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FOUNDATION DEGREE IN
Dynamic Systems
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0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (Sec) 12 14 16 18 20
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Velocity (m/s)
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0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Time (Sec) 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
The average height of a graph can be calculated by working out the area under the graph and dividing by the base length (x axis). On a VT graph therefore you can calculate the average velocity by working out the area under the graph and dividing by the base length such that; Average velocity = Total Distance Travelled/Time Taken Therefore base length is Time Taken and the area under the graph is the total distance travelled
Area _ Under Total _ Dist m = = Base _ Length Total _ Time s Area _ Under = Total _ Dist vavg =
Example Find the average velocity and distance travelled for the journey shown below
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Velocity (m/s)
0 0 5 10 Time (Sec) 15 20 25
(v u )t 2
ut
s = ut +
This can be multiplied out to give
(v u )t LL (1) 2
1 s = (u + v)t 2
a=
Substituting this into Eqn (1) gives
(v u ) t
1 s = ut + at 2 LL (2 ) 2
Given that
(v u ) = v = at
Then
v = u + at
Squaring and rearranging gives
v 2 = u 2 + 2uat + a 2 t 2
Simplifying
at 2 v = u + 2a (ut + ) 2
2 2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as LL (3)
We are most interested in Newtons 2nd Law. We can rewrite the law as; The IMPULSE of a body is equal to the change in MOMENTUM
F=
mv t
If the mass is constant and given that the change of velocity with time is acceleration we can rewrite it as
mv v =m = ma t t F = ma F=
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F = ma = mg
If it is moved through a distance x then the work done is
W = Fx = mgx
Since energy can not be created or destroyed then the work done must be equivalent to the potential energy so that
PE = W = mgx
Kinetic energy is the energy a body has because it is moving. If that is the case then the force required to move the body with a certain acceleration through a distance x will require work to be done. Therefore;
W = Fx = (ma ) x
And as such
v vt v2 1 2 W = m( )( ) = m = mv t 2 2 2
Since energy can not be created or destroyed then the work done must be equivalent to the kinetic energy so that
KE = W =
1 mgv 2 2
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Mechanical Power is the rate of doing mechanical work or the rate of using energy. Power = Work/unit time P=W/t Since Work = Force x distance = F x Power = Force x Distance/time P = Fx/t Since Velocity v = x/t Then P = Fv The units of power are j/s = Watts When bodies are moving some of the energy is always lost as friction. The energy conversion is not perfect and some of the energy is lost through friction which is normally lost as heat Efficiency is a measure of how much of the energy is being used to propel the vehicle. The symbol of efficiency is eta . It is measured as a percentage of the energy in so
In a perfect system without friction then the efficiency is 100% In systems like brakes however all of the energy is converted to heat therefore Efficiency does not mean anything. Examples 1. A pulley is used to raise a mass of 85kg a distance of 12m. If the efficiency of the system is 60% and the time taken is 5 Sec calculate Work done in moving the mass Power required to move the mass Velocity of the mass when moving 2. A vehicle is propelled 25000m by a force of 2000N in 12Sec. Calculate Work done Power used Velocity of the vehicle
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KE = PE
So
1 2 mv = mgh 2
This can be simplified to
v = 2 gh
Momentum
This is the product of the Mass and the Velocity of a moving body. Momentum = mass x velocity (kg m/s)
Conservation of Momentum
Consider two bodies travelling in the same direction where v1 > v2
m1
v1
m2
v2
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision If the bodies lock together and continue to travel along with common velocity v3. Then:-
m1v1 + m 2 v 2 = m3 v3
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Examples
1. A car of mass 950 kg travelling at 20 m/sec collides with a lorry of mass 5 tonne travelling at 12 m/sec in the same direction. If they lock together after impact and continue to travel, what is the velocity of the combination.
2. The pile driver shown is dropped under the influence of gravity and lands upon the pile to push it into the ground. Assuming that the pile drives into the ground 300mm at each stroke and does not bounce back calculate, using the principles of conservation of momentum, a. The ground resistance b. The work done at each stroke
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v r
Moment of Inertia
This is a measure of the resistance of a body about an axis to rotation about that axis. Moment of Inertia I = mk Where m = mass and k = radius of gyration (m). kgm
Radius of Gyration
The distance from the axis of rotation that the mass of a rotating body is assumed to be concentrated. Radius of Gyration k = r/2 = d/8 Where r = radius (m) and d = diameter (m). The angular kinetic energy of the rotating body therefore is; Angular Kinetic Energy = I Where I = Moment of Inertia (kgm) and = angular velocity in rad/sec.
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Examples
1. Calculate the Moment of Inertia of a disc diameter 300 mm having a mass of 25 kg.
2. A flywheel of diameter 450 mm and mass 65 kg rotates at 1450 rpm. Calculate its: (a) (b) (c) moment of inertia angular velocity angular kinetic energy
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Linear velocity v = r
Examples
1. A road wheel on an HGV has a diameter of 1.2 m and has a mass of 120 kg. If it is driven along a horizontal surface while rotating at 250 rpm without slipping, calculate its: (d) Kinetic Energy due to linear motion (e) Moment of inertia (f) The combined energy due to linear and angular motion
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