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30 MVAR Vy = 1.0420 4 b4 Fig. 3.28 The Bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u. we get, 1 2 Yip = 30.4878 —j24.3902 Se tijoajeu 1.04 Fig. 3.29 y= [ 304878 — | 243902 —30.4878 + j243902 bus * | 30.4878 + j 24.3902 30.4878 — j 24.3902Power System Analysis 3-60 Power Flow Analysis [B']is found except the slack bus as. [B'] = ~ 24.3902 and [B"] is for P-Q bus [By] = - 243902 The expressions for real power and reactive power at bus 2 is given by Py” = [Val] YailfMi] €08 (821 + 8, ~ 82) + | Vol] Ya] cos O22 =~ 1.2194 QP = =| Vall Youll Val Sim (Bar + 8, ~ 82) —| Val” [Yer] sin Ox, = ~ 0.9757 The power residuals are calculated as, APL? = pst — pf? =~ 1-(- 1.2194) = 0.2194 4Q?” = Qs* - Qi” =-03- (09757) = 06757 z. The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, (aa?} = -[By" +5 | = -[-0.0419] x “4 o2394 = 0.0090 fav] = -[B’y' x [ = = ~ [-0.0410] = 0.6757 = 0.0277 :. The new bus voltage at first iteration are A8.” = 0.0090 p.u. Ads = 0 + 0.0090 = 0.0090 p.u avs? = 0.0277 p.u. Vv) = 1 40.0277 = 1.0277 pu. Second iteration The expression for real power and reaction power is given by, Pf) = - 0.1494 pu. Q® = - 0.6004 pu.Power System Analysis 3-61 Power Flow Analysis The power residuals are calculated as, AP! = ph — pl) =— 1 + 0.1494 = - 0.8506 p.u. 4Q = Qs" — QW =— 03 + 0.6004 = 0.3004 p.u. ‘The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by a As?) = -| = -[-0.0410] x - 0.8277 = - 0.0339 tl ! 1 fag® av?) = -[py" x |5 =? 2 [5°] Tal = -[- 0.0410] x [rae = 0.0410 x 0.2923 = 0.0120 The new bus voltage at second iteration are given by 48%? = 0.009 + ( - 0.0339) = - 0.0249 AV!) = 1.0277 + (0.012) = 1.0397 Third iteration The expression for real and reactive power is given by, PO = - 0.6572 QY = 0.8223 ‘The power residuals are calculated as APS) = Pyh — p?) =1 40.6572 =-0,3428 4Q9%) = Qs" -QP =-03-0.8223 =-1.1223 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by (2) 48? = -[B}? x (erPower System Analysis 3-62 Power Flow Analysis a) Avy? = = -(-0. o110)+(Sipar_) 0088 The new bus voltages of third iteration is given by, Aas” = — 0.0249 - 0.0135 = ~ 00385 AVS? = 1.0397 - 0.0443 = 0.9954 . Therefore the slack bus power is calculated as, P, = 2.4074 Q) = - 0.0645 » The line flows can be obtained as, = 238.866 -j 8891 = 239.03 2 - 2.13166° MVA (MW) (MVAR) Sz = — 228.301 + j 17343 = 228.959 2 175.656° MVA (tw) (MVAR) ‘The losses are 10.565 + j 8.452 = 13.5298 2 38.669 MVA mp Example 3.10 ; Consider the three bus system, whose bus and line data are given below. Bus data Bus No.| Type | Voltage | Angle Load Generator | Reactive power innit Be Qo Pa. Qe | Amin Qrnax 1 Slack 2 Pa 3 Pv Base MVA : 100 MVAPower Sysjem Analysis 3-63 Power Fiow Analysis Line data Obtained the power flow solution by fast decoupled method for 2 or 3 iteration. Solution : The network diagram for the given problem is given below. oO ® © 003+) 0.05 270 Mw 130 MVAR 1.06 0.024) 0.04 (0.02+j 0.018 Fig. 3.30 The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to pu. we get, QD sars-jr7060 © eo— [—= si"=-(2.74)1.3) = 1.06 27.6243-~j 24.8619 10-20 @ Pe = 1.04Power System Analysis 3-64 Power Flow Analysis The Y,,, is given by [18.8235-j34.7059 - 8.82354 j 14.7059 10+ j20 Ypus = |-8.8235+ j 14.7059 36.4478-j39.5678 —27.6243+ j 24.8619 ~10+ 520 ~27.6243+j 24.8619 37.6243 —j 44.8619 [B'] is found as py = [7295678 24.8619 (BT =| oag610 — 44.8619 (B’] = [ - 39.5678] The expression for real power and reactive power at bus 2 and real power at bus 3 is given by, PA = | Vall Yoxll Vil cos (21 + 8, ~ 82) +| Vel? [Ya c08 (B22) +| Vall Yozl| Vs] cos (823 + 83 ~ 52) = — 16346 QS? = -[ Vall Yarll Vil sin (Bar + 8, ~ 82) - | Val?| Yea] sin (O22) ~|Val] Yasll Val sin (82s + 3 - 82) = — 1.8767 PA? = | Voll Youll Mi] 08 (8, + 8, ~ 83) + | V3lf ¥aa|| Vol cos (832 + 8; — 85) +] Vs|7 [Yas] cos O55 = 0.9410 The power residuals are calculated as, AP? = Pgh — pl) =-2.7 + 1.6346 = - 1.0654 4Q0” = QS - QW =~ 1.3 + 1.8767 = 0.5767 ar? = Pgh - pl = 2~- 09410 = 13590 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, ap anid _ |r 430 | 7 “7 i sp IVsf5 Power Flow Ai __ _ [= 9.0388. -0.0215] f-1.0654] __ [-0.0132 * “1 -.0215 -0.0342}| 13067 | * | 0.0218 i) and avi) = - By! [er] = -[-0.0253] x 0.5767 = 0.0146 The new bus voltages at first iteration are 8? = 0+ (- 0.0132) ~ 0.0132 80 = 0+ 0.0218 = 0.0218 vs? = 1+ 0.0146 = 1.0146 Socond iteration The expression for real power and reactive powers are pf) = — 2.2987 Q” = - 0.1552 Pt? = 1.9420 The power residuals are calculated as, aps) = py - pf? =-2.7 + 2.2287 = - 0.4713 ag! = Qs — Ql) =~ 13 + 0.1552 =~ 1.1448 ap?) = ps — pf) = 2- 1.9420 = 0.3580 ‘The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, ap? a) 4] 2 py [| _ [0.0388 0.0215] [- 0.4645] _ [-0.0106 aso | ~~ ~ [-0.0215 - 0.0342] | 0.3443 | ~ | 0.0018 api) 3 1Val o and avg) = -[B")? [ea = —[- 0.0253] x — 1.1284 = - 0.0285Power System Analysis 3-66 The new bus voltages at second iteration are 80 = — 0.0132 - 0.0106 = - 0.0238 8) = 0.0218 + 0.0018 = 0.0236 Vi = 1.0146 — 0.0285 = 0.9861 «The slack power is now calculated as, P, = 0.7558 Q, = 16273 Q, = - 0.5894 The line flows can be obtained as Sy. = 106.33 + j 92.962 Sz, = - 101 -j 84.084 Sy = ~ 28.8 +j 674 Say = 29.756 —j 65.488 Soq = ~ 263.294 + j 3.322 Sx = 27.547 + j 9.506 wm) Example 3.11: Consider the 3 bus system, whose bus and line data are given below. Bus data Reactive power limit Base MVA : 100 MVA Line dataPower System Analysis 3-67 Power Flow Analysis Bus R x | Bf] Tap From To Position 1 2 0.03, 004 |o 1 0 1 Obtain the power flow solution by fast decoupled method 2 iterations. i 0.03 + j 0.04 2 y= 1.0520 eH L—© = Pi=200 uw Vy = 1.0120 0.024 + j 0,035 6.011 +} 0.015 3 250 120 (MW) (MVAR) Fig. 3.32 Solution : The network diagram of the given problem is given by The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting 16 pene 13.3259- j 19.4336 31.7919- 543.3526 a Sy = -(25+)1.2) Fig. 3.33 other values to p.u. we get, The Y,.... is given by [ 25.3250—j 95.4336 = 124) 16 ~ 13.3259 j 19.4336 You = | -124j16 43.7919-} 59.3526 - 31.7919+ 43.3526 = 13.32504 j19.4336 - 31.7919 +j43.3526 45.1178 ~ [62.7862 | [B’] is found out as 59.3526 43.3526 ] BT =| aa55 43.3526 - 62.7862 |Power System Analysis: 3-68 Power Flow Analysis [B"] = [- 62.7862] The expression for real power at bus 2 and real and reactive power at bus 3 is given by, PA? = | Vall Youll Vil 05 (21 + 8, ~ 82) +1 Val] Yo! cos 3 +| Val] Yosll Vs] cos (@23 + 85 - 82) = 21729 PA? = | Val] You] il €08 (Om + 8; ~ 83) + | Vall YoallVal 608 (O52 + 82 ~ 33) + | Val"| Yaa] c05 (O35) =~ 17231 2 “Ss 1 {Vall Yaull Val sin (8, + 8 ~ 83) ~| Vsl] Yaol | Val sin (O32 + 82 - 85) -|Vsl"| Yasl sin (8.5) = ~ 2.3618 The power residuals are calculated as, Apt? = Pgh — pl) = 2 - 2.1729 = - 0.1729 AP? = Pgh — pO = 2.5 + 1.7231 = - 0.7769 4Q0 = Qe - QW =-12 + 23618 = 1.1618 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, 48 --py la . x 235] [-0.1647] _ [-0.0238 a3 4p 023 -07769| ~ |-0.0288 (2) and av = -[p’y' [3] = —[-0.0159] x 1.1618 = 0.0185 3 The new bus voltages at first iteration are 80 = 0- 0.0238 — 0.0238 89) = 0- 0.0288 = - 0.0288Power System Analysis 3-69 Power Flow Analysis vi) = 1 + 0.0185 = 1.0185 Second iteration The expression for real power and reactive power are Pi? = 1.3866 Pl) = ~ 1.7065 Q) = - 0.6483 The power residuals are calculated as, AP = Pi —p?) 22 - 1.3866 = 0.6134 APs) = pst —pt) =~ 25 + 1.7065 = - 0.7935 4Q9) = Q¥* -Q) =- 1.2 + 0.6483 = - 0.5517 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, a0] at 0.0340 —0.0235] [- 0.5842] _ [-0.0016 0.0235 -0.0321] |-0.7791| ~ |-0.0113 and av? -[-0.0159] x - [ 0.5417] = - 0.0086 The new bus voltages at second iteration are 8 = - 0.0238 + 0.0016 = - 0.0223 8 = - 0.0288 - 0.0113 = - 0.0401 V? = 1.0185 - 0.0086 = 1.0099 The slack bus power is now calculated as P, = 0.7045 Q, = - 14528 Q, = 2.1902 The line flows can be obtained as Sz = - 12.506 —j 91.621Power System Analysis 3-70 Power Flow Analysis So = 217.991 +j 118.352 Spy = 15.020 + j 94.97 Sap = ~ 211.85 -j 109.984 Syx = 78.98 - j 53.8 Sq) = ~ 76.83 + j 56.93 mm Example 3.12: Consider the 4 bus system, whose bus and line data are given below. Bus data Bus No.| Typ Generator Load —_| Voltage active power limit Fo Qo % Qo Qin Qinax 1 Stack |o ° ° o |r06 Jo jo © 2 pv fo o 2m {130 |10 Jo fo 0 3 P-Q 200 oO oO 0 1.04 oO o 0 4 P-Q oO o [120 70 1.0 oO o Base MVA : 100 MVA Line data Bus R x 12 Bt Tap From To position 1 3 0.025 0.04 Oo Ed 3 4 0.026 0.035 0 4 1 4 0017 0.026 o 4 Obtain the power flow solution by fast decoupled power flow method for 2 iteration. Solution : The network diagram for the given problem is given by, The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u.Power System Analysis 3-71 Power Flow Analysis Vy = 108 ‘ ® 0.03 +) 0.05. ® eH |. aro uw P30 nvr 0025+) 0.08, 01710020 cee 10M TOMVAR=—4 @ 0.026%)0.035 © Py = 200 5 = 408 Fig. 3.34 V, = 1.0020° 1 2 8.8235 - j 14.7059 oH 17.6166 — j 26.9430 14,2364 17.9775 40~j 20 4 3 - 13.677- 18.4114 t+) se -(1.240.27) Vy= 10420" The Yiu, is given by 37.6761 ~ j 59.6264 ~~ 8.8235+ j 14.7059 48.8235~j 34.7059 ~40+ 520 Yous = = 11.236+ j 17.9775 = 40+ j20 64.9130 56.3889 [+ 17.6166 + 526.943 0 13.6770 + j 18.4114 [B’} is found out as [ 34.7059 20 0 IB] =| 20 -56.3889 18.4114 | 0 184114 - 45.3544 e ~ 34.7059 0 [B"] 6 ] 0 45.3544) = 8.8235 + j 14.7050 Fig. 3.35 RS ~ 11.2364 517.9775 eh [—— 82. == (2741.3) = 176166 + j 26.9430 0 ~ 13.6774 j BALE 31.2936- 45.3544 |Power System Analysis 3-72 Power Flow Analysis The values for real and reactive power are obtained as, Pro 0 Qs? = Po Po Q” = | Vall Yor] Vslcos(@ar + 8, ~ 82) + | Vol?| Ya 0s 823 +| Vall Yos|| Vs] c0s(@2s + 83 ~ 52) + | Vall Yall Val cos (Oxn + 3, - 52) = — 2.1297 | Vall Youll Vil sin(@2y + 8, — 8: ) -| V2" | Yea! sin ,: =| Val] Yosll Vsl sin(@zy + 85 — 82)-[V2 || You | [Va{ sin (O24 + 8, ~ 82) - 16819 | Vall Yaul] Valcos(O au + 8 ~ 53) + | Vall Yall Vo! 0s (Ox + 8 ~ 83) + | V3)?| ¥33| CO8039 + [Vall Yaul] Val cos (24 + 8, ~ 53) = 1.9992 | Vall Yaui] Vileos(®q + 8, — 8) + | Vail Yaal! Val Cos (8,2 + 52 — 8s) + | Vall Yas|| Val cos (O43 + 85 ~ 84) +1Val? | Yaa} €08 Ou 1.6042 = =| Vall Yar] Vil sin(@q + 8) ~ 54) ~ | Val] Yall Val sin (Op + 3 — 8) —| Vall Yasll Vs} = {Val | Yuul sin Oy in (84; + 3 ~ 8) = — 23530 ‘The power residuals are calculated as AP APO APY aq agi” = Ps — pl) = - 2.7 + 21297 = - 0.5703 = P3h — p = 9 ~ 1.992 = 0.0008 = PEt ~ pi? =~ 1.2 + 1.6042 = 0.4042 = Q3* — QW) =~ 13 + 1.6819 = 0.3819 = Q3* - Qi? =-0.7 + 2.3530 = 1.6530Power System Analysis 3-73 Power Flow Analysis The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, ‘AP, Aa? [Mal 0.0377 -0.0154 -0.0063] [-0.5703] f- 0.0190 Aa | = ~(0'" | 775] = -|-001s4 00267 -0.0109}) 0.0008 | =| -o00s4 a8” AP, 0.0063 -0.0109 -0.0265]| 0.4042 0.0071 1M4l AQ, aii avi? = opr [Mal _ _[-9.0288 0 0.3819] _foo110 avi? AQy L 0 — -0.0220} [1.6530] ~ [0.0364 Tal The new bus voltages and angles at first iteration are 80) = 0- 0.0190 = - 0.0190 8 = 0 - 0.0044 = - 0.0044 8) = 0 + 0.0071 = 0.0071 vf = 1+ 0.00110 = 10110 vi? = 1+ 0.0364 = 1.0364 Second iteration The values for real and reactive power are given as, Pf? = - 2.2090 Qi? = - 05170 PM = 1.0197 PO) = — 0.0395 Qt = - 1.0312 The power residuals are calculated as ap = pst - Pp) =-2.7 + 2.2090 - 0.4910 AP = pgh — pl = 2- 1.0197 = 0.9803 AP? = Pj PL? =-1.2+0.0395 =~1.1605 AQ = Qe - Qf) =- 13 + 05170 = - 0.783 4Q0 = Qe - Qf =-07 + 1.0312 = 03312Power Systom Analysis 3-74 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is gives by, fart iyo at) el 0.0377 —0.0154 0.0063] [- 0.4856 "0.0108" 48) | = - By Val = -|-0.0154 -0.0267 -0.0109] | 0.9426 | = | 0.0056 ast) a —0.0063 -0.0109 -0.0265| |-1.1197 — 0.0224 APs = [ve | AQ”) aleve ips [vp | 0.0288 0 [er [een ani =- =- = av AQ? 0 -0.0220}| 0.3196 | ~ | 0.0070 ol [ve The new bus voltages and angles at second iteration are 8) = — 0.0190 - 0.0108 = — 0.0298 82 = — 0.0044 + 0.0056 = 0.0012 8f = 0.0071 - 0.0224 = - 0.0153 Vf) = 1.0110 — 0.0223 = 0.9887 vO) = 1.0364 + 0.0070 = 1.0434 The slack bus power is calculated as, P, = 2.1105 Q, = 14162 Q; = - 0.8920 The line flows are obtained as Sj. = 1.19059-j 0.8334 Sq) = - 10792 + j 0.74565 $1 = 0.21559 ~ j 39.525 Say = — 0.21108 + j 0.38804Power System Analysis 3-75 Power Flow Analysis Syy = 0.74509 ~ j 0.18585 Sq = — 0.73617 + j 0.1722 Sos = — 2.6345 — j 0.28796 e o Sq = 2.77810 + j 0.216 Oo 104 => Example 3.13 : Fig. 3.36 shows a three bus power system Bus 1 : Slack bus V = 1.05|0° pu jo. $0.2 Bus 2: P-V bus V= 10 p.u. Py = 3 pt. Bus 3: P-Q bus P,, = 4 pu. Q) +2 pu © Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-seidal method. Neglect limits on reactive power generation. Fig. 3.36 (A.U, : Nov./Dec.-2004) Solution : Data given : 2 =j 04 pu, Zn =j02 pay, Zi = 03 pau. The line admittances are given by the inverse of line impedances. The elements of bus admittance matrix are formed from line admittances as shown in Fig. 3.36. Yu = Ya tyis =~) 25 ~-j 3.93 =~] 5.83 pu. Yo = Ya= ~[-j25)=+j25 pu = Ya 2-¥i =~ (-j 3.3333) = j 3.3333 pu Yatyn =-j25-j5.0=-j75 pu. =-(j5)=j5puPower System Analysis 3-76 Power Flow Anal Yu = Yist¥23 =~ j 3.33 - | 5.0 = —j 8.3333 pu. Yu Yo Ys] [-j583 9 j25 53.3333 Yo Yo Yo3}=] j25 -j75 j5 Na Va: Ves j33333 j5 8.3333 Yous In the given system bus 1 is slack bus, bus 2 is generator bus and bus 3 is load bus. ‘The initial values of the bus voltage are as follows. V) = 1.050 = 1.05 + j 0 pu. (Gpecified) V? = 10|0=1 +0 p.u. (Initial assumption) V3 = 1+ j0 (Assumed value) We know that for slack bus (bus 1) the voltage will not change in any Iteration Vj = Vp = 105 |0° = (1.05 + j 0) p.u. For bus 2 (generator bus) the magnitude of the voltage is the specified value. The phase of bus 2 voltage in the first iteration is given by vki! | (Here P = 2, k = 0). p temp Po-jQ, Ro! 2: ker 2 1 [ip Sp kel k Vids « [EASES yuu B vat] P re q=pel Yop ‘fo calculate the phase using the above estimate, we have to estimate the reactive power P,. The reactive power of bus 2 is given by the equation, “i . - com pr] Yqve"- 5 | ql q=P Qe = (1) Im{(V2)" [Yar Vi + Yn V2 +YosV3]} & at u = (-1) Im [(1 -j 0){j 2.5 (1.05 + j 0) - j 7.5 (1 + j0) + j 501 + jo)}] (-1) Im ( 2.625 — j 7.5 + j 5) => (-1) G 0.125) = -j 0.125 pu. +50 1 Val spec . 1} Pa ~jQ2 Vine = yg [ BEE aut Yat 1 {ou 734[tei0 -tg254005-j01-1050 +501] vy) = 14j0 (V9) =1-j0Power System Analysis 3-77 Power Flow Analysis 5 1 ai = < Veep = yg VE[8+j0-125-72.625 31} 1 1 = 3-jta ajzat Jel 3-7 S)=914j0.4 = 1.077 [21.8° = 218° {Valine = 10 [21,8 = 0.92849 + j 037137 The bus 3 is load bus and its voltage in first iteration is given by the following equation where p = 3, k = 0. The specified powers are load powers and they are considered as reactive power P; = - Py = -4Q,=-Q,=-2 P,-jQ, Ret 2. IO Ey va Fy, > nV nm wi A ara Yu Vj -YxV3 | Z [iF ~13.383(1 .05+j0)—j o.s28i9 037197] -1 = [-4 + j2~j 3.49965 +1. 85685 ~ 4.64245 FEE j2-j i =214315~j6.1421 _ 6-50527| “10224 ace to og ~90 _ The bus voltages at the end of first Gauss-seidal iterations are as follows. (1.05+)0) pu. = 105\0 pu. (0.92849 + j0. 37137) pu. = 1.0/21.8° pw. Va. = (0.73704+)0.25724) pu. = 0.78064|~19. 24° p. 3.9 Comparison of Load Flow or Power Flow Solution Methods Gauss-Seidal Method Advantages of GS method are its simplicity, reliability, easy of program, and low computer memory requirements. However, it is restricled to small power systems having small number of buses. The computation time increases rapidly with the size of the powerPower System Analysis 3-78 Power Flow Analysis system because of the slow and doubtful convergence. The method is the oldest method and is now rarely used in system optimization. Newton-Raphson Method The Newton-Raphson method is the most powerful method for large number of buses. High accuracy is obtained in a few iterations due to its powerful quadratic convergence. It usually takes 3 to 5 iteration to obtain the solution, Disadvantages and Drawbacks i) When an initial voltage is set which is too far from the exact solution, it may or may not reach the solution. But if it is near the exact solution, then the convergence is rapid and accurate. ii) Large requirement of computer memory for large power systems but not with respect to Gauss-Seidel Method. Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method (FDLF) or (FDPF) methods are approximation to the Newton-Rapshon (N-R) method. The Jacobian matrix has an impact on the convergence of the iteration. But it causes a slight increase in the iteration compared to Newton-Raphson method (2 to 5). The convergence is linear compared to (N-R) quadratic convergence, For most practical systems. the method provides rapid solution. ump Example 3.14: Using singular transformation method, determine Ygys for the network shown in Fig. 3.37 below. Where the impedances labeled are shown in per unit, (Nov./Dec.-2007 - R 2004), 16 Marks) ® ® 4128 Fig. 3.37Power System Analysis 3-79 Power Flow Analysis : 6 Solutio Step1: From the figure above draw orientation graph mark the respective nodes. Assign a 1 3 suitable number for each branch as shown in the Fig. 3.38. 0) 3.38 1 2 3 Step 2; Form bus incident matrix. jladale Where 'e’ is the elements and 'b’ is the 0 71 0 total number of buses starting from 7 o [1 Bus No. 1, if the arrow is away from the node, then assign value 1 and if the arrow mark is rowards the node then assign -1. Like that, we have to consider for all the nodes. oan en \ ° Step 3: Form the primitive impedance matrix. The matrix size will be (Total number of elements) x (Total number of elements). In our case since ¢ = 6, the matrix size will be 6x6. Consider only diagonal elements. All other elements are zero. By viewing the orientation graph and the figure given in sum, write the value of the elements in the matrix. Primitive admittance matrix is given by [y] = [2Power System Analysis 3-80 Power Flow Analysis 1.0 0 13 _|0 0 200 Y=lo 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 02 10 0 000 008 0 0 00 _|9 0 05 0 00 Y=lo 0 0 2500 00 0050 00 0005 [pus] = LATIYILA] 10 0 0 0 Off 0 0 008 0 0 0 o}f0 1 0 reel re a 2 aj? 05 0 0 flo 0 4 me ls ee we at we” 0 25 0 olj1 -1 0 ~ “40 0 0 0 5 Olfo 1-4 o 0 0 O 0 5}{1 0 -1 85 -25 -5 [Yous] = |-25 83 5 5 -5 105 Formulas General form of power flow equation = P-iQ, = VV Sys- Day Gauss - Seidal power flow yiPower System Analysis 3-81 Power Flow Analysis Real power PK") = Real] v,"“} vi ¥ yy -Yy,Ve"? ist ni] AK) So ytkD) mag Vi LM YG my Reactive power Q<*? = To calculate § value for P-V Bus (V., refers to calculated i" bus voltage) TRY =F" v® 2 Acceleration factor (0) ve 2 vi gapvee yy (Note : «1 value will be given in the problem. Maximum value shall be 1.6) Convergence check Iv) VS) ce for j = 12,....n but #i Iteration process continues until the value of the change in real and reactive power should not exceed 1/1000" of given specified value. The voltage accuracy will be in the region of 1x10~>p.u. To calculate line losses (Py +Q4) +P +jQ) Real power loss = Py +P Siunote = Sy + Reactive power loss = Qi +Qj Pytow) +iQiqtons) = Wily (Vs -Vi)+ ¥i0Vs + Vly (VY, -Vi) ty pV) 1 flows: Computation of S, = Wily I =yi(Vi-V +yioWe and Sy = MAIN) -VOyi ley IMAP Sy = WL Wit ye TYPPower System Analysis 3-82 Nouton Raphson method (N-R mothod) P, = >} [MM ¥all Vilcos(6, +8; -8,) il 2 ul 2 I VAIL Yl Yj sin(By +8, -3,) it Where Jy, Jo, Ja and J, are the] Ja Ja] [48 elements of Jacobian matrix Js Jal ly. and also ealled as power Jacobian Mais mismatch equation. To find J, = = LIVI Y¥gll Yilsin(@, +8, -3)] ji To find J, are] = LIVIN Yyle0s(6y +3, -8,)) j# i To find J, SOE = LIMA Yull iost0y +8,-8)) j#i To find J, av] = CIV Yl sin(@y +3; -8)] fF i pe —p® 2 ap® and QQ =aQ% ket) Ky agtt ak) = aK) yaa) vis) 2 vy aie For 3 bus system having one type each aP, oP, 1 aP 9, 2B; | IVa] aP, aP;! aPy 8, 0s | IVa 8Q> 0, 05; | A/Va) ‘Bus No. 1~ Slack bus’ Bus No.2- PQ bus Bus No.3- PV busPower System Analysis 3-83 Power Flow Analysis For 3 bus system having one type each a, a, AP, %, 8; Vs) ary ay _aPs 8. 53 A Val 9Q2 9Q3 AQ2 3, 0; AVS) For 2 bus system a, _aPy 08, Of V2] 202 202 08, 9 Vai Ad, =[]]* [AP] where [ J Fast decoupled power flow method ” " jen © " i= [ral [o JL ap Mil AP = J,.48 and ar a where nals | n=[ atv a= IV,1By and Jy a8 = -[B) AP and alv| = -[B"}" mM Bus No, 1~ Slack ] Bus No. 2- Generator bus Bus No. 3- Load bus [Bus No. 1 Slack bus [Bus No, 2- Load | Bus No. 1~ Slack Bus No. 2 P- V bus =F IN %allVjLeos(0, +8,-8) “2 IVI Yul Y{lsin(@, +5, -3,) 4Q= J, AlV| Where B’ is the order of n- 1 (1 represents the slack bus) BY is the order of n-1-m (m' represents the number of P-V bus) j ape"? = pst —p® and ag" = Qs" -Q® Calculate 48/"" and av$**” using susceptance matrix.Power System Analysis 3-84 Power Flow Analysis Exercise 1. The system data for a load flow solution are given Table 3.1 amd Table 3.2. Determine the voltages at the end of first iteration by Gauss-Seidel method table a = 1.6 Bus code | Admittance Bus code] P | Q@ V__| Remarks 4-2 248 1 - | - | 1.06 20° | Stack 13 1a 2 0s | 02 - PQ 23 0.66687,/2.664 3 04 [03 - Pa 24 14 4 03 [04 = PQ 38 28 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Line data @ © ® Ie Fig. 3.39 2. The figure shows a three bus system Bus 1 + Slack bus V = 1.05 20° pu Bus 2: PV bus {Vj = 1.0 pu. ;P, = 3 pa Bus 3: PQhus P,=4 pu; Q, =2p.u Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method. Neglect limits on reactive power generation oO i ¢ @ joa 0.3) (0.2 Fig. 3.40Power System Analysis 3-85 Power Flow Analysis 3. The systent shown in Fig. 341 below. Determine the voltages ut the end of first ireration by Gauss-Seidel method. Take a = 1 and bus specification are given in Table 3.3. Bus code P Q v Remarks 1 ~ = 1.06 20 Sack 2 os jorsasDas könnte Ihnen auch gefallen
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