Aircraft Design Studies Based on the ATR 72

Mihaela Florentina Ni Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz HAW Hamburg

RRDPAE 2008 Recent Research and Design Progress in Aeronautical Engineering and its Influence on Education Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic, 16-17 October 2008

Two Design Steps

Preliminary sizing (Paper on RRDPAE CD) Conceptual Design (Master Thesis on WWW)

Emphasis of this presentation

Overview
Preliminary sizing

Gives input parameters for the conceptual

design:
Maximum take-off mass, mMTO Fuel mass, mF Maximum operating empty mass, mOE Wing area, S W Take-off thrust, TTO or take-off power,

PTO

Overview
Conceptual design

Fuselage

The Fuselage
Requirements:
Passengers comfort Drag Weight

Cross section:
Given: Number of passengers
nPAX = 70

Yields: Number of seats abreast nSA = 0.45 nPAX = 4 and number of aisles nSA 6 1 Aisle (CS 25.817)

Fuselage
Empirical Equation Interior diameter of the fuselage
d F , I = (2 Bench width + Aisle width)m + 2 0.025m = 2.57 m

Exterior diameter of the fuselage

d = d F ,O d F , I = 0.084m + 0.045 d F , I d F ,O = 2.77 m

Fuselage
Cabin and fuselage:
Seat pitch:

31 in = 0, 78 m; kCABIN = 1 m

An average seat pitch including galleys,lavatories

Cabin Length n lCABIN = kCABIN PAX = 19.25m Cockpit nSA length Fuselage length

Tail l

lF = lCABIN + 1.4 d F + 4m = 27.13m

eng

th

Emergency exits: 2+2 type I and III

Fuselage
Other parameters:
Slenderness parameter

F =

lF = 9.79 10 dF

Important parameter that determines drag and structural weight

Wing

The Wing
Design boundaries

All interconnected !!!

Wing
Design method

Wing
Results
SW = 61.3m 2
A = 12
M CR = 0.41
b = 27.13m
Chosen airfoil: NACA 430xx

25 = 30

Non linear regression

(t / c) = kt M DD t cos 25u CL v kM w = 0.141

(t / c) r = 18% (t / c)t = 13%

NACA 43018 NACA 43013

t = 30
iw = CL ,CR C L

Abb Pan ot, khu rst

+ 0 0.4 t = 40

W = 00

opt = 0.45 e 0.036 or statistics

25

= c t / c r = 0 .5 9

Wing
2b = 2.6m A[(1 )k + i + ]

cr =

ct = cr = 1.5m

Vtank = 0.54 SW

1.5

1 1 + + 2 (t / c) r = 9.3m3 > Vtank,nec = 4.5m3 2 (1 + ) A

(t / c)t = 0.72 (t / c)r

where

From preliminary sizing

High Lift System

Start CL,max

The high lift system

Design method
CL ,max = 1.1 CL ,max, INITIAL SIZING = 2.2

type of flap : double slotted flap and slats

Ite pr rati oc ve es s
cL ,max, f = k1k2 k3 (cL ,max )base = 1.089 CL ,max, f = cL ,max, f
cL ,max, s

Statistical reasearch Increase in Lift calculation

SW , f SW

K = 0.679

DA TC OM

c' = cl , ,maxmax f = 0.766 c

CL ,max, s = cL ,max,s

SW ,s SW

cos H , L = 0.613

no Verify equation yes

0.95 CL ,max, f + CL ,max, s CL ,max CL ,max,clean

Stop

1.3 0.9

Empennage
Estimating the empennage area from statistics
Horizontal tail, vertical tail Configuration: T-tail (engine location on a high wing) Surface area from statistical approach
Tail volume coefficient Lever arm
Tail volume

lV = lH = 50% lF = 13.565m

CH =

S H lH = 1.05 SW cMAC

CV =

SV lV = 0.119 SW b

SH =

Tail volume coefficient

C S b SV = V W = 14.904m 2 lV

CH SW cMAC = 10.756m 2 lH

Results

Empennage
Other parameters Aspect ratio and taper ratio:
AH = 0.5 Aw = 6 AV = 1.6
VH = 800 VV = 00

H = 0.6 V = 0.6
25, H = 80 25,V = 250

Dihedral and sweep:

Airfoil: NACA 0012 for the vertical tailplane

NACA 0009

for the horizontal tailplane

Mass and CG
Mass estimation and CG location
Estimation per each component using a Class II method (Torenbeek) Example calculation: wing mass
bref mW = 6.67 103 bs 0.75 1 + mMZF bs
0.30 / b t s r nult 0.55 = 0.17 mMZF / SW

mW = 0.17 mMZF = 3045kg

The approximations are made by taking into account variations with specific parameters, as it is shown in the next table

Mass and CG
Parameters used for the mass Results estimation [kg] Wing Fuselage Horizontal Tailplane Vertical Tailplane Landing gear Engine nacelle Installed engine Systems Supplemental mass Operating empty mass Bref/bs; mMZF/SW;nult Swet,F; lH; VD; dF SH; VD SV; VD mMTO and coefficients T, respectively P,,V nE; mE mMTO nSeat; nPax Sum of components 3045 2323 124 179 961 242 1533 3114 1050 12834

Mass and CG
CG position and position of the wing towards the fuselage
- CG position of the wing
xWG , LEMAC = mi xi mi = 11.625m

-CG position of the fuselage

xFG = mi xi mi = 11.392m

Position of the wing:

x LEMAC = x FG xCG , LEMAC +

mWG ( xWG , LEMAC xCG , LEMAC ) = 11m m FG

E qu of m ilibriu om m ent s

TORENBEEK, E.: "Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design Delft University Press, 1988

25% CM

AC

Stability and Control

Sizing the empennage according to stability and control requirements
Horizontal Tail
Sizing after control requirements S H / SW = a xCG AC + b
CM ,W + CM , E = 0.20768 lH l CL , H H C L , H H H cMAC cMAC Sizing after stability requirements S H / SW = a xCG AC CL , ,W = 0.305 a= lH CL , , H H 1 cMAC
a= CL = 0.4887

b=

Intersection of requirements
SH = 0.156 S H = 9.701m 2 SW

Following the introduction of the stability margin, according to the next graph

Stability and Control

Stability and Control

Vertical Tail
Sizing after control requirements
SV = NE + ND = 14.085m 2 cL , 1 ' VMC 2 F (cL , )theory K K lV 2 (cL , )theory

Sizing after stability requirements

SV CN , C N , , F bW = = 0.1539 SW CY , ,V lV SV = 9.57m 2

Evaluation of the results If the area SH does not match Empennage results then: mH would need to be re-evaluated and wing position adjusted For the vertical tail the larger area of the two was chosen

Landing Gear
Landing gear
Position: corelated with the CG aft position xLG , N LG ,M = 10.77m Turn over angle in the x direction: min. 15 Distance between wheels of the main LG ytrack = 4.10m To pre vent Tail clearence: 11 s
ide tip p To pre ve tail tip nt ping

i ng

Lateral clearence: min. 7 required

Drag and Polar

Drag estimation and polar
Three major components:
Zero lift drag it is being estimated for each component, according to the formula: CD ,0 = C f FFc Qc S wett / S ref Lift dependent drag Mach drag we neglect this from the beginning, as the aircraft flies at lower speed
Cf FFc Qc 1 1 1.04 1.04 1.5 Swett/Sref 3.3 2.08 0.17 0.22 0.3 CD,0 Fuselage Wing Horizontal Tailplane Vertical Tailplane Nacelle Total 2.2410-3 3.5610-3 3.39210-3 3.93310-3 3.29210-3 1.088 1.84 1.368 1.419 1.072 8.05310-3 1410-3 0.834710-3 1.31510-3 21.610-3 27.410-3

Drag and Polar

The polar is given by
CL 2 CD = CD ,0 + CD = 0.027403 + 0.031 CL 2 Ae In the preliminary sizing calculation the value e = 0.85 was used

The resulting L/D is E = 15.8

DOC Estimation
Design evaluation
AEA method (Association of European Airliners) for estimating the direct operating costs (DOC)
Parameters used for the estimation
Service life, residual value Average interest rate, total price of the aircraft % of aircrafts price Price and mass fuel, no. of flights per year Labor and material, inflation factor No. of crew members Maximum take-off mass, no. of flights/year, inflation factor inflation factor inflation factor

Results [mil$/year]
0.73

Depreciation Interest Insurance Fuel Maintenance Crew Fees: Landing

0.99

0.07 2.37 1.44 2.07 0.39 0.93 1.45

Navigation Maximum take-off mass, Handling Maximum payload,

DOC Estimation
Total DOC = the sum of the costs of each of the following elements:
CDOC = CDEP + CINT + CINS + CF + CM + CC + CFEE

CDOC=10.5 mil US$/year

Summary
Components
Fuselage Length Diameter Cabin Length Wing Wing Span Wing Surface Wing Loading High Lift Device Power Plant Power Loading Horizontal Tail Surface Vertical Tail Surface Mass Maximum Take-Off Mass Operating Empty Mass 22925 kg 12834 kg 22800 kg 12950 kg 0.5% 0.9%

Redesign
27.13 m 2.77 m 19.25 m 27.13 m 61.3 m2 373.7 kg/m2 Double sloted flaps and slats

Original
27.17 m 2.57 m 19.21 m 27.05 m 61.0 m2 373.8 kg/m2 Double sloted flaps

Deviation
0.1% -2.0% 0.1% 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.0 %

179.8 W/kg

179.9 W/kg

-0.1 %

9.7 m2 14.1 m2

11.7 m2 12.5 m2

-17.1 % 12.8 %

For more information please visit the digital library:

http://bibliothek.ProfScholz.de and check the RRDPAE CD