IslamicUniversityofGazaEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment

WaterTreatment
EENV4331

Lecture2:Aeration
Dr.Fahid Rabah

2.1 Purpose of Aeration in water Treatment

Aeration is used for many purposes in water Treatment , the main uses are: 1. 2. 3. Increase the dissolved oxygen concentration in water. Decrease CO2 corrosiveness. concentration thereby reduce its

Reduce taste and odor caused by dissolved gases such as Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and methane (CH4) that are removed during aeration. Oxidize iron and manganese from their soluble to insoluble states and cause them to precipitate so that they maybe removed by sedimentation and filtration processes. Remove certain volatile organic compounds.
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4.

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2.2 Types of aerators used in water Treatment

The most common aerators used in water treatment are : 1. Gravity Aerators: In gravity aerators, water is allowed to fall by gravity such that a large area of water is exposed to atmosphere, sometimes aided by turbulence. Cascade aerators and Multitray aerators are two examples of this type. Fountain Aerators : These are also known as spray aerators with special nozzles to produce a fine spray. Injection or Diffused Aerators : It consists of a tank with perforated pipes, tubes or diffuser plates, fixed at the b tt bottom t release to l fi air fine i bubbles b bbl from f compressor unit. it Mechanical Aerators : Mixing paddles as in flocculation are used. d Paddles P ddl may be b either ith submerged b d or at t the th surface. f
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2. 3.

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Cascade Aerator
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Cascade Aerator
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Cascade Aerator
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Cascade Aerator

Cascade Aerator

Cascade Aerator

Cascade Aerator

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Cascade Aerator
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Multi Tray Aerators

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Multi Tray Aerators

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Multi Tray Aerators

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Spray Aerators: Nozzles

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Spray Aerators: Nozzles

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Spray Aerators: Nozzles

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Diffused Air System

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Diffused Air System

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Mechanical Aerators

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Cascade Aerator

Cw,e =gasconcentrationintheeffluentwater,mg/L Cw,0 , =gasconcentrationintheinfluentwater,mg/L Cs =gassaturationconcentrationinwateratspecifictemperature,mg/L h=heightofonestep,m 21

Cascade Aerator

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Cascade Aerator
Ca ( MW ) gas * C g Vair * 10 3

Ca =gasconcentrationinair,mg/L (MW)gas =molecularweightofgas,gram Cg =gasconcentration i in i air, i ppm =volumeof1moleofairatagivenpressureandtemperature,L Vair

Vair

nRT P

n=numberofairmoles,(inthiscasen=1) R=universalgasconstant,0.08285(atm.L)/(mole.K) T=temperatureindegreesKelven. P=airpressure,atm TypicalvaluesofCg: CH4 =1.52.00ppp H2S=2030ppm CO2 =350450ppm
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Cascade Aerator
Example:
CalculatethesaturationconcentrationofH2Sinwateratairtemperatureof200C andapressureof1atm ifitsconcentrationinairis30ppm. Solution: (MW)gas =2+32.1 2+32 1=34.1 34 1g

Vair

1 * 0.08285 * (20 273.15) 24.29 L 1 34.1* 30 Ca 0.042mg / L 3 24.29 *10 FromtheTable,kD forH2Sat20oC=2.87 Cs =KD*Ca =2.87*0.042=0.1205mg/L
procedureofthisexample. p YoucancalculateCS forCO2,O2,CH4 inthesamep

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Cascade Aerator
Example:
Cascade C d is i tob beused dtoremovemethane h from f ground dwater.The h cascade d has h 5stepseach0.40m.Theinitialconcentrationofmethaneinthegroundwateris 0.80mg/Landitssaturationconcentration(CS )inwaterunderatmosphericpressure i i is isclose l to t 0mg/L. /L Whatistheefficiencyofmethaneremovalafterthe5steps? Whatistheeffluentmethaneconcentration?

Solution: l i Fromthetableinapreviousslide:kCH4 = 27% K=1 (1k)n = 1 (1 0.27)5 =0.793 Cw,e 0.80 C w ,e C w , 0 , 0.793 K 0.0 0.80 C s C w ,0 Cw,e=(CCH4)effluent = 0.166mgCH4/L.

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Cascade Aerator
Example:
What h is i the h length l h of f the h Cascade C d aerator in i the h previous i example l if its i capacity i is 35 m3/h per 1 m length of the step. The total water flow to be treated is 625 m3/h. What is the total surface area of the cascade if the width to height ratio of the steps i 1:1? is 1 1?

Solution: Lcascade = 625/35=17.86m Acascade = (numberofsteps1)*stepwidth*Lcascade =(51) 1)*0 0.40 40*17 17.86 86=28.58 28 58m2

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Multiple p tray y aerator Thisisaneconomicalsolutionthatoccupieslittlespace. Itconsistsofthreetoeighttrayswithperforatedbottoms.The holesare5to13mmindiameterandspacedat75mmcenterto center. The etrays aysa are eplaced p acedo one eon o top opof o another a o e witha3050c 50cmspace betweenthem. Thewaterisevenlydistributedinthefirsttraythroughporous pipes orbystoppingthegushwithabar(asshowninthefigure) pipes, figure),so thatthewatertricklesintothetrayatarateof40200L/minper squaremeterofthetrayssurface. Smalldropletsarethensprayedintothenexttray tray. Toobtainafinerspray,theaeratortrayscanbefilledwiththick gravelapproximately10cmdeep(50150mm)indiameter.

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Multiple p tray y aerator Theremovalofcarbondioxidebymultipletrayaeratorsisrepresentedby the h f following ll equation(AWWA,1990): )

C e kn C0
C=effluentconcentration,mg/l C0 =influentconcentration,mg/l k=removalrateconstant, constant from0.28 0 28to0.37 0 37forCO2. n=numberoftrays

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Multiple p tray y aerator Example: Agroundwatercontaining8mg/LofCO2 istobedegasifiedusingmultipletray aeratorwiththreesteps.Thegroundwaterflowrateis990L/min.Thekvalue is0.33andthehydraulicloadingrateofthetraysis400L/(min.m2) 1 WhatistheCO2 concentrationinthetreatedeffluent? 1. 2. Whatisthesizeofthetraysifthelengthtowidthratiois2:1? Solution: 1. 2. C = C0 * e kn = C0 * e 0.33X3 = 8*0.3716 = 2.98 mg CO2/L Area of each tray = (990 L/min)/[(400L/(min.m2)] = 2.47 m2

Dimensions of the tray : L = 2 W L* W = 2.47 m2 2W*W = 2.47 m2 W = 1.57 m L = 3.14 3 14 m

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Removal of Iron and Manganese from water by Aeration:

Ironandmanganeseinexcessof0.30mg/Land0.05mg/L,respectively,shouldbe removedaccordingtosecondarystandardsofEPA.Theycausestainingoflaundryand plumbingfixtures, produceunacceptabletasteandcolor. Aerationprovidesthedissolvedoxygenneededtoconverttheironandmanganese fromtheirferrousandmanganousformstotheirinsolubleoxidizedferricandmanganic forms.Theproducedprecipitatesofferrichydroxideandmanganicoxidearethen removed d b bysedimentation di t ti followed f ll dby b rapid idsand dfilt filtration. ti Ittakes0.14mg/LofO2 tooxidize1mg/Lofiron;and0.29mg/LofO2 tooxidize1mg/L ofmanganese. manganese

Oxidation reaction of iron is: 4Fe(HCO3)2 +2H2O+O2 >4Fe(OH)3 +8CO2 Oxidation reaction of iron is: 2MnSO4 +2H2O+O2 >2MnO2 +2H2SO4
2Mn(HCO3)2 +O2 >2MnO2 +2H2O+4CO2
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