

17. hat

uninflected,

because donon

is

38. Transl., " at

all events, I

must indeed
can we

assimilated to a numeral.
18. vajra-sam

ask her."
39. bdt understood.

vajra he samdn, " like

"

How

know
Lit.,

thunder-bolts."
19.
fable

the secrets of thy heart?"

fish for (his) device."

" having a
is,

The
"

40.

laffe is

here used attributively.

that

Kama

once overcame a sea-

in tales

of love-aflPected people."
is

monster, the efiigy of which he afterwards

41. dasd
42.
43.

referred to.

bore upon his banner,

20. Transl. " a 21. bind
is

hundred times sharper."

Fem. to agree with bdt understood. The verb jdnd is often thus used with
form
"

frequently used, as here, with-

the present participles of other verbs, to

continuatives.

out ke.
22.

You

are

day by day becomis

kahin

here

denotes

"somewhere."

ing progressively weaker."

44. Transl.,

Though
word,
it

this is the

ordinary meaning of the

" her waist

become exceedis

does not often occur in this sense in

ingly attenuated."
in this sense.

Par Jdnd
to

often used

this play.

" must be." 24. Gender changed to fem. see note 9. 25. hokar has often this sense of "via." " She went through here."
23. koffi
:

45. Transl.,

" but

my mind

she

is

still

comely."
46. Lit.,

"Now
is

from the inquiry of the

friends assistant in her pleasures

and griefs"

26. See note 13.

scorched up,
one."

Kama
epithet

In consequence of being was called " the bodiless

is

&c.

Sdjhin

a fem. substantive, used in

apposition to sakhi.
47.
eyes."

The

here applied to Sakun-

Transl.

"I am captivated by

her

tala, as the

impersonation of Love.
is

27. There

little alliteration

here.

It

48.

" Say on."

The

of kahe marks

its

means "

the

body

scorched

by

[M]

the

continuative character.
49. Transl, " by

bodiless one."

becoming captive to him."

28. kahin here, also, has

ing, " somewhere."

its

ordinary mean-

After bas, the particle

stood.

men may be underyou not care

funeral
to

29.

The
is

past tense

is

here used, where the

present.
Lit.,

50. Transl., "should

SO,

do

English idiom prefers the

then

perform
in

my

obsequies."

" She
all

reclined," for "is reclining."

These, in part, consist of handfuls of water

(^anjali)

30. chdho so ho,

"come what may," "at

which sesamum-seed

{tila)

is

events."

See note 38.

sprinkled. See

Manu,

iii.

210.

The Vishnuof

31. gahri drishfi se

nestly."

= "intently,"

"ear-

purana

is

precise,

ordering " handfuls

water, with

seven or eight grains of sesaIII., ch. xiv.);

32. sa>ne<follows an accusatival base, as here.

mum"

(bk.

and

tells

us

114

J^OTES TO
made on
9th

THE SAKUNTALA.
OT
Hx;

[Act III.
^nr^

that the offering should be

either
after

^f

TTTnin*T

h^ h^
^'ilimt^

^^
H^'H

the 1st, or 3rd, or

7th, or

day

death (bk. III. eh.

51.

xiii.),

^oir^n

Dushyanta's reply:

Lit.,

"

as far as

(your)

intelligence

can reach,"

i. e.

" as well as

you can."
measure
is

52. Transl., " but

there by which," &c.
5-3.

what
is

sort of

^r^
it,

"

What wonder
is

^
'*

^^^

jf;?

?iR

"^

^tw '^^

^
is

then, that the

!"

Moon
The

should enter the Visakha-asterism

astronomical.

allusion

Dushyanta,
intended

70.

oppressed by heat."

The

genitive

being of the Lunar race,

to identify

may have
Moon.
is

often used in this

way, with a past

part., to

himself with the

form, substantially, a

54.

When

an active verb
it

intensified

by

1\. jagah dend,

compound adjective. is "to make room (for

bashfulness
is

aid of a neuter verb, 55. See note 44.

becomes neuter

itself.

anyone)."
72. Transl.,

"

Her very

56. Transl., " I am, indeed,

so
:

" ho

is

separated from gai/d

become just hun for emdis-

taking the heart captive."

73.

The

idea

is,

that Sakuntala

is

bash-

phasis only.

Other instances of similar

fully looking
petals,

junction will be found further on.

58. Transl., " but I fear lest the king

down, as though counting lotoswhich are wounded by her impassioned

may
com;"

glances.

contemptuously return it:" na

is

the

74. All verbs of asking, speaking, &c.,

and

plement of hahin.
59. so

phrases of similar import,

the

may

take the ab-

...

yah mean " he

same

lative.

yah

is,

in fact, only emphatic.

The Sansk.

75. See note 169,

76. tu7n

Act

I.

reads

ay am sah, "this he," a construction which has much the same effect.
60.

donon

ki

would, ordinarily, be

form,

The infinitive is always in the masc. when followed by a case sign.

considered as sufficient. 77. Transl., " still, love for this friend

makes
more."
78.
cases.

me

desirous

of saying

something

61. chdhe

"

may

be."

62. See note 59.

6-3.

yadi kuchh

is

understood in both

ghatdhar
is

= " disparagingly."
[it]

64. nahin tau "[Is] not

indeed [so]?"

79. Transl.,

" now you alone are capable

There
66.

nothing equivalent

to

nahm

tau, in

of saving her

life."

the Sanskrit original.

80. Transl, "I, for

respects favoured."

my

part,

am

in all

"

Who

The meaning of the metaphor is, would be so silly as to deny himvery comfort he desires."
hhar, " with
full

81.

The

corjj. is

part, here,

self the

elsewhere,
eyes,"
i. e.

much

like the ablative.

and frequently " By

67. lochan

" distincdy." 68 " Dictate away."

see note 43.

speaking such words," &c. 82. " beloved by. many wives."
adjectives besides
this

Many

A continuative form,

pydrd take a genitive in

treat

way.
Transl., "

69. Sakuntala's letter and Dushyanta's re-

83.

you must

our friend so
I

ply

may

that," &c.

It is equivalent to the imperative.

be paraphrased, in prose, as follows

"ffT

% ^^^^n% fn^
m^irt
I

Hrf

84. adhik

hyd kahun, " what more can

is

wnt '^

"T?^*

say?"
85.

TitiT "iiT

*R

^ H^

w?"(T

^rt^

chdhe jitni
soever."

very idiomatic. It means

in the plural,

sf^rm

" however much," and,

" how

many

See note 106.

Act

III.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

and pavan the genitive
107. Lit.,

115
feet

86. After hddal

"my
"I

do

not

fall

for-

sign

is

omitted.

wards,"
" therefore, this."
speeches was
note 70.
108.

i. e.

am

unable to move."

87. so

yah

similar expression

occurs in the next Act,

88. Lit., " the hearing

table."

we have given such counsel that

of harsh
inevi-

men

is

understood.
let

109. Transl., " Just

(fit)

me

see

how he
as

89. Transl., " every expression

said or not to be said."

to

be

loves me."

110.

aisi

....

mdno, " she goes

90. Conj. part.

" recognizing

me

also as

though."
111. Notice these genitives, sarir hi and

one of your own kin."

91. bdl understood.

man
how
can you leave
is

hi.
o/"

"

She

is

tender of body, but very

92. Transl., "Alas! alone and go away ? "

me

cruel

heart."

Jdte

a pres. part,

112. See note 100.

with the force of a verbal noun.

93. See note 89. 94. Transl.,

112a. dti hai here

113. Transl.,

= hott hai.
if

" as

she had fetters on her

"

I will not incur the

blame

feet."

of

(my)

elders."

114. Lit., " I did not perceive the braceis

95. aise
sion itne

men men:

analogous to the expres-

let

(when

it

was) even falling from

my
the

arm."

the latter refers to quantity;

115. natnd, like darnd, takes the ablative.

" This bracelet has imparted to

the former, to condition.

me

comis

96. Transl., " I

posal."
97.

am

not at

my own
may

dis-

posure which you denied me."

active, but

Natnd

becomes neuter

in construction Vjy

angry
99.
is

Transl., " I "

!

hope she

not get

the addition ofjdnd.

116.
the Persian he
.-

"Now

I can not remain here."

hi,

Here we have

abas

117. 7nerd hriday sdhh bhartd hai

feel confident that,"

"

better Hindi than hebas.

The

sentence

&c.

means: "Were it good fortune, would it have rendered my mind helpless by fascinating
it

118. Transl., "There will be scandal about

(lid)

both of us."

with another's merits

"

119. Transl.,

"I

will give

it

on one concon-

100. Transl, " She goes off."

Being com-

dition."

pounded with
neuter.

chalnd,

this

verb becomes
the control of

120. Transl.
fident."

"Now

am become

101.

jiarddhin

= " under

121. Ido

is
is

used as a mere exclamation

another."
102. hdhe
103.
se hi,

and phirhar

an adverh =phir, "again."

ichchhd ho, the words

"inasmuch

as."

In the next
rcaise

line, after

Gandharva-marriage was one conthe usual marriage-ritual

karo

may

be understood.

summated without

122. Transl, " If

you

tell

me, then,

to

" mutual desire " {ichchhayd 'nyonya-sanyo-

blow," &c.
123. Transl, " but I do not trust you."

gah kanydyds cha varasya

32)
is

cha,

Manu,

iii.

the operative cause, like

the Scotch

Notice the genitive.

124. Transl, "

marriage fer verba de presenti, which, in England, goes by a harsher name.

104.
keval.

Did one ever hear of

at
all

new

servant

tliat

transgressed

his

The

affix

mdtra

fortifies

the

word

master's

Transl., "just one

moment."
;"

125.

commands ? " The chakivi and chakyvd

are

the

105. Infinitive for imperative. 106. "

female and

How

far soever

thou mayest go

and so in the next line, " how great soever it may grow to be." See note 85.

male birds called in Sanskrit chahravdki and chakravdka, " the ruddy goose" (Anas casarca). They are supposed
to

keep together

aflfectionately

during the

Q 2

116

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

themselves to
the

[Act IV.

day, but at night to betake

subjecting the gods to defeat at the hands of

opposite sides of the stream they frequent,

Danavas.
as best

and

to call piteously to

each other.

13. TransL, " falling at (his) feet, propitiate

126. ati

chmtd

se,

" very anxiously."

him

127. TransL, "sprinkling water (on her)." 128. 129.

14. kahin aisd

you can," &c. na ho hi, " may

it

by no

"She feels her pulse." " Some time once more

means be
give

that," &c.

me

15.

TransL, " was about to depart."

pleasure." 130. TransL, " I cannot leave

it."

16. Lit.,

"how
is

like a picture she has be-

come

fixed!"

i.e., is

immoveable.

131. sdnjh
1
!

varna

qualifies chhdyd.

17. sudh

understood.

" What (thought) " Only you

it is

has she directed to others ?"

18. ht

means here " only."

and

know

of this matter of the curse."

ACT
1.

IV.
this section
is

19.

When

hahut follows an adjective,

it

more emphatic than when

In
the

precedes

it.

Sanskrit text,

20. See note 1. 21. iti., "tosee

called

vishkambhaka, or " prelude,"

p. 41,

to the

and come (and

tell)

how

Act, which commences on

pupil enters.

when

the

much
23.

night remains."
is

22. kaisd

exclamational.

2. jane (aor. o{ jdnfid), "who knows?" " who can tell?" 3. TransL " Now Fate has brought about just
4.

such an alliance."
chdhiyen
thore se
.

TramL, " is about to set." The Sun is supposed to ride in a chariot drawn by seven horses. The charioteer is a handsome youth without legs,
24.
called

is
.

the plural oi chdhiye.

. .

Aruna,

that

is,

5.

aur, " a few more."

25. kiye has here

the Dawn. much the sense

;

of the

6.

The

sense
is at

is,

"What

does that signify?

conjunctive participle

but

it

implies that

Sakuntala
7.

hand."
is,

Aruna was
indeed, (there)
26.

not only made, but continued

TransL " Sakuntala

" So

to be, charioteer,

but," &c.
8.

manv flowers

are enough."

In the

27. TransL,
rising,

TransL " is about to rise." " Their splendour increases

at

would have been better had hd been changed to M. But constructions such as that in the text are by no means unnext
line, it

common.
9.

and diminishes at setting." 28. jan is here a plural affix. 29. kaisi and kaise are exclamational, 30. Notice that the auxiliary hud applies
31.

to

Past

part,

used adjectivally, meaning

said during drunkenness."

both these present participles.

"what has been

10.

parnd with

an

infinitive

expresses

TransL " Sakuntala, in heedlessness, has offended against some hermit." This
use of the ablative with neuter verbs has

necessity.

"Then

forthwith

they

must

sink."
32. TransL, "is

come

to this age."
its

been before remarked upon.

11.

33. Placing the genitive after

That

is,

after the offence

spoken of in

by many considered
but
it

as unidiomatic in

noun is Hindi
extra

the preceding speech.

sometimes marks, as here, a

little

Durvasas was a saint of great piety, but of extreme irascibility. Numerous anecdotes
12.

emphasis on the genitive.

sense,

In Urdu, such a

construction has generally no effect on the

are told of his readiness to take offence, and

and

is

a mere transference of a Persian

of the violence of his curses.

In the Vishnutale is told

idiom.
35. TransL, "Alas
!

purana,

I. ix.,

an astonishing

of

how
!"

unfairly the king

Durvasas's cursing Indra himself, and thereby

has acted towards her

"

liiiiiill

Hiil!

pi

Act

IV.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

53.
tion
is
:

117

36. chdhiye with the infinitive here implies

" I must go tell," &c. 37. Trand., "I am not yet risen from sleeping and, even had I risen, what could I
necessity.
;

The future tense here implies obliga" they must go with ^akuntala." Misra

a family name, and applies to both the

54. Hastinapura

men.

have done

was the ancient

capital of

38. Lit.,

"hands and
is,

feet are not to

be
to

the early Aryan immigrants into India, before

even mentioned," that

"I am unable

move." 39. hd

" from," and agrees with phal.

Kauravas and Pandavas which produced the Great War. It was situated about 50 miles to the north-east of
the split between the

40. Sivaprasada, in his edition, prints sundari, " a beautiful woman ;" but it has the

Indraprastha, the second capital, founded by

the Pandavas, near the present Dehli. 55.

place of the Sans. arKjuliyaham, and therefore

mudari

must be the

word intended.
is

purpose
56.

41. Here, again, partid

used in the sense

The affix wdld here indicates " those who are to go." The past tense of chdhiye.
:

object,

ofhond; but is a little more emphatic. It is an 42. TransL, " What then ?"
the
tale.

58. Sivaprasada, in his edition, prints dyus,

in-

" age,"

for this

word.

There

terruption of the preceding speech, to urge on

lent in the Sanskrit original,

is no equivawhich says lata

iddnlm, " immediately afterwards."

mile,
is

44. us se
plural form

" embraced

her."

The

59. kisi bandevi

7ie
.

hist ne
.

koi

respectful.

"one wood-nymph
the sacred
third

another

...

45. Oblations were offered to

fire

"

morning and evening. In Manu, iii. 121, " an oblation to the Visvadevas is ordained both evening and morning." Manu, iii. 210 " Let the Brahman, with (other) Brahmans,
pour the oblation on the
law."
the
fire,
fell

60. Lit.,

"by

force of."

"I

will

adorn

you by aid of my knowledge of painting." 61. This sentence is very idiomatic. " Sakuntala goes to-day; therefore, from regret,

according

to

my

heart,

under subjection

to love,

fills

with

When

the oblation

in the centre of

tears."

fire,

the fact

was regarded

46. pichhe

as a good omen. " in the absence of"

62. TransL,
of," &c.

" what must

be

the

state

47. Another instance of an active verb becoming neuter, in construction, by being

63.

The

particulars of this loving couple

are given in the Adi-parvan of the

compounded
48. kaisi

vf\t)ijdnd.

bharata, stanzas

3156

3690.

Maha-

Yayati was the

is

exciamational.

49. It

is

stated that Siva's consoi-t, while

amourously inclined, once i-eposed under an

acacia.

Her doing

so excited a

warmth
it

in

the heart of the tree, which caused

to

ever after

break into sacred

50.

fire,

on slight
is

attrition.

Here

the

genitive

placed

after

son of Nahusha, a prince of the lunar dynasty; and Sarmishtha was the daughter of Vrishaparvan, a goblin-monster. They had several children and among them was the celebrated Puru. See, also, the Vishnu-purana, IV. x. 64. These genitives imply possession. See note, 35, Act I.
;

the governing noun, contrary to the ordinary

construction.
51. "

65. This sentence

are predictive. 66. Kusa-grass

and the one before

it

and grief are equal." 52. The relative and correlative are idiomatically placed together, like "the which"
in old English.

My joy

was always scattered around

the fires of a sacrifice.

67. This second

parantu

is

not required,
is,

TransL, "which, behold! hanging from the mango-tree."

52a.

is

except for clearness.

The

sense

" never-

theless does not destroy the consecrated grass,

A
for

bright yellow pigment, used by

though scattered round about."

68.

Hindus

marking the forehead.

The

future

is

here benedictive.

liii

mmmm

mjymmm^S^

118
68a. Miira
69.
is

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

a family name. See note 53.
(Sanskrit kokila)
It is
is

[Act V.

94. Zi^, "remembering yournoble family,"

The hoyal

the

meaning, "
95.

as

an honourable man."

Indian cuckoo.
Europeans.

as great a favourite
is

dp

se

with Indian poets as the nightingale

with

96. Lit.,

" spontaneously." dp "tied into a knot," i.e. "sesure of."

force of a plural

Hearing

its

note upon a journey

cured,"
97.

"made

betokens good
leave," &c.
71. akelt 72.

fortune.

janon has here the

Transl.,

70. Transl., " I

am

extremely reluctant to

affix.

See note 107, Act III.

is

98.

"

for,

so long as

they are

here used for keval.

maids," &c.
99. This is the Sirium myrtifolium or Santalum album, and is a large kind of myrtle, of which the wood, as is well known,
is

The

repetition of the adverb here ex-

presses gradualness;

it

"in proportion as." 73. si agrees with bitkd, the word to which is subjoined, not with any substantive to
it

highly fragrant.
101. Notice the phrase kuchh bahut in this

which

may
I.

be supposed adjective.

See

note 59, Act

sentence.
restless

Transl.,

"no great remembrance of

the king,

74. This alludes to the

motions of

this pain,"

&c.
perchance,
not

the Indian peacock.

The

circular

movements

102.

"Should

of this bird are compared to dancing.

75.

immediately recognize you," &c.

103. charh

The repetition indicates

is
it

progressiveness.

76. Transl., " there

ter's

affection like a sis-

noon.

jdnd applies to time before The meaning here is, that the sun is

between

and me."

risen high in the sky.

Embrace it ;" us se understood. 78. parnd here denotes necessity. savnp 79. The e of saunpe is emphatic jdnd is a compound verb. 80. kaidd hhejnd is a compound verb,
77. "
;

104. Notice the dative with bttnd.

105. lend here only

fortifies

hond. Transl.,

" when you shall have a valiant son." 106. It was the custom for kings, when advanced in life, to resign their power to
their sons,

meaning "

to

send word."

and

to

spend the end of their lives

81. jmtra

sam
is

= " like a child."

as soon as she

in the retirement of a forest.

In Manu,

vi. 2,
:

82. us pa?'

understood.

we
had brought "

find the time of retirement thus defined

83. Transl,

"

When

a householder perceives his wrinkled

hair,

thee forth."
84. mere pichhe
85. Transl.,

brow,

and grey

and the offspring of

="

in
it

my

absence."

his offspring, then he should seek refuge in

"

May

not turn out that

the forest."

In the Brihadaranyaka

we

find

you

will, in

consequence, stumble at some

an interesting instance of this seclusion.

See

unevenness (of the ground)."

Ancient Sanskrit Literature,

p.

22

and Colep. 60.

The nominative is ham understood. 87. men is understood. 88. The negative complements jahdn tak. Transl., "as far as a body of water." " to present itself," "appear 89. jaa
86.

brooke's Essays (ed. 1873), vol.

i.

107. See notes 53 and 68a. 108. Transl., " (our) friend

is

now

shut out

from view by the

so to you."

trees."
it

109. Transl., " true,

must seem even

suddenly or unexpectedly."
91.

Dravya,

btj,

or

some such word

is

110. Transl., " as though I had surrendered

understood.
92. JV-aws?., "then, presenting Sakuntala,
tell

up

some

one's

deposit

(hitherto

in

my

charge)."

him, from me," &c.

93.

Keval tap
only."

he dhani,

" wealthy in
the

austerities

Compare

English
1
.

ACT
ho
is

V.
hain
is plural, to

"strong of limb," &c.

understood

agree

wmm

Act

v.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

119

with samdchdr, which generally occurs as a

plural word.
2.

" Wliat was I about to say

haisi is exclamational.

"

f^brh

'^

f^^n^y^^

wf

II

f%ii
ii

's^

3.

^PJTiT vz^st p:^ iTin

^ ^nni t^
^R?f ^sTftra

4. See note 7,

Act

I.

5.

4 a. /9a?' is understood. sadaiva=sadd + eva^=" continually."

is is

trcK

cm Tunrrf^H

h?

^'

ii

6. This

a celebrated mythological personthe king of the serpent-race,

WIT

3^ ^ ^m

age.
is

He

and

^ #>mf

^ ^mm xw

supposed to serve as a couch for the repose

He has a thousand heads, which form a canopy over the sleeping deity and on one of them is poised the world. Sesha
of Vishnu.
;

^H fT
11.

II

yede are terms of endearment. Transl. " Woh! woh! noble oxen " The jester
!

is
i.

the first-born of the serpent-kind

15.50);

(Mahabh. and the author of a work on astroi.

satirically

compares the

flattery

of the singers

to

coaxing addressed to a bullock.

12. deliho is purely interjectional in

nomy

(Colebrooke's Essays, vol.

p. 96), vol.
i.

such a

and on medicine (Colebrooke's Essays,

p. 247).

sentence as

this.

The

respect felt for the snake

is,

13. hdlangard or kdldwjard, "the uncouth;"

iktdld,

probably, a reminiscence of the worship of

that creature in ancient times (see Fergusson's

"of a single measure ;" these are names

its

of a rdg and

metre.

The
:

Tree and Serpent Woi'ship,

7. 8.
9.

p. 63).

may

be thus rendered in prose

verse itself
'5

Tt^

iT

MV

See note 71, Act II.

apneantahkaran se=" conscientiously." Bards or singers were introduced into

plays
in

iftfiT

^^ni:

^t

II

^H giT%

t^ T?^
ii

Hindu
Chorus

much

in

the

Greek dramas. wake the king in the morning with music and song but they canof the bards was to
;

manner of the The chief duty

^^
14.
cital

"SBcT ^tI tutt^ grr hh ttt cbc vi^ ^a<^="state of things," used for "re-

not have been held in

are
classed

much

honour, as they

of state of things."

by

Manu

(iii.

158)

among

15. itne

din=^'
is

for

some time

past."

drunkards, poisoners, and other disreputable

persons.
10. These verses

may

be thus rendered in

Transl, " but you, friend, use language as if," &c. 17. " It does not seem to me proper."
16. Idt

understood.

prose

: WH ftnnBK^|^

^* ^f^ ^J IHTO
^It 5fhT

17a. Past tense for proximate future.

18. " 19.

We

shall see

But

for

a hi after

what comes of it." git, there would be

often

t T^TTT^ im Tn^>

11

one

after sunte.
is

TTR

20. Uncertainty
abrists joined

conveyed by two

by

to

or tau.

The

sense

is,

" The reason may be this, that " &e. 21. " with some women."
22. "

Moves on

in front."

The

repetition

^^K
opT

^ ^T

Hwmi

^
^R

of age marks the continuity of the action. 23. kd agrees with dwdr above.
'^T^

^T ^

II

inn
ofPCiTT

24.
i. e.

"By
The

help of the servants' shoulders,"

past tense
call it

m^H
\

li<fl

^^ li^^ "^

fr^m
OFT

leaning upon them.

25.
in.JT

ftnJ

ft!ft^

^ftn TTWT

hdl, as

Pandits

the sandigdka bhiU denoting uncertainty.

Wip!PpiPpWB^^^5i*WWi'PI'UU#

120
26. kahin
p:ether.

NOTES TO THE SARUNTALA.

.... nahtn are
to

[Act V.

be taken to-

reputation,

The speaker hopes

that what he sur-

Hindu
larities.

deities

mises as possible
27.

may

not have taken place.

once to

na

is

another negative complement of

;

was not the most chaste of the insomuch that even Siva had put him to the blush for his irreguHe is here spoken of as if he de;

satdyd ho is what the English would call " past potential." Transl., " I hope no one may have disturbed the animals of the ascetics' grove?" The word Mid above, and mit gayd in the next phrase, are both to be
kahin above
construed with ho understood. 28. Transl., " that can never have taken
place."
is understood ; " in my opinion." " 30. The king to whom all this world's

lighted in ill-assorted marriages.

44. These two genitives are unusual; turn donon he is the ordinary form. The sense is, " the virtues of you two are equal."
45.

which

Here anusdr and the substantive with it is compounded form an adjectival

phrase, qualifying vyavahdr; or all three words may be taken as a long compound
substantive.

29. meTi

46. 47. bdt understood. 48. Transl.,

faces are obedient,"

i. e,

he

who

is

the object

"however virtuously a woman

the sense

of universal homage.
31. I
colloquialism.

may comport
It is a

herself."
;

wah only

fortifies so.

common

49. hi

is

understood after hote

of the passage being " immediately on her

getting a husband."
50. chdhe 51.
fall
. . .

32. Transl., "Let any person of what sort

soever

come

here,-

he meets with disrespect

into the

chdhe, " whether

part,

or."

from no one."
34. Lit., " should

The

past

kiye

is

treated as a

power of one

substantive.

"

Do you

repent what you have

besmeared with oil and dirt." In such sentences, parnd or par jdnd is almost equal
to

done?"
52. Lit., "

upon what hope,"

i.e.

"what

hand; but here

35. Transl.,

fortuity is

certainly in-

tended.

"Prom

this,

indeed,

comes

do you hope to gain, that you wish," &c. 53. Transl., " who, in the early morning, hovers over the dewdrop-laden jasmin."
54. Transl., "
shattered."
55. " Since that

the glory of such good people as you."

36.
ill

my

long-entertained hope

is

throbbing on the right side was an

to

omen

women.

See note 70, Act

I.

same

affection has not con-

36a. See p. 40, line 6, for a similar construction.

tinued," &c.

roah refers to the time

when

Dushyanta
Lit., " is

visited the sacred grove.

37. " Is expecting you."

watch-

56. Lit.,

" should

one

now

revive the
is

ing your path."

38. sadd
Transl., "
is

recollection (of it),

what (advantage)
is

there."

here treated as a substantive.

57. Idhh
58.

is

understood.

it is

always the course, that " &c.

this

" Since misery alone

predestined for

39. Transl. " by

their friendship for

this creature, there is

it)."

no resistance (against
its

you manifests (itself)." 40. vidhipurvak=" canomcally," "according to precept."

59. chal dend

is

neuter, though

final

member
"the
is

is active.

word 'king' come appropriate to me." 41a. " Your having married this
41. Transl.,

be-

60. "

You

have devised a clever

is

trick."

61. Sakravatara
girl."

the

name of a

place of
is

pilgrimage, where Sakra or Indra

to

fabled
tirtha,

This whole phrase

native, to

is

equivalent to a nomi-

have descended from heaven.

The
of, is

42. Transl.,
ness."

which so refers. "the impersonation of goodin spite of his high

or bathing-place, next spoken

that of

Indra's wife, Sachi. It

tala lost

was

there thatSakun-

her ring, while performing religious

43.

The god Brahma,

ablutions.

m
Act
v.]
is is

ilHIili

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

an adverb=:" to
this extent."

121
is

62. yah
63. jdti

85.
us."

TransL "she

coming

close

behind
"

often thus used in composition.

" The cleverness of even untaught

kind," &c.
64. so

woman-

86. Notice these

two

genitives.

What

right of remaining appertains to

is

you?"

yah

emphatic, and

is

something
" This

87. apne

man

se,

" consciously."

like the vulgar

is

English "

this here."

[seen] not only (hi) in

human

beings," &c.

65. Aarfac/ji7=" perchance."

"And should,

perchance,

women

be well instructed, then,"

is no knowing what "one may not know,"

The e of bache is merely emphatic. Meaning that the Moon devotes itself to one thing; the Sun to another thing each being content with its own so a virtuous
87a.
88.
;
:

&c.
66. TransL, " there

man

avoids another man's wife.

89. Present participle used gerundially.

they
&c.
'

may do;"
is

lit.

90. TransL,

"and have

practised this de-

ception, that," &c.

67. aur

unexpressed between ande and

91.
jects."

prajopahdr=" good of (your) subis

bachche, in consequence of the frequent association of the things

which they denote.

is

92. ki, " whether,"

here understood.

68. Notice that the singular form

stituted in anger.

sub-

93. stri
94.

is

understood.

negative would generally be inserted

you think everyone's heart perverted like your own," 70. TransL, " lest what she says may be
really true."

69. TransL, "

here, to express

"

until her child is born."

is

95. In both cases, ke

properly used to

mark

possession.

96. kaddchit

....

jannie, "

now

should,

71. mdrd, past participle used adjectivally.

perchance, such a son be born," &c.

97.

The preceding hd=" by." 72. The eyebrows are compared

anger, to a breaking of the
73. kaddchit here

chahravarti rdjd was one

all

who was
The

to the

bow

paramount over

subordinate rajas within

of Cupid; and their distorted elevation in

the circle [cAflAra]of the world's limits.

bow

in two.

prerogative of rising to this state of supreme

74. vydjastuti hi 75.

lo(j

means "perchance." bhdnii=" ironically."

sovereignty was thought to be indicated by

the lines of the hands
selves into
circles.

here denotes collectivity.

and feet arranging themThere are thirty-one

;

you alone." A woman (who is) unfortunate, how modest soever and excellent she may be,"
76. turn hi=:="

other marks of greatness

the chakra

but the

mark of
for in

77. "

was the specialty looked

is

the case before us.

&c.
78. TransL,

98. so ho

understood.
1

" the weapon

henceforth."

(which) was

99. "
place."

Earth

open ;"

lit.

" give (me) a

concealed in (your) heart has shown itself"

79. ab

se="

100. "close behind."

80. bind svabkdv pahchdne, having understood (another's) disposition." 81. avajnd

" without

100a. phir
101. "
guise of a

bhi=" still." Some lightning-like

woman, came," &c.

(object), in the

karke=" contemptuously."

82. TransL, "

We

have heard what you

102. pahle

hi="

at the very outset."

had

to say for yourself."

Jo

is

understood.

103. 2T-as/.," it hasnowmanifested itself."

82a. TransL "Those

[the art of]

who

are studied in

defaming others."
. .
.

83. chdhe
tive.

chdhe implies an alternaaoristic nature

ACT
1.

VI.
In the Sanskrit

Note the

of the im-

hird,

" a diamond."

perative.

we

have, more reasonably, mani, a precious

84. See notes 53 and 68a, Act IV.

stone generally.

immm

122

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

10. "
often,

[Act VI.

2. ko is idiomatically omitted. 3.

aur

is

understood.

Here, as
is

11.
12.

the
left

copulative conjunction

idiomatically

it must have been in," &c. we only fortifies the nominative kotwdl. bhald is here an adverb, meaning

unexpressed.

See note 67, Act V.

roti

Cf

"to be sure."
13.

hdik
&c.

munh dkond,

makkhan
;

khd'id,

yd tau

nahin tau, "either

or else."
14. 15.

4. This is said ironically for we learn from Manu, x. 34, that fishermen were reckoned among the lowest castes. The

The usual ellipsis. " Your fortune has

i. e.

opened,"

or

" bloomed,"
dant.
16.

your

star is in the ascen-

haivartta, or fisher-clan, sprang from a Nishada father and an Ayogavi mother. The origin of the Nishadas is not very clear. Manu, X. 48, tells us that they were themselves fishermen
;

"

Now

I cannot contain myself (for

joy)."
17. "

ring, forsooth, is

not any such

and, in

x.

8,

says they

great thing."
18. kuchhhere means "somewhat," "in some measure."
19. hari dnhhorise,'^a.ngn\y."

and a Sudra mother. This is contradicted by the Vishnu-purana, bk. i. ch. xiii., which says
are the offspring of a
father

Brahman

that they sprang from the dead body of an

20. sdth hi sdth, " together."

21. hdhe se hi ==

impious king named Vena,

restrain the

who wished

to

" inasmuch

as."

growing arrogance of the

priest-

22.
i. e.

hood.
to

The Nishadas so originating are said occupy the Vindhya mountains, and are
paid
little

"even without becoming "though undisclosed."

manifest,"

23. jo, understood.

intended for the wild aborigines, who, doubtless,

24. sondhe hegahne,'^ fragrant ornaments,"

i. e.

regard to the sacredness of

also, sloka

"

flowers."

animal
of

life.

In the Harivarisa,

25. kahti

and miltd are past

tujhe

conditional.
respectiveness.

310, Vena

is said to have been the progenitor Nishadas and Dhivaras, or fishermen.

26. mujhe

implies

See note 50, Act VII.

27. eri uchkdkar, "raising (her)
heel."

Ayogavis were
carpenter, caste.
5. ftahejd,

women

of the Ayogava, or

by

the

There

is

a confusion of persons here.

involving another instance of a

One

raises,

while the other (raised) gathers the

eontinuative participle,

means " go on
like

say-

flowers.

ing," or " go on (with your tale)."

6.

28. d(i hat has, in this sentence, the sense

This

is

compound
v.

our " codthe

of hoti hai.
29. ab he haras (men),
lit.

fish."

Manu,
;

15, expressly forbids

" in the year

or,

eating of fish

nevertheless, the next verse

of now,"
shortly,

i. e.

" in the present year,"

This
is

allows the pathina and rohita [or rohu] to be

eaten,

" this year."

common

when

offered at a repast in

honour of

idiom.
30. ab Jed
just
is

The rohu [Cyprinus the gods or manes. found in lakes and ponds in the 7-ohita] is
neighbourhood of the Ganges, and weighs,
at times,

another instance of the idiom

remarked on.

" Forgive our present

offence."

25 or 30
part,

lbs.

Its fins
its

and eyes are

:

31. Notice that the vegetables

and

sentient

red

hence, probably,
past

name.
adjectivally

creatures are separately pluralized.

7.

used

" a

32. tau

= " to

be

sure,"

" indeed."

It

diamond-set ring."
8.

makes
of

the bhi doubly emphatic.

Trans. "

this, only, is the extent

my
of

33.

The

JcuravaJca

is

the

name of a

species

offence."
little

The
.

position of

merd
.

indicates a

emphasis.

9.

chdho

chdho, " either

or."

amaranth. See note 192, Act I. 34. Transl. " but still it remains merely a bud."

Red

Act

VI.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

dative
is is

123

35.

The

often used, as here, to

60. sambandhi, as a suffix,

means "per-

express that which

on the point of taking " The winter is about to pass away." place. Notice that kuchh 36. " Some time ago."
is

taining to."
61. tore ddltd

hun

is

instantaneous than tor ddltd hun.

tense
is

more emphatic and The present

not inflected.
37. This
is

used for the proximate future.

equivalent to

" The past cannot

I.

62. " Tell (me), friend, where

sit,

am

now

to

be undone."
38. Emphatic future. See note 131, Act
40. samdchdr
is

so as to see the Sakuntala-like creepers ?

"

unhdri hi
63.

si.

very commonly used in

far as finding the ring."

"According to your order."

ai^d
qualifies

See note

the plural.
41. Trcmsl.

73, Art. I.

"as

64.

dukh.

Madhavya's

42. parnd, following an

finitive,

uninflected

in-

frivolity

here denotes necessity.

is

sion is

makes him think that the expresdukh se, in Dushyanta's last speech,

42a. hah uthd

43.

intensive

= " cried out."

is

refers to a

new
is

disaster.

men

is

understood.

65. Trans. " let the wind

intensive

blow

as

it

43a. chhor

baitkd

hai

may."

66. This

a neuter coritinuative, on the

" wholly given up." na, " neither 44. na tau 45. din pratidin, " daily,"
. . .

model of chaldjdnd.
. . .

nor."

67. bhirakhar, " peremptorily."

" day by

67a. Past part., "steeped."

68.

day."
46. rdt

"Had

known

only this much,"

i. e.

rdt

bhar, "for whole nights in

she was an Apsaras.

69. "I know so, because a father and mother are unable long to see their daughter separated from her husband." Idiomatically,

succession."

47. Present participle used

gerundially

" turning from

side to side in bed."

48. (raten) katti hain,

" the nights

pass,"

the preterite ofjdnnd

is

used where English

or " are spent." 49. bithd kd mdrd, lit. "struck with misery," i. e. " through misery." 50. " He cries out, addressing the ladies of
his

people would look for the present.

70. kuchh ho, the

may

be rendered

same as jo kuchh "anyhow."

ho,

gynecoeum as 'Sakuntala' and nothing

I shall again

else."

61. lagnd with the dative

may

often

be

complementary toj'ab tak; "until meet Sakuntala." 72. araMew MarAe, " tearfiiUy." 73. TransL " Well, (what) then ? "
71.
is

na

adequately translated by the verb substantive.

52.
in

74. eh ek kar,

"one by one," " one

after

"an
"
-

attendant going in

front, and,

another."
75. Infinitive used for imperative.

company (with him), Madhavya."

54.

As he

heaves

deep

sigh

after

76. Transl. "

that," &c.

Ah

the real feet

is

this,

sigh."

55. Transl. " like a diamond applied to a

grindstone."

77. kuchh
fully."

burd,
is

"somewhat

reproach-

For

this use of the genitive, see

Here ko

used with kahnd; but, in

se occurs as usual.

note 49.
56.

the next

two sentences,

%o na ^o="certainly."
The emphatic futura
liye,

& strength-

78. Transl. "

fall

ens yah,
57.

from that

what could have made you hand, whose," &c. Tujhe is

is

See note 131,

dative, but

such a construction

very un-

Act

I,

usual, if not positively incorrect.

When

58. kuchh din he

"

for a

few days."

word of the nature of a supine

with banna, as here, the ablative
to

is
is

note 36.
59. hd refers
to
viclidr
:

combined employed

"

we have

mark

the instrument with

which the action

design of going."

is efiected.

See

p.

34, line 9.

r2

;;

124
79.

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

jo
is

[Act VI.
See note 66. kdm se, " in
the

understood.

106. Neuter continuative.

80. bhukhon

marnd= " to stai-ve to

infin.

death."

107.

rupayd

sanihdrne he

Farnd with an
"

here marks necessity.

I, for

While

lie is

in a

muse,

my

part, shall

consequence of financial occupations." 108. The equivalent of " I have

have

to stay

here and die of hunger."

honour
111.

to inform

your Highness."
of
this

81. Traiisl.

"as though she were on the

sihh tak,

109. See note 35, Act. I.

point of speaking aloud."

82.

The

original

passage

is
;

nahh

se

83. Ti-ansl.

"

Still,
?

" from top how can

to toe."

garbh he bdlak kd

yadyapi janma, &c.

picture

but, as this is plainly liable to objection, I

acquire her beauty

"

have changed

it

to

what was obviously

in-

84. kalpand, " imagination," a meaning not

tended to be expressed.
:

The Sanskrit

text

given in dictionaries.
85.

"overpowered by

thirst."

See note

says 7ianu garbhah pitryam riktham arhati, " Surely, a foetus is entitled to paternal

49.

wealth."

here and in other parts of this colloquy, means " to draw," " to de86. likknd,
pict."

87. t/ah bdt is understood before the verb,

and
of

ki, after

it.

88. besudh

is

looked upon
is

as savouring

Urdu

achet

more unexceptionable

" among." men here The pinda is a bailor lump of meat, or of rice mixed with milk, curds, flowers, &c., and is offered to the manes of ancestors, as an oblation. See Manu, iii. 215, 261 and, for the most efficacious oblations, 266 275. For a full account of the materials of
112.
113.

HindJ.
89. Past part, used adjectivally, and therefore inflected.

which the pinda

Wilson's
Hall), vol.
iii.

may

be

composed,

see

Vishnu-purana
p. 148.
is

(ed.

by

Dr.

F.

The whole

process

90. hogi and hongt

" must be

"

ds-

of offering the cake

cli.

detailed in bk. III.

pdswdli

= " surrounding."
is

XV. of the

same work.
to

91. kasar

a corruption of the Arabic ^^

1,

114. This alludes

oblations to the

the poorest of all

" imperfection."
92. See

manes, water, which, ac-

Note

Act

I.

cording to
fered with
execute.

93. This is the Persian l* meaning " to

bring into place,"

i.

e.

to

eflect,

Such
to

expressions belong to Urdu, rather than

Hindi.
94. 95.
z/s

Manu, iii. 202 and 283, if ofbecoming ceremony, is as efficacious as any of the other oblations. The Vishnu-purana (III. xiv.) provides for the deepest poverty, by stating that " the arms
tossed

Ao

is

understood.

See note

1,

Act

I.

up

in the air in devotion

" will

suffice

men

is

understood

"

in

my opinion."
the

as an offering for one

little

who cannot

97. age barhkar here

afford a

" in

back-

water

These
to the

ceremonies are perof direct descent and

fourth
iii.

ground."
98. jo
is

formed by
understood.
or,

relatives

consanguinity,

degree only

99. See note 95. 100. Transl. " in

according to

Manu,

248, to the sixth

my

opinion, the unocfilled

degree.
ch.
xiii.)

(See also Vishnu-purana, bk. III.

cupied space should be

mitess

up with a her-

If they are not performed,

fall

it

is

humpbacked

like

me."
understood.
I.

101. Transl. " I quite forgot to say."

upon the manes, and upon the family of him who

thought that dire calamities
neglects them.

102. 103. dhhushan

is

These sacred

rites

are the

104. See note 35, Act

cause of the great

anxiety manifested

by

105. jdnnd has a neuter construction, in

Hindus

to obtain offspring.

consequence of the verb with which it is compounded. Transl. " Ah I understand."

!

115. Transl. " but

now

is

brought to an

end through coming by me."

Act

VI.]

NOTES TO THE ^AKUNTALA,

Sarasvatf
;

125
gan.

116.

The

is

one of the rivers of

131. aisd

qualifies

" So strong a
Celestial

the Panjab

and
is

its

waters, after running

several miles, disappear in the earth.

The

body of Danavas, that," &c. 132. Narada was a Devarshi, or

Saint,

reason for this

iii.

given in the Mahabharata,

:

10,538, as follows
'

" This
'

who

acted as messenger to the gods.

is is

the spot the en-

He

was a notorious gossip and quidnunc.

Transl.

named

the Disappearance

it

133.

"Thanks

to

him,

have

trance to the country of the Nishadas, in con-

acquired a protector."
133fl. Similar anomaly to that remarked on in note 118. 134. Lit. " by his own intelligence," i.e. " to the best of his sagacity." 135. lid is here governed by hyd, " the what

sequence of whose impurity the Sarasvati

entered the earth.
see
'

Let not the Nishadas

See, also,

me

'

(was her expression)."

note 4.
117. devajanani apsard ko, " the deiparous

nymph."
Kasyapa.
118.

The

Sanskrit text
is,

yields

" the

of this ?" or "what part of this

is

"

This idiom
its

mother of Indra," that

Aditi, the wife of

explained in the Hindi Reader, in

line 15, as part

note

on

of the mass of information

"

See

p.

kd rakshdkarnendld would be better. 40, line 6, and p. 57, line 4, for other

which that valuable book contains. The verbs

are conditional
;

therefore translate

What

similar anomalies.

119. ho

" of a certainty." na ho here 120. Transl. "so that nobody saw him."
dri.ihti,

would have been the harm, had Matali de" livered his message without throttling me ?

After

men

is

understood.

121. These are participles forming

intensive expressions than

more
from
1.

ACT
2.

VII.

would

result

combining bases of verbs with ddlnd.

123.

Notice

the

genitive

here.

Many

This sentence is not in the original. devatdon he dekhte, " in the presence of

adjectives
in

require the genitive in this way,

the gods."
3.

Hindi.
the

Kd

undergoes inflexion, accord-

Jayanta was a

son of Indra, by his

a fragrant yellow kind

ing to
refers.

subject to

which the

adjective

favourite wife S'achi,

4.

Harichandan
is

is

124. Past tense for proximate future. 125. kd

of sandal-wood,

with which the breast of

" by."
is

See notes 49, 66.

perceive
thee.

Indra
5.

fabled to have been ornamented and

126. Transl,

"I cannot
the matter?

perfumed.

What,
127.

then,

"
that the fla-

Manddr

is

the

name of one of the

"The Hindus imagine

mingo (a kind of swan) is the vehicle on which god Brahma is borne through the air and that this bird, being fond of the pulpy fibres of the water-lily, has been gifted, by him, with the power of separating the milky
the

ever-blossoming trees of Indra's heaven. 6. do M, " only two."

7.

The Narasinha

{nara,

"man,"

stnha,

" lion ") was the fourth of the avatS,ras, or

epiphanies, of Vishnu.

pillai',

in a

The god issued from form half-human, half-animal,

hat,

from the watery portion of the juice contained

in the stalk of that plant."

in order to tear in pieces

8.

Prof. Monier

ban partd
kaddchit

an heretical giant. " happens to be accomindeed,

Williams, Notes to his Translation of the Sakuntald.

128. Matali
is

plished."
9.
.
.

na, "

if,

not."

the charioteer and messen-

The verbs
10.
giton.

are conditional.
is

ger of the god Indra.

129. Another corroborated intensive. note 121.
130.

Svarg he gdne yogya

all

adjective to

See

11. idhar se jdte hue,

"when

(they were)

The name of a demon.

going this way."

126
12.

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

lu the opiuion of the Hindus, there
in the heavens,

[Act. VII.

are seven paths or mdrgas

along which particular winds travel.

The

quenched only by rain which falls from the star Arcturus and therefore it must thirst while this star is not above the horizon. See
;

circulation of these currents of air keeps the

the Sinhdsan-battisi, 21st story.

19.

world in

proper position.

These mdrgas

The present

tense for proximate future.

were also used as channels of communication, up and down which the celestials might slide
at pleasure.

Also notice dp with 2nd person. 20. jdn partd here has the same import
as dikhdi detd

13.

Akdsagangd
It
is

Ganges."
portions.

means "the heavenly The Ganges is divided into three

supposed to have arisen from

21. Notice

would have. the five ways of expressing

" seem " in this speech.

22. gend bandkar

"as a

ball."

Lit.,

the sweat of Vishnu's toe,

which was
in

first

" making a ball of

23.

it."

received by the god

dish,

Brahma

his alms-

The Hemakuta mountains

are a range

and then flowed through heaven, under the name of Mandakini, forming the Milky Way. The sacred stream next fell to the
earth
its
;

of the Himalayas, and were supposed to be

the abode of Kubera, the god of riches. The word itself means " gold-peaked."

but, to save the

world from damage,

descending mass was received upon his

S'iva,

head by
hair, it

standing on the Himalaya

mountains.

Trickling through this deity's

Kasyapa was a son of Marichi, one Prajapatis, or mind-bom sons of Brahma. He married the thirteen daughters of Daksha (Manu, ix. 129), another of the
24.

of

the

reached the earth, and then formed

river.

Prajapatis (in
said to

the
sea,

well-known

Upon
down

nearing the

the Mahabharata, i. 2574, have been produced from Brahma's

Ganga
of

divided herself into a hundred

into Patala (a

right thumb).

Kasyapa was the immediate

;

branches, and rushed

division

agent in the creation of living creatures being the

reptiles,
is

the

under-world),

where

she

father

of gods,

demons,

men,
xxi.

traversed the

third portion of her course,

&c.
in
is

A full
the
Essays,
the

account of his progeny

1.

under the name of Bhogavati. The object of the creation and wanderings of the Ganges

given

Vishnu-purana,

The sun
153)
;

reckoned among his ofispring (see

ed.

was to

discover,

and

to release

from the curse

Colebrooke's

1873,

vol.

i.

p.

of the saint Kapila, the 60,000 sons of King

Sagara.
14.

and

renowned Manu was

his

grandson.
is

Parivaha

the

name of the wind

its

of some

which moves the Ganges along

the sky.

course in

It passes along the sixth mdrga,

in its path.
fifth

and carries the Great Bear

15.

Kasyapa is the reputed author hymns of the Rig-veda, and is named in the oblations offered to the gods. The fact that Kasyapa is said to have been the Buddha who ruled the universe next before
S'akya Muni, shows
are

This

refers

to

the

or

dwarf

how
in
:

deeply
India
see

all sections

avatara of Vishnu.

In the guise of a dwarf,

of Indian society reverenced the name. There

he induced King Bali to grant him three

Brahmans
from

still

who

claim

and then, suddenly becoming gigantic, he strode over earth and heaven in iivo steps; but he left the nether
paces

of ground

descent

Kasyapa
i.

Colebrooke's
Aditi, the

Essays

(ed. 1873), vol.

p.

167.

wife of Kasyapa,

was mother of the Adityas,

Varuna,
:

regions to Bali.
16. row TOOT, word rom applies

among whom
" each particular hair."
to the

Indra,

and

other

The

famous

deities are
viii.
se,

reckoned
;

see

the Riginfra.

downy

hair found all

veda, III. V.

and note 80,

" meet," "

over the body.

17. 18.
to

25. sraddhd

" reverently."

See note 121, Act VI.

26. yogya here

fitting."
is

The chdtak
in

is

a kind of cuckoo, said

Its thirst

27.

Th& janeu

(upavita in Sanskrit)

the

delight

moisture.

can be

sacrificial

cord worn by the regenerate or

"

mmm

Act VII.]
twice-born castes of India.

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

It
is

127
soil," it is

passed over

verb maild karnd, "to

yet here

the left shoulder, and.under the right arm.

made
48.

to agree

with the object god.

From Manu,
sacrificial

ii.

44,

thread of a

we learn that, "The Brahman must be made

par

is

understood.

of cotton, so as to be put on over his head, in

three strings
;

48a. Malayagiri in the original ; which I have deemed a mistake for malaydgwu, " the
Sandal-tree."

that of a Kshattriya, of sana

thread only; that of a Vaisya, of woollen

thread."
28.
is

49. Equivalent to " I thank

you much."

The

filthy state into

which
is

this ascetic

50. The two genitives imply mutual respectiveness. "You and the child are in no

represented to have fallen,

intended to

wise

connected together;

still

there

is

suggest his extreme impassivity and devotion.

great similarity between you."

51. Transl.

"and he has

still

but the

29.

mdno here introduces the

indicative,

intelligence of a child."
52.
vans, ordinarily " race," here signifies

and is correctly so used, according to the Hindi idiom ; but the sense is, " as though I were bathing." 30. dp se dp, " of itself." 31. Living upon air is a proof of the
highest degree of spirituality attainable by

" offspring."
53. See note 50. 54.

Trans. " during

the whole time of

youth."
55. See note 40. 56.

man, in Hindu
32. kaddchit 33.

belief.
.

The Hindus

considered

it

decidedly

bhi,

" even though."

improper

to manifest the smallest interest in

continuative

form.

"Keeps on

another's wife

(Manu,

ii.

212).

Women were

increasing."
34. See note 70,

35. See note 121,

36. Transl. "

Act I. Act VI.

hardihood
is

supposed to be naturally " as foul as falsehood itself" (Manu, ix. 18), and required the
constant superintendence of some

member of

Thy

not absent

even from (thy) play."

37. This
38. ho
is

na ho

a continuative form. " surely."

them reasonably within their duty (Hitopade^a, i. 127, and Manu, v. 148). It must not be expected that those who
their family, to keep

are so radically bad can ever be thoroughly

39. Transl.

"In

truth I have just such

{i.e.

amended

" but, by these expedients, they

ix. 10).

fear of the lioness "

no fear at

all).

may
seed
to

be restrained" (Manu,

40. vtrya here has the sense

which

57.

has in the Bible,

i. e.

" ofispring."

The word sakuntaldvanya is intended suggest the name of S'akuntala indirectly.

41. See note 97,

Act V.

42. Notice the ablative with mdnnd.

43.
stood,

Participle referring to us ko under-

compound, of sakunta + Idvanya " the loveliness of the blue jay." 58. nahrn tau nahin, " otherwise (I shall)
It is a Sanskrit

44. tab tak here 45.

From

the

" in the meanwhile." " misfortune Aj-abic

not (do as you say)." 59. Transl. " I will pick

to you."

it

up and give
is

it

The

present tense
;

used for the

hurt is used,

therefore, "

Let

me assume your misfortunes."

proximate future

and diye detd

Balaiydn lend expresses a practice, mostly confined to women, of drawing the hands
over the head of another, in token of taking
all his

instead of de detd hun, as being

more

intensive

and instantaneous
60.
in

in its character.

The

birth-rites

are found in

detail

misfortunes on one's

self.

46.

men

is

understood.

Trans, "taking

and comprise ceremonies at the time of conception and at other

the
Grihya-sutras,

their sons in their laps."

times before birth, ceremonies at birth, at the

47.

Although maili is part of the compound

naming of the

child, at the time of carrying

^mfmmmm

128
it

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA,

when
it is

[Act VII,
here used for " trust-in-

out to see the sun,

time, &c., &c.

fed for the

" trusty,"
spiring."
74.

but

is

fii'st

shortly

described in

The

rite

known

in

These ceremonies are Manu, ii. 27, et seq. Sanskrit a,s jdtakarman is

Agrees with angutht understood.

75. gai agrees with pratiti. 76. ki

defined by Colebrooke as

"a ceremony
before

or-

dained at the

birth of a male,

the

77. ek sang 78. This

" inasmuch as." " together."

section of the naval string,

sists in

and which con(ed. 1801),

is

a continuative

form.

" All

making him

taste clarified butter out

have constantly done so."

79. Transl.
(as) only

of a golden spoon."
vol.
iii.

Hindu Law

'^Indra's

thunderbolt exists
were,
as their

p. 104, foot-note.

a mere ornament."

61. chhor 62. sdnp

lankar,

"except," "besides." " transformed into

80.

The twelve Adityas

reality,

name
are,

imports, the ofispring of Aditi.

in

They
in

snake."
63. Trans. "

names of the Sun

;

the

Did you ever

?

see (anyone) so

twelve months of the year

logically,

but,

mythofre-

being (transformed)
64.

"

they

are

important

deities,

These are

participles

with

much

the

quently celebrated in
veda.
81.

the hymns of

the Rig-

force of the so-called conjunctive participle.

See note

1,

Act

I.

Bdvan

avatdr means

Vishnu,

who

by some means," " in some " way or other," somehow." 66. The hair was bound into a single lock,
called a,jatd, as a sign of
ration.

65. kahin := "

cheated King Bali out of his possessions, by

assuming the appearance of a dwarf {bdvan),

and

soliciting three

paces of ground.

See

mourning or sepa-

note 15.

Here we have the unusual past tense of kama, which plays so conspicuous a part
67.

81a. Vdsava is a name of Indra. " at." 82. men

83.

Puloman
;

was

the

father-in-law

of

in Lallu Lai's Prema-sdgara;

it is,

furtheritself

Indra
wife.

his daughter S'achi being that deity's

more, made to agree with bddhd, part of

as a nominal verb,
real object.

and not with

jis ko, the

83a. sauhhdgyavati,
subs., " a

f.

adj.

suhhagd,

f.

The

forms,

^am,

kari,

&c

are

occasionally

heard from the

in India.

lips

of

women

good or prosperous woman." 84. " Come, be seated." Lit. " be resplen85. hue
is

and children
68. ki

dent."
often thus used in adjectival conTransl. " insomuch that the deafter seeing (you),

" inasmuch as."

is

69. hogd

here for hud hogd, " must have

structions.
sires

been."
70.

(which come)

According

to

Hindu

notions, there are

:

fore (presentation to

even beyou) are accomplished."

the

gunas or qualities sattva, and tamas. Manu tells us (xii. 38) that " the characteristic of tamas is pleasure, that of rajas is ambition, and that of sattva
three primitive
rajas,
is

86. Transl. " I sinned against your family."

87. Sagotri,

one of

family.

There are 49

gotras,

same gotra or emanating from

eight primitive families, which derived their

virtue."

Tamas means,

literally,

" dark-

descent from eight primeval rishts or saints.

ness," and is held to be the cause of ignorance and of all the wickedness of the world. See the Vishnu-purana, I. vi. 13.
71. vien

Every Brahman
that,

is

obliged to

know

to

which
;

of the 49 gotras his

own

family belongs

so

"at."

72. Transl. " but your love for

me

has been

when he lights the saci'ificial fire upon his own altar, he may invoke the mediatorial action of Agni through the proper ancestors.
There is an actual blood-relationship between members of the same gotra ; and the severest

kept up

till

now."

73. This

means

both

" trusting "

and

Act

VII.]

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

threatened for marriages
tells

129

punishments are

us that, " Dirghatamas, son of Mamata,

between
88.
89. jo

sagotrins.

consecrated Bharata, the son of Duhshanta

^
(

Una jane,
is

"unwittingly."

= Dushyanta)

and therefore did Bharata,

understood.
hohar,

son of Duhshanta, subdue the earth comeka,

90. ekdgrachitta
tive."

Compound

of

"closely atten" one," agra,

pletely all r'ound, and traverse it every way, and perform repeated sacrifices with horses

" point," and chitta, " mind fixed upon one point.
91. ap, as

";

with the mind

as offerings."

Here we
is

find the 3rd pers. plural

with

dp sarikhe or dp he sadris 100.. op se " like you." It is an Urduized form.

101. bat
is

normal.
is

understood.

92.

Toga-Sakti

that ^akti

or

power
practo

102. hokar here

has the sense of " via,"

acquired by yogins, or devotees

tise austere

who

" by

way
The

of,"
:

penance.

The power seems

103. stri bdlak

ted.

awr

is

idiomatically omitis

have been unlimited (see Colebrooke's Essays,

ed. 1873, vol.
i.

gender, in such cases,

determined

p.

generate days,

it

262); but, even in dehas been carefully distin-

by the

last

word.

104. Indra

was especially

the

god

of

guished from mere magic.

vaiisa,
iii.

See the Datha-

meteoric phenomena.
105.

56.

The Hindus

believe that every cycle

93. Transl.

" through being

under

the

through which created things endure is divided

into four ages, named Krita, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali, the respective lengths of which

influence of Durvasas's curse."

94. Transl. "

At

the time of the curse, I

cannot have been in my right mind." 95. sap ke bas, " under the influence of a
curse."

are as 4, 3, 2, 1.
curious system

An

explanation of this
in

will be found
(ed.

Wilson's
i.

Vishnu-purana
pp. 49-54.

Dr. F. Hall), vol.

live in the last

96. jyon kt tyon, "just as before." 97. See note 60. 98. According to

We now

age of

the world, awaiting a cataclysm.

Hindu

belief,

the uni-

106. Transl. " as far as

may

be possible."

verse consists of seven concentric circles of

land, separated

107. hogd

is

here potential. "

What greater
be, indeed,

from each other by zoniform

blessing can there be than this," &c.

channels of

fluid.

For a
ii.

full

account of this

108. Transl.

"and should you

subject, see Wilson's Vishnu-purana (ed. by

gratified, then," &c.

Dr. F. Hall), vol.

p.

109.

The Bhagavatathe beds of the

109.

The

Sarasvati was not only a river

purana

(v. 1. 31), says that

(see note 116,

seven oceans were formed by the ruts of the

of speech.

Act VI.), but also the goddess Thus we read in the Mahabha:

wheels of Priyavrata's chariot.

99.

rata (ix. 2387)

"

Sarasvati, thou issuest

;

The name Bharata

is

derived from the

is

from the lake of Brahma

goddess,

the entire world

is

base hhri, " to support," and

the

name of

pervaded by thy excellent waters.

Thou,

O
all

several personages famous in Indian legends.

moving

in

the heavens,

createst

The Bharata here spoken of was of the Lunar

dynasty, and progenitor

the water in the clouds. Thou, verily, art the waters.

of

Vyasa, from

By thee we

study."

See also the

whom

descended Dhritarashtra and Pandu,

the quarrel between whose sons forms the

subject of the Mahabharata.
fact,

Hitopadesa, Ramjasan's edition, p. 202, line 3 (Johnson's edition, line 2464 ; Lassen's
edition, p.

Bharata was, in
his domina-

116, line 8),

"for

an instance of

the founder of India's political integrity

Sarasvati's prompting the utterances of

two

and the country received from

tion the

Daityas.

name it still bears, Bharatavarsha. The 39th chapter of the Aitareya-brahmana

110.

by

several

"The ever Siva" is common epithets.

here qualified

He
s

has no

f^mmtmmmfimmiKiitlf

mmmm

mmrnum

"""^^SViPliillliP

130
less

NOTES TO THE SAKUNTALA.

than a thousand names expressive of his
attributes.

[Act VII.
is

113. samdptam

the past participle of the

many

Sanskrit verb dp, " to attain," with the preposition,

111. Honorific plural.

sam

con-, giving a sense

112. tathdstu is Sanskrit, composed of tathd, " thus," and astu, 3rd pers. sing, imperative of as, " to be."
It
is,

pleteness to the idea expressed

of comby the verb.

attained,"

Thus, samdptam means

" completed
;

" fully

therefore,
it."

" and

is

used similarly to the

equivalent to the English formula, " bo be

Latin _/?nis.

^Piiipiillipliip

131

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSAEY.
[The following words, and forms of words, or
their

meanings, &c., are not to be found

in

one or other of the ordinary Dictionaries.]

prefix,

and ^rft^

"selfish.")

Self-

dU'lIH^ (WIX

TTit) adj.

and

s.

m. Going

seeking.
'^IH'SrcJ

before
'SI^*?^
'M^l.in

a leader.

(^

*<^c!l) s.

m.

An
v.

unpleasant-

(^W+ *^W) ^'"^' Stifeess of joints. (^^ + TTT) s. m. Unguent for

ness, calamity, anything disagreeable.

^I^

'^R'TT

or

eRX:

^TTT

nominal.

To

smearing the body.

^4(il (from

offer, present.

and

'^rn

" to touch ")

adj.

ismi'dT'Tt s.f. Carelessness.

Untouched, uncontaminated.

^^^

(a

form of ^Pgr)
also, the

s.

m. The breast,
of a garment.
^Iri^*

"W
(or,

bosom;
^srfffftlMr*!*:

hem

by corruption,

^iifJi)

s.

m.

(comp. of Sans, '^rfirf'? "guest," " good," and -emR " doing ") s. m. ^CK
Hospitality.

Fear, apprehension.

^Tf^ 5./. (generally m.) Beginning.

'WRT form of ^TTT fron.

Self.

^HV^jIcJT

(from ^ITVT

"

half,"

and

^^ p.
adj.

part, of ^S^n V. n.

be open")
ajar.

Half open, gaping,

^^Hlc4l (a corruption of 54'incrr

= ^oFHTcSmea-

^R^^T
^rfilcy

V. a.

(^TT

To tease, annoy. + ft^) adj. Ill-assorted,

^T^t) adj.

Of a

single musical

sure or time.

unsuitable (to each other)

^HIHV (from Sans. "BTH privative prefix, and ^Wfl " sickness ") s. /. Health. Being neuter in Sanskrit, this substantive should,

^TnnT (t^

tTT^) s.

m. Severe penance.

by the general
-fltrfH
<^^'^'

rule,

Tq^

adj.

Sleepless.
s.

be masculine in Hindi.
?PI, ^HTiT,

T^flr or

j*j1i,
;

m.

fragrant root of

^T^,

and

(from the

grass

the same as hhas-hhas.

9

Sans, ^ranrt.)
place.

Elsewhere, to another
p. 7, line 24, is

The form ^ra, not very common.

(from Sans,

gr^ "^t^
depreciatory

adj.

and

s.

m. Unlevel

rough

^TJ^T'sff adj.

^''j

ground.

s2

''ipip

"i^ppl

13-2

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY.
yielding every wish
;

similar to

the

t!*ltrf^W adj.
adv.

Closely attentive. ^ ^cRT

attentively-

haljiatam.
e(i44.

Yery

(See note 90,

(corruption of the Arabic -^')

s.

m.

Act VII.)

Imperfection, blemish.
oir? "SinTr v.

n.

irf ^?rr v. a.

To announce. To declare, state,

tell.
:

oB^*
"^'3T'5TT

adv.

Somewhere, anywhere

fre-

or ij^vn V. n.

To

strut.

quently used with subjunctives, and

such

like, to

imply doubt or uncerm. The name of a

tainty.

^n^

(a corruption of ^^Tnry)

5.

m. Con-

alTT^^TfT

or

cRTcSf'TTr s.

tempt.

rag or song.
supplied
cRTq?

Mr. Platts has kindly

following
'rer)

^^fv^fw (comp. of ^fi^fv " medicine," and vfK " master ") s. m. The lord of
drugs
;

the

etymology

+ ^T+
;"

T^ (=
and I

"unpolished
is

name

of the

Moon.

measure

think he

cer-

tainly right.
<*iHK1 (from Sans. fcHlO)
s.

f.

maid,

cR^^

("from Sans. ciPifoiMT)

s.

m.

An

virgin.
atoRfT^oIi s.

m.

tendant on the women's apartments

in a palace.
S^o(ft

A thief.
a.

(from Sans,

oij^oir

"jacket")

s.f.

boddice.
oirfe^^ (epfj
girdle.

^Ts)

s.

m.

^f?^T^ (a form of ohJ-^t^Ml) v. ^ To blight. To wither, to be i'-^<?l'fT V. a. To blight, blast. oPT^oii s. m. The Eed amaranth.
oRTT

and

n.

blighted.

waist-belt,

(from

Sans.

<*mefi')

s.

m.

Barleria;

the
ojrrtcST

Eed amaranth.

adj.

Piercing

(eyes),

cutting

cd^Hq s. m. Unseasonable time, wrong mo-

(glances)

ment, irregular or unsettled time, &c.

oR^lf^rf adv.

Perhaps, perchance,

if:

used
oF?TJrrT*l

(comp. of Sans,

onm

"flower,"

often the conditional tenses of verbs.

ZRf^THf s.f.
cR^tcTl (a

The

and ^TTU " weapon

") s.
;

m.

Whose

lap.
oR'tftrt) s.

form of

m. The ear of

weapons are flowers

an epithet of

Kama,
oji=dc^1

the

a horse.
s.f. oRH^TT (from Pers. ci^jJwi'
5.
i''

god of love. The slough of a snake.

"an

archer")

m.

beater in a hunt, an archer.

s.

<*iI^TT (from Sans. e^^^^?^R)

m. The

black antelope.
^cTlftrftl

(=

^Tirr^y

i- e.

^r +

HT^)

s.

m.

(Sans,
frTfti

compound
a

of eR^T
s.

and

" receptacle")
;

" ray," m. The Moon.

Hoof-clattering, the noise of the gal-

loping of horses.

lU

treasury of rays
sjrSTTT
s.

name

of the

f.

ception.
<*<:*J^i(l

Imagination, thought, conoiigTm Wiyn " to suppose."

iTTrf

(from Sans. ITT^) s. m. and/. The body.

(^i^

+ ^HT)

S.f.

creeping plant

^TO^Ticir {t\V!

^nnii) adj.

Beneficial.

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY.
J|^^T
is
s.

133
(from Sans. ^*nirt)

m.
(^nrJ

A
+

guru or preceptor.
aflBx.

'SpT

"Whs^ or

'Sr^flinc

s-

m.

sometimes a plural
^nn)
s.

The

Acacia.

mrt'nn

/.

The worship
*rRTnIt

of Gauri or Parvati, consort of Siva.

JJUHI V. a.

To

bite, seize.

(r*ni

"WHT)

s.

m.

Another

Vi^^n (comp. of Sans. TT? " planet/' and ^mn " influence ") s. /. Planetary influence (good or bad). (comp. of Sans. TT? " planet/' Xi^ilPif and TTfir " master ") 5. m. Chief of the
planets
;

state of existence.
lcH-lHH (I5S

+ ^^r?r) s- "I- Rinsing the mouth with water (as a religious act)
(from Sans.
nfiT

Tirri Tj ifrf

" tribe," and

x|% "line," "row") s.f. Pedigree,

genealogy.
nT 'T^'TT V. n.

name

of the Sun.

To appear, seem, be

per-

ceived.
.ftgipTft; (a
TrTt!i

form of sTNtt^^) comp.

of
life

s.

m.

(from Tft^

^cR

" about an hour

")

The root
ment).

(a

term of endear-

adv.

For a

little

while, for a short

time.

^nj

s.

m. and/.

A veil.
*|an(aform of)^tn)s.m.
ifcJehl'IT

Abunch
v. a.

of fruit.

(a

form of fl^cTT)

To bend

downwards,
^H^rt (a form of

incline, cause to stoop.

^^^)

s.f.

The Jasmine
in ge-

^^

(Jasminum grandiflorum). s. m. Uncooked rice ; grain

^3^

(a

form of 3n?t)

s.f.

A stalk, branch.

neral.

f^T^n? (comp. of Sans, and ^IT^^^ "place")

studio.
f^'flri^ (a

f^
s.

" painting/'
Attelier,

m.

form of ^n^T^)

s.

f. Incitement,

gTRT (a form of S^RT) v. down.

n.

To

flow, roll

defiance.
Q'lTmril (a

form of

f^iTRtTt)

s.

/.

Admoff^rrer

See note 112, Act VII.

(comp. of Sans. flT^ " sesamum-

nition, advice.

^cs^

H^TT

V.

nominal.

To bound

along.

fi(<#iycjn

seed,"
"5

and

^I^^ " the

palms of the

hands placed side by side") s.m.

handful of water mixed with sesa^cSfn VTJ^

V.

nominal.

To bound
creature

along.

mum-seeds, ofiered to the manes of

deceased ancestors.
fn ^fTT

"SRTT (from Sans, '^nw the young of any

animal)
tiger.
s.

To

per-

m.

Young

young
being a

form funeral obsequies.

ri(f<^l

In Marathi this word means

-'ST

(a

form of ifhTcSr) acZ/. Lisping, stamlike a child, prattling.

TTt)

" darling/' the termination

mering
in (a

common
(Cf.

diminutive in that language.

-gtcB^T

form of

pa/rtide.

Then,

for-

Hindi

from ^^^i +

S}.)

sooth, &c.

134

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY.
(far

fsiw^JTV'rt

>t^^

+ >rfft)

adj.

Possessed
epithet

Jl

^^

O (^nn +
(^tw^

^^t)

s.f.

The name of

of the three worlds

Indra).
'N'lT^ft:^ (from Sana.

(an

of

a flower (Mesua Eoxburghii).

7iT*nn;TS

V^

from

v^^)

s.

/.

" woman/' and

Reproach, defamation.
f'T'S^

^fc^ " action

I'll

") s.

m. "Women's ways.

nn

V. n.

To advance beyond,
^iT

to

gain upon another in a race.

fT^WT?
VJ4H2
s.f.

(ftnr

+ m^)

adj.

Devoid

Fatigue

shock,

jolt.

of energy, unenergetic, averse to active

exertion.

interj.

French
^^IT

An exclamation akin to the "Mon Dieu !" It may even

^eft

fiT^^C

lirTr

V.

nominal.

To

settle, fix

with

accuracy (governs
fifEziinTu

liT)

be a contraction of

" goddess."

(fti^

+
+

olir^?!l)

adj. and adv.

Cause-

(=

f^TRr)

V. n.

^T^T'IT

(causal of ^^TRt) v. a.

To appear, be seen. To cause

pity
(on,'>n:).

less

causelessly.

ft^oF^P (|t^

oRp) Sans. comp.

;

adj.

and
rfcR (a

s.

to appear, to show.
^'IT

m. Blue-throated
^cs) adv.

name

of

^TTT
(a

V.

nominal.

To have

Siva.

^TH

corruption of the Sans.

^)

form of

For a short time.

s.f.

Kusa-grass.

^^rfwnn (Sans. ^T^ s. f. " female slave/' and corruption oi'^^ p.part. "born.")
s.

tf^T^ (a form of Tmtt) s.f.

flower.

The

petal of a

m. The son of a female

^rr V.

slave.

f<^^
^'Bvff

nominal.
of

(corruption

To appear, seem. ^ + ^f^) adj.

Mid-day.

Ti^J^ (comp. of Sans,

tji^h "five,"

and

^
;

"arrow")
a

s.

m.

Who
s.

has five arrows

of love.

Double meaning, ambiguous.

name
(tTC

of

Kama, the god

^T^)
/.

5^^
I
i

(^ + ^t)
adj.
V.

TTT^T^
s.f.
^T>^^f^c^ll

Another's wife.

(from Sans.

'qWiT

" cuckoo

")

^1 Phh W adj.

Radiant.
Shining.
s.f.
''nrraFT5&

^l^HR

A proper name.
(iJtrilT

ffs WV^I

nominal.

To look

(upon,

JTh)

adj.

Pregnant by "
afters.

TJ^).

^fs./. andm. The body. This word is masc about Benares, and fern, in many
other parts of India.

another (than one's husband, &c.)

"TST^'T

(comp. of Sans. if^iT

wards," and TTR "

affliction ")

m.

?T^^

'STTf^TT

See note 80, Act VII.

Remorse, repentance.
HTftrnr??!!

(comp. of Sans,

inftir
s.

"hand,"
Marry-

and Tcr^ " taking ")

V^VeinTiTT (a

m.

form of

V^SRV^RT^l) v. n.

To

ing.
^Tofil^ (iBR

palpitate.

+ Wl%
Trfir

s.

m.

city-matter,

V?

adj. Bold,

impudent.

an
Ui<|^l

afiair

of domestic policy.

(from

^I^)

Sanskrit

{pro-

hahly late)
T'l'N

s.f

bow-string.
v. a.

(Hindi corruption of the Persian and

tL^ii^)
vicinity.

HiH\^l (from Sans. HKJ^IH)

fide in, to trust.
Tnu<**<cl s.

To

con-

Urdu
Near;

postposition

and

s.

m.

m. The morning

lotos.

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY.
Tftfirra

133

(comp. of Sans,
s.

jftfw

" love," and

^-^ (nom. pi. of

niRTT (a

^)

s.

f.

Eyebrows.

^^ "leaf")

m.

love-letter.

form of

Hl*(ll) v. n.

To appear,

seem, be known.
ftSTSBt

(=

ftirc)

adv.

Again.
HWHNiil (H^ +
HTWiTT) adj.

Agreeable to

the heart, pleasing.

fliu(^ (a

form of ^itm)
>Tnft) adj.

s.

m. Greatness,

H^ IR^I

V.

nominal.

grandeur, dignity.
"r^Hl'ft

*RtH^
Fortunate.

s.

m.

To slacken speed. name of Kama, the god

of

(?^ +

love.

li=fM55

(from Sans. W?WT " mare," and

''fire")
s.

fl^yrPTR (from Hc4^ the

try,

name

of a couns.

^TSy

m.

Submarine

fire.

and
m.

'^tt^

'

Aloe," &c.)

m. The

See note 14, Act III.

Sandal-tree.

W^ OT '^fi*i s.f.
ftr^^JT

Bondage, imprisonment.

mn^l

s.

A name

of

Kama.

(from Sans.

'^^)
v.

s.

m.

skrub,

plant.

H^ehm V. a. To touch, stroke, squeeze. The etymology of this word is doubtful.

f"^J*IRT(from fV^Slt)
tarry.
f4rf*Ttf adj. fern,

n.

To

delay, stay,

Mr. Platts has suggested the Sans.

or M$c|i as the source of the
as
is
Tj,

^51 ('T^),

of

r<44(iul

(from Sans.

wordj

often the case,

becoming

f^HHrH*^). Trusting, trust-inspiring.

f^ft^^

both of these Sanskrit words would

(from Sans. *lt^
"flesh,"

(from

Sans.
adj.

r<4^1f

" without,"

yield the required sense.

rnn^nft

" outer ")

From its original mean"left," "apart,"

It has

and

ing, " witliout," tMs word came to

^TT^lft:^

" eating ")

adj. Flesh-eating.

mean "abandoned,"
foreign,"
latter sense in p. 51.
jlHr|i V. a.

Hl^ehl

s.

m. Mother's house.
(comp. of Sans,
'

" strange."

the

ftT^!(TT
cirrTT

irhl

" fish," and

symbol ")s.m.

He whose symbol
Kama, the god
The coping of
of

To

pick, pluck, glean, gather

is

a fish; a

name

of

(as flowers, &c.).

^dciiril (^TT

of love.

+ ^nn)

s.f.

An

arbour, bower.

Jii^ (a form of

fl'St) s.

f.

a wall.
Jiftr^nn (^ftl

+ ^nn) s.f The daughter

of Sans.
s.

^V W\m
WWtiT
adj.

V.

nominal.

To be
vfhl

afraid.

a Muni, or saint.

(>TiI

"fear," and

"alarmed")

HhThk (comp.
^jg^

ftT

"saint," and

Afficted with fear.

>?^? adv.

At

full gallop.

>TPPTR

adj. Fortunate.
^flJlRl)
v. a.

m. Chief among saints. H'H^ (comp. of Sans, nftl " saint," and ^ra " food ") s. wi. The food of saints.
lord ")
<1tf<l>(l1

^JMIMI (anomalous form of

s.f.

smile.
JTOcS^TSTT)
v. n.

To cause
realized
;

to experience, or cause to to

be

JTO^qrsn
sinile,

(a

form of

To

perform, execute, have

simper.

done with.

mr^n
used as a
artless girl.
RiTiraitT

(hit

+ ^n)

s.

m.

A fawn.
hi?

WW

(the

fern of the adj. >TtTT

(Sans.

comp. of

"deer," and

substantive) s.f.

A simple,

Train

"

thirst ") s.f.

Mirage.

136

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY.

w-^^Ht^
natured.

(T^ + ^^rr^)
V.

adj.

Tenderbe in

H^

^Tn

nominal.
witli.

To

accord^

^^TOR (comp.

of Sans.
?rreiT

^^
s.

'

colour " or

harmony

" caste," and

" religious order

or condition of Hfe ")

m. The status

of a given class of society.

''ir^WT'T s.

m.

An

^^RTs./.
altar^ or place for sacri-

Desire.

^H^
ftr^ s.

s.

m.

A name
and

of Indra, the

god of

fices.
4Y'il5ir* (TftJT

meteoric phenomena.

+ ^f^)s./. The

supernatural

m. Power, substance.
a.

power of a Yogin.
f^^rrf^KT adj. f.

/.

Married

wife.

f^^n^
to
*.V5(I^\R

s.f.

Name

of

an asterism, fabled

be jealous of the partiality of the

for Rohini, another asterism.

{x^ +

T'V^)

s.

m.

charm or

Moon
^Tiy}

amulet.

(^ + 'TTTt) s. m. A
;

student of the

xfK s.f. Pleasure; the goddess of love.

^fd M Tk (comp. of Sans.TfTT
vflf

Vedas, a pupil.
^tf^trr^ adj.

" passion/' and

of

Wealthy noble, magnificent.

"aiTST

" master")
;

s.

m. The lord of pas-

3n*rerfw (comp. of Sans.

" deceit,"

sion or desire

name

Kama,

the

and

^fiT " praise ")

s.f Irony.

god of
TnT^^*^

love.

s.f.

TfT^
TT^
s.

s-

m.

A royal welcome. A blockhead, a ninny.

^[^s.m. The auspicious
^ni'TWrR (comp. of Sans.
;

m. Rumination, chewing the cud.

a proper name.

^PR
s-

" sleeping,"
Sleeping-

and Wl'^ " place ")

apartment.
(^r(l4^

m.

(comp. of Sans.

^TilT

'

creeping

plant," and es^ arbour.") s. m. A bower formed by creepers. ^mH^^ (Sans, ^m + >T^^ " dwelling ")
s.

5K^.^ (comp. of Sans, ^n^ " autumn," and ^75 " moon ") s. m. The autumn-

moon.
f^lf^IcyT^ s./.

Looseness, relaxation.

m.

An

arbour or bower.

f^ItW (a corruption of the Sans.f5n!N)s.

m.

^STiRT^ m.
rU<(<l (a

^TT=lif1 / adj.

Modest.
f.

The Acacia.
f^R^t? (fi{IW + '^) s ??i The anger of Si va f^lf^K s. m. The cold season, winter.
. .

form of

rS'SfSTt) s.

Flattery,

coaxing.

^ ^

interj.

Lo

come

well

31^1^ (Sans. desiderative)s./. Obedience,

service.
5ltHnT'TTT (a

^^^

v.a.

To capture, seize, appropriate,

of.

take possession
(j'^ifcO fir

form of ^ifraT'T)

adj.

Splen-

(^t^

+
;

Tftfir)

s.f.

What

is

done

did, beautiful.

in the world

55>^^R (cft^
cTtf^TTiTTr

the way of the world. + ^T^r) s. m. The custom

of the world.
(cTtf^lT
;

+
a

WTl)

adj.

and

s.

m.

WT^

(a corruption of Sans, ^eirq')

s.

m.

An

Red-tresscd

name

of Siva.

omen, augury.

SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY.

137

^^
^rrnrt

(^

+
m.

iftTi) adj.

Of

tlie

same family

4|eh4.

"receptacle")
;

s.ra.

The reposi-

or clan.
s.

A companion, friend.
nfiT) adj-

tory of nectar a name of the Moon. UHI^ ^^ V. nominal. To be heard.

caste

"V^lh (h

Of the same

^RW

(^B

-I-

W^)

s.

m.

A fitting receptacle
An

or tribe.
^j^H-flft s.f.

or recipient.

The

elixir of life.

i*l<0

^sftTT or ^ifl^tTI (from Sans. ^TltR) v. a.

" god," and .<0) s. f. apsaras, or heavenly courtezan.

(^re

To
^VTT

prepare.
cF?:n
'J^.

Vcil'lijiijl

adj. Excellent.

nommal. To

fix

(an arrow to
It go-

MM4i

s.

m.

A proper name.
To appear, seem
;

a bow), to arrange (generally).

?i*BTT V. n.

to

occur,

verns the accusative.

HHT in p. 49 misprint for

happen.

WfJ

corruption

n^Hl^

s.

m. The name of a sacred bathin. Wir)'/. adj.

of the Sans. jpnTT for ^ilTH'*, a sort of

grain,

ing place.

Panicum frumentaceuvi.
form of
protect,
5EtTT^n) v. a.

^HlJiimn

Auspicious, for-

H^^IMI

(a

To sup-

tunate.

port;

check.

^Tpn ^^TTTTT

To

regulate the revenue, superintend

finances.

^r^
v. a.

s.

m.

A proper name.
^W^)
* '"^

U^^lc^HI (a

form of ^HIcHt)
;

To

sup-

f^rftj (a

corruption of Sans.

port, assist

check, restrain.

The name
;

of a plant (Terminalia caoil is

s.

^t^HTT (^%

<ipnT) s.

m.

The all-tamer
adj.
;

tappa) whence
ffHT (form of

extracted.
;

a proper name.

^^l)

m. Heart
'gTT

chest.

^^^ (from ^ + ^^)

Co-resident, living with

and

suhs.

irjiTSfR

(comp. of Sans.

" oblation,"

co-dweller.

and ^r^R " eating ")

ficial fire.

s.

m.

The

sacri-

^^^ (comp. of Sans. ^ and ^^ "womb")

brother.
^T^lTcK {mkf(

with," " same,"

s.

m.

A
adj.
e.

uterine

= ^ or
ha
!

^nr)

interj.

of surprise.
!

Eh

And

of grief, Alas

ah

eJi)

s.

m. and
i.

(One)

^nTT V. n.

To spring

up, arise.

belonging
or

to jSaketa,

Ayodhya

^o|R

participle of

^^

" to be."
adverbial

It is

Oudh.
(from
Sans.

often

used to form
;

com-

^S
^rreri

^TT^)

s.

m. Evidence,

pounds

and,

when joined
of

to substan-

testimony.
TTt*^ m. TrTf*R?l/- adj.
s.

tives denoting locality or direction, it

Assistant, helpful.

has the sense

" via,"

" by way

m. Father-in-law's house.
s.

^VT^T

m. Straightforwardness,

inge-

of."
s.

m.

An

oblation of clarified butter,

nuousness, honesty.
W*nR^ (comp. of Sans. j{Xn

a sacrifice.

" nectar," and

^J^iR

s.f.

sacrificial

cow.

ALTERATIONS.

p. 4,

1.

B,for ^rTTW read

1.

^iTOT'HI

the

compound
to
oR^.

must,

further,

be

p. VI , p. 21, p. 25, p. 26,

9,

for

ftc^^ read |^^T^.

changed
p. 44,
p. 46,
1.

1.

11, /or t^^Tqt read f?f^T^.

8,
7,

3,

for I^T read

grt

^^.
i^ri
l

1.

for ^ran
for

rea.eZ ^'4TT.

1.

23, for
1,

l^ H read

^H

1.

oir^TTrftl recicZ

oF^STftlfVojft.

p. 49,
p. 50,

1.

for WH\ read

^ifi?

^m.
^pfi.

See note,

p. 27, p.

1.

6,

/or

% ^^

cB^ reacZ ^ttt |^^

1.

25, for
2,

read

28,

1.

11, for

flF^JT^lftra

read

o!f?jfJ

p. 51, p. 56,

1.

for

U^fd read

f???^.

1.

15, for 5Ht>m read irI g^.

14, for

p. 33,

1.

6,

/or fT#Tl reacZ ftrlT^.

p. 57, p. 60,

1.

WTBJ

reacZ ITFT^.
4iki'\\-

p. 34,

1.

14, /or '^ read 18, for

%.
I

1.

10, for

wwf\' read

1.

^^T
cji^

reatZ

?^'.

p. 64,

1.

26, for ^r^v>n read 26, for WT^cR read 25, for
10, for

^^T.
TTHo|i.

1.

12, for

tence will

tlieii

The senbe rendered by " (If)

rea.eZ

cB^ .

p. 66, p. 69,

1.

1.

ftn^

read fif^^Jt.

you say," &c.

p. 35,
1.

p. 72,
dk'i\\

1.

^m

read

^.
^^ift^.
foRTlT.

5,

/or ^^f^

read ^f^ciraiT.

p. 75,

1.

17, for w^ftifixi read

p. 36,
,,

1.

24, for
3, /or

fwm

read f^T^effo.

p. 85,
p. 92, p. 97,

1.

21, /or
4,
9, 6,

TcBiTr

read

1.

5Jcji

read

1.

for w*^ read

for

w^.

wJfT. This alludes to a kind of hawk, whose note is often

1.

12.

1.

^%Tn read

^^.

1.

/or fT reacZ ^.

heard in India just before the com-

mencement

p. 38,
1.

of the

monsoon.

In the following places, change the termination of the participles ending in -^

to
-TJ
:

14, for "^TX read

17, for
6,
4Y((?>'A\

5^.

p. 1,
1.

11.

6, 10,
1.

and

1.

16

p. 2,

1.

read WTT^HT.
oift.

1.3,
p. 9,

and
1.

5;

p. 5,
1.

17;
;

p. 6, p. 21,
p.

1.

20

p. 39,

1.

for

oRT

read

p. 16, p. 25,
;

20
1.

1.
1.

14
8 23

p. 22,1.

3;
15

19;
1.

28,
1.

p.

1.

22, for iTTft^n read mttV.'Wf1.

p. 30,
p. 40,

1.
1.

p. 31, p. 43,
1.

19,
;

and
p.

40,

6.

I to

have

altered
;

ftrn^
but, to

25

17

51,
to

1.

24.

^liT^c!''^

ftTTT^^^IPC^^T^

The

effect of this alteration is

turn

make good grammar,

the

ejrr

before

words

like

^m^ into

qJittc.

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