Work, Energy and Power: Problem Set

Problem 1 Renatta Gass is out with her friends. Misfortune occurs and Renatta and her friends find themselves getting a workout. They apply a cumulative force of 1080 N to push the car 218 m to the nearest fuel station. Determine the work done on the car. 2.35 x 105 J Problem 2 Hans Full is pulling on a rope to drag his backpack to school across the ice. He pulls upwards and rightwards with a force of 22.9 Newtons at an angle of 35 degrees above the horizontal to drag his backpack a horizontal distance of 129 meters to the right. Determine the work (in Joules) done upon the backpack. 2.42 x 103 J Problem 3 Lamar Gant, U.S. powerlifting star, became the first man to deadlift five times his own body weight in 1985. Deadlifting involves raising a loaded barbell from the floor to a position above the head with outstretched arms. Determine the work done by Lamar in deadlifting 300 kg to a height of 0.90 m above the ground. 2.6 x 103 J Problem 4 Sheila has just arrived at the airport and is dragging her suitcase to the luggage check-in desk. She pulls on the strap with a force of 190 N at an angle of 35 to the horizontal to displace it 45 m to the desk. Determine the work done by Sheila on the suitcase. 7.0 x 103 J Problem 5 While training for breeding season, a 380 gram male squirrel does 32 pushups in a minute, displacing its center of mass by a distance of 8.5 cm for each pushup. Determine the total work done on the squirrel while moving upward (32 times). 10. J Problem 6 During the Powerhouse lab, Jerome runs up the stairs, elevating his 102 kg body a vertical distance of 2.29 meters in a time of 1.32 seconds at a constant speed. a. b. a. b. Determine Determine 2.30 x 103 1.73 x 103 the work done by Jerome in climbing the stair case. the power generated by Jerome. J W

Problem 7 A new conveyor system at the local packaging plan will utilize a motor-powered mechanical arm to exert an average force of 890 N to push large crates a distance of 12 meters in 22 seconds. Determine the power output required of such a motor. 490 W (rounded from 485 W) Problem 8 The Taipei 101 in Taiwan is a 1667-foot tall, 101-story skyscraper. The skyscraper is the home of the worlds fastest elevator. The elevators transport visitors from the ground floor to the Observation Deck on the 89th floor at speeds up to 16.8 m/s. Determine the power delivered by the motor to lift the 10 passengers at this speed. The combined mass of the passengers and cabin is 1250 kg. 2.06 x 105 W

Problem 9 The ski slopes at Bluebird Mountain make use of tow ropes to transport snowboarders and skiers to the summit of the hill. One of the tow ropes is powered by a 22-kW motor which pulls skiers along an icy incline of 14 at a constant speed. Suppose that 18 skiers with an average mass of 48 kg hold onto the rope and suppose that the motor operates at full power. a. Determine the cumulative weight of all these skiers. b. Determine the force required to pull this amount of weight up a 14 incline at a constant speed. c. Determine the speed at which the skiers will ascend the hill. a. 8.5 x 103 N b. 2.0 x 103 N c. 11 m/s Problem 10 The first asteroid to be discovered is Ceres. It is the largest and most massive asteroid is our solar systems asteroid belt, having an estimated mass of 3.0 x 1021 kg and an orbital speed of 17900 m/s. Determine the amount of kinetic energy possessed by Ceres. 4.8 x 1029 J Problem 11 A bicycle has a kinetic energy of 124 J. What kinetic energy would the bicycle have if it had a. twice the mass and was moving at the same speed? b. the same mass and was moving with twice the speed? c. one-half the mass and was moving with twice the speed? d. the same mass and was moving with one-half the speed? e. three times the mass and was moving with one-half the speed? a. 248 J b. 496 J c. 248 J d. 31.0 J e. 93.0 J Problem 12 A 78-kg skydiver has a speed of 62 m/s at an altitude of 870 m above the ground. a. Determine the kinetic energy possessed by the skydiver. b. Determine the potential energy possessed by the skydiver. c. Determine the total mechanical energy possessed by the skydiver. a. 1.5 x 105 J b. 6.7 x 105 J c. 8.1 x 105 J Problem 13 Li Ping Phar, the esteemed Chinese ski jumper, has a mass of 59.6 kg. He is moving with a speed of 23.4 m/s at a height of 44.6 meters above the ground. Determine the total mechanical energy of Li Ping Phar. 4.24 x 104 J Problem 14 Chloe leads Souths varsity softball team in hitting. In a game against New Greer Academy this past weekend, Chloe slugged the 181-gram softball so hard that it cleared the outfield fence and landed on Lake Avenue. At one point in its trajectory, the ball was 28.8 m above the ground and moving with a speed of 19.7 m/s. Determine the total mechanical energy of the softball. 86.2 J Problem 15

Olive Udadi is at the park with her father. The 26-kg Olive is on a swing following the path as shown. Olive has a speed of 0 m/s at position A and is a height of 3.0-m above the ground. At position B, Olive is 1.2 m above the ground. At position C (2.2 m above the ground), Olive projects from the seat and travels as a projectile along the path shown. At point F, Olive is a mere picometer above the ground. Assume negligible air resistance throughout the motion. Use this information to fill in the table. Position A B C F Position A B C F Problem 16 Suzie Lavtaski (m=56 kg) is skiing at Bluebird Mountain. She is moving at 16 m/s across the crest of a ski hill located 34 m above ground level at the end of the run. a. Determine Suzie's kinetic energy. b. Determine Suzie's potential energy relative to the height of the ground at the end of the run. c. Determine Suzie's total mechanical energy at the crest of the hill. d. If no energy is lost or gained between the top of the hill and her initial arrival at the end of the run, then what will be Suzie's total mechanical energy at the end of the run? e. Determine Suzie's speed as she arrives at the end of the run and prior to braking to a stop. a. 7.2 x 103 J b. 1.0 x 104 J c. 2.6 x 104 J d. 2.6 x 104 J e. 3.0 x 101 m/s Problem 17 Nicholas is at The Noah's Ark Amusement Park and preparing to ride on The Point of No Return racing slide. At the top of the slide, Nicholas (m=72.6 kg) is 28.5 m above the ground. a. Determine Nicholas' potential energy at the top of the slide. b. Determine Nicholas's kinetic energy at the top of the slide. c. Assuming negligible losses of energy between the top of the slide and his approach to the bottom of the slide (h=0 m), determine Nicholas's total mechanical energy as he arrives at the bottom of the slide. d. Determine Nicholas' potential energy as he arrives at the bottom of the slide. e. Determine Nicholas' kinetic energy as he arrives at the bottom of the slide. f. Determine Nicholas' speed as he arrives at the bottom of the slide. a. 2.02 x 104 J b. 0 J c. 2.03 x 104 J d. 0 J e. 2.03 x 104 J f. 23.6 m/s Problem 18 Ima Scaarred (m=56.2 kg) is traveling at a speed of 12.8 m/s at the top of a 19.5-m high roller coaster loop. Height (m) 3.0 1.2 2.2 0 Height (m) 3.0 1.2 2.2 0 PE (J) KE (J) TME (J) Speed (m/s) 0.0

PE (J) 760 310 560 0

KE (J) 0 460 200 760

TME (J) 760 760 760 760

Speed (m/s) 0.0 5.9 4.0 7.7

a. Determine Ima's kinetic energy at the top of the loop. b. Determine Ima's potential energy at the top of the loop. c. Assuming negligible losses of energy due to friction and air resistance, determine Ima's total mechanical energy at the bottom of the loop (h=0 m). d. Determine Ima's speed at the bottom of the loop. a. 4.60 x 103 J b. 1.07 x 104 J c. 1.53 x 104 J d. 23.4 m/s Problem 19 Justin Thyme is traveling down Lake Avenue at 32.8 m/s in his 1510-kg 1992 Camaro. He spots a police car with a radar gun and quickly slows down to a legal speed of 20.1 m/s. a. Determine the initial kinetic energy of the Camaro. b. Determine the kinetic energy of the Camaro after slowing down. c. Determine the amount of work done on the Camaro during the deceleration. a. 8.12 x 105 J b. 3.05 x 105 J c. -5.07 x 105 J Problem 20 Pete Zaria works on weekends at Barnaby's Pizza Parlor. His primary responsibility is to fill drink orders for customers. He fills a pitcher full of Cola, places it on the counter top and gives the 2.6-kg pitcher a 8.8 N forward push over a distance of 48 cm to send it to a customer at the end of the counter. The coefficient of friction between the pitcher and the counter top is 0.28. a. Determine the work done by Pete on the pitcher during the 48 cm push. b. Determine the work done by friction upon the pitcher . c. Determine the total work done upon the pitcher . d. Determine the kinetic energy of the pitcher when Pete is done pushing it. e. Determine the speed of the pitcher when Pete is done pushing it. a. 4.2 J b. -3.4 J c. 0.8 J d. 0.8 J e. 0.8 m/s Problem 21 The Top Thrill Dragster stratacoaster at Cedar Point Amusement Park in Ohio uses a hydraulic launching system to accelerate riders from 0 to 53.6 m/s (120 mi/hr) in 3.8 seconds before climbing a completely vertical 420-foot hill. a. Jerome (m=102 kg) visits the park with his church youth group. He boards his car, straps himself in and prepares for the thrill of the day. What is Jerome's kinetic energy before the acceleration period? b. The 3.8-second acceleration period begins to accelerate Jerome along the level track. What is Jerome's kinetic energy at the end of this acceleration period? c. Once the launch is over, Jerome begins screaming up the 420-foot, completely vertical section of the track. Determine Jerome's potential energy at the top of the vertical section. (GIVEN: 1.00 m = 3.28 ft) d. Determine Jerome's kinetic energy at the top of the vertical section. e. Determine Jerome's speed at the top of the vertical section. a. 0 J b. 1.47 x 105 J c. 1.28 x 105 J d. 1.9 x 104 J e. 19 m/s Problem 22 Paige is the tallest player on South's Varsity volleyball team. She is in spiking position when Julia gives her the perfect set. The 0.226-kg volleyball is 2.29 m above the ground and has a speed of 1.06 m/s. Paige spikes the ball, doing 9.89 J of work on it. a. Determine the potential energy of the ball before Paige spikes it. b. Determine the kinetic energy of the ball before Paige spikes it.

c. Determine the total mechanical energy of the ball before Paige spikes it. d. Determine the total mechanical energy of the ball upon hitting the floor on the opponent's side of the net. e. Determine the speed of the ball upon hitting the floor on the opponent's side of the net. a. 5.07 J b. 0.127 J c. 5.20 J d. 15.09 J e. 11.6 m/s Problem 23 According to ABC's Wide World of Sports show, there is the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat. On March 21 of 1970, Vinko Bogataj was the Yugoslavian entrant into the World Championships held in former West Germany. By his third and final jump of the day, heavy and persistent snow produced dangerous conditions along the slope. Midway through the run, Bogataj recognized the danger and attempted to make adjustments in order to terminate his jump. Instead, he lost his balanced and tumbled and flipped off the slope into the dense crowd. For nearly 30 years thereafter, footage of the event was included in the introduction of ABC's infamous sports show and Vinco has become known as the agony of defeat icon. a. Determine the speed of 72-kg Vinco after skiing down the hill to a height which is 49 m below the starting location. b. After descending the 49 m, Vinko tumbled off the track and descended another 15 m down the ski hill before finally stopping. Determine the change in potential energy of Vinko from the top of the hill to the point at which he stops. c. Determine the amount of cumulative work done upon Vinko's body as he crashes to a halt. a. 31 m/s b. -4.5 x 104 J c. -4.5 x 104 J Problem 24 Nolan Ryan reportedly had the fastest pitch in baseball, clocked at 100.9 mi/hr (45.0 m/s) If such a pitch had been directed vertically upwards at this same speed, then to what height would it have traveled? 103 m Problem 25 In the Incline Energy lab, partners Anna Litical and Noah Formula give a 1.00-kg cart an initial speed of 2.35 m/s from a height of 0.125 m above the lab table. Determine the speed of the cart when it is located 0.340 m above the lab table. 1.1 m/s Problem 26 In April of 1976, Chicago Cub slugger Dave Kingman hit a home run which cleared the Wrigley Field fence and hit a house located 530 feet (162 m) from home plate. Suppose that the 0.145-kg baseball left Kingman's bat at 92.7 m/s and that it lost 10% of its original energy on its flight through the air. Determine the speed of the ball when it cleared the stadium wall at a height of 25.6 m. 85.0 m/s Problem 27 Dizzy is speeding along at 22.8 m/s as she approaches the level section of track near the loading dock of the Whizzer roller coaster ride. A braking system abruptly brings the 328-kg car (rider mass included) to a speed of 2.9 m/s over a distance of 5.55 meters. Determine the braking force applied to Dizzy's car. 1.51 x 104 N Problem 28 A 6.8-kg toboggan is kicked on a frozen pond, such that it acquires a speed of 1.9 m/s. The coefficient of friction between the pond and the toboggan is 0.13. Determine the distance which the toboggan slides before coming to rest. 1.4 m Problem 29

Connor (m=76.0 kg) is competing in the state diving championship. He leaves the springboard from a height of 3.00 m above the water surface with a speed of 5.94 m/s in the upward direction. a. Determine Connor's speed when he strikes the water. b. Connor's body plunges to a depth of 2.15 m below the water surface before stopping. Determine the average force of water resistance experienced by his body. a. 9.70 m/s b. 2.41 x 103 N Problem 30 Gwen is baby-sitting for the Parker family. She takes 3-year old Allison to the neighborhood park and places her in the seat of the children's swing. Gwen pulls the 1.8-m long chain back to make a 26 angle with the vertical and lets 14-kg Allison (swing mass included) go. Assuming negligible friction and air resistance, determine Allison's speed at the lowest point in the trajectory. 1.9 m/s Problem 31 Sheila (m=56.8 kg) is in her saucer sled moving at 12.6 m/s at the bottom of the sledding hill near Bluebird Lake. She approaches a long embankment inclined upward at 16 above the horizontal. As she slides up the embankment, she encounters a coefficient of friction of 0.128. Determine the height to which she will travel before coming to rest. 5.60 m Problem 32 Matthew starts from rest on top of 8.45 m high sledding hill. He slides down the 32-degree incline and across the plateau at its base. The coefficient of friction between the sled and snow is 0.128 for both the hill and the plateau. Matthew and the sled have a combined mass of 27.5 kg. Determine the distance which Matthew will slide along the level surface before coming to a complete stop. 52.5 m

Mechanics: Vectors and Projectiles

Vectors and Projectiles: Problem Set
Problem 1: Coach Sweeney walks 26 yards to the north along the sideline, pauses, and walks 12 yards back to the south. a. Determine the distance which Coach moved. b. Determine Coach's resultant displacement. a. 38 yd b. 14 yd, north Problem 2: a. Rosa Boat is paddling upstream at 1.25 m/s relative to the water in a river which is flowing at 0.50 m/s relative to the banks of the river. What is the resultant velocity of Rosa's boat (relative to the banks)? b. Rosa Boat is paddling downstream at 1.25 m/s relative to the water in a river which is flowing at 0.50 m/s relative to the banks of the river. What is the resultant velocity of Rosa's boat (relative to the banks)? a. 0.75 m/s, upstream b. 1.75 m/s, downstream Problem 3: The takeoff speed of a military aircraft from an aircraft carrier is approximately 170 mi/hr relative to the air. They acquire this speed through a combination of a catapult system present on the aircraft carrier and the aircraft's jet propulsion system. A common strategy is to head the carrier and the plane into the wind. If a plane is taking off from an aircraft carrier which is moving at 40 mi/hr into a 20 mi/hr headwind, then what speed relative to the deck of the aircraft carrier must it obtain to takeoff? 110 mi/hr Problem 4:

Claire de Iles is shopping. She walks 16 m to the end of an aisle. She then makes a right hand turn and walks 21 m down the end aisle. Determine the magnitude of Claire's resultant displacement. 26 m Problem 5: Jim Nazium is walking from lunch to his PE class. He exits the lunchroom and walks 43 m west. He then turns and walks 72 m north down the hallway leading to the locker room. Determine the magnitude and direction of Jim's resultant displacement. 84 m, 59N of W (or 121 CCW) Problem 6: On her trip from home to school, Karla drives along three streets after exiting the driveway. She drives 1.85 miles south, 2.43 miles east and 0.35 miles north. Determine the magnitude of Karla's resultant displacement. 2.86 mi Problem 7: Sheila is captain of the Varsity cross country team. During the after-school practice on Tuesday, she led the team on the following run from school to a nearby park where they met the coach for a meeting: 0.68 miles, north; 1.09 miles east; 1.56 miles north; 0.32 miles, west. Determine the magnitude and direction of the team's resultant displacement. 2.37 mi, 71.0 N of E (or 71.0 CCW) Problem 8: During the Vector Addition lab, Mac and Tosh start at the classroom door and walk 40.0 m, north, 32.5 m east, 15.5 m south, 68.5 m west, and 2.5 m, north. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement of Mac and Tosh. 45.0 m, 36.9 N of W (or 143.1 CCW) Problem 9: Avery, the quarterback of South's Varsity football team, made the most amazing pass in the Homecoming game against cross town rival North. He threw the pass from the exact center of the field to the corner of the end zone, where Jamaal caught it for the game winning score. If the football field is 160 feet wide (sideline to sideline) and it is 60 yards from midfield to the back of the end zone, then how far did the ball travel from Avery's hands to Jamaal's hands. 66 yd (rounded from 65.66 yd) or 197 ft Problem 10: Consider the map of the United States below. Given the scale that 1 cm = 340 km, a protractor and a ruler can be used to determine the magnitude and direction for the following trips. All directions are expressed using the counterclockwise from east convention. For each trip, use the sine, cosine and tangent functions to determine the horizontal and vertical components of the displacement. Be sure to indicate E, W, N, or S as the direction for each component.

Trip Chicago to Denver Reno to Miami Seattle to Washington

Displacement 1430 km, 187 4030 km, 341 3480 km, 344

Horiz. Component

Vert. Component

Houston to Salt Lake City Trip Chicago to Denver Reno to Miami Seattle to Washington Houston to Salt Lake City Problem 11:

2040 km, 143 Displacement 1430 km, 187 4030 km, 341 3480 km, 344 2040 km, 143 Horiz. Component 1419 km, West 3810 km, East 3345 km, East 1629 km, West Vert. Component 174 km, South 1312 km, South 959 km, South 1228 km, North

The pilot of a plane flying due north is notified by the flight controller that there is a second plane flying south at about the same altitude and located in the same general area. The pilot is told that the southward bound plane is currently located at a position which is 13.5 km, 102 from her own plane. a. How many miles to the north is the second plane? b. How many miles to the west is the second plane? c. If the two planes both have an airspeed of 290. km/hr, then how much time will elapse before the planes are side by side? a. 13.2 km b. 2.8 km c. 0.0228 hr (1.37 min) Problem 12: A spelunker (person who explores caves) determines that the cave entrance is located 349 m, 253 from her current position. How far south and how far west from her current position is the cave entrance? 102 m, West 334 m, South Problem 13: Avery, South's quarterback, throws a pass 36.5 yards at 21 W of S before it is caught by Mitchell with a diving catch. Assuming that the field runs north and south, and that Avery threw the pass from 7.2 yards behind the line of scrimmage, how many yards were gained on the play? 26.9 yd Problem 14:

Mia Ander exits the front door of her home and walks along the path shown in the diagram at the right (not to scale). The walk consists of four legs with the following magnitudes: A = 88 m B = 272 m C = 136 m D = 183 m Determine the magnitude and direction of Mia's resultant displacement. 218 m, 56.3 S of W (or236.3 CCW) Problem 15: Dora is exploring a cave. She starts at the entrance and makes the following straight line movements: 68 m, south 112 m, 25 north of west (155 CCW)

34 m, south 182 m, 17 south of east (343 CCW) Determine Dora's position relative to the entrance of the cave. That is, how far and in what direction is Dora from the cave entrance? 130. m, 56.1S of E (or 303.9 CCW) Problem 16: Taylor and Drew finish their last class on the day before Spring break and decide to take a spontaneous road trip. Their trip involves the following movements: 42 miles, 67 north of west (113 CCW) 61 miles, west 23 miles, 17 west of south (253 CCW) Taylor's car breaks down after the last leg of the trip. How far and in what direction are Taylor and Drew from campus? 86 mi, 11 north of west (169 CCW) Problem 17: A weather report shows that a tornado was sighted 12 km south and 23 km west of your town. The storm is reported to be moving directly towards your town at a speed of 82 km/hr. a. What distance from your town was the tornado sighted? b. Approximately how much time (in minutes and hours) will elapse before the violent storm arrives at your town? a. 26 km (rounded from 25.9 mi) b. 0.32 hr or 19 min Problem 18: An airplane begins its journey into Canada from a destination located 285 mi south of the border. The plane flies along a straight-line path at 189 mi/h in a direction of 20.5 degrees west of north. Determine the number of minutes before the plane crosses the border. Assume that the border is aligned directly east and west in the region where the flight takes place. 96.6 min Problem 19: Glenda and Harold are attempting to cross a river in a kayak. The river flows due east at 1.9 m/s. Glenda and Harold head the kayak due north and row at 2.4 m/s (relative to the water). The river is 38 m wide at this location. a. Determine the resultant velocity of the boat - both magnitude and direction. b. Determine the time for Glenda and Harold to cross the river. c. How far downstream will the boat be when Glenda and Harold reach the opposite shore? a. 3.1 m/s, 38 east of north (or 52 N of E) (or 52 CCW) b. 16 s c. 30. m Problem 20: Ty Ridlegs boards a paddle boat and heads the boat westward directly across a river. The river flows south at 48 cm/s. Ty paddles the boat with a speed of 98 cm/s. a. Determine the resultant velocity of the boat - both magnitude and direction. b. If the river is 22 m wide at this location, then how much time does it take Ty to cross the river? Assume that Ty keeps his paddle boat headed west. c. How far downstream will Ty be when he reaches the other side of the river? a. 109 cm/s, 26 south of west (or 54 W of S) (or 206 CCW) b. 22 s c. 11 m (rounded from 10.8 m) Problem 21: Dylan and Sophia are walking along Bluebird Lake on a perfectly calm day. Dylan, determined to impress Sophia by his ability to skip rocks, picks up the flattest rock he can find and gives it a sidearm launch from the edge of the water. The rock acquires a completely horizontal velocity of 26 m/s from a height of 0.45 m above the water surface. a. How much time does it take the rock to fall to the water surface? b. How far from the edge of the water does the rock travel before it makes its first skip?

a. 0.30 s b. 7.9 m Problem 22: In an effort to create a cannonball-style splash, eight-year old Matthew runs off the edge of the board of the high dive at 4.6 m/s and falls 2.3 m to the water below. a. Determine the time for Matthew to fall the 2.3 m to the water. b. What horizontal distance from the edge of the board will Matthew plunge into the water? c. With what speed does Matthew enter the water? a. 0.69 s b. 3.2 m c. 8.1 m/s Problem 23: Ima Peode wishes to throw a 2.8-kg pumpkin horizontally off the top of the school roof in order to hit Mr. H's car. The car is parked a distance of 13.4 m away from the base of the building below the point where Ima is standing. The building's roof is 10.4 m high. Assuming no air resistance, with what horizontal speed must Ima toss the pumpkin in order to hit Mr. H's car. Problem 24: The La Quebrada Cliff Divers provide daily entertainment for the crowds at Acapulco, Mexico. As a group of professional high divers, they dive off the cliff of La Quebrada and fall 45.1 m (148 feet) to the water below. More than an act of bravery, the cliff divers must time their dive so that they hit the water when the crest of an incoming wave has arrived. Determine the speed with which Pedro must run off the cliff in order to land in the water a horizontal distance of 17.8 m from the edge of the cliff. 5.87 m/s Problem 25: An emergency relief plane is dropping a care package from a plane to a group of medical personnel working for a relief agency in an African village. The package is designed to land in a small lake, inflate an attached raft upon impact, and finally resurface with the raft side down. The plane will be moving horizontally with a ground speed of 59.1 m/s. The package will be dropped a horizontal distance of 521 m from the intended target location. At what altitude above the pond must the plane be flying in order to successfully accomplish this feat? Problem 26: The Choo Choo Restaurant in DesPlaines, IL is a 50s style diner which is notorious for the delivery of food from the kitchen to the dining room by an O-scale model train. Dinner baskets filled with hot dogs, hamburgers, French fries and the like are mounted to the tops of flatbed train cars and transported to table tops. On Matthews fifth birthday, a French fry rolled off the top of the pile on a tight turn moving at a speed of 1.25 m/s and fell to the floor. a. Determine the time for the French fry to fall 113 cm from the top of the pile to the floor. b. Determine the horizontal displacement of the fry from the edge of the track. c. Determine the speed of the French fry upon striking the floor. a. 0.152 s b. 0.190 m c. 1.94 m/s Problem 27: Aaron Agin and Bud Derfenger are lab partners who last year earned a reputation for breaking beakers, spilling acid, mixing the wrong chemicals, breaking thermometers and accidentally lighting Sophias hair on fire with a Bunsen burner. And now to the delight of the physics class, Mr. H has made the mistake of allowing them to partner again. In a recent lab which utilized expensive tracks and carts, Aaron and Bud lived up to their reputation. Despite strong warnings from Mr. H, they allowed a cart to roll off the track and then off the table with a speed of 208 cm/s. The crash of the cart to the floor a horizontal distance of 96.3 cm from the tables edge turned the entire classroom silent. Use this information to determine the height of the lab tables in Mr. Hs lab. 1.05 m Problem 28: Sharon Steady and Al Wayskachon won Souths recent egg toss contest held during Homecoming week. In their winning toss, Sharon gave the egg an underhand toss, releasing it with a velocity of 8.06 m/s at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. To the pleasure of the crowd, Al caught the egg at the same height as the toss without even a fracture to its shell.

a. Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity. b. Calculate the time for the egg to reach the midpoint of the trajectory. c. Calculate the total time the egg is in the air. d. Calculate the horizontal distance which the egg traveled from Sharon to Al. e. Calculate the height of the egg (relative to the releast point) when it was at the peak of its trajectory. Problem 29: Li Ping Phar, the famous Chinese ski jumper, leaves the ramp with an initial velocity of 34.9 m/s at an angle of 35. a. Determine the total time of flight. b. Determine the horizontal displacement. c. Determine the peak height (relative to the starting height). Assume that Li lands at the same height as the top of the ramp and that Li is a projectile. a. 4.09 s b. 117 m c. 20.4 m Problem 30: A tennis player stretches out to reach a ball that is just barely above the ground and successfully 'lobs' it over her opponent's head. The ball is hit with a speed of 18.7 m/s at an angle of 65.1 degrees. a. Determine the time that the ball is in the air. b. Determine the maximum height which the ball reaches. c. Determine the distance the ball travels horizontally before landing. a. 3.46 s b. 14.7 m c. 27.3 m Problem 31: On New Years eve of 2007, Robbie Maddison set the world record for the longest motorcycle jump, traveling 98.3 m through the air from ramp to ramp. (The record has since been broken several times by Maddision himself.) Assuming a launch angle of 45, insignificant air resistance and a landing location at the same height as the launch height, determine the speed with which Maddison left the ramp. 31.0 m/s Problem 32: Mr. Udadi takes his three children to the park for some summertime recreation. Olive Udadi is enjoying swinging and jumping. On one jump, Olive leaves the swing at a 30 angle to the horizontal with a speed of 2.2 m/s. She lands on the ground a horizontal distance of 1.09 m from the launch location. a. Determine the horizontal and the vertical components of the initial velocity. b. Determine the time which Olive is in the air. c. Determine the vertical height (relative to the landing location) from which Olive jumps from the swing. a. vox = 1.9 m/s and voy = 1.1 m/s b. t = 0.57 s c. 1.0 m Problem 33: In an apparent effort to earn an appearance on the Destroyed in Seconds show, Caleb attempts a bicycle maneuver in which he jumps between two ramps whose elevated edges are located a distance of 1.8 meters apart. The ramps are angled at 35 and located at the same height. Determine the speed (in m/s and mi/hr) that Caleb must acquire to accomplish this stunt. (Given: 1.00 m/s = 2.24 mi/hr) 4.3 m/s or 9.7 mi/hr Problem 34: Albert is Souths star punter for the varsity football team. His best hang time this past season was for a punt which h e kicked at 74 above the horizontal. The punt had a 6.2 second hang time. a. Determine the speed at which the ball was punted. b. Determine the horizontal distance which the ball traveled. a. 31.6 m/s b. 54.0 m

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a part of the brain located superior and anterior to the brain stem and inferior to the thalamus. It serves many different functions in the nervous system, and is also responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains special cells called neurosecretory cellsneurons that secrete hormones:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) All of the releasing and inhibiting hormones affect the function of the anterior pituitary gland. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone. GHRH and GHIH work to regulate the release of growth hormoneGHRH stimulates growth hormone release, GHIH inhibits its release. GnRH stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone while CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. The last two hormonesoxytocin and antidiuretic hormoneare produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and later released. Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized lump of tissue connected to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus of the brain. Many blood vesselssurround the pituitary gland to carry the hormones it releases throughout the body. Situated in a small depression in the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica, the pituitary gland is actually made of 2 completely separate structures: the posterior and anterior pituitary glands.

1. Posterior Pituitary: The posterior pituitary gland is actually not glandular tissue at all, but nervous tissue instead. The posterior pituitary is a small extension of the hypothalamus through which the axons of some of the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus extend. These neurosecretory cells create 2 hormones in the hypothalamus that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary:

Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and

reducing blood flow to sweat glands. 2. Anterior Pituitary: The anterior pituitary gland is the true glandular part of the pituitary gland. The function of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces 6 important hormones:

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), as its name suggests, is a tropic hormone responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, the outer part of the adrenal gland, to produce its hormones. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes ova in females and sperm in males. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the gonads to produce the sex hormonesestrogens in females and testosterone in males. Human growth hormone (HGH) affects many target cells throughout the body by stimulating their growth, repair, and reproduction. Prolactin (PRL) has many effects on the body, chief of which is that it stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk. Pineal Gland The pineal gland is a small pinecone-shaped mass of glandular tissue found just posterior to the thalamus of the brain. The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin that helps to regulate the human sleep-wake cycle known as the circadian rhythm. The activity of the pineal gland is inhibited by stimulation from the photoreceptors of the retina. This light sensitivity causes melatonin to be produced only in low light or darkness. Increased melatonin production causes humans to feel drowsy at nighttime when the pineal gland is active.

Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck and wrapped around the lateral sides of the trachea. The thyroid gland produces 3 major hormones:

Calcitonin Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin is released when calcium ion levels in the blood rise above a certain set point. Calcitonin functions to reduce the concentration of calcium ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into the matrix of bones. The hormones T3 and T4 work together to regulate the bodys metabolic rate. Increased levels of T3 and T4 lead to increased cellular activity and energy usage in the body. Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands are 4 small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands produce the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in calcium ion homeostasis. PTH is released from the parathyroid glands when calcium ion levels in the blood drop below a set point. PTH stimulates the osteoclasts to break down the calcium containing bone matrix to release free calcium ions into the bloodstream. PTH also triggers the kidneys to return calcium ions filtered out of the blood back to the bloodstream so that it is conserved. Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are a pair of roughly triangular glands found immediately superior to the kidneys. The adrenal glands are each made of 2 distinct layers, each with their own unique functions: the outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla.

Adrenal cortex: The adrenal cortex produces many cortical hormones in 3 classes: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.

1. Glucocorticoids have many diverse functions, including the breakdown of proteins and lipids to produce glucose. Glucocorticoids also function to reduce inflammation and immune response. 2. Mineralocorticoids, as their name suggests, are a group of hormones that help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body. 3. Androgens, such as testosterone, are produced at low levels in the adrenal cortex to regulate the growth and activity of cells that are receptive to male hormones. In adult males, the amount of androgens produced by the testes is many times greater than the amount produced by the adrenal cortex, leading to the appearance of male secondary sex characteristics.

Adrenal medulla: The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the fight-or-flight response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure while decreasing the flow of blood to and function of organs that are not involved in responding to emergencies. Pancreas The pancreas is a large gland located in the abdominal cavity just inferior and posterior to the stomach. The pancreas is considered to be a heterocrine gland as it contains both endocrine and exocrine tissue. The endocrine cells of the pancreas make up just about 1% of the total mass of the pancreas and are found in small groups throughout the pancreas called islets of Langerhans. Within these islets are 2 types of cellsalpha and beta cells. The alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which is responsible for raising blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers muscle and liver cells to break down the polysaccharide glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream. The beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal. Insulin triggers the absorption of glucose from the blood into cells, where it is added to glycogen molecules for storage. Gonads The gonadsovaries in females and testes in malesare responsible for producing the sex hormones of the body.

These sex hormones determine the secondary sex characteristics of adult females and adult males. Testes: The testes are a pair of ellipsoid organs found in the scrotum of males that produce the androgen testosterone in males after the start of puberty. Testosterone has effects on many parts of the body, including the muscles, bones, sex organs, and hair follicles. This hormone causes growth and increases in strength of the bones and muscles, including the accelerated growth of long bones during adolescence. During puberty, testosterone controls the growth and development of the sex organs and body hair of males, including pubic, chest, and facial hair. In men who

have inherited genes for baldness testosterone triggers the onset of androgenic alopecia, commonly known as male

pattern baldness. Ovaries: The ovaries are a pair of almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic body cavity lateral and superior to the uterus in females. The ovaries produce the female sex hormones progesterone and estrogens. Progesterone is most active in females during ovulation and pregnancy where it maintains appropriate conditions in the human body to support a developing fetus. Estrogens are a group of related hormones that function as the primary female sex hormones. The release of estrogen during puberty triggers the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as uterine development, breast development, and the growth of pubic hair. Estrogen also triggers the increased growth of bones during adolescence that lead to adult height and proportions. Thymus The thymus is a soft, triangular-shaped organ found in the chest posterior to the sternum. The thymus produces hormones called thymosins that help to train and develop T-lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood. The T-lymphocytes produced in the thymus go on to protect the body from pathogens throughout a persons entire life. The thymus becomes inactive during puberty and is slowly replaced by adipose tis sue throughout a persons life. Other Hormone Producing Organs In addition to the glands of the endocrine system, many other non-glandular organs and tissues in the body produce hormones as well.

Heart: The cardiac muscle tissue of the heart is capable of producing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to high blood pressure levels. ANP works to reduce blood pressure by triggering vasodilation to provide more space for the blood to travel through. ANP also reduces blood volume and pressure by causing water and salt to be excreted out of the blood by the kidneys.

Kidneys: The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low levels of oxygen in the blood. EPO released by the kidneys travels to the red bone marrow where it stimulates an increased production of red blood cells. The number of red blood cells increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, eventually ending the production of EPO.

Digestive System: The hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and gastrin are all produced by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. CCK, secretin, and gastrin all help to regulate the secretion of pancreatic juice, bile, and gastric juice in response to the presence of food in the stomach. CCK is also instrumental in the sensation of satiety or fullness after eating a meal.

Adipose: Adipose tissue produces the hormone leptin that is involved in the management of appetite and energy usage by the body. Leptin is produced at levels relative to the amount of adipose tissue in the body, allowing the brain to monitor the bodys energy storage condition. When the body contains a sufficient level of adipose for energy storage, the level of leptin in the blood tells the brain that the body is not starving and may work normally. If the level of adipose or leptin decreases below a certain threshold, the body enters starvation mode and attempts to conserve energy through increased hunger and food intake and decreased energy usage. Adipose tissue also produces very low levels of estrogens in both men and women. In obese people the large volume of adipose tissue may lead to abnormal estrogen levels.

Placenta: In pregnant women, the placenta produces several hormones that help to maintain pregnancy. Progesterone is produced to relax the uterus, protect the fetus from the mothers immune system, and prevent premature delivery of the fetus. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) assists progesterone by signaling the ovaries to maintain the production of estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy.

Local Hormones: Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are produced by every tissue in the body (except for blood tissue) in response to damaging stimuli. These two hormones mainly affect the cells that are local to the source of damage,

leaving the rest of the body free to function normally. 1. Prostaglandins cause swelling, inflammation, increased pain sensitivity, and increased local body temperature to help block damaged regions of the body from infection or further damage. They act as the bodys natural bandages to keep pathogens out and swell around damaged joints like a natural cast to limit movement. 2. Leukotrienes help the body heal after prostaglandins have taken effect by reducing inflammation while helping white blood cells to move into the region to clean up pathogens and damaged tissues. Physiology of the Endocrine System Endocrine System vs. Nervous System Function The endocrine system works alongside of the nervous system to form the control systems of the body. The nervous system provides a very fast and narrowly targeted system to turn on specific glands and muscles throughout the

body. The endocrine system, on the other hand, is much slower acting, but has very widespread, long lasting, and powerful effects. Hormones are distributed by glands through the bloodstream to the entire body, affecting any cell with a receptor for a particular hormone. Most hormones affect cells in several organs or throughout the entire body, leading to many diverse and powerful responses. Hormone Properties Once hormones have been produced by glands, they are distributed through the body via the bloodstream. As hormones travel through the body, they pass through cells or along the plasma membranes of cells until they encounter a receptor for that particular hormone. Hormones can only affect target cells that have the appropriate receptors. This property of hormones is known as specificity. Hormone specificity explains how each hormone can have specific effects in widespread parts of the body. Many hormones produced by the endocrine system are classified as tropic hormones. A tropic hormone is a hormone that is able to trigger the release of another hormone in another gland. Tropic hormones provide a pathway of control for hormone production as well as a way for glands to be controlled in distant regions of the body. Many of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland, such as TSH, ACTH, and FSH are tropic hormones. Hormonal Regulation The levels of hormones in the body can be regulated by several factors. The nervous system can control hormone levels through the action of the hypothalamus and its releasing and inhibiting hormones. For example, TRH produced by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce TSH. Tropic hormones provide another level of control for the release of hormones. For example, TSH is a tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. Nutrition can also control the levels of hormones in the body. For example, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 require 3 or 4 iodine atoms, respectively, to be produced. In people lacking iodine in their diet, they will fail to produce sufficient levels of thyroid hormones to maintain a healthy metabolic rate. Finally, the number of receptors present in cells can be varied by cells in response to hormones. Cells that are exposed to high levels of hormones for extended periods of time can begin to reduce the number of receptors that they produce, leading to reduced hormonal control of the cell. Classes of Hormones Hormones are classified into 2 categories depending on their chemical make-up and solubility: water-soluble and lipidsoluble hormones. Each of these classes of hormones has specific mechanisms for their function that dictate how they affect their target cells.

Water-soluble hormones: Water-soluble hormones include the peptide and amino-acid hormones such as insulin, epinephrine, HGH, and oxytocin. As their name indicates, these hormones are soluble in water. Water-soluble hormones are unable to pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and are therefore dependent upon receptor molecules on the surface of cells. When a water-soluble hormone binds to a receptor molecule on the surface of a cell, it triggers a reaction inside of the cell. This reaction may change a factor inside of the cell such as the permeability of the membrane or the activation of another molecule. A common reaction is to cause molecules of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to be synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) present in the cell. cAMP acts as a second messenger within the cell where it binds to a second receptor to change the function of the

cells physiology. Lipid-soluble hormones: Lipid-soluble hormones include the steroid hormones such as testosterone, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Because they are soluble in lipids, these hormones are able to pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and bind directly to receptors inside the cell nucleus. Lipidsoluble hormones are able to directly control the function of a cell from these receptors, often triggering the transcription of particular genes in the DNA to produce "messenger RNAs (mRNAs)" that are used to make proteins that affect the cells growth and function.