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SUMMARY The force transmission of tapered portional to the length as well as to the diameter of
unthreaded posts along the root has been reported the posts. The mean minimum strength (181 14 N)
to be homogenous but their retentive strength was recorded for the thinnest and shortest post was
found to be lower compared with those of parallel signi®cantly lower than that of mean maximum
unthreaded or other kinds of threaded posts. The strength (612 85 N) obtained from those of the
purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the thickest and longest post. Proportional bond stren-
effect of length and diameter on the retentive gths of the posts comprising their surface areas
strength of sandblasted tapered prefabricated tita- ranged between 6á8 and 7á9 N mm±2 which were
nium posts (Erlangen post systemÒ). Posts with not signi®cantly different between any group. The
constant taper angle but with three different retention was effected strongly with the increase in
lengths (9, 12, 15 mm) and apical diameters (0á5, the length (approximately 100%) than with the
0á9, 1á1 mm) were cemented using zinc phosphate increase in the diameter (approximately 60%). Con-
cement into the prepared and roughened post cerning the posts tested in this study, it is concluded
spaces of 90 intact anterior teeth. The post retention that some caution should be exercised in the choice
concerning length and diameter, being independent of post with appropriate length rather than diam-
from each other, was measured by a tensile force eter for the tooth concerned.
test. The retentive strength was found to be pro- KEYWORDS : prefabricated post, post size, retention
Posts
Tooth preparation
Ninety prefabricated tapered titanium prototype posts
of the Erlangen post systemÒ* with retentive heads The study was performed with 90 recently extracted
were investigated. Posts of three sizes: post no. 1 single-rooted human anterior teeth without caries that
(0á5 mm base diameter), post no. 2 (0á9 mm base were stored in physiologic saline solution until use.
diameter), post no. 3 (1á1 mm base diameter) and three After cleaning the teeth surfaces from debris, each
different lengths (9, 12, 15 mm) were used. Through clinical crown was removed perpendicular to the long
the combination of length and diameter, nine groups axis of the tooth by a band saw³ and the direction of
each having 10 specimens were formed (Fig. 1). All of each root canal was inspected. Care was taken that for
the posts had surfaces with 2á1° angle of divergence. each group of posts, the teeth with the corresponding
The post surfaces were sandblasted and the mean length and adequate root canal diameter were chosen.
value of surface roughness Ra (éilo & Jùrgensen, 1978) Three experimental groups, consisting of 30 roots each,
amounted to approximately 12á9 lm. This value was were endodontically treated up to the ISO-®le sizes of
determined by the manufacturer with a surface pro®le 045, 080, 100, respectively. When the endodontic
measuring instrument (Model S8P Perthometer²). treatments were completed, post spaces were prepared
with the use of the post drills corresponding to the three
*Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA, USA; Komet GmbH, Lemgo, Germany.
² ³
Mahr GmbH, GoÈttingen, Germany. EXACT, Norderstedt, Germany.
Post size 9 12 15
Results
Retentive strengths of cemented tapered posts increased
proportional by the increase in length and diameter.
Posts with size 1 and 9 mm length exhibited the lowest
mean tensile strength with 181 14 N, whereas size 3,
length 15 mm demonstrated an absolute maximum
retentive strength value with 612 85 N. The resulting
mean retentive strength values and standard deviations
are presented in Fig. 3a and b. Comparison between all
groups were statistically different except between the
post groups of size 2 and 3 with 12 mm length.
However, no or low signi®cant differences were
found between the groups when the proportional
bonding strength were calculated (Fig. 4a and b). The
values varied between 6á8 and 7á9 N mm±2.
The rate of increase in strength amounted to
approximately 100% referring to the length and
approximately 60% to the diameter (Table 2). A longer
post presented to increase the retentive strength more
than the increase in diameter.
After the tensile test, the Erlangen postsÒ removed
from the roughened post space showed cement adher-
ing to both the posts and the dentin walls of the roots.
Post size
No. 1 54
No. 2 69
No. 3 63
oldest of the cementation agents with the longest track estimate the retention of posts (Hanson & Caputo, 1974;
record (Gorodovsky & Zidan, 1992; Morgano et al., Johnson & Sakumura, 1978; Standlee et al., 1978;
1994). The type of cohesive failure observed after the Krupp et al., 1979; Tjan & Whang, 1985; Trope et al.,
tensile test proves once more that it adheres both on the 1985; Cooney et al., 1986). Other test methods could be
post and the dentin. tried in the future to approve the ®ndings of this study.
A post with too small diameter could bend the most
especially at its coronal end under occlusal stress (Davy
Conclusions
et al., 1981). Bending property of the investigated pre-
fabricated titanium posts has been previously reported to (i) The retentive strength of the posts is affected
be suf®cient (Sorensen et al., 1978; Christensen, 1993). proportionally by the length as well as the diameter of
Previous studies con®rmed that post dislodgement the investigated tapered posts.
was mainly because of too short posts (Morgano & (ii) The proportional bonding strength of the posts
Milot, 1993). Nevertheless, the ferrule effect of the referring to their surfaces revealed to be constant for all
restorative crown relates to the retentive properties of groups.
the post because it in¯uences the post to resist against (iii) The percentage increase in strength amounted to
stress (Sorensen & Martinoff, 1984a; Morgano, 1996). 100% referring to the length and 60% referring to the
The importance of post length has been emphasized in diameter. The choice of an adequate post length was
clinical studies (Hudis & Goldstein, 1986; Lewis & found to be more important than the diameter to obtain
Smith, 1988; Morgano & Milot, 1993). The results high retentive strength.
correlated with the guidelines indicated that the post
length should be as long as the clinical crown. The
Acknowledgments
optimum post length is advised to be two-thirds of the
tooth whereas the crown one third. The success rate The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution
was recorded to be more than 97% for such cases of the Erlangen post systemÒ by Brasseler, Lemgo,
(Sorensen & Martinoff, 1984b; Sorensen et al., 1978). Germany for this study.
In the literature it has been stated that the in¯uence
of the length factor on the retention of posts was greater
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