The Nrdlinger Ries Crater

The Nrdlinger Ries Crater is situated in the south of Germanyin the Bavaria state and the centre isabout 6km northeast of Nrdlinger city as can be seen in the image to the right. The impact was of a 1.5km diameter asteroid travelling at about72,000 km/hwhichhappened about 14.3 14.5 million years ago. The asteroid penetrated 1km into earths crust. It is a complex crater and the outer ring has a 25km diameter and the inner crater is 12km in diameter. The impact energy is thought to be roughly equal to the energy of 1.8 million Hiroshima bombs which is 2.41021 joules History and Information For over 100 years, until 1960 when Eugene Shoemaker showed that the formation was caused by a meteorite impact, it was assumed that the Ries depression was caused by volcanic activity. There are six pieces of evidence that can be found to prove that a formation was created by an impact and not by a volcanic event and there are as follows: Shatter cones these are cone shaped structures found in the rock beneath impact craters, the apex (point) of the cone is at the top. A pressure of 2 30 Giga Pascals is needed to create these. Only meteorite impacts and underground nuclear explosions can create these features. Multiple planar deformation features microscopic features in grains of silicate materials such as quartz or feldspar that are caused by a shock wave from the impact. They are narrow planes of glassy material in An aerial photograph showing the scale of the structure and how it looks from above. Nrdlinger City Nrdlinger Ries Crater outline

This image shows part of the southern rim of the crater, sloping down to the flat basin on the right hand side.

parallel sets that have distinct orientation with respect to the crystal structure of the grain. High pressure mineral polymorphsthe high pressures caused by impacts can form high pressure polymorphs of various minerals such as quartz, titanium dioxide and carbon. Quartz can become either coesite or stishovite and carbon can become diamond. Morphometric structures size, shape and morphology of the structure. Pseudotachylytes and breccias Pseudotachylytes are fine grained glassy fault rocks that are made up of a very fine grained matrix that occur in veins. Breccia is rock that is made of fragments of minerals or rock held together by a fine grained matrix. They contain contamination of extraterrestrial material such as iridium and osmium anomalies Impact melt sheets, dikes and melt brecciasA dike is a sheet of rock that has formed in a crack in pre-existing rock. In impacts molten rock caused by the event goes into cracks in pre-existing rock and crystallizes. Melt breccias is similar to breccia apart from the matrix that holds the fragments together. In melt breccia the cementing breccia is made from crystallized impact melt. Two types of titanium dioxide high pressure polymorphs were found at the Nrdlinger Ries

This image shows some of the impact breccia at the Nrdlinger Ries crater; it is from just outside of the craters inner ring. For a sense of scale the hammer in the image is 35cm long

crater. Shocked quartz was also found at the Nrdlinger Ries crater, shocked quartz is only found at impact sites and not volcanic formations therefore when it was discovered at Nrdlinger Ries by Eugene Shoemaker it was proof that this was the result of an impact not volcanic activity.There is impact breccia at the site composed of granite and gneiss along with shatter cones. Computer simulations indicate that the meteor would have been about 1.5 km in diameter and hit the surface at an angle of 30 50 degrees and came in from a westsouthwest to east-northeast direction. The area that it hit was composed of about 500 800m thick sedimentary rock with granite and gneiss underneath. There is another crater 42 km west-southwest from the Nrdlinger Ries crater called the Steinheim crater which is the same age and it is likely that they were created at the same time by a binary asteroid. The Steinheim crater is much smaller and was created by an object approximately ten times smaller than the one that created Nrdlinger Ries.

Interesting fact The two major rock formations that make up part of the ejecta of the crater, the suevite and Bunte breccia were used as training ground for some of the Apollo astronauts.

Formation The crater is a complex crater as can be seen in the diagram below which shows a cross sectional view of the crater. It has a central uplift in the middle of a shallow, flat crater floor which is surrounded by the inner ring, megablock zone and the outer crater rim. Central uplifts are made of one or more rings with a peak in the middle and they are composed of rock that has been brought up from great depth. The inner crater basin has been filled in with deposits of suevite, then after the impact lake deposits filled the crater in further. The inner ring is made up of shock metamorphosed material that has been overturned and upturned by the impact. Megablocks are large blocks of rock that were displaced when the crater formed. It is still not known for certain how megablocks are formed but there are two leading theories. The first is that during the crater excavation stage they were thrown out and deposited at the same time as the ejecta blanket. The other theory is that during the modification stage they slumped inwards. Complex crater formation can be broken down into stages. The first of these is contact with the surface and compression of the rock. A supersonic shock wave is created at the point of contact which goes through the impactor and the surface it has hit. This shockwave compresses the impactor and the target and as a result the target undergoes shock related changes such as transforming the quartz mineral in the rock into shocked quartz and it melts the impactor. Next excavation takes places as the crater grows and material is ejected out, in the Nrdlinger Ries impact about 150 km3 of rock was

An image depicting complex crater formation.

thrown out and it fell in the area surrounding the crater up to 40 km away. Near the crater the debris was up to 200m thick. The crater that is created is unstable so modification takes place, during this stage the walls of the crater collapse under gravity and the rim collapses inwards and the centre is uplifted. The central uplift is a result of material attempting to return to a state of gravitational equilibrium. This process is shown in the image above.

This is a cross sectional diagram of the crater showing the structure of the crater and where different types of rock can be found.

Museum In the city of Nrdlinger there is a museum about the crater called the Ries Crater Museum. It has numerous exhibits on meteorites, rocks and fossils but the main exhibition is about the Nrdlinger Ries crater and its formation. The museums location, opening times and admission fees are as follows: Address Ries Crater Museum, Eugene - Shoemaker - Platz 1, 86720 Nrdlingen Opening times Tuesday to Sunday - 10 am to 12 am, 1.30 pmto 4.30 pm Monday - closed; public holiday regulations on request Admission Prices Adults 4 School student 1.50 University Students 2 Disabled 2.30 Senior 3 Family ticket 8.50 Group Adults 3 each Class / student group 1 each Interesting fact Many buildings in the town of Nrdlinger are made out of stone quarried from the crater. The stone contains millions of tiny diamonds smaller than 0.2 mm in size, so many buildings in Nrdlinger have diamonds in their stone. There is also an exhibition about the origin of the Chicxulub crater in Mexico in the Yucatan Peninsula and the extinction of the dinosaurs at the museum. As part of the exhibition there is a short film.

At the museum there is a piece of Moon rock that weighs 165g that was brought back in the Apollo 16 mission. It is from the Descartes region of the southern lunar highlands.