ET8017

Electronic Instrumentation

HW 7

by

Dali ZHANG 4219058

2013/10/29

Student Number: 4219058 Name: Dali Zhang

ET8017 Electronic Instrumentation HW 7

Page 1 of 3 2013/10/29

1.
Vin=5V R1 Vout R2

Vo1 Vo2

Fig.1

As shown in Fig.1, we have Vout = Division ratio will be Rd =

Vin R 2 R1 + R 2

R2 R1 + R 2 R1 and R 2 are the only and uncorrelated sources of uncertainty of R d . R d R d R 2 R1 |R d | = | | |R1 | + | | |R 2 | = | | |R1 | + | | |R 2 | 2 (R1 + R 2 ) (R1 + R 2 )2 R1 R 2 With normal value of 1 k and tolerance of 5%, maximum error in division ratio will be 1 5% R |R| |R d,max | = = 0.025 2R 2R or 5%. That is when one resistor has a value of 950 , the other has the value of 1050 .

2.
Vin S1 S2

R1
S3 S4

Vout

R2

Fig. 2

Sketch of DEM is shown in Fig. 2. Division ratio will be R 2 + R s3 R d1 = R1 + R 2 + R s1 + R s3 R1 + R s2 R d2 = R1 + R 2 + R s2 + R s4 Final division ratio will be R d1 + R d2 Rd = 2 Error propagation of the division ratio will be

Student Number: 4219058 Name: Dali Zhang

ET8017 Electronic Instrumentation HW 7

Page 2 of 3 2013/10/29

R d R d R d R d R d |R d | = | | |R1 | + | | |R 2 | + | | |R s1 | + | | |Rs2 | + | | |R s3 | R1 R 2 R s1 R s2 R s3 R d | |R s4 | +| R 2 which yields [(R1 + R s1 )|R s3 | + (R 2 + R s3 )|R s1 |] |R d | = 2(R1 + R 2 + R s1 + R s3 )2 [(R 2 + R s4 )|R s2 | + (R1 + R s2 )|R s4 |] + 2(R1 + R 2 + R s2 + R s4 )2 Maximum error will be |R s1 | + |R s2 | + |R s3 | + |R s4 | 4 |R d,max,sw | = = 0.000495 8080 8080 or 0.099%. This will happen when switches connected to ground share the same value at one edge of the tolerance, and switches connected to input voltage share the same value at the other edge of the tolerance.

3.
Vin S1 S2

R1
S3 S4

Vout Rin

R2

Fig. 3

As shown in Fig. 3, with a load resistor at output, division ratio will be (R 2 + R s3 )//R in R d1 = R1 + R s1 + (R 2 + R s3 )//R in (R1 + R s2 )//R in R d2 = (R1 + R s2 )//R in + R 2 + R s4 It is very difficult to get the error propagation result from these equations. We can transmit the effective of R in to S2 and S3 . Assume that we have an additional ideal resistor R es series connected to S2 and S3 , we have [(R1 + R s1 )|R s3 | + (R 2 + R s3 + R es )|R s1 |] |R d,opamp | = 2(R1 + R 2 + R s1 + R s3 + R es )2 [(R 2 + R s4 )|R s2 | + (R1 + R s2 + R es )|R s4 |] + 2(R1 + R 2 + R s2 + R s4 + R es )2 1 |R d,max,opamp | = 2020 + R es with 10 ppm allowed extra error, we have ||R d,max,sw | |R d,max,opamp || = 10 ppm so R es = 41.6 or 40.0 Since R in is paralleled to original circuit, R es = 40.0 , with the same effect, (R + R s )//R in = R + R s + R es so input impedance of the opamp should be at least R in 24.5 k (Not sure about this result, it is much smaller than the following result without DEM. But I cannot figure out what is wrong, maybe this is just one of the benefit of utilizing DEM...)

Student Number: 4219058 Name: Dali Zhang

ET8017 Electronic Instrumentation HW 7

Page 3 of 3 2013/10/29

Consider only the contribution of input impedance of the opamp without DEM R 2 //R in R 2 R in Rd = = R1 + R 2 //R in R1 R in + R 2 R in + R1 R 2 |R d,opamp | = |R d 0.5| = 10 ppm which yields R in = 25 M

4.
For DEC, ripple at the output will be at 1 kHz. So cut-off frequency should be lower than 1 kHz. We don't have enough information for flicker noise, so only consider thermal noise. In the circuit shown in Fig.2, noise sources are the switches and resistors. Total noise power at the input of opamp will be Pn,total = 4kTf3db Since opamp and filter will not introduce extra noise, we know the RMS value at output of the filter will be 4kTf3db (R + R s ) 4 Ignore effect of input impedance of the opamp, signal output of the opamp will be R 2 + R s3 959 Vin = V , phase 1 R1 + R 2 + R s1 + R s3 2020 in Vs,o = R1 + R s2 1061 Vin = V , phase 2 {R1 + R 2 + R s2 + R s4 2022 in Assume that Vin = 1 DC value of output will be 1009 Vs,odc 2020 Amplitude of the output will be 100 Vs,oa = 2020 With a RC 1st order low pass filter, we have 1 1 G= = f 1 + j( ) 1 + jRC f3db Step response of the circuit will be t t H(t) = Vs,oa (1 eRC ) Vs,oa 2RC With 50% duty cycle, the ripple will be symmetrical. When cut-off frequency is much smaller than 1 kHz, we can utilize triangular wave for approximation. RMS value will be H(0.5 ms) 6.19 106 VRMS = = 6.19 106 f3db 2 RC According to the requirement, we need Vnrms,o = VRMS = Vnrms,o = 4kTf3db (R + R s ) 4

By solving the equation, we have f3db = 3.43 107 Hz