CHAPTER 5

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Vacancies and Self-Interstitials
5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for copper at its melting temperature of 1084C
(1357 K). ssume an energ! for vacanc! formation of 0."0 e#$atom.
Solution
In order to compute te !r"ction o! "tom #ite# t"t "re $"c"nt in copper "t 1%5& '( )e mu#t emplo*
E+u"tion 5.1. A# #t"ted in te pro,lem( %
v
- ../. e01"tom. Tu#(


&
v
&
- e2p
%
v
'(



_
,

- e2p
../. e01"tom
34.56 1.
5
e01"tom7 '8 31%5& '8




1
]
1
1
- 9.55 1.
79
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.6 Calculate the energ! for vacanc! formation in silver/ given that the e0uili+rium num+er of vacancies
at 800C (1073 K) is 3.- 1 10
23
m
33
. (he atomic *eight an) )ensit! (at 800C) for silver are/ respectivel!/ 107."
g$mol an) ".5 g$cm
3
.
Solution
Ti# pro,lem c"ll# !or te comput"tion o! te "cti$"tion ener;* !or $"c"nc* !orm"tion in #il$er. Upon
e2"min"tion o! E+u"tion 5.1( "ll p"r"meter# ,e#ide# %
v
"re ;i$en e2cept &( te tot"l num,er o! "tomic #ite#.
Ho)e$er( & i# rel"ted to te den#it*( 38( A$o;"dro<# num,er 3&
A
8( "nd te "tomic )ei;t 38 "ccordin; to
E+u"tion 5.6 "#


& -
&
A

P,

P,


-
35..6 1.
6%
"tom# 1 mol83/.5 ; 1cm
%
8
1.&./ ; 1 mol
- 5.%. 1.
66
"tom#1cm
%
- 5.%. 1.
64
"tom#1m
%
No)( t":in; n"tur"l lo;"ritm# o! ,ot #ide# o! E+u"tion 5.1(


ln &
v
- ln &
%
v
'(
"nd( "!ter #ome "l;e,r"ic m"nipul"tion


%
v
- '( ln
&
v
&



_
,

No)( in#ertin; $"lue# !or te p"r"meter# ;i$en in te pro,lem #t"tement le"d# to


%
v
- 34.56 1.
75
e01"tom7 '834..C = 6&% '8 ln
%.5. 1.
6%
m
%
5.%. 1.
64
m
%



1
]
1
- 1.1. e01"tom
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
Point Defects in Ceramics
5.% Calculate the fraction of lattice sites that are ,chott'! )efects for cesium chlori)e at its melting
temperature (-45C). ssume an energ! for )efect formation of 1.8- e#.
Solution
In order to #ol$e ti# pro,lem it i# nece##"r* to u#e E+u"tion 5.9 "nd #ol$e !or te &
s
$& r"tio.
Re"rr"n;ement o! ti# e2pre##ion "nd #u,#titutin; $"lue# !or te #e$er"l p"r"meter# le"d# to


&
s
&
- e2p
%
s
6'(



_
,

- e2p
1.45 e0
36834.56 1.
75
e01'83595 = 6&% '8



1
]
1
- &.4& 1.
75
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.9 .sing the )ata given +elo* that relate to the formation of ,chott'! )efects in some o4i)e ceramic
(having the chemical formula 56)/ )etermine the follo*ing7
(a) the energ! for )efect formation (in e#)/
(+) the e0uili+rium num+er of ,chott'! )efects per cu+ic meter at 1000C/ an)
(c) the i)entit! of the o4i)e (i.e./ *hat is the metal 58)
T (C) (g/cm
3
) Ns (m
3
)
750 3.50 5.7 1 10
"
1000 3.45 8
1500 3.40 5.8 1 10
17
Solution
Te 3"8 portion o! te pro,lem "#:# t"t )e compute te ener;* !or de!ect !orm"tion. To ,e;in( let u#
com,ine " modi!ied !orm o! E+u"tion 5.6 "nd E+u"tion 5.9 "#


&
s
& e2p
%
s
6'(



_
,

&
A

M
9
O




_
,

e2p
%
s
6'(



_
,

In"#muc "# ti# i# " *potetic"l o2ide m"teri"l( )e don<t :no) te "tomic )ei;t o! met"l M( nor te $"lue o!
%
s
in te ",o$e e+u"tion. Tere!ore( let u# )rite e+u"tion# o! te ",o$e !orm !or t)o temper"ture#( (
1
"nd (
6
.
Te#e "re "# !ollo)#>


&
s1

&
A

M
9
O




_
,


e2p
%
s
6'(
1




_
,


35.S1"8


&
s6

&
A

M
9
O




_
,

e2p
%
s
6'(
6




_
,

35.S1,8
?i$idin; te !ir#t o! te#e e+u"tion# ,* te #econd le"d# to
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.


&
s1
&
s6

&
A

M
9
O




_
,


e2p
%
s
6'(
1




_
,


&
A

M
9
O




_
,


e2p
%
s
6'(
6




_
,


)ic( "!ter #ome "l;e,r"ic m"nipul"tion( reduce# to te !orm


&
s1
&
s6

6
e2p
%
s
6'
1
(
1

1
(
6




_
,






1
]
1
1
35.S68
No)( t":in; n"tur"l lo;"ritm# o! ,ot #ide# o! ti# e+u"tion ;i$e#


ln
&
s1
&
s6




_
,


ln

6




_
,



%
s
6'
1
(
1

1
(
6




_
,


"nd #ol$in; !or %
s
le"d# to te e2pre##ion


%
s
-
6' ln
&
s1
&
s6




_
,


ln

6




_
,






1
]
1
1
1
(
1

1
(
6
Let u# t":e (
1
- &5.@C "nd (
6
- 15..@C( "nd )e m"* compute te $"lue o! %
s
"#


%
s
-
36834.56 1.
75
e01'8 ln
5.& 1.
/
m
7%
5.4 1.
1&
m
7%



_
,
ln
%.5. ;1cm
%
%.9. ;1cm
%



_
,





1
]
1
1
1
&5. = 6&% '

1
15.. = 6&% '
- &.&. e0
3,8 It i# no) po##i,le to #ol$e !or &
s
"t 1...@C u#in; E+u"tion 5.S6 ",o$e. Ti# time let<# t":e (
1
-
1...@C "nd (
6
- &5.@C. Tu#( #ol$in; !or &
s1
( #u,#titutin; $"lue# pro$ided in te pro,lem #t"tement "nd %
s
determined ",o$e *ield#
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.


&
s1

&
s6

1

6
e2p
%
s
6'
1
(
1

1
(
6




_
,






1
]
1
1



35.& 1.
/
m
7%
83 %.95 ;1cm
%
8
%.5. ;1cm
%
e2p
&.&. e0
36834.56 1.
75
e01'8
1
1... = 6&% '

1
&5. = 6&% '



_
,

1
]
1
1
- %.. 1.
1%
m
7%
3c8 And( !in"ll*( )e )"nt to determine te identit* o! met"l M. Ti# i# po##i,le ,* computin; te "tomic
)ei;t o! M 3
M
8 !rom E+u"tion 5.S1". Re"rr"n;ement o! ti# e2pre##ion le"d# to



&
A

M
9
O




_
,

- &
s1
e2p
%
s
6'(
1




_
,

And( "!ter !urter "l;e,r"ic m"nipul"tion

&
A

1
&
s1
e2p
%
s
6'(
1




_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
-
M
9
O
And( #ol$in; ti# e2pre##ion !or
M
;i$e#



M
-
&
A

1
&
s1
e2p
%
s
6'(
1




_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
1

O

No)( "##umin; t"t (
1
- &5.@C( te $"lue o!
M
i#



M
-
35..6 1.
6%
ion#1mol83 %.5. ;1cm
%
831.
5
cm
%
1 m
%
8
35.& 1.
/
ion#1m
%
8 e2p
&.& e0
36834.56 1.
75
e01'83&5. = 6&% '8



1
]
1

'






;





15... ;1mol
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
- 69.95 ;1mol
Upon con#ult"tion o! te periodic t",le in Ai;ure 6.5( te di$"lent met"l 3i.e.( t"t !orm# M
6=
ion#8 t"t "# "n
"tomic )ei;t clo#e#t to 69.95 ;1mol i# m";ne#ium. Tu#( ti# met"l o2ide i# M;O.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
Impurities in Solids
5.5 :elo*/ atomic ra)ius/ cr!stal structure/ electronegativit!/ an) the most common valence are
ta+ulate)/ for several elements; for those that are nonmetals/ onl! atomic ra)ii are in)icate).
Atomic Crystal Electro-
Element Radius (nm) Structure negatiity !alence
&i 0.124- <CC 1.8 92
C 0.071
= 0.04-
6 0.0-0
g 0.1445 <CC 1." 91
l 0.1431 <CC 1.5 93
Co 0.1253 =C> 1.8 92
Cr 0.124" :CC 1.- 93
<e 0.1241 :CC 1.8 92
>t 0.1387 <CC 2.2 92
?n 0.1332 =C> 1.- 92
@hich of these elements *oul) !ou e4pect to form the follo*ing *ith nic'el7
(a) su+stitutional soli) solution having complete solu+ilit!
(+) su+stitutional soli) solution of incomplete solu+ilit!
(c) n interstitial soli) solution
Solution
In ti# pro,lem )e "re "#:ed to cite )ic o! te element# li#ted !orm )it Ni te tree po##i,le #olid
#olution t*pe#. Aor complete #u,#titution"l #olu,ilit* te !ollo)in; criteri" mu#t ,e met> 18 te di!!erence in
"tomic r"dii ,et)een Ni "nd te oter element 3R8 mu#t ,e le## t"n B15C( 68 te cr*#t"l #tructure# mu#t ,e
te #"me( %8 te electrone;"ti$itie# mu#t ,e #imil"r( "nd 98 te $"lence# #ould ,e te #"me( or ne"rl* te #"me.
Belo) "re t",ul"ted( !or te $"riou# element#( te#e criteri".
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
Cr*#t"l Electro7
Element RC Structure ne;"ti$it* 0"lence
Ni FCC !"
C D9%
H D5%
O D56
A; =15 ACC =..1 1=
Al =15 ACC 7..% %=
Co =..5 HCP . 6=
Cr =..6 BCC 7..6 %=
Ae 7..9 BCC . 6=
Pt =11 ACC =..9 6=
En =& HCP 7..6 6=
3"8 Pt i# te onl* element t"t meet# "ll o! te criteri" "nd tu# !orm# " #u,#titution"l #olid #olution "$in;
complete #olu,ilit*. At ele$"ted temper"ture# Co "nd Ae e2perience "llotropic tr"n#!orm"tion# to te ACC cr*#t"l
#tructure( "nd tu# di#pl"* complete #olid #olu,ilit* "t te#e temper"ture#.
3,8 A;( Al( Co( Cr( Ae( "nd En !orm #u,#titution"l #olid #olution# o! incomplete #olu,ilit*. All te#e
met"l# "$e eiter BCC or HCP cr*#t"l #tructure#( "nd1or te di!!erence ,et)een teir "tomic r"dii "nd t"t !or Ni
"re ;re"ter t"n B15C( "nd1or "$e " $"lence di!!erent t"n 6=.
3c8 C( H( "nd O !orm inter#titi"l #olid #olution#. Te#e element# "$e "tomic r"dii t"t "re #i;ni!ic"ntl*
#m"ller t"n te "tomic r"diu# o! Ni.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.5 (a) ,uppose that Ca6 is a))e) as an impurit! to Ai26. Bf the Ca
29
su+stitutes for Ai
9
/ *hat 'in) of
vacancies *oul) !ou e4pect to form8 =o* man! of these vacancies are create) for ever! Ca
29
a))e)8
(+) ,uppose that Ca6 is a))e) as an impurit! to CaCl2. Bf the 6
23
su+stitutes for Cl
3
/ *hat 'in) of
vacancies *oul) !ou e4pect to form8 =o* man! of these vacancies are create) for ever! 6
23
a))e)8
Solution
3"8 Aor C"
6=
#u,#titutin; !or Li
=
in Li
6
O( litium $"c"ncie# )ould ,e cre"ted. Aor e"c C"
6=
#u,#titutin; !or Li
=
( one po#iti$e c"r;e i# "ddedF in order to m"int"in c"r;e neutr"lit*( " #in;le po#iti$e c"r;e
m"* ,e remo$ed. Po#iti$e c"r;e# "re elimin"ted ,* cre"tin; litium $"c"ncie#( "nd !or e$er* C"
6=
ion "dded( "
#in;le litium $"c"nc* i# !ormed.
3,8 Aor O
67
#u,#titutin; !or Cl
7
in C"Cl
6
( clorine $"c"ncie# )ould ,e cre"ted. Aor e"c O
67
#u,#titutin;
!or " Cl
7
( one ne;"ti$e c"r;e i# "ddedF ne;"ti$e c"r;e# "re elimin"ted ,* cre"tin; clorine $"c"ncie#. In order
to m"int"in c"r;e neutr"lit*( one O
67
ion )ill le"d to te !orm"tion o! one clorine $"c"nc*.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
Specification of Composition
5.& @hat is the composition/ in atom percent/ of an allo! that consists of "2.5 *tC g an) 7.5 *tC Cu8
Solution
In order to compute compo#ition( in "tom percent( o! " /6.5 )tC A;7&.5 )tC Cu "llo*( )e emplo*
E+u"tion 5./ "#


-
3/6.5835%.55 ; 1 mol8
3/6.5835%.55 ; 1 mol8 + 3&.5831.&.4&; 1 mol8
1..
- 4&./ "tC


-
3&.5831.&.4& ;1 mol8
3/6.5835%.55 ; 1 mol8 + 3&.5831.&.4&; 1 mol8
1..
- 16.1 "tC
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.4 Calculate the composition/ in *eight percent/ of an allo! that contains 105 'g of iron/ 0.2 'g of
car+on/ an) 1.0 'g of chromium.
Solution
Te concentr"tion( in )ei;t percent( o! "n element in "n "llo* m"* ,e computed u#in; " modi!ied !orm
o! E+u"tion 5.5. Aor ti# "llo*( te concentr"tion o! iron 3C
Ae
8 i# Gu#t


C
Ae
-
m
Ae
m
Ae
+ m
C
+ m
Cr
1..


-
1.5 :;
1.5 :; + ..6 :; + 1.. :;
1.. - /4.4& )tC
Simil"rl*( !or c"r,on


C
C
-
..6 :;
1.5 :; + ..6 :; + 1.. :;
1.. - ..1/ )tC
And !or cromium


C
Cr
-
1.. :;
1.5 :; + ..6 :; + 1.. :;
1.. - ../9 )tC
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5./ @hat is the composition/ in atom percent/ of an allo! that contains 44.5 l+m of silver/ 83.7 l+m of
gol)/ an) 5.3 l+m of Cu8
Solution
To determine te concentr"tion#( in "tom percent( o! te A;7Au7Cu "llo*( it i# !ir#t nece##"r* to con$ert
te "mount# o! A;( Au( "nd Cu into ;r"m#.
Te#e m"##e# mu#t ne2t ,e con$erted into mole# 3E+u"tion 5.&8( "#


n
m
Au
-
%&(/55 ;
1/5./& ;1 mol
- 1/6.4 mol


n
m
Cu
-
6( 9.9 ;
5%.55 ; 1 mol
- %&.4 mol
No)( emplo*ment o! " modi!ied !orm o! E+u"tion 5.4( ;i$e#


-
14&.1 mol
14&.1 mol + 1/6.4 mol + %&.4 mol
1.. - 99.4 "tC
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.1. Convert the atom percent composition in >ro+lem 5." to *eight percent.
Solution
Te compo#ition in "tom percent !or Pro,lem 5./ i# 99.4 "tC A;( 95.6 "tC Au( "nd /.. "tC Cu.
Modi!ic"tion o! E+u"tion 5.1. to t":e into "ccount " tree7component "llo* le"d# to te !ollo)in;


-
399.48 31.&.4& ;1 mol8
399.4831.&.4& ; 1 mol8 + 395.68 31/5./& ; 1 mol8 + 3/..8 35%.55 ; 1 mol8
1..
- %%.% )tC


-
395.68 31/5./& ;1 mol8
399.4831.&.4& ; 1 mol8 + 395.68 31/5./& ; 1 mol8 + 3/..8 35%.55 ; 1 mol8
1..
- 56.& )tC


-
3/..8 35%.55 ; 1 mol8
399.4831.&.4& ; 1 mol8 + 395.68 31/5./& ; 1 mol8 + 3/..8 35%.55 ; 1 mol8
1..
- 9.. )tC
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.11 Determine the appro4imate )ensit! of a (iE-lE4# titanium allo! that has a composition of "0 *tC
(i/ - *tC l/ an) 4 *tC #.
Solution
In order to #ol$e ti# pro,lem( E+u"tion 5.1%" i# modi!ied to t":e te !ollo)in; !orm>

"$e
-
1..
C
Ti

Ti
+
C
Al

Al
+
C
0

0
And( u#in; te den#it* $"lue# !or Ti( Al( "nd 0Hi.e.( 9.51 ;1cm
%
( 6.&1 ;1cm
%
( "nd 5.1. ;1cm
%
H3"# t":en !rom
in#ide te !ront co$er o! te te2t8( te den#it* i# computed "# !ollo)#>

"$e
-
1..
/. )tC
9.51 ; 1cm
%
+
5 )tC
6.&1 ; 1cm
%
+
9 )tC
5.1. ;1cm
%
- 9.%4 ;1cm
%
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.16 ,ome h!pothetical allo! is compose) of 25 *tC of metal an) 75 *tC of metal :. Bf the )ensities
of metals an) : are -.17 an) 8.00 g$cm
3
/ respectivel!/ *hereas their respective atomic *eights are 171.3 an)
1-2.0 g$mol/ )etermine *hether the cr!stal structure for this allo! is simple cu+ic/ faceEcentere) cu+ic/ or +o)!E
centere) cu+ic. ssume a unit cell e)ge length of 0.332 nm.
Solution
In order to #ol$e ti# pro,lem it i# nece##"r* to emplo* E+u"tion %.5F in ti# e2pre##ion den#it* "nd
"tomic )ei;t )ill ,e "$er";e# !or te "llo*Ht"t i#

"$e
-
n
"$e
#
C
&
A
In"#muc "# !or e"c o! te po##i,le cr*#t"l #tructure#( te unit cell i# cu,ic( ten #
C
- a
%
( or

"$e
-
n
"$e
a
%
&
A
And( in order to determine te cr*#t"l #tructure it i# nece##"r* to #ol$e !or n( te num,er o! "tom# per unit
cell. Aor n -1( te cr*#t"l #tructure i# #imple cu,ic( )ere"# !or n $"lue# o! 6 "nd 9( te cr*#t"l #tructure )ill ,e
eiter BCC or ACC( re#pecti$el*. Ien )e #ol$e te ",o$e e2pre##ion !or n te re#ult i# "# !ollo)#>


n -

"$e
a
%
&
A

"$e
E2pre##ion# !or
"$e
"nd
"$e
"re !ound in E+u"tion# 5.19" "nd 5.1%"( re#pecti$el*( )ic( )en incorpor"ted into
te ",o$e e2pre##ion *ield#


n -
1..
C
A

A
+
C
B

B






_
,

a
%
&
A
1..
C
A

A
+
C
B

B






_
,

E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
Su,#titution o! te concentr"tion $"lue# 3i.e.( C
A
- 65 )tC "nd C
B
- &5 )tC8 "# )ell "# $"lue# !or te
oter p"r"meter# ;i$en in te pro,lem #t"tement( into te ",o$e e+u"tion ;i$e#


n -
1..
65 )tC
5.1& ;1cm
%
+
&5 )tC
4... ;1cm
%






_
,

3%.%6 1.
74
nm8
%
35..6 1.
6%
"tom#1mol8
1..
65 )tC
1&1.% ;1mol
+
&5 )tC
156.. ;1mol






_
,

- 1... "tom1unit cell

Tere!ore( on te ,"#i# o! ti# $"lue( te cr*#t"l #tructure i# simple cu+ic.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.1% 5ol!+)enum forms a su+stitutional soli) solution *ith tungsten. Compute the num+er of
mol!+)enum atoms per cu+ic centimeter for a mol!+)enumEtungsten allo! that contains 1-.4 *tC 5o an) 83.- *t
C @. (he )ensities of pure mol!+)enum an) tungsten are 10.22 an) 1".30 g$cm
3
/ respectivel!.
Solution
To #ol$e ti# pro,lem( emplo*ment o! E+u"tion 5.61 3)ic deri$"tion i# c"lled !or in pro,lem I5.15 on
te ,oo:J# Ie, #ite8 i# nece##"r*( u#in; te !ollo)in; $"lue#>
C
1
- C
Mo
- 15.9 )tC

1
-
Mo
- 1..66 ;1cm
%

6
-
I
- 1/.% ;1cm
%

1
-
Mo
- /5./9 ;1mol
Tu#


&
Mo
-
&
A
C
Mo
C
Mo

Mo

Mo
+

Mo

I
31.. C
Mo
8


-
35..6 1.
6%
"tom# 1 mol8 315.9 )tC8
315.9 )tC83/5./9 ; 1 mol8
1..66 ; 1cm
%
+
/5./9 ; 1 mol
1/.% ; 1cm
%
31.. 15.9 )tC8
- 1.&% 1.
66
"tom#1cm
%
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.19 ,ometimes it is )esira+le to +e a+le to )etermine the *eight percent of one element/ C1/ that *ill
pro)uce a specifie) concentration in terms of the num+er of atoms per cu+ic centimeter/ &1/ for an allo!
compose) of t*o t!pes of atoms. (his computation is possi+le using the follo*ing e4pression7


C
1

1..
1 +
&
A

6
&
1

1
(5.22)
*here
&A - voga)roFs num+er
G1 an) G6 - )ensities of the t*o elements
1 an) 6 - the atomic *eights of the t*o elements
Derive H0uation 5.22 using H0uation 5.2 an) e4pressions containe) in ,ection 5.-.
Solution
Te num,er o! "tom# o! component 1 per cu,ic centimeter i# Gu#t e+u"l to te "tom !r"ction o! component
1 time# te tot"l num,er o! "tom# per cu,ic centimeter in te "llo* 3&8. Tu#( u#in; te e+ui$"lent o!
E+u"tion 5.6( )e m"* )rite
Re"liKin; t"t
"nd
"nd #u,#titution o! te e2pre##ion# !or
"$e
"nd
"$e
( E+u"tion# 5.1%, "nd 5.19,( re#pecti$el*( le"d# to
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
And( #ol$in; !or
Su,#titution o! ti# e2pre##ion !or into E+u"tion 5.1."( )ic m"* ,e )ritten in te !ollo)in; !orm
*ield#


C
1
-
1..
1 +
&
A

6
&
1

1
te de#ired e2pre##ion.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.15 Iermanium forms a su+stitutional soli) solution *ith silicon. Compute the *eight percent of
germanium that must +e a))e) to silicon to !iel) an allo! that contains 2.43 1 10
21
Ie atoms per cu+ic
centimeter. (he )ensities of pure Ie an) ,i are 5.32 an) 2.33 g$cm
3
/ respectivel!.
Solution
To #ol$e ti# pro,lem( emplo*ment o! E+u"tion 5.66 i# nece##"r*( u#in; te !ollo)in; $"lue#>
&
1
- &
Le
- 6.9% 2 1.
61
"tom#1cm
%

1
-
Le
- 5.%6 ;1cm
%

6
-
Si
- 6.%% ;1cm
%

1
-
Le
- &6.59 ;1mol

6
-
Si
- 64../ ;1mol
Tu#


C
Le
-
1..
1 +
&
A

Si
&
Le

Le

Si

Le


-
1..
1 +
35..6 1.
6%
"tom# 1 mol836.%% ;1cm
%
8
36.9% 1.
61
"tom# 1cm
%
8 3&6.59 ;1 mol8

6.%% ; 1cm
%
5.%6 ; 1cm
%



_
,

- 11.& )tC
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.15 Bron an) vana)ium +oth have the :CC cr!stal structure/ an) # forms a su+stitutional soli) solution
for concentrations up to appro4imatel! 20 *tC # at room temperature. Compute the unit cell e)ge length for a "0
*tC <e310 *tC # allo!.
Solution
Air#t o! "ll( te "tomic r"dii !or Ae "nd 0 3u#in; te t",le in#ide te !ront co$er8 "re ..169 "nd ..1%6 nm(
re#pecti$el*. Al#o( u#in; E+u"tion %.5 it i# po##i,le to compute te unit cell $olume( "nd in"#muc "# te unit cell
i# cu,ic( te unit cell ed;e len;t i# Gu#t te cu,e root o! te $olume. Ho)e$er( it i# !ir#t nece##"r* to c"lcul"te te
den#it* "nd "$er";e "tomic )ei;t o! ti# "llo* u#in; E+u"tion# 5.1%" "nd 5.19". In"#muc "# te den#itie# o! iron
"nd $"n"dium "re &.4&;1cm
%
"nd 5.1. ;1cm
%
( re#pecti$el*( 3"# t":en !rom in#ide te !ront co$er8( te "$er";e
den#it* i# Gu#t

"$e
-
1..
C
0

0
+
C
Ae

Ae


-
1..
1. )tC
5.1. ; 1cm
%
+
/. )tC
&.4& ;1cm
%
- &.55 ;1cm
%
And !or te "$er";e "tomic )ei;t

"$e
-
1..
C
0

0
+
C
Ae

Ae


-
1..
1. )tC
5../9 ; 1 mole
+
/. )tC
55.45 ;1 mol
- 55.%6 ;1mol
No)( #
C
i# determined !rom E+u"tion %.5 "#
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.


#
C
-
n
"$e

"$e
&
A


-
36 "tom# 1 unit cell8355.%6 ;1 mol8
3&.55 ;1 cm
%
835..6 1.
6%
"tom# 1 mol8
- 6.9. 1.
76%
cm
%
1unit cell
And( !in"ll*


a - 3#
C
8
11 %


- 36.9. 1.
6%
cm
%
1unit cell8
11%
- 6.4/ 2 1.
74
cm - ..64/ nm
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
Interfacial Defects
5.1& <or an <CC single cr!stal/ *oul) !ou e4pect the surface energ! for a (100) plane to +e greater or
less than that for a (111) plane8 @h!8 (&ote7 Jou ma! *ant to consult the solution to >ro+lem @3.4- at the en)
of Chapter 3.)
Solution
Te #ur!"ce ener;* !or " cr*#t"llo;r"pic pl"ne )ill depend on it# p"c:in; den#it* Mi.e.( te pl"n"r den#it*
3Section %.118NHt"t i#( te i;er te p"c:in; den#it*( te ;re"ter te num,er o! ne"re#t7nei;,or "tom#( "nd te
more "tomic ,ond# in t"t pl"ne t"t "re #"ti#!ied( "nd( con#e+uentl*( te lo)er te #ur!"ce ener;*. Arom te
#olution to Pro,lem I%.95( pl"n"r den#itie# !or ACC 31..8 "nd 31118 pl"ne# "re


1
9K
6
"nd


1
6K
6
%
(
re#pecti$el*Ht"t i#


..65
K
6
"nd


..6/
K
6
3)ere K i# te "tomic r"diu#8. Tu#( #ince te pl"n"r den#it* !or 31118
i# ;re"ter( it )ill "$e te lo)er #ur!"ce ener;*.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.14 (a) <or a given material/ *oul) !ou e4pect the surface energ! to +e greater than/ the same as/ or
less than the grain +oun)ar! energ!8 @h!8
(+) (he grain +oun)ar! energ! of a smallEangle grain +oun)ar! is less than for a highEangle one. @h! is
this so8
Solution
3"8 Te #ur!"ce ener;* )ill ,e ;re"ter t"n te ;r"in ,ound"r* ener;*. Aor ;r"in ,ound"rie#( #ome "tom#
on one #ide o! " ,ound"r* )ill ,ond to "tom# on te oter #ideF #uc i# not te c"#e !or #ur!"ce "tom#. Tere!ore(
tere )ill ,e !e)er un#"ti#!ied ,ond# "lon; " ;r"in ,ound"r*.
3,8 Te #m"ll7"n;le ;r"in ,ound"r* ener;* i# lo)er t"n !or " i;7"n;le one ,ec"u#e more "tom# ,ond
"cro## te ,ound"r* !or te #m"ll7"n;le( "nd( tu#( tere "re !e)er un#"ti#!ied ,ond#.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.1/ <or each of the follo*ing stac'ing se0uences foun) in <CC metals/ cite the t!pe of planar )efect
that e4ists7
(a) . . . : C : C : C : . . .
(+) . . . : C : C : C : C . . .
No)( cop* te #t"c:in; #e+uence# "nd indic"te te po#ition3#8 o! pl"n"r de!ect3#8 )it " $ertic"l d"#ed line.
Solution
3"8 Te inter!"ci"l de!ect t"t e2i#t# !or ti# #t"c:in; #e+uence i# " t)in ,ound"r*( )ic occur# "t te
indic"ted po#ition.
Te #t"c:in; #e+uence on one #ide o! ti# po#ition i# mirrored on te oter #ide.
3,8 Te inter!"ci"l de!ect t"t e2i#t# )itin ti# ACC #t"c:in; #e+uence i# " #t"c:in; !"ult( )ic occur#
,et)een te t)o line#.
Iitin ti# re;ion( te #t"c:in; #e+uence i# HCP.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
#rain Si$e Determination
5.6. (a) Hmplo!ing the intercept techni0ue/ )etermine the average grain siLe for the steel specimen
*hose microstructure is sho*n in <igure 10.2"(a); use at least seven straightEline segments.
(+) Hstimate the ,(5 grain siLe num+er for this material.
Solution
3"8 Ti# portion o! te pro,lem c"ll# !or " determin"tion o! te "$er";e ;r"in #iKe o! te #pecimen )ic
micro#tructure i# #o)n in Ai;ure 1..6/3a8. Se$en line #e;ment# )ere dr")n "cro## te micro;r"p( e"c o!
)ic )"# 5. mm lon;. Te "$er";e num,er o! ;r"in ,ound"r* inter#ection# !or te#e line# )"# 5.%. Tere!ore(
te "$er";e line len;t inter#ected i# Gu#t


5. mm
5.%
- /.5 mm
Hence( te "$er";e ;r"in di"meter( )( i#


) -
"$e. line len;t inter#ected
m";ni!ic"tion
-
/.5 mm
/.
- ..1.5 mm
3,8 Ti# portion o! te pro,lem c"ll# !or u# to e#tim"te te ASTM ;r"in #iKe num,er !or ti# #"me
m"teri"l. Te "$er";e ;r"in #iKe num,er( n( i# rel"ted to te num,er o! ;r"in# per #+u"re inc( &( "t "
m";ni!ic"tion o! 1.. "ccordin; to E+u"tion 5.1/. Ho)e$er( te m";ni!ic"tion o! ti# micro;r"p i# not 1..2( ,ut
r"ter /.. Con#e+uentl*( it i# nece##"r* to u#e E+u"tion 5.6.


&
5
5
1..



_
,

6
6
n1
)ere &
5
- te num,er o! ;r"in# per #+u"re inc "t m";ni!ic"tion 5( "nd n i# te ASTM ;r"in #iKe num,er.
T":in; lo;"ritm# o! ,ot #ide# o! ti# e+u"tion le"d# to te !ollo)in;>


lo; &
5
+ 6 lo;
5
1..



_
,

3n 18 lo; 6
Sol$in; ti# e2pre##ion !or n ;i$e#
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.


n
lo; &
5
+ 6 lo;
5
1..



_
,

lo; 6
+ 1
Arom Ai;ure 1..6/3a8( &
5
i# me"#ured to ,e "ppro2im"tel* 9( )ic le"d# to


n
lo; 9 + 6 lo;
/.
1..



_
,

lo; 6
+ 1
- 6.&
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.61 <or an ,(5 grain siLe of -/ appro4imatel! ho* man! grains *oul) there +e per s0uare inch at
(a) a magnification of 100/ an)
(+) *ithout an! magnification8
Solution
3"8 Ti# p"rt o! pro,lem "#:# t"t )e compute te num,er o! ;r"in# per #+u"re inc !or "n ASTM ;r"in
#iKe o! 5 "t " m";ni!ic"tion o! 1... All )e need do i# #ol$e !or te p"r"meter & in E+u"tion 5.1/( in"#muc "# n
- 5. Tu#


& 6
n1
-


6
51
- %6 ;r"in#1in.
6
3,8 No) it i# nece##"r* to compute te $"lue o! & !or no m";ni!ic"tion. In order to #ol$e ti# pro,lem it
i# nece##"r* to u#e E+u"tion 5.6.>


&
5
5
1..



_
,

6
6
n1
)ere &
5
- te num,er o! ;r"in# per #+u"re inc "t m";ni!ic"tion 5( "nd n i# te ASTM ;r"in #iKe num,er.
Iitout "n* m";ni!ic"tion( 5 in te ",o$e e+u"tion i# 1( "nd tere!ore(


&
1
1
1..



_
,

6
6
51
%6
And( #ol$in; !or &
1
( &
1
- %6.(... ;r"in#1in.
6
.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.66 Determine the ,(5 grain siLe num+er if 25 grains per s0uare inch are measure) at a
magnification of 75.
Solution
In order to #ol$e ti# pro,lem )e m":e u#e o! E+u"tion 5.6.H$iK.


&
5
5
1..



_
,

6
6
n1
)ere &
5
- te num,er o! ;r"in# per #+u"re inc "t m";ni!ic"tion 5( "nd n i# te ASTM ;r"in #iKe num,er.
Sol$in; te ",o$e e+u"tion !or n( "nd re"liKin; t"t &
5
- 65( )ile 5 - &5( )e "$e


n
lo; &
5
+ 6 lo;
5
1..



_
,

lo; 6
+ 1

lo; 65 + 6 lo;
&5
1..



_
,

lo; 6
+ 1 9.4
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
?ESILN PROBLEMS
Specification of Composition
5.?1 luminum3lithium allo!s have +een )evelope) +! the aircraft in)ustr! to re)uce the *eight an)
improve the performance of its aircraft. commercial aircraft s'in material having a )ensit! of 2.47 g$cm
3
is
)esire). Compute the concentration of Ai (in *tC) that is re0uire).
Solution
Ti# pro,lem c"ll# !or u# to compute te concentr"tion o! litium 3in )tC8 t"t( )en "dded to "luminum(
)ill *ield " den#it* o! 6.9& ;1cm
%
. Solution o! ti# pro,lem re+uire# te u#e o! E+u"tion 5.1%"( )ic t":e# te
!orm

"$e
-
1..
C
Li

Li
+
1.. C
Li

Al
in"#muc "# C
Li
= C
Al
- 1... Accordin; to te t",le in#ide te !ront co$er( te re#pecti$e den#itie# o! Li "nd Al
"re ..5%9 "nd 6.&1 ;1cm
%
. Upon #ol$in; !or C
Li
!rom te ",o$e e+u"tion( )e ;et


C
Li
-
1..
Li
3
Al

"$e
8

"$e
3
Al

Li
8


-
31..8 3..5%9 ; 1cm
%
836.&1 ;1cm
%
6.9& ; 1cm
%
8
36.9& ; 1cm
%
836.&1 ; 1cm
%
..5%9 ;1cm
%
8
- 6.%4 )tC
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.
5.?6 Iallium arseni)e (Ias) an) in)ium arseni)e (Bns) +oth have the Linc +len)e cr!stal structure
an) are solu+le in each other at all concentrations. Determine the concentration in *eight percent of Bns that
must +e a))e) to Ias to !iel) a unit cell e)ge length of 0.5820 nm. (he )ensities of Ias an) Bns are 5.31-
an) 5.--8 g$cm
3
/ respectivel!.
Solution
Ti# pro,lem "#:# t"t )e determine te concentr"tion 3in )ei;t percent8 o! InA# t"t mu#t ,e "dded to
L"A# to *ield " unit cell ed;e len;t o! ..546. nm. Te den#itie# o! L"A# "nd InA# )ere ;i$en in te pro,lem
#t"tement "# 5.%15 "nd 5.554 ;1cm
%
( re#pecti$el*. To ,e;in( it i# nece##"r* to emplo* E+u"tion %.5( "nd #ol$e !or
te unit cell $olume( #
C
( !or te InA#7L"A# "llo* "#


#
C
-
nM
"$e

"$e
&
A
)ere
"$e
"nd
"$e
"re te "tomic )ei;t "nd den#it*( re#pecti$el*( o! te InA#7L"A# "llo*. In"#muc "# ,ot o!
te#e m"teri"l# "$e te Kinc ,lende cr*#t"l #tructure( )ic "# cu,ic #*mmetr*( #
C
i# Gu#t te cu,e o! te unit cell
len;t( a. T"t i#
#
C
- a
%
- 3..546. nm8
%


- 35.46. 1.
4
cm8
%
1./&1 1.
66
cm
%
It i# no) nece##"r* to con#truct e2pre##ion# !or
"$e
"nd
"$e
in term# o! te concentr"tion o! indium "r#enide(
C
InA#
u#in; E+u"tion# 5.19" "nd 5.1%". Aor
"$e
)e "$e

"$e
-
1..
C
InA#

InA#
+
31.. C
InA#
8

L"A#


-
1..
C
InA#
14/.&9 ; 1 mol
+
31.. C
InA#
8
199.59 ; 1 mol
)ere"# !or
"$e
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.

"$e
-
1..
C
InA#

InA#
+
31.. C
InA#
8

L"A#


-
1..
C
InA#
5.554 ; 1cm
%
+
31.. C
InA#
8
5.%15 ; 1cm
%
Iitin te Kinc ,lende unit cell tere "re !our !ormul" unit#( "nd tu#( te $"lue o! nM in E+u"tion %.5 i# 9F ence(
ti# e2pre##ion m"* ,e )ritten in term# o! te concentr"tion o! InA# in )ei;t percent "# !ollo)#>
#
C
- 1./&1 2 1.
766
cm
%


-
n<
"$e

"$e
&
A


-
39 !u 1 unit cell8
1..
C
InA#
14/.&9 ; 1 mol
+
31.. C
InA#
8
199.59 ; 1 mol






1
]
1
1
1
1
1..
C
InA#
5.554 ;1cm
%
+
31.. C
InA#
8
5.%15 ;1cm
%






1
]
1
1
1
1
35..6 1.
6%
!u 1 mol8
And #ol$in; ti# e2pre##ion !or C
InA#
le"d# to C
InA#
- 95.1 )tC.
E2cerpt# !rom ti# )or: m"* ,e reproduced ,* in#tructor# !or di#tri,ution on " not7!or7pro!it ,"#i# !or te#tin; or in#truction"l purpo#e# onl* to #tudent#
enrolled in cour#e# !or )ic te te2t,oo: "# ,een "dopted. n! other repro)uction or translation of this *or' +e!on) that permitte) +! ,ections
107 or 108 of the 1"7- .nite) ,tates Cop!right ct *ithout the permission of the cop!right o*ner is unla*ful.