GR No. L-47362 December 19, 1940 JOHN F. VILLARROEL , appellant, vs.. BERNARDINO ESTRADA , appeallee. FACTS: Avancea, J.

: originally in ESP. 1. Alejandra F. Callao, mother of Villarroel, obtained ( a! 9, 1912" from the #$o%#e# Mariano Es rada and Se!erina a 1& L'(N "a#a$le a% er & #ears ()*hibito (". (+e,andra died +ea-in. the defendant a# the on+! heir. )-ent%a++!, /$o%#e# )#trada a+#o died, +ea-in. the $+aintiff 0ernardino )#trada a# the on+! heir. 2. Defendant #i.ned ((%.%#t 9, 1930" a do'()en ()*hibito 0" s a in* in d( # to the $+aintiff the +,, 1ith an intere#t of 122 $er !ear. 3hi# action re+ate# to the co++ection of thi# amo%nt. 3. 456 ordered the defendant to $a! 71& 1ith +e.a+ intere#t from the August 9, 193 until fully !ay. 8ence, thi# a$$ea+. 4. 3hi# action i# bro%.ht %nder the ob+i.ation that the defendant a# the on+! #on of the ori.ina+ debtor in fa-or of the $+aintiff 1ho i# the on+! heir of the creditor#. 3he 71& i# the #ame debt ob+i.ation of the mother of the defendant to the $+aintiff9# $arent#. ISS-E: 6# the defendant +iab+e to $a! the ori.ina+ +oan 1hich ha# a+read! $re#cribed 1hen he contracted ane1 to $a! #aid ori.ina+ +oan: .ES. HELD: (+tho%.h the action to reco-er the ori.ina+ debt ha# $re#cribed, the ;%e#tion that ari#e# in thi# a$$ea+ i# $rimari+! 1hether, not1ith#tandin. #%ch $re#cri$tion i# from the action fi+ed. 3hi# action i# ba#ed on the ori.ina+ ob+i.ation contracted b! the mother of the defendant 1hich ha# $re#cribed, 0<3 the defendant contracted the August 9, 193 "E#hi$ito %& to a##%me the f%+fi++ment of that ob+i.ation. 0ein. the on+! heir of the debtor entit+ed to #%cceed in inheritance, that debt +e.a++! bro%.ht b! hi# mother, b%t +o#t it# effecti-ene## b! $re#cri$tion. 6t i# no1 a )oral o$li*a ion 1hich i# 'onsidera ion eno(*/ o 'rea e an effecti-e and enforceab+e ob+i.ation !ol(n aril# 'on ra' ed 0E1/i$i B2. 3he r%+e that a ne1 $romi#e to $a! a debt a+read! $re#cribed m%#t be made b! the #ame $er#on ob+i.ated or other1i#e +e.a++! a%thori=ed b! it, i# not a$$+icab+e to thi# ca#e> that doe# not re;%ire com$+iance 1ith the mandator! ori.ina+ ob+i.ation b%t from 1hich /e# 3o(ld !ol(n aril# ass()e /is o$li*a ion. 456 deci#ion affirmed.

($ri+ 29, 1960 G.R. No. L-13667

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

4RIMITIVO ANSA., etc., et al., plaintiffs-appellants, vs. BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE NATIONAL DEVELO4MENT COM4AN., et al., defendants-appellees. DOCTRINE: (n e+ement of nat%ra+ ob+i.ation $efore it can $e cogni'a$le $y the court i# !ol(n ar# %(l%ill)en $# /e o$li*or. 4ertain+! retention can be ordered b%t on+! after there ha# been -o+%ntar! $erformance. 5rom the +e.a+ $oint of -ie1 a bon%# i# not a demandab+e and enforceab+e ob+i.ation. 6t i# #o 1hen it i# made a $art of the 1a.e or #a+ar! com$en#ation. FACTS: PA(AS, J.? 1. ($$e++ant# fi+ed (19@6" a.ain#t a$$e++ee# in the 456- ani+a a 'o)"lain $ra!in. for a 567 C/ris )as $on(s for the !ear# 19@4 and 19@@. ($$e++ee#9 fi+ed an 3D. 456 .ranted findin. no ca%#e of action a#? ( bon%# i# an act of +ibera+it! and the co%rt ha# no $o1er to command re#$ondent# to be +ibera+> 7etitioner# admit that re#$ondent# are not %nder +e.a+ d%t! to .i-e #%ch bon%# b%t that the! had on+! a#A that #%ch bon%# be .i-en to them beca%#e it i# a moral o$ligation of res!on)ents to give that b%t a# thi# 4o%rt %nder#tand#, i /as no "o3er o 'o)"el a "ar # o 'o)"l# 3i / a )oral o$li*a ion ((rt. 142, Ne1 4i-i+ 4ode.". 2. R 1a# denied. 8ence thi# a$$ea+.

3. ($$e++ant# contend that there e*i#t# a ca%#e of action in their com$+aint beca%#e their 'lai) res s on )oral *ro(nds or 1hat in brief i# defined b! +a1 a# a na (ral o$li*a ion. ISS-E: a! the defendant# be com$e++ed to $a! the 4hri#tma# bon%# of herein $+aintiff#: NO.

HELD: Ar i'le +859 of the Ne1 4i-i+ 4ode c+a##ifie# ob+i.ation# into 46B6L or N(3<R(L. CCIVIL OBLI:ATIONS are a ri.ht of action to com$e+ their $erformance. NAT-RAL OBLI:ATIONS, not bein. ba#ed on $o#iti-e +a1 b%t on e;%it! and nat%ra+ +a1, do not .rant a ri.ht of action to enforce their $erformance, 0<3 after voluntary fulfillment $y the o$ligor , the! a%thori=e the retention of 1hat ha# been de+i-ered or rendered b! rea#on thereofD. 8ere there ha# been no -o+%ntar! $erformance. 6n fact, the co%rt cannot order the $erformance. 7remi#e# con#idered, the order a$$ea+ed from i# hereb! affirmed.

G.R. No. L-4EEE9

a! 11, 19E9

DB4, "e i ioner, !s. HON. MID4AINTAO L. ADIL;CFI<Iloilo and S4O-SES 4ATRICIO CONFESOR and JOVITA VILLAF-ERTE, respondents.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

DOCTRINE? 1hen a debt i# a+read! barred b! $re#cri$tion, it cannot be enforced b! the creditor. 0%t a ne1 contract reco.ni=in. and a##%min. the $re#cribed debt 1o%+d be -a+id and enforceab+e ... 3hi# i# not a mere ca#e of acAno1+ed.ment of a debt that ha# $re#cribed b%t a ne3 "ro)ise o "a# /e de$ . 3he con#ideration of the ne1 $romi##or! note i# the $re-e*i#tin. ob+i.ation %nder the fir#t $romi##or! note. 3he #tat%tor! +imitation bar# the remed! b%t doe# not di#char.e the debt> %$on thi# #%fficient con#ideration con#tit%te#, in fact, a ne1 ca%#e of action. FACTS: *A+,A-,., J.? 1. /$o%#e# 4onfe#or and Bi++af%erte obtained an a*ri'(l (ral loan (5ebr%ar! 10, 1940" from the (.ric%+t%ra+ and 6nd%#tria+ 0anA (AIB"FD07, for 72& a# e-idenced b! a 7N bindin. them#e+-e# join l# and se!erall# to $a! in (10" e;%a+ !ear+! amorti=ation#. 2. 3he ob+i.ation remained o%t#tandin. and %n$aid e-en after the +a$#e of the afore#aid ten-!ear $eriod, 4onfe#or, 1ho 1a# b! then a mem$er of the ,ongress, e1e'( ed a se'ond 4N (($ri+ 11, 1961" e*$re##+! acAno1+ed.in. #aid +oan and $romi#in. o "a# the #ame on or before G%ne 1@, 1961? /0!on my failure to )o so, 1 here$y agree to the foreclosure of my mortgage . 1t is un)erstoo) that if 1 can secure a certificate of in)e$te)ness from the government of my $ac2 !ay 1 3ill $e allo3e) to !ay the amount out of it. 3. 3he! fai+ed to $a! the ob+i.ation, th%# DB4 %iled a 'o)"lain (1970" for the $a!ment of the +oan. 4. 6nferior co%rt ordered the defendant# to $a! D07, 4ointly an) severally 7@,760.96 $+%# additiona+ dai+! intere#t of 7 +.04 from /e$tember 17, 1970, the )ate ,om!laint 3as file), %nti+ #aid amo%nt i# $aid. @. 456 re-er#ed and di#mi##ed the com$+aint and co%nter-c+aim. R 1a# denied. 8ence thi# $etition 1herein $etitioner a++e.e# that the re#$ondent ,%d.e erred in ref%#in. to reco.ni=e the +a1 that the ri.ht to $re#cri$tion ma! be reno%nced or 1ai-ed> and (b" that in #i.nin. the 2nd 7N re#$ondent 4onfe#or can bind the con,%.a+ $artner#hi$> ISS-E: 6# the 2nd 7N, e*ec%ted in con#ideration of a $re-io%# 7N the enforcement of 1hich had been barred b! $re#cri$tion -a+id: .ES. HELD: 3he ri.ht to $re#cri$tion ma! be 1ai-ed or reno%nced? Art. 1115. Persons 3ith ca!acity to alienate !ro!erty may renounce !rescri!tion alrea)y o$taine), $ut not the right to !rescri$e in the future. Prescri!tion is )eeme) to have $een tacitly renounce) 3hen the renunciation results from acts 3hich im!ly the a$an)onment of the right ac6uire). 3here i# no do%bt that "res'ri" ion /as se in as o /e %irs 4N (5ebr%ar! 10, 1940". 8'H)B)R, 1hen re#$ondent 4onfe#or e1e'( ed /e 5nd 4N (($ri+ 11, 1961" 1hereb! he $romi#ed to $a! the amo%nt co-ered b! the $re-io%# $romi##or! note, and %$on fai+%re to do #o, a.reed to the forec+o#%re of the mort.a.e, #aid re#$ondent thereb! e%%e' i!el# and e1"ressl# reno(n'ed and 3ai!ed /is ri*/ o /e "res'ri" ion o% /e a' ion 'o!erin* /e %irs "ro)issor# no e. R) 4'NG<G(L? 7he court a 6uo hel) that in signing the !romissory note alone, res!on)ent ,onfesor cannot there$y $in) his 3ife citin. (rtic+e 166 of the N44. Art. 188. 0nless the 3ife has $een )eclare) a non com!os mentis or a s!en) thrift, or is un)er civil inter)iction or is confine) in a le!rosarium, the hus$an) cannot alienate or encum$er any real !ro!erty of the con4ugal !artnershi! 3ithout, the 3ife9s consent. 1f she ay com!el her to refuses unreasona$ly to give her consent, the court m grant the same. /4 di#a.ree#. <nder Ar i'le +=>, the h%#band i# the admini#trator of the con,%.a+ $artner#hi$. (# #%ch admini#trator, all de$ s and o$li*a ions contracted b! the h%#band for the benefit of the con,%.a+ $artner#hi$, are char.eab+e to the con,%.a+ $artner#hi$. 6n thi# ca#e, 4onfe#or #i.ned the 5nd 4N %or /e $ene%i o% /e 'onj(*al "ar ners/i". 8ence the con,%.a+ $artner#hi$ i# +iab+e for thi# ob+i.ation. H8)R)5'R), the deci#ion #%b,ect of the $etition i# re-er#ed and #et a#ide rein#tatin. the deci#ion of the 4it! 4o%rt of 6+oi+o 4it!

G.R. No. L-23749 ($ri+ 29, 1977 FA-STINO CR-?, !laintiff:a!!ellant, vs. J. M. T-ASON @ COM4AN., INC., an) :RE:ORIO ARANETA, INC., )efen)ants:a!!ellees.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

DOCTRINE: ( 7R)/< )D I<(/6-4'N3R(43 4(NN'3 ) )RG) (/ (G(6N/3 'N) 7(R3J H8)N 38) /<0G)43 (33)R 38)R)'5 6/ (LR)(DJ 4'B)R)D 0J (N )K6/36NG 4'N3R(43 H638 (N'38)R 7(R3J. FACTS: %A((E;., J.? 1. 4om$+aint #ho1# that 4r%=9# a++e.ed 2 #e$arate ca%#e# of action, name+!? (1" that %$on re;%e#t of the De%dor#, $+aintiff made $ermanent im$ro-ement# -a+%ed at 730.4& on #%b,ect +and for 1hich he a+#o inc%rred e*$en#e# in the amo%nt of 77.7&, and #ince )efen)ants:a!!ellees are bein. benefited b! #aid im$ro-ement#, he i# en i led o rei)$(rse)en A and (2" that in 19@2, defendant# a-ai+ed of $+aintiffL# #er-ice# a# an intermediar! 1ith the De%dor# to 1orA for the amicab+e #ett+ement of a 4i-i+ 4a#e in-o+-in. < 6uinones of +and, of 1hich the 5 6uinones form $art of a com$romi#e a.reement (1963" bet1een the De%dor# and the defendant# 1hich 1a# a$$ro-ed b! the co%rt> the +atter ref%#ed to con-e! to him the 3& #;m of +and occ%$ied b! him 1hich #aid defendant# had $romi#ed to do M1ithin 10 !ear# %ro) and after date of #i.nin. of the com$romi#e a.reementM, a# con#ideration for hi# #er-ice#. 2. Defendant# fi+ed 3D a++e.in.? (1" (# re.ard# that im$ro-ement#? com$+aint #tate# no ca%#e of action (the a.reement 1a# made b! the $+aintiff 1ith the De%dor# and not 1ith the defendant#, hence /e /eor# o% "lain i%% $ased on Ar i'le 5+85 o% /e Code on (nj(s enri'/)en is (n ena$le > and (2" the a++e.ed a.reement abo%t $+aintiff# #er-ice# in e*chanc.e of the 3& #;m i# (nen%or'ea$le %nder the /tat%te of 5ra%d#, there bein. no /in* in 3ri in* abo%t it, and, in an! e-ent, (3" that the a' ion o% "lain i%% o 'o)"el s('/ 'on!e#an'e ha# a+read! !rescri$e). 7+aintiff in#i#ted that (rtic+e 5+85 i# a$$+icab+e. 3. 7+aintiff co%ntered that, b! ho+din. and %ti+i=in. the im$ro-ement# introd%ced b! him, the defendant# are %n,%#t+! enrichin. and benefitin. at the e*$en#e of the $+aintiff> and that #aid im$ro-ement# con#tit%te a +ien or char.e of the $ro$ert! it#e+f. 4. 3ria+ 4o%rt di#mi##ed the com$+aint and r%+ed that the com$+aint #tate# no ca%#e of action a# defendant# are not $artie# to the #%$$o#ed e*$re## contract entered into b! and bet1een the $+aintiff and the De%dor#. (nd in order that the a++e.ed im$ro-ement ma! be con#idered a +ien or char.e on the $ro$ert!, the #ame #ho%+d ha-e been made in .ood faith and %nder the mi#taAe a# to the tit+e. j(di'ial no i'e: +and re.i#tered 1a! bacA in 1914 in the name of the $redece##or#-in-intere#t of defendant G. . 3%a#on N 4o., 6nc. /%ch bein. the ca#e, the $+aintiff cannot c+aim .ood faith and mi#taAe a# to the tit+e of the +and. @. R) /3(3<3) '5 5R(<D? it i# c+ear that the a++e.ed a.reement in-o+-e# an intere#t in rea+ $ro$ert!. <nder the $ro-i#ion# of Article 1= 3 of the ,ivil ,o)e , #%ch a.reement i# not enforceab+e a# it i# not in 1ritin. and #%b#cribed b! the $art! char.ed. 6. R) /3(3<3) '5 L6 63(36'N/? the $+aintiffL# action ha# $re#cribed. 3he $re#ent action, 1hich 1a# in#tit%ted on Gan%ar! 24, 1964, the $+aintiff i# #eeAin. to enforce the #%$$o#ed a.reement entered into bet1een him and the defendant# in 19@2, 1hich 1a# a+read! $re#cribed. CFI: 1. 6 ? 7+aintiffL# theor! i# that defendant# are lia$le sin'e /e# are ( iliBin* and enjo#in* /e $ene%i Cs o% said i)"ro!e)en s. 7+aintiffL# ca%#e of action i# $remi#ed inter a+ia, on the theor! of %n,%#t enrichment %nder (rtic+e 2142 of the ci-i+ 4ode? 2. (R364L) 2142 (/<7R(" D)(L/ H638 I<(/6-4'N3R(43/ or #it%ation# H8)R) 38)R) 6/ N' 4'N3R(43 0)3H))N 38) 7(R36)/ 3' 38) (436'N. 3he tit+e bear# the de#i.nation L)K3R( 4'N3R(43<(L '0L6G(36'N/L or ob+i.ation# 1hich do not ari#e from contract#. Hhi+e it i# tr%e that there 1a# no a.reement bet1een $+aintiff and defendant# herein for the im$ro-ement of the @0 ;%inone# sin'e /e la er are "resen l# enjo#in* and ( iliBin* /e $ene%i s bro%.ht abo%t thro%.h $+aintiffL# +abor and e*$en#e#, D)5)ND(N3/ /8'<LD 7(J (ND R)6 0<R/) 86 %nder the $rinci$+e that Lno one ma! enrich him#e+f at the e*$en#e of another.L 6n thi# $o#t%re, the com$+aint #tate# a ca%#e of action a.ain#t the defendant#. 3. 66? 3he /tat%te of 5ra%d# i# a$$+icab+e to the in#tant 4a#e, 6t i# c+ear the a.reement bet1een the $artie# mentioned ha# a+read! been f%++! )K)4<3)D 'N 'N) 7(R3, name+! b! the $+aintiff. Re.ardin. the a$$+icabi+it! of the #tat%te of fra%d# ((rt. 1403, 4i-i+ 4ode", it ha# been %niform+! he+d that the #tat%te of fra%d# 6/ (77L64(0L) 'NLJ 3' )K)4<3'RJ 4'N3R(43/ 0<3 N'3 H8)R) 38) 4'N3R(43 8(/ 0))N 7(R3LJ )K)4<3)D. 7erformance of the contract# taAe# it o%t of the o$eration of the #tat%te. =. 7hat in or a$out the mi))le of 1983, after all the con)itions state) in !aragra!h 15 hereof ha) $een fulfille) an) fully com!lie) 3ith, !laintiff )eman)e) of sai) )efen)ants that they e#ecute the ;ee) of ,onveyance in his favor an) )eliver the title certificate in his name, over the 3, s6. ms. $ut )efen)ants faile) an) refuse) an) continue to fail an) refuse to hee) his )eman)s. @. 3h%#, the co%rt erred in ho+din. that the #tat%te of fra%d# i# a$$+icab+e to $+aintiffL# c+aim o-er the 3,000 #;. m#. 3here ha-in. been f%++ $erformance of the contract on $+aintiffL# $art, the #ame taAe# thi# ca#e o%t of the conte*t of #aid #tat%te. 6. R) 7R)/4R6736'N? 3he $re#ent action, 1hich 1a# in#tit%ted on Gan%ar! 24, 1964, the $+aintiff i# #eeAin. to en%or'e /e s(""osed a*ree)en entered into bet1een him and the defendant# in 19@2. 3he 7R)/)N3 (436'N 8(/ N'3 7R)/4R60)D, e#$ecia++! 1hen 1e con#ider caref%++! the term# of the a.reement bet1een $+aintiff and the defendant#.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

7. 3he com$romi#e a.reement bet1een defendant# and the De%dor# 1hich 1a# conc+%de thro%.h the effort# of $+aintiff, 1a# si*ned on += Mar'/ +D>9. 3herefore, the defendant# had (10" !ear# #i.ned on 16 arch 19@3. 3herefore, the defendant# had ten (10" !ear# from #aid date 1ithin 1hich to e*ec%te the deed of con-e!ance in fa-or of $+aintiff o-er. (# +on. a# the 10 !ear# $eriod ha# not e*$ired, $+aintiff had no ri.ht to com$e+ defendant# to e*ec%te the doc%ment and the +atter 1ere %nder no ob+i.ation to do #o. No1, thi# 10-!ear $eriod e+a$#ed on arch 16, 1963. 38)N and 'NLJ 38)N doe# $+aintiffL# ca%#e of action $+aintiff on arch 17, 1963. 3h%#, %nder $ara.ra$h 1@, of the com$+aint $+aintiff made demand# %$on defendant# for the e*ec%tion of the deed Lin or abo%t the midd+e of 1963. E. /ince the contract no1 #o%.ht to be enforced 1a# not red%ced to 1ritin., $+aintiffL# ca%#e of action e*$ire# on arch 16, 1969 or #i* !ear# from arch 16, 1963 H8)N 38) 4(</) '5 (436'N (44R<)D ((rt. 114@, 4i-i+ 4ode". ISS-E: 1 1 1 HELD: 3he /tat%te of 5ra%d# 1a# erroneo%#+! a$$+ied b! the tria+ co%rt. 6t i# e+ementar! that the S a ( e re%ers o s"e'i%i' Einds o% ransa' ions and that it cannot a$$+! to an! that i# not en%merated therein. (nd the on+! a.reement# or contract# co-ered thereb! are the fo++o1in.? 6n the in#tant ca#e, 1hat a$$e++ant i# tr!in. to enforce i# the de+i-er! to him of 3,000 #;m of +and 1hich he c+aim# defendant# $romi#ed to do in con#ideration of hi# #er-ice# a# mediator or intermediar! in effectin. a com$romi#e of the ci-i+ action bet1een the defendant# and the De%dor#. 6n no #en#e ma! #%ch a++e.ed contract be con#idered a# bein. a M#a+e of rea+ $ro$ert! or of an! intere#t therein.M 6ndeed, no all dealin*s in!ol!in* in eres in real "ro"er # 'o)e (nder /e S a ( e. oreo-er, a$$e++antL# com$+aint c+ear+! a++e.e# that he ha# a+read! f%+fi++ed hi# $art of the bar.ain# to ind%ce the De%dor# to amicab+! #ett+e their difference# 1ith defendant# a#, in fact, thro%.h hi# effort#, a com$romi#e a.reement bet1een the#e $artie# 1a# a$$ro-ed b! the co%rt. 6n other 1ord#, the a.reement in ;%e#tion ha# a+read! been $artia++! con#%mmated, and i# no +on.er mere+! e*ec%tor!. (nd it i# +iAe1i#e a f%ndamenta+ $rinci$+e .o-ernin. the a$$+ication of the /tat%te that the contract in di#$%te #ho%+d be $%re+! e*ec%tor! on the $art of both $artie# thereto. 8'H)B)R, ,%dicia+ notice? the com$romi#e a.reement re+ied %$on b! a$$e++ant, SC de'lared /e sa)e res'inded and of no effect. Re+iance on (rtic+e 2142 i# mi#$+aced. 7redicated on the $rinci$+e that no one #ho%+d be a++o1ed to %n,%#t+! enrich him#e+f at the e*$en#e of another, (rtic+e 2124 create# the L)G(L 56436'N of a ;%a#i-contract "re'isel# $e'a(se of the ab#ence of an! act%a+ a.reement bet1een the $artie# concerned. 4'R'LL(R6LJ , i% /e one 3/o 'lai)s /a!in* enri'/ed so)e$od# /as done so "(rs(an o a 'on ra' 3i / a /ird "ar #, /is 'a(se o% a' ion s/o(ld $e a*ains /e la er, 3/o in (rn )a#, i% /ere is an# *ro(nd /ere%or, seeE relie% a*ains /e "ar # $ene%i ed . 6t i# e##entia+ that the act b! 1hich the defendant i# benefited m%#t ha-e been -o+%ntar! and %ni+atera+ on the $art of the $+aintiff. (# one di#tin.%i#hed ci-i+ian $%t# it, M3he act i# B'L<N3(RJ beca%#e the actor in ;%a#i-contract# i# not bo%nd b! an! $re-e*i#tin. ob+i.ation to act. 6t i# <N6L(3)R(L, beca%#e it ari#e# from the #o+e 1i++ of the actor 1ho i# not $re-io%#+! bo%nd b! an! reci$roca+ or bi+atera+ a.reement. T/e REASON 3/# /e la3 'rea es a j(ridi'al rela ions and i)"oses 'er ain o$li*a ion is o "re!en a si (a ion 3/ere a "erson is a$le o $ene%i or aEe ad!an a*e o% s('/ la3%(l, !ol(n ar# and (nila eral a' s a /e e1"ense o% said a' or.F 1n the case at $ar, since a!!ellant has a clearer an) more )irect recourse against the ;eu)ors 3ith 3hom he ha) entere) into an agreement regar)ing the im!rovements an) e#!en)itures ma)e $y him on the lan) of a!!ellees. it ,annot $e sai), in the sense contem!late) in Article 51=5, that a!!ellees have $een enriche) at the e#!ense of a!!ellant. H8)R)5'R), the a$$ea+ of 5a%#tino 4r%= in thi# ca#e i# di#mi##ed.

OG.R. No. 91EE. December 4, 1914.P :-TIERRE? HERMANOS , !laintiff:a!!ellee, vs. EN:RACIO ORENSE, )efen)ant:a!!ellant. DOCTRINE: 3he $rinci$a+ m%#t therefore f%+fi++ a++ the ob+i.ation# contracted b! the a.ent, 1ho acted 1ithin the #co$e of hi# a%thorit!. (4i-i+ 4ode, art#. 1709, 1710 and 1727". M( contract e*ec%ted in the name of another b! one 1ho ha# neither hi# a%thori=ation nor +e.a+ re$re#entation #ha++ be -oid, %n+e## it #ho%+d be ratified b! the $er#on in 1ho#e name it 1a# e*ec%ted before bein. re-oAed b! the other contractin. $art!.M FACTS: 7.((ES, J?

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

1. 4o%n#e+ for :( ierreB Her)anos fi+ed (1913" a com$+aint in the 456-(+ba! a.ain#t En*ra'io Orense 1ho had been the o1ner of a $arce+ of +and, 1ith the b%i+din.# and im$ro-ement# in G%inobatan, (+ba!> that Jose D(ran, a ne$he1 of the defendant, 1ith the +atterL# 2no3le)ge an) consent, e1e'( ed before a notar! a $%b+ic instrument 1hereb! /e sold and 'on!e#ed o /e "lain i%% 'o)"an# , for 71.@&. D%ran re#er-ed to him#e+f the right to re!urchase 1ithin a $eriod of 4 !ear# from (5eb 14, 1907"> that the $+aintiff com$an! had not entered into $o##e##ion of the $%rcha#ed $ro$ert!, o1in. to it# contin%ed occ%$anc! b! the defendant and hi# ne$he1, D%ran, b! -irt%e of a contract of +ea#e 1hich 1a# in force (%$ to 5ebr%ar! 14, 1911"> #aid in#tr%ment of #a+e 1a# "($li'l# and %reel# 'on%ir)ed and ra i%ied $# /e de%endan 'ren#e in a -erba+ dec+aration made b! him ( arch 14, 1912", in the 456> that, in order 3' 7)R5)43 38) 363L) to the #aid $ro$ert!, the "lain i%% /ad o de)and o% /e de%endan /a /e e1e'( e in le*al %or) a deed o% 'on!e#an'e o% /e "ro"er # , b%t 'ren#e ref%#ed to do #o, 1itho%t an! ,%#tifiab+e rea#on, 3herefore he shoul) $e com!elle) to e#ecute the sai) )ee) $y an e#!ress or)er of the court. 2. Go#e D%ran i# in#o+-ent and cannot reimb%r#e the $+aintiff com$an! for the $rice of the #a+e 1hich he recei-ed, nor $a! an! #%m 1hate-er for the +o##e# and dama.e# occa#ioned b! the #aid #a+e, a#ide from the fact that the $+aintiff had #%ffered dama.e b! +o#in. the $re#ent -a+%e of the $ro$ert!, 1hich 1a# 1orth 73,000> that, %n+e## #%ch deed of fina+ con-e!ance 1ere e*ec%ted in beha+f of the $+aintiff com$an!, it 1o%+d be in,%red b! the %ra(d "er"e ra ed $# /e !endor, D(ran, in 'onni!an'e 3i / /e de%endan > that the +atter had been occ%$!in. the $ro$ert! and ref%#ed to $a! the renta+ not1ith#tandin. the demand. 3herefore it 1a# $ra!ed that ,%d.ment be rendered b! ho+din. that the +and and im$ro-ement# in ;%e#tion be+on. e*c+%#i-e+! to the $+aintiff. 3. 3he dem%rrer fi+ed to the amended com$+aint 1a# o-err%+ed, 1ith e*ce$tion on the $art of the defendant, 1ho#e co%n#e+ made a .enera+ denia+ of the a++e.ation# contained in the com$+aint, e*ce$tin. tho#e that 1ere admitted, and #$ecifica++! denied $ara.ra$h 4 thereof to the effect that on 5ebr%ar! 14, 1907, Go#e D%ran e*ec%ted the deed of #a+e of the $ro$ert! in fa-or of the $+aintiff 1ith the defendantL# Ano1+ed.e and con#ent. 4. 3he $+aintiff firm char.ed Go#e D%ran 1ith e#tafa for ha-in. re$re#ented him#e+f in the #aid deed of #a+e to be the ab#o+%te o1ner of the afore#aid +and and im$ro-ement#, 1herea# in rea+it! the! did not be+on. to him. 8o1e-er, at the tria+, 'ren#e te#tified that he con#ented to D%ranL# #e++in. the #aid $ro$ert!. 456 ac;%itted D%ran of the char.e of e#tafa. @. (# a re#%+t of the ac;%itta+, G%tierre= 8ermano# a#Aed that 'ren#e be com$e++ed to e*ec%te a deed for the tran#fer and con-e!ance of a++ the ri.ht, tit+e and intere#t in the $ro$ert! #o+d, and to $a! to the renta+. ISS-E: Ha# the con-e!ance of the +and and it# im$ro-ement b! the defendant9# ne$he1 -a+id: .ES. HELD: 6t ha-in. been $ro-en at the tria+ that 'ren#e .a-e hi# con#ent to the #a+e, it fo++o1# that /e de%endan 'on%erred !er$al, or a leas i)"lied, "o3er o% a*en'# ("on /is ne"/e3 D(ran, 3/o a''e" ed i in /e sa)e 3a# $# sellin* /e said "ro"er #. 6t i# %n;%e#tionab+e that the defendant, the o1ner of the $ro$ert!, a$$ro-ed the a' ion o% /is ne"/e3, H8' (43)D (/ 38) (N(G)R of hi# %nc+eL# b%#ine##, and 'ren#eL# ra i%i'a ion $rod%ced the effect of an e1"ress a( /oriBa ion to maAe the #aid #a+e. (4i-i+ 4ode, art#. 1EEE and 1E92." (rtic+e 12@9 of the 4i-i+ 4ode $re#cribe#? MNo one can contract in the name of another 1itho%t bein. a%thori=ed b! him or 1itho%t ha-in. hi# +e.a+ re$re#entation accordin. to +a1. 3he #1orn #tatement made b! 'ren#e 1hi+e te#tif!in. a# a 1itne## at the tria+ of D%ran for e#tafa -irt%a++! confirm# and ratifie# the #a+e of hi# $ro$ert! effected b! hi# ne$he1 $%r#%ant to artic+e 1313 of the 4i-i+ 4ode, remedie# a++ defect# 1hich the contract ma! ha-e contained from the moment of it# e*ec%tion. 3he #a+e of the #aid $ro$ert! made b! D%ran to G%tierre= 8ermano# 1a# indeed n%++ and -oid in the be.innin., b%t after1ard# became $erfect+! -a+id and c%red of the defect of n%++it! it $ore at its e#ecution $y the confirmation #o+emn+! made b! the #aid o1ner %$on hi# #tatin. %nder oath to the ,%d.e that he him#e+f con#ented to hi# ne$he1 Go#e D%ranL# maAin. the #aid #a+e ::: 3he $rinci$a+ i# bo%nd to abide b! the con#e;%ence# of hi# a.enc! a# tho%.h it had act%a++! been .i-en in 1ritin.. 3he re$eated and #%cce##i-e #tatement# made b! the defendant 'ren#e in TGO ACTIONS, 1herein he affirmed that he had .i-en hi# con#ent to the #a+e of hi# $ro$ert!, meet the re;%irement# of the +a1 and +e.a++! e*c%#e the +acA of 1ritten a%thorit!, and, a# the! are a f%++ ratification of the act# e*ec%ted b! hi# ne$he1 Go#e D%ran, THE. 4ROD-CE THE EFFECTS OF AN EH4RESS 4OGER OF A:ENC.. 3he ,%d.ment a$$ea+ed from i# affirmed.

G.R. No. L-44@46 Gan%ar! 29, 19EE R-STICO ADILLE, !etitioner, vs. CA, EMETERIA ASEJO, et al, res!on)ents. DOCTRINE: Nece##ar! e*$en#e# ma! be inc%rred b! one co-o1ner, #%b,ect to hi# ri.ht to co++ect reimb%r#ement from the remainin. co-o1ner#. 3here i# no do%bt that redem$tion of $ro$ert! entai+# a nece##ar! e*$en#e. FACTS: SA(>1E+7., J.?

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

1. O3Phe +and in ;%e#tion +ocated in Le.a#$i 4it!, ori.ina++! be+on.ed to 5e+i#a (+=%+ a# her o1n $ri-ate $ro$ert!> #he married t1ice in her +ifetime> 56R/3 (0ernabe (di++e R%#tico (di++e"> /)4'ND (7roco$io (#e,o @ chi+dren". 5e+i#a #o+d (1939" the $ro$ert! in !acto )e retro to certain 3rd $er#on#, $eriod of re$%rcha#e bein. 3 !ear#, b%t #he died in 1942 1itho%t bein. ab+e to redeem. 0%t d%rin. the $eriod of redem$tion, (di++e re$%rcha#ed, b! him#e+f a+one, and after that, he e*ec%ted a deed of e*tra-,%dicia+ $artition re$re#entin. him#e+f to be the on+! heir and chi+d of hi# mother 5e+i#a 1ith the con#e;%ence that he 1a# ab+e to #ec%re tit+e in hi# name a+one. 2. (fter #ome effort# of com$romi#e had fai+ed, hi# ha+f-brother# and #i#ter#, herein $+aintiff#, fi+ed $re#ent 'ase %or "ar i ion 1ith acco%ntin. on the $o#ition that he 1a# on+! a r(s ee on an im!lie) trust 3hen he re)eeme) . 6t a+#o t%rned o%t that Emeteria Ase4o 1a# occ%$!in. a $ortion. 3. 456 #%#tained hi# $o#ition that he 1a# and became ab#o+%te o1ner, he 1a# not a tr%#tee, and therefore, dis)issed 'ase and a+#o condemned )meteria to -acate. 4. 4( re-er#ed the tria+ 4o%rt, and r%+ed for the $ri-ate re#$ondent# herein. @. 6t i# the $etitionerL# contention that the $ro$ert! #%b,ect of di#$%te de-o+-ed %$on him %$on the fai+%re of hi# coheir# to ,oin him in it# redem$tion 1ithin the $eriod re;%ired b! +a1. 8e re+ie# on the $ro-i#ion# of the 4i-i+ 4ode .i-in. the !endee a re ro /e ri*/ o de)and rede)" ion o% /e en ire "ro"er #. ISS-E: a! a co-o1ner ac;%ire e*c+%#i-e o1ner#hi$ o-er the $ro$ert! he+d in common:

HELD: 3he ri.ht of re$%rcha#e ma! be e*erci#ed b! a co-o1ner 1ith re#$ect to hi# #hare a+one. Hhi+e the record# #ho1 that the $etitioner redeemed the $ro$ert! in it# entiret!, #ho%+derin. the e*$en#e# therefor, /a did no )aEe /i) /e o3ner o% all o% i . 6n other 1ord#, it did not $%t to end the e*i#tin. #tate of co-o1ner#hi$. 3he re#%+t i# that the $ro$ert! remain# to be in a condition of co-o1ner#hi$. Hhi+e a !endee a re ro, %nder (rtic+e 1613 of the 4ode, Mma! not be com$e++ed to con#ent to a $artia+ redem$tion,M /e rede)" ion $# one 'o</eir or 'o<o3ner o% /e "ro"er # in i s o ali # does no !es in /i) o3ners/i" o!er i . 5ai+%re on the $art of a++ the co-o1ner# to redeem it entit+e# the -endee a retro to retain the $ro$ert! and con#o+idate tit+e thereto in hi# name. B( /e "ro!ision does no *i!e o /e redee)in* 'o<o3ner /e ri*/ o /e en ire "ro"er #. I does no "ro!ide %or a )ode o% er)ina in* a 'o<o3ners/i". Neither doe# the fact that the $etitioner had #%cceeded in #ec%rin. tit+e o-er the $arce+ in hi# name terminate the e*i#tin. co-o1ner#hi$. Hhi+e hi# ha+f-brother# and #i#ter# are, a# 1e #aid, +iab+e to him for reimb%r#ement a# and for their #hare# in redem$tion e*$en#e#, he cannot c+aim e*c+%#i-e ri.ht to the $ro$ert! o1ned in common. Re*is ra ion o% "ro"er # is no a )eans o% a'I(irin* o3ners/i". 6t o$erate# a# a )ere no i'e o% e1is in* i le , that i#, if there i# one. 3he $etitioner m%#t then be #aid to be a tr%#tee of the $ro$ert! on beha+f of the $ri-ate re#$ondent#. A(7. 1=<8. 1f !ro!erty is ac6uire) through >1S7A?E or @(A0;, the !erson o$taining it is, $y force of la3, consi)ere) a trustee of an im!lie) trust for the $enefit of the !erson from 3hom the !ro!erty comes. 5ra%d attended the re.i#tration of the $ro$ert!. 3he $etitionerL# $reten#ion /a /e 3as /e sole /eir to the +and in the affida-it of e*tra,%dicia+ #ett+ement he e*ec%ted $re+iminar! to the re.i#tration thereof betra!# a c+ear effort on hi# $art to de%ra(d /is $ro /ers and sis ers and to e*erci#e #o+e dominion o-er the $ro$ert!. 3he $etitioner, in taAin. o-er the $ro$ert!, did #o either on $e/al% o% /is 'o</eirs ne.otior%m .e#tor %nder (rtic+e 2144 of the 4i-i+ 4ode, 'R for /is e1'l(si!e $ene%i he i# .%i+t! of fra%d, and m%#t act a# tr%#tee, the $ri-ate re#$ondent# bein. the beneficiarie#, %nder the (rtic+e 14@6.

H8)R)5'R), $etition i# D)N6)D.

G.R. No. E2670

/e$tember 1@, 19E9

DOMETILA M. ANDRESA B1(E+E9S CEA(1+* APPA(ED,B !etitioner, vs. MAN-FACT-RERS HANOVER @ TR-ST COR4ORATION an) CA, res!on)ents. DOCTRINE: 5or 21@4 to a$$+! the fo++o1in. re;%i#ite# m%#t conc%r? (1" that he 1ho $aid 1a# not %nder ob+i.ation to do #o> and, (2" that $a!ment 1a# made b! rea#on of an e##entia+ mi#taAe of factM FACTS: ,.(7ES, J.: 1. 7etitioner 1a# en.a.ed in the man%fact%re of .arment#, a$$are+# and +inen# for +oca+ and forei.n b%!er#. (mon. it# forei.n b%!er# 1a# Facets Funwear, Inc. (</". 6n the co%r#e of the b%#ine## tran#action bet1een the t1o,

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

3he e-idence $oint# to the #econd a+ternati-e> the $etitioner ha-in. a##erted c+aim# of e*c+%#i-e o1ner#hi$ o-er the $ro$ert! and ha-in. acted in fra%d of hi# co-heir#. 8e 4(NN'3 be #aid to ha-e a##%me the mere mana.ement of the $ro$ert! abandoned b! hi# co-heir#. 6n an! ca#e the re#%+t 1o%+d be the #ame 1hether it i# one or the other. T/e "e i ioner 3o(ld re)ain lia$le o /e 4ri!a e res"onden s, /is 'o</eirs.

5(4)3/ from time to time remitted certain amo%nt# of mone! to $etitioner in $a!ment for the item# it had $%rcha#ed. 2. 5(4)3/ in#tr%cted (19E0" the @irst +ational State %an2 of +e3 Jersey (5N/0" to tran#fer Q10& to $etitioner -ia 7N0-/ta. 4r%=. 5N/0 then in#tr%cted $ri-ate re#$ondent Manufacturers Hanover and Trust Corporation to effect the abo-e- mentioned tran#fer thro%.h it# faci+itie# and to char.e the amo%nt to the acco%nt of 5N/0 1ith $ri-ate re#$ondent. (+tho%.h $ri-ate re#$ondent 1a# ab+e to #end a te+e* to 7N0 to $a! $etitioner Q10& thro%.h the 7i+i$ina# 0anA, 1here $etitioner had an acco%nt, the "a#)en 3as no e%%e' ed i))edia el# beca%#e the $a!ee de#i.nated in the te+e* 1a# on+! MCEA(1+* APPA(ED.M <$on ;%er! b! 7N0, $ri-ate re#$ondent #ent 7N0 another te+e* #tatin. that the $a!ment 1a# to be made to M6reneL# Hearin. ($$are+.M 7etitioner recei-ed the remittance of Q10& thro%.h De)and Dra% No. 55>=>8 o% /e 4NB. 3. ean1hi+e, after +earnin. abo%t the de+a! in the remittance of the mone! to $etitioner, 5(4)3/ informed 5N/0 abo%t the #it%ation. <na1are that $etitioner had a+read! recei-ed the remittance, 5(4)3/ informed $ri-ate re#$ondent abo%t the de+a! and at the #ame time amended it# in#tr%ction b! a#Ain. it to effect the $a!ment /ro(*/ /e 4CIB ins ead of 7N0.

4. (ccordin.+!, $ri-ate re#$ondent, 1hich 1a# a+#o %na1are that $etitioner had a+read! recei-ed the remittance from 7N0 in#tr%cted 7460 to $a! Q10& to $etitioner. 8ence, $etitioner recei-ed a #econd Q10& remittance. @. 7ri-ate re#$ondent debited the acco%nt of 5N/0 for the #econd remittance effected thro%.h 7460. 8'H)B)R, 1hen 5N/0 di#co-ered that $ri-ate re#$ondent had made a d%$+ication of the remittance, it a#Aed for a RECREDIT of it# acco%nt. 7ri-ate re#$ondent com$+ied 1ith the re;%e#t. 6t then a#Aed $etitioner for the ret%rn of the #econd remittance, $( /e la er re%(sed o "a#. 6. 3h%#, a com$+aint 1a# fi+ed 1ith the R34-I4 1hich 1a# decided in fa-or of $etitioner a# defendant. 3he tria+ co%rt r%+ed that Ar . 5+>8 of the Ne1 4i-i+ 4ode i# N'3 (77L64(0L) to the ca#e beca%#e the #econd remittance 1a# made not b! mi#taAe b%t b! ne.+i.ence and $etitioner 1a# not %n,%#t+! enriched b! -irt%e. 7. CA he+d that (rt. 21@4 i# a$$+icab+e and re-er#ed the R34 deci#ion. 8ence, thi# $etition. E. 7etitioner contend# that the doctrine of #o+%tio indebiti doe# not a$$+! beca%#e it# re;%i#ite# are ab#ent. 3hat $etitioner had the ri.ht to demand and therefore to retain the #econd remittance. 6t i# a++e.ed that e-en after the t1o Q10& remittance# are credited to $etitionerL# recei-ab+e# from 5(4)3/, the +atter a++e.ed+! #ti++ had a ba+ance of Q49&. 8ence, it i# ar.%ed that the +a#t Q10& remittance bein. in "a#)en o% a "re<e1is in* de$ , $etitioner 1a# not thereb! %n,%#t+! enriched. ISS-E: Doe# re#$ondent ha-e the ri.ht to reco-er the #econd Q10& remittance it had de+i-ered to $etitioner: .ES. HELD: (a$$+icabi+it! of (rt. 21@4" Art. 51<=. 1f something receive) 3hen there is no right to )eman) it, an) it 3as un)uly )elivere) through mista2e, the o$ligation to return it arises. (taAen from (rt. 1E9@ of the /$ani#h 4i-i+ 4ode" 3hi# +e.a+ $ro-i#ion, 1hich determine# the ;%a#i-contract of /'L<36'N 6ND)0636, i# one of the concrete manife#tation# of the ancient $rinci$+e that N' 'N) /8(LL )NR648 86 /)L5 <NG</3LJ (3 38) )K7)N/) '5 (N'38)R. 6t i# a $art of that aff+%ent re#er-oir of ,%#tice %$on 1hich ,%dicia+ di#cretion dra1# 1hene-er the #tat%tor! +a1# are inade;%ate beca%#e the! do not #$eaA or do #o 1ith a conf%#ed -oice. 3he contract of $etitioner 1a# 1ith 5(4)3/. 6t 1a# the +atter and not $ri-ate re#$ondent 1hich 1a# indebted to $etitioner. 'n the other hand, the contract for the tran#mitta+ of do++ar# from the </ to $etitioner 1a# entered into b! $ri-ate re#$ondent 1ith 5N/0. 4ETITIONER, a+tho%.h named a# the $a!ee 1a# N'3 7R6BJ 3' 38) CONTRACT OF REMITTANCE of do++ar#. Neither 1a# $ri-ate re#$ondent a $art! to the contract of #a+e bet1een $etitioner and 5(4)3/. 3here bein. no contract%a+ re+ation bet1een them, "e i ioner /as no ri*/ o a""l# /e se'ond re)i an'e de+i-ered b! mi#taAe b! $ri-ate re#$ondent to the o%t#tandin. acco%nt of 5(4)3/. 7etitioner ne*t contend# that the $a!ment b! re#$ondent banA of the #econd remittance 1a# the re#%+t of ne.+i.ence of it# em$+o!ee#. 3hat there 1a# a mi#taAe in the #econd remittance i# borne o%t b! the fact /a $o / re)i an'es /a!e /e sa)e re%eren'e in!oi'e n()$er 3/i'/ is 5=9 J6 . 7+aintiff-a$$e++ant made the #econd remittance on the 1ron. a##%m$tion that defendant-a$$e++ee did not recei-e the fir#t remittance. Petitioner invo2es the e6uita$le !rinci!le that 3hen one of t3o innocent !ersons must suffer $y the 3rongful act of a thir) !erson, the loss must $e $orne $y the one 3hose negligence 3as the !ro#imate cause of the loss. 3he r%+e i# that $rinci$+e# of e;%it! cannot be a$$+ied if there i# a $ro-i#ion of +a1 #$ecifica++! a$$+icab+e to a ca#e. 8a-in. #ho1n that (rt. 21@4 of the 4i-i+ 4ode, 1hich embodie# the doctrine of #o+%tio indebiti, a$$+ie# in the ca#e at bar, the 4o%rt m%#t re,ect the common +a1 $rinci$+e in-oAed b! $etitioner. H8)R)5'R), the $etition i# D)N6)D and the deci#ion of the 4o%rt of ($$ea+# i# hereb! (556R )D.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

G.R. No. L-17447

($ri+ 30, 1963

:ON?ALO 4-.AT @ SONS, INC., !laintiff:a!!ellee, vs. MANILA @ MARCELO SARMIENTO F7reasurer, )efen)ants: a!!ellants DOCTRINE: FACTS: PA(E;ES, J.? Gon=a+o 7%!at N /on#, 6nc., fi+ed an a' ion %or re%(nd of Retai+ Dea+er9#3a*e# $aid b! it, corre#$ondin. to the fir#t I%arter of 19@0 %$ to the third I%arter of 19@6, amo%ntin. to 733.7& a.ain#t the 4it! of ani+a. 3he ca#e 1a# #%bmitted on the fo++o1in. #ti$%+ation of fact#? 3hat $+aintiff i# en.a.ed in man%fact%rin. and #e++in. a++ Aind# of f%rnit%re and #e++# #ome .ood# im$orted b! it, #%ch a# bi++iard ba++#, bo1+in. ba++# and other acce##orie#> 3hat actin. $%r#%ant to the $ro-i#ion# of 'rdinance No. 3364, defendant 4it! 3rea#%rer a##e##ed from $+aintiff retai+ dea+erL# ta* R a++ of 1hich a##e##ment# $+aintiff $aid 1itho%t $rote#t in the erroneo%# be+ief that it 1a# +iab+e

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

3hat $+aintiff, bein. a man%fact%rer of -ario%# Aind# of f%rnit%re, i# e1e)" %ro) /e "a#)en o% a1es im$o#ed %nder the $ro-i#ion# of #aid ordinance on the #a+e of the -ario%# Aind# of f%rnit%re man%fact%red b! it $%r#%ant to the Re-i#ed 4harter of ani+a (R( 409". 3hat, ho1e-er, $+aintiff, i# +iab+e for the $a!ment of ta*e# on the #a+e# of im$orted bi++iard ba++#, bo1+in. ba++# and other acce##orie# at it# di#$+a!room. 3hat $+aintiff fi+ed 1ith defendant 4it! 3rea#%rer of ani+a, a forma+ re;%e#t for ref%nd of the retai+ dea+erL# ta*e# %nd%+! $aid b! it. 3hat the defendant 4it! 3rea#%rer of com$+aint. ani+a definite+! denied #aid re;%e#t for ref%nd. 8ence, $+aintiff fi+ed the $re#ent

Defendant#-a$$e++ant# contend that the ta*e# in ;%e#tion 1ere !ol(n aril# "aid $# a""ellee 'o)"an# and #ince, in thi# ,%ri#diction, in order that a +e.a+ ba#i# ari#e for 'lai) o% re%(nd o% a1es erroneo(sl# assessed , 7(J )N3 38)R)'5 </3 0) (D) <ND)R 7R'3)/3, and thi# bein. a con)ition sine 6ua non, and no $rote#t ha-in. been made thereb! indicatin. that the "a#)en 3as !ol(n ar#, the action m%#t fai+. ($$e++ee a-er# that the $a!ment# co%+d not ha-e been -o+%ntar!. (t mo#t, the! 1ere $aid Mmi#taAen+! and in .ood faithMand M1itho%t $rote#t in the erroneo%# be+ief that it 1a# +iab+e thereof.M Vol(n ariness is in'o)"a i$le 3i / "ro es and )is aEe. 6t #%bmit# that thi# i# a #im$+e ca#e of M#o+%tio indebitiM ISS-ES: (1" Here the amo%nt# $aid b! $+aintiff-a$$e++e 1itho%t $rote#t ref%ndab+e: (2" 8a# the c+aim for ref%nd a+read! $re#cribed: HELD: ($$e++ant# do not di#$%te the fact that a$$e++ee-com$an! i# e*em$ted from the $a!ment of the ta* in ;%e#tion. 3hi# i# manife#t from the re$+! of a$$e++ant Ci # Treas(rer s a in* /a sales o% )an(%a' (red "rod(' s a /e %a' or# si e are no a1a$le either %nder the Hho+e#a+er# 'rdinance or %nder the Retai+er#L 'rdinance. Hith thi# admi##ion, it 1o%+d #eem c+ear that the a1es 'olle' ed %ro) a""ellee 3ere "aid, /r( an error or )is aEe , 1hich $+ace# #aid act of $a!ment 1ithin the $a+e of /'L<36' 6ND)0636. 3he a$$e++ant 4it! of ani+a, at the -er! #tart, not1ith#tandin. the 'rdinance im$o#in. the Retai+erL# 3a*, had no ri*/ o de)and "a#)en thereof. M6f #omethin. i# recei-ed 1hen there i# no ri.ht to demand it, and it 1a# %nd%+! de+i-ered thro%.h mi#taAe, the ob+i.ation to ret%rn it ari#e#M ((rt. 21@4, N44".. -nder /is 'ir'()s an'e, /e a)o(n "aid, e!en 3i /o( "ro es is re'o!era$le. M6f the $a!er 1a# in do%bt 1hether the debt 1a# d%e, he ma! reco-er if he $ro-e# that it 1a# not d%eM ((rt. 21@6, N44". ($$e++ee had d%+! $ro-ed that ta*e# 1ere not +a1f%++! d%e. 3here i#, therefore, no do%bt that the $ro-i#ion# of #o+%tio indebtiti a$$+! to the admitted fact# of the ca#e. %eing a case of solutio in)e$iti, !rotest is not re6uire) as a con)ition sine 6ua non for its a!!lication.. R) 7R)/4R6736'N? $eriod of #i* (6" !ear# (%$on ;%a#i-contract# +iAe #o+%tio indebiti". 3he deci#ion a$$ea+ed from i# affirmed. Jose"/ Salad(*a !s. Far Eas ern -ni!ersi # GR 179337, ($ri+ 30, 200ESJnare#-/antia.o G. FACTS T7etitioner i# a #o$homore +a1 #t%dent in the re#$ondent #choo+. THhi+e at the #choo+ $remi#e#, he 1a# #hot b! the #ec%rit! of #aid #choo+ Alejandro Rose e of Ga+a*! 4or$oration T8e 1a# r%#hed to the 5)< ho#$ita+ d%e to the 1o%nd T/ince no char.e# 1ere fi+ed a.ain#t Ro#ete, he 1a# re+ea#ed b! the $o+ice. T7etitoner tho%.h fi+ed a com$+aint for dama.e# on .a+a*! and 5)<. T5)< a$$ea+ed thi# deci#ion ISS-ES @ AR:-MENTS: TGKN FE- s/o(ld "a# da)a*es. .ES. HOLDIN: @ RATIO DECIDENDI T6t i# %ndi#$%ted that $etitioner 1a# enro++ed a# a #o$homore +a1 #t%dent in re#$ondent 5)<. (# #%ch, there 1a# created a contract%a+ ob+i.ation bet1een the t1o $artie#. 'n $etitionerL# $art, he 1a# ob+i.ed to com$+! 1ith the r%+e# and re.%+ation# of the #choo+. 'n the other hand, re#$ondent 5)<, a# a +earnin. in#tit%tion i# mandated to im$art Ano1+ed.e and e;%i$ it# #t%dent# 1ith the nece##ar! #Ai++# to $%r#%e hi.her ed%cation or a $rofe##ion. (t the #ame time, it i# ob+i.ed to en#%re and taAe ade;%ate #te$# to maintain $eace and order 1ithin the cam$%#. o 6t i# #ett+ed that in c%+$a contract%a+, the mere $roof of the e*i#tence of the contract and the fai+%re of it# com$+iance ,%#tif!, $rima facie, a corre#$ondin. ri.ht of re+ief. o 6n the in#tant ca#e, 1e find that, 1hen $etitioner 1a# #hot in#ide the cam$%# b! no +e## the #ec%rit! .%ard 1ho 1a# hired to maintain $eace and #ec%re the $remi#e#, there i# a $rima facie #ho1in. that re#$ondent# fai+ed to com$+! 1ith it# ob+i.ation to $ro-ide a #afe and #ec%re en-ironment to it# #t%dent#. T6n order to a-oid +iabi+it!, ho1e-er, re#$ondent# a-er that the #hootin. incident 1a# a fort%ito%# e-ent beca%#e the! co%+d not ha-e rea#onab+! fore#een nor a-oided the accident ca%#ed b! Ro#ete a# he 1a# not their em$+o!ee> and that the! com$+ied 1ith their ob+i.ation to en#%re a #afe +earnin. en-ironment for their #t%dent# b! ha-in. e*erci#ed d%e di+i.ence in #e+ectin. the #ec%rit! #er-ice# of Ga+a*!.

ana.ement

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

o (fter a thoro%.h re-ie1 of the record#, 1e find that re#$ondent# fai+ed to di#char.e the b%rden of $ro-in. that the! e*erci#ed d%e di+i.ence in $ro-idin. a #afe +earnin. en-ironment for their #t%dent#. 3he! fai+ed to $ro-e that the! en#%red that the .%ard# a##i.ned in the cam$%# met the re;%irement# #ti$%+ated in the /ec%rit! /er-ice (.reement. 6ndeed, certain doc%ment# abo%t Ga+a*! 1ere $re#ented d%rin. tria+> ho1e-er, no e-idence a# to the ;%a+ification# of Ro#ete a# a #ec%rit! .%ard for the %ni-er#it! 1a# offered. o Re#$ondent# a+#o fai+ed to #ho1 that the! %ndertooA #te$# to a#certain and confirm that the #ec%rit! .%ard# a##i.ned to them act%a++! $o##e## the ;%a+ification# re;%ired in the /ec%rit! /er-ice (.reement. 6t 1a# not $ro-en that the! e*amined the c+earance#, $#!chiatric te#t re#%+t#, 201 fi+e#, and other -ita+ doc%ment# en%merated in it# contract 1ith Ga+a*!.

G.R. No. L-37@6

G%ne 30, 19@2

SA:RADA ORDEN DE 4REDICADORES DEL SANTISMO ROSARIO DE FILI4INAS, "lain i%%<a""ellee, !s. NATIONAL COCON-T COR4ORATION, de%endan <a""ellan . FACTS: DA%(A;.(: 1. 'n Gan 4, 1942, d%rin. the Ga$ane#e occ%$ation, 3ai1an 3eAAo#ho (Ga$ane#e cor$oration" ac;%ired the $+aintiff9# $ro$ert! (+and 1ith 1areho%#e in 7andacan, ani+a" for 7h$140& 2. (fter the +iberation (1946", the </ tooA contro+ and c%#tod! of the aforementioned enem!9# +and %nder /ect 12 of the 3radin. 1ith the )nem! (ct 6n the #ame !ear, the 4o$ra )*$ort ana.ement 4om$an! occ%$ied the $ro$ert! %nder c%#todian#hi$ a.reement 1ith the <nited /tate# (+ien 7ro$ert! 4%#todian 3. 3he 4o$ra )*$ort ana.ement 4o. -acated the $ro$ert!, the Nationa+ 4ocon%t 4or$oration (N(4'4'", the defendant, occ%$ied it ne*t 4. /a.rada 'rden ($+aintiff" fi+e# c+aim# on the $ro$ert! 1ith the 456(dmini#trator ani+a and a.ain#t the 7hi+i$$ine (+ien 7ro$ert!

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

@. 7+aintiff $etition# that the #a+e of the $ro$ert! to 3ai1an 3eAAo#ho #ho%+d be dec+ared n%++ and -oid a# it 1a# e*ec%ted %nder d%re##, that the intere#t of the (+ien 7ro$ert! 4%#todian be cance++ed, and that N(4'4' be .i-en %nti+ 5ebr%ar! 2E, 1949 to reco-er it# e;%i$ment form the $ro$ert! and -acate the $remi#e 6. 3he Re$%b+ic of the 7hi+i$$ine# i# a++o1ed to inter-ene 7. 456? the defendant (7hi+i$$ine (+ien 7ro$ert! (dmini#trator" and the inter-enor (R7" are re+ea#ed from an! +iabi+it! b%t the $+aintiff ma! re#er-e the ri.ht to reco-er from N(4'4' rea#onab+e renta+# for the %#e and occ%$ation of the $remi#e# E. 3he #a+e of the $ro$ert! to the 3ai1an 3aAAe#ho 1a# dec+ared -oid and the $+aintiff 1a# .i-en the ri.ht to reco-er 7h$3,000Smonth a# rea#onab+e renta+ from (%.%#t 1946 (date 1hen N(4'4' occ%$ied $ro$ert!" to the date N(4'4' -acate# the $remi#e#. 8ence thi# a$$ea+. 6//<)? 6# the defendant +iab+e to $a! rent for occ%$!in. the $ro$ert! in ;%e#tion: NO. 8)LD? 1. 3he 4569# deci#ion that the defendant #ho%+d $a! rent from (%.%#t 1946 to 5ebr%ar! 2E, 1949 1a# re-er#ed. 'b+i.ation# can on+! ari#e from fo%r #o%rce#? +a1, contract# or ;%a#i-contract#, crime, or ne.+i.ence ((rt 10E9, /$ani#h 4i-i+ 4ode". 3here 1ere no +a1# or an e*$re## a.reement bet1een the defendant or the (+ien 7ro$ert! 4%#todian 1ith the $+aintiff re.ardin. $a!ment of rent. 3he $ro$ert! 1a# ac;%ired b! the (+ien 7ro$ert! (dmini#trator thro%.h +a1 (3radin. 1ith the )nem! (ct" on the #ei=%re of a+ien $ro$ert! and not a# a #%cce##or to the intere#t# of the +atter. 3here 1a# no contract of renta+ bS1 them and 3ai1an 3aAAe#ho. N(4'4' entered $o##e##ion of the $ro$ert! from the (+ien 7ro$ert! 4%#todian 1itho%t an! e*$ectation of +iabi+it! for it# %#e. N(4'4' did not commit an! ne.+i.ence or offen#e, and there 1a# no contract, im$+ied or other1i#e, entered into, that can be %#ed a# ba#i# for c+aimin. rent on the $ro$ert! before the $+aintiff obtained the ,%d.ment ann%++in. the #a+e to 3ai1an 3aAAe#ho. 3he $+aintiff ha# no ri.ht to c+aim rent from N(4'4'.

G.R. No. L-36E40

a! 22, 1973

4EO4LECS CAR INC., !laintiff:a!!ellant, vs. COMMANDO SEC-RIT. SERVICE A:ENC. , )efen)ant:a!!ellee. DOCTRINE: (# ordained in (rtic+e 11@9, 4i-i+ 4ode, M o$li*a ions arisin* %ro) 'on ra' s /a!e /e %or'e o% la3 $e 3een /e 'on ra' in* "ar ies and s/o(ld $e 'o)"lied 3i / in *ood %ai / .M FACTS: 7EEEA+?EE, J.? 1. 3he $artie# #%bmitted the ca#e for ,%d.ment on a #ti$%+ation of fact#. 3hat %nder the #%b#i#tin. M :(ard Ser!i'e Con ra' M bet1een the $artie#, defendant-a$$e++ee a# a d%+! +icen#ed #ec%rit! #er-ice a.enc! %ndertooA in con#ideration of the $a!ment# made b! $+aintiff to #afe.%ard and $rotect the b%#ine## $remi#e# of ($+aintiff" from theft, !ilferage, ro$$ery, van)alism an) all other unla3ful acts of any !erson or !erson !re4u)icial to the interest of "!laintiff&.M 2. ($ri+ @, 1970, 1?00 (. ., defendantL# #ec%rit! .%ard on d%t! at $+aintiffL# $remi#e#, M1itho%t an! a%thorit!, con#ent, a$$ro-a+, Ano1+ed.e or order# of the $+aintiff andSor defendant bro%.ht o%t of the com$o%nd of the $+aintiff a 'ar $elon*in* o i s '(s o)er, and dro-e #aid car for a $+ace or $+ace# %nAno1n, abandonin. hi# $o#t a# #%ch #ec%rit! .%ard on d%t! in#ide the $+aintiffL# com$o%nd, and 1hi+e #o dri-in. #aid car in one of the 4it! #treet# +o#t contro+ of #aid car, ca%#in. the #ame to fa++ into a ditch. 7+aintiffL# fi+ed a com$+aint for I(ali%ied /e% a.ain#t #aid dri-er.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

3. (+#o, a# a re#%+t of the#e 1ron.f%+ act# of defendantL# #ec%rit! .%ard, the car of $+aintiffL# c%#tomer (Go#e$h L%!" M#%ffered e*ten#i-e dama.e in the tota+ amo%nt of 77,079.M be#ide# the car renta+ -a+%e Mchar.eab+e to defendantM in the #%m of 71,410.00 for a car that $+aintiff had to rent and maAe a-ai+ab+e to it# #aid c%#tomer to enab+e him to $%r#%e hi# b%#ine## and occ%$ation for the $eriod of (47" da!# that it tooA $+aintiff to re$air the dama.ed car, or tota+ a' (al da)a*es inc%rred b! $+aintiff in the #%m of 7E,4E9.10. 4. 7+aintiff c+aimed that defendant 1a# +iab+e for the entire amo%nt %nder !aragra!h < of their contract 1here%nder defendant a##%med Msole res"onsi$ili # %or /e a' s done d(rin* /eir 3a '/ /o(rs M b! it# .%ard#, 1herea# defendant contended that it# +iabi+it! M#ha++ not e*ceed 71& $e#o# $er .%ard $o#tM %nder !aragra!h = of their contract. 9Par. =. F Party of the Secon) Part ")efen)ant& through the negligence of its guar)s, after an investigation has $een con)ucte) $y the Party of the @irst Part "!laintiff& 3herein the Party of the Secon) Part has $een )uly re!resente) shall assume full res!onsi$ilities for any loss or )amages that may occur to any !ro!erty of the Party of the @irst Part for 3hich it is accounta$le, )uring the 3atch hours of the Party of the Secon) Part, !rovi)e) the same is re!orte) to the Party of the Secon) Part 3ithin t3enty:four "5=& hours of the occurrence, e#ce!t 3here such loss or )amage is )ue to force ma4eure, !rovi)e) ho3ever that after the !ro!er investigation to $e ma)e thereof that the guar) on !ost is foun) negligent an) that the amount of the loss shall not e#cee) .+E 7E.0SA+; "P1, . & PES.S !er guar) !ost.9 9Par. < F 7he !arty of the Secon) Part assumes the res!onsi$ility for the !ro!er !erformance $y the guar)s em!loye), of their )uties an) "shall& $e solely res!onsi$le for the acts )one )uring their 3atch hours, the Party of the @irst Part $eing s!ecifically release) from any an) all lia$ilities to the former9s em!loyee or to the thir) !arties arising from the acts or omissions )one $y the guar) )uring their tour of )uty.9 ISS-E: Hhat i# the e*tent of the +iabi+it! of the defendant: ACT-ALKENTIRE DAMA:ES HELD: 7ara.ra$h 4 of the contract, 1hich +imit# defendantL# +iabi+it! for the amo%nt of +o## or dama.e to an! $ro$ert! of $+aintiff to M71,000.00 $er .%ard $o#t,M i# b! it# o1n term# a$$+icab+e on+! for +o## or dama.e Lthro%.h the ne.+i.ence of it# .%ard# ... d%rin. the 1atch ho%r#M $ro-ided that the #ame i# d%+! re$orted b! $+aintiff 1ithin 24 ho%r# of the occ%rrence and the .%ardL# ne.+i.ence i# -erified after $ro$er in-e#ti.ation 1ith the attendance of both contractin. $artie#. Said "ara*ra"/ is )ani%es l# ina""li'a$le o /e s i"(la ed %a' s o% re'ord , 1hich in-o+-e neither $ro$ert! of $+aintiff that ha# been +o#t or dama.ed at it# $remi#e# nor mere ne.+i.ence of defendantL# #ec%rit! .%ard on d%t!. 8ere, a##i.ned #ec%rit! .%ard on d%t! %n+a1f%++! and 1ron.f%++! dro-e o%t of $+aintiff# $remi#e# a c%#tomerL# car, +o#t contro+ of it on the hi.h1a! ca%#in. it to fa++ into a ditch, thereb! direct+! ca%#in. $+aintiff to inc%r act%a+ dama.e#. Defendant i# therefore %ndo%bted+! +iab+e to indemnif! $+aintiff for the en ire da)a*es th%# inc%rred, #ince %nder $ara.ra$h @ of their contract it Mass()ed /e res"onsi$ili # %or /e "ro"er "er%or)an'e $# /e *(ards e)"lo#ed o% /eir d( ies and (contracted to" be solel# res"onsi$le %or /e a' s done d(rin* /eir 3a '/ /o(rs M and M#$ecifica++! re+ea#ed ($+aintiff" from an! and a++ +iabi+itie# ... to the third $artie# ari#in. from the act# or omi##ion# done b! the .%ard# d%rin. their to%r of d%t!.M (# $+aintiff had d%+! di#char.ed it# +iabi+it! to the third $art!, it# c%#tomer, Go#e$h L%!, for the %ndi#$%ted dama.e# of 7E,4E9.10 ca%#ed #aid c%#tomer, d%e to the 1anton and %n+a1f%+ act of defendantL# .%ard, defendant in t%rn 1a# 'learl# lia$le (nder /e er)s o% "ara*ra"/ > o% /eir 'on ra' o inde)ni%# "lain i%% in /e sa)e a)o(n . 7+aintiff 1a# in +a1 +iab+e to it# c%#tomer for the dama.e# ca%#ed the c%#tomerL# car, 1hich had been entr%#ted into it# c%#tod!. 7+aintiff therefore 1a# in +a1 ,%#tified in maAin. .ood #%ch dama.e# and re+!in. in t%rn on defendant to honor it# contract and indemnif! it for #%ch %ndi#$%ted dama.e#, 1hich had been ca%#ed direct+! b! the %n+a1f%+ and 1ron.f%+ act# of defendantL# #ec%rit! .%ard in breach of their contract.

(44'RD6NGLJ, the ,%d.ment a$$ea+ed from i# hereb! re-er#ed.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

7+aintiff in +a1 co%+d not te++ it# c%#tomer, a# $er the tria+ co%rtL# -ie1, that M%nder the G%ard /er-ice 4ontract it 1a# not +iab+e for the dama.e b%t the defendantM U #ince the c%#tomer co%+d not ho+d defendant to acco%nt for the dama.e# a# he had no $ri-it! of contract 1ith defendant. /%ch an a$$roach of te++in. the ad-er#e $art! to .o to co%rt, not1ith#tandin. hi# $+ain+! -a+id c+aim, a#ide from it# ethica+ deficienc! amon. other#, co%+d hard+! create an! .ood1i++ for $+aintiffL# b%#ine##, in the #ame 1a! that defendantL# ba#e+e## attem$t to e-ade f%++! di#char.in. it# contract%a+ +iabi+it! to $+aintiff cannot be e*$ected to ha-e bro%.ht it more b%#ine##. Hor#e, the admini#tration of ,%#tice i# $re,%diced, #ince the co%rt docAet# are %nd%+! b%rdened 1ith %nnece##ar! +iti.ation.

G.R. No. L-12191

'ctober 14, 191E

JOSE CAN:CO, !laintiff:a!!ellant, -#. MANILA RAILROAD CO., )efen)ant:a!!ellee. DOCTRINE? (rtic+e 1903 of the 4i-i+ 4ode i# not a$$+icab+e to ob+i.ation# ari#in. e* contract%, b%t on+! to e*tracontract%a+ ob+i.ation# U or to %#e the technica+ form of e*$re##ion, that artic+e re+ate# on+! to c%+$a a;%i+iana and not to c%+$a contract%a+. 6n no ca#e ha# the co%rt e-er decided that the ne.+i.ence of the defendantL# #er-ant# ha# been he+d to con#tit%te a defen#e to an action for dama.e# for breach of contract. 3he contract of defendant to tran#$ort $+aintiff carried 1ith it, b! im$+ication, the d%t! to carr! him in #afet! and to $ro-ide #afe mean# of enterin. and +ea-in. it# train# ((rtic+e 12@E". 3hat d%t!, bein. contract%a+, 1a# direct and immediate, and it# non-$erformance co%+d not be e*c%#ed b! $roof that the fa%+t 1a# mora++! im$%tab+e to defendantL# #er-ant#. 6n determinin. the ;%e#tion of contrib%tor! ne.+i.enceU the a.e, #e*, and $h!#ica+ condition of the $a##en.er are circ%m#tance# nece##ari+! affectin. the #afet! of the $a##en.er, and #ho%+d be con#idered. FACTS? @1SEE(, J.? 1. ose Cangco 1a# an em$+o!ee of ani+a Rai+road 4om$an! a# a c+erA. 8e +i-ed in /an ateo, Ri=a+, 1hich i# +ocated %$on the +ine of the rai+road com$an!> he came dai+! b! train, and %#ed a V$a##9 #%$$+ied b! the com$an! entit+in. him to ride the train# free of char.e.

2. Gan%ar! 20, 191@> 7-E$m> darA ni.ht> rai+road #tation 1a# +i.hted dim+! b! a #in.+e +i.ht> ob,ect# on the $+atform 1here 1ere diffic%+t to di#cern e#$ecia++! to a $er#on emer.in. from a +i.hted car.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

3. (# the train #+o1ed do1n, )mi+io W%Xi.a, a+#o an em$+o!ee, .ot off the #ame car, a+i.htin. #afe+!. Hhen the train had $roceeded a +itt+e farther the $+aintiff #te$$ed off, b%t one or both of hi# feet came in contact 1ith a #acA of 1aterme+on#, hi# feet #+i$$ed and he fe++ on the $+atform. 8i# bod! ro++ed from the $+atform and 1a# dra1n %nder the mo-in. car? ri.ht arm 1a# bad+! cr%#hed and +acerated. 1t a!!ears that after the $+aintiff a+i.hted from the train the car mo-ed for1ard $o##ib+! #i* meter# before it came to a f%++ #to$. 4. 6t 1a# the c%#tomar! #ea#on for har-e#tin. the#e me+on#, and the#e are at the #tation for the #hi$ment to the marAet. 3he! 1ere contained in n%mero%# #acA# 1hich ha-e been $i+ed on the ed.e of the $+atform in a ro1 one %$on another. 6t i# c+ear that the fa++ of the $+aintiff 1a# beca%#e hi# foot ca%.ht one of the#e me+on#. 8i# #tatement that he fai+ed to #ee the#e ob,ect# in the darAne## i# readi+! to be credited. @. 3he $+aintiff e*$ended the #%m of 7790 for medica+ and #%r.ica+ fee# and for other e*$en#e#. 6. (%.%#t 31, 191@, he fi+ed a com$+aint in the 456- ani+a to reco-er dama.e# from the defendant com$an!, fo%ndin. hi# action %$on the ne*li*en'e o% /e ser!an s and e)"lo#ees o% /e de%endan in $+acin. the #acA# of me+on# %$on the $+atform. CFI conc+%ded that ne.+i.ence 1a# attrib%tab+e to the defendant beca%#e the #acA# of me+on# 1ere #o $+aced a# to ob#tr%ct $a##en.er# $a##in. to and from the car#, nevertheless, the $+aintiff him#e+f had fai+ed to %#e d%e ca%tion in a+i.htin. from the coach and 1a# therefore $rec+%ded form reco-erin.. 7. 3he railroad company!s defense in-o+-e# the a##%m$tion that e-en .rantin. that the ne.+i.ent cond%ct of it# #er-ant# in $+acin. an ob#tr%ction %$on the $+atform 1a# a breach of it# contract%a+ ob+i.ation to maintain #afe mean# of a$$roachin. and +ea-in. it# train#, the direct and $ro*imate ca%#e of the in,%r! #%ffered b! $+aintiff 1a# hi# o1n contrib%tor! ne.+i.ence in fai+in. to 1ait %nti+ the train had come to a com$+ete #to$ before a+i.htin.. <nder the ;.,7(1+E .@ ,.>PA(A71VE +E*D1*E+,E anno%nced in the (a2es case, if the accident 1a# ca%#ed b! $+aintiffL# o1n ne.+i.ence, no +iabi+it! i# im$o#ed %$on defendantL# ne.+i.ence and $+aintiffL# ne.+i.ence mere+! contrib%ted to hi# in,%r!, the dama.e# #ho%+d be a$$ortioned. 1t is, therefore, im!ortant to ascertain if )efen)ant 3as in fact guilty of negligence. ISS-E: HELD? 3he defendant com$an! i# +iab+e for the dama.e occa#ioned (nless re'o!er# is $arred $# /e "lain i%%Cs o3n 'on ri$( or# ne*li*en'e. 3he $rimar! re#$on#ibi+it! of the )efen)ant com!any and the contrib%tor! ne.+i.ence of the !laintiff #ho%+d be #e$arate+! e*amined. 3he fo%ndation of the +e.a+ +iabi+it! of the defendant i# the 'on ra' o% 'arria*e, and that the ob+i.ation to re#$ond for the dama.e 1hich $+aintiff ha# #%ffered ari#e# from the breach of that contract b! rea#on of the fai+%re of defendant to e*erci#e d%e care in it# $erformance. 6t# lia$ility i# dire' and i))edia e, differin. from that !resum!tive res!onsi$ility for the ne.+i.ence of it# #er-ant# (1903, N44", 1hich can be re$utte) b! $roof of the e*erci#e of d%e care in their #e+ection and #%$er-i#ion. (rtic+e 1903 i# not a$$+icab+e to act# of ne.+i.ence 1hich con#tit%te the breach of a contract. 3he act# to 1hich the#e artic+e# (1902 and 1903" are a$$+icab+e are %nder#tood to be tho#e not .ro1in. o%t of $re-e*i#tin. d%tie# of the $artie# to one another. B( 1here re+ation# a+read! formed .i-e ri#e to d%tie#, 1hether #$rin.in. from contract or ;%a#icontract, then breache# of tho#e d%tie# are #%b,ect to artic+e 11 1, 11 3, an) 11 =. ((a2es vs. Atlantic, *ulf an) Pacific ,o". 3he +iabi+it! %nder the /$ani#h +a1, in certain ca#e#, 1hich im$o#ed %$on em$+o!er# 1ith re#$ect to dama.e# occa#ioned b! the ne.+i.ence of their em$+o!ee# to $er#on# to 1hom the! are not bo%nd b! contract, i# no $ased in /e En*lis/ 4ommon La1 $rinci$+e of res!on)eat su!erior U if it 1ere, the ma#ter 1o%+d be +iab+e in e-er! ca#e and %nconditiona++! U $( ("on /e "rin'i"le anno(n'ed in ar i'le +D65 , 1hich im$o#e# %$on a++ $er#on# 1ho b! their fa%+t or ne.+i.ence, do in,%r! to another, the ob+i.ation of maAin. .ood the dama.e ca%#ed . T/e lia$ili # o% /e )as er is "ersonal and dire' . 0%t, if the ma#ter ha# not been .%i+t! of an! ne.+i.ence 1hate-er in the #e+ection and direction of the #er-ant, he i# not +iab+e for the act# of the +atter, 1hate-er done 1ithin the #co$e of hi# em$+o!ment or not, if the dama.e done b! the #er-ant doe# not amo%nt to a breach of the contract bet1een the ma#ter and the $er#on in,%red. (# >anresa #a!#, the +iabi+it! ari#in. from e*tra-contract%a+ c%+$a i# a+1a!# ba#ed %$on a -o+%ntar! act or omi##ion 1hich, 1itho%t 1i++f%+ intent, b%t b! mere ne.+i.ence or inattention, ha# ca%#ed dama.e to another . ( ma#ter 1ho e*erci#e# a++ $o##ib+e care in the #e+ection of hi# #er-ant, taAin. into con#ideration the ;%a+ification# the! #ho%+d $o##e## for the di#char.e of the d%tie# 1hich it i# hi# $%r$o#e to confide to them, and direct# them 1ith e;%a+ di+i.ence, thereb! $erform# hi# d%t! to third $er#on# to 1hom he i# bo%nd b! no contract%a+ tie#, and he inc%r# no +iabi+it! 1hate-er if, b! rea#on of the ne.+i.ence of hi# #er-ant#, e-en 1ithin the #co$e of their em$+o!ment, #%ch third $er#on #%ffer dama.e. 3r%e, artic+e 1903 create# a $re#%m$tion that he ha# been ne.+i.ent in the #e+ection or direction of hi# #er-ant, b%t the $re#%m$tion i# reb%ttab+e and !ie+d to $roof of d%e care and di+i.ence. 31o thin.# are a$$arent in Ar i'le +D69? (1" 3hat 1hen an in,%r! i# ca%#ed b! the ne.+i.ence of a #er-ant or em$+o!ee there in#tant+! ari#e# a $re#%m$tion of +a1 that there 1a# ne.+i.ence on the $art of the ma#ter or em$+o!er either in selection of the #er-ant or em$+o!ee, or in su!ervision o-er him after the #e+ection, or both> and (2" that that $re#%m$tion i# ,%ri# tant%m Yreb%ttab+e $re#%m$tionZ and not 4uris et )e 4ure Yconc+%#i-e $re#%m$tionZ, and con#e;%ent+!, ma! be reb%tted. 6t fo++o1# nece##ari+! that if the em$+o!er #ho1# to the #ati#faction of the co%rt that in #e+ection and #%$er-i#ion he ha# e*erci#ed the care and di+i.ence of a .ood father of a fami+!, the $re#%m$tion i# o-ercome and he i# re+ie-ed from +iabi+it!. (%ahia vs. Diton4ua an) Deynes" ((merican doctrine that, in re+ation# 1ith #tran.er#, the ne.+i.ence of the #er-ant in conc+%#i-e+! the ne.+i.ence of the ma#ter".

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

6n ca#e of e1 ra<'on ra' (al '(l"a ba#ed %$on ne.+i.ence, it is necessary that there shall have $een some fault attri$uta$le to the )efen)ant !ersonally, an) that the last !aragra!h of article 19 3 merely esta$lishes a re$utta$le !resum!tion> anre#a #a!# that the +iabi+it! created b! artic+e 1903 i# im$o#ed b! rea#on of the breach of the d%tie# inherent in the #$ecia+ re+ation# of a%thorit! or #%$eriorit! e*i#tin. bet1een the $er#on ca++ed %$on to re$air the dama.e and the one 1ho, b! hi# act or omi##ion, 1a# the ca%#e of it. 'n the other hand, the lia$ili # o% )as ers and e)"lo#ers for the ne.+i.ent act# or omi##ion# of their #er-ant# or a.ent#, 1hen #%ch act# or omi##ion# ca%#e dama.e# 1hich amo%nt to the breach of a contact, i# not $ase) u!on a mere !resum!tion of the master9s negligence in their selection or control , and !roof of e#ercise of the utmost )iligence an) care in this regar) )oes not relieve the master of his lia$ility for the breach of hi# contract. EG7(A:,.+7(A,70AD .%D1*A71.+ ha# it# #o%rce in the breach or omi##ion of tho#e m%t%a+ d%tie# 1hich ci-i+i=ed #ociet! im$o#e# %$on it member#, or 1hich ari#e from the#e re+ation#, other than contract%a+, of certain member# of #ociet! to other#, .enera++! embraced in the conce$t of #tat%#. 3he +e.a+ ri.ht# of each member of #ociet! con#tit%te the mea#%re of the corre#$ondin. +e.a+ d%tie#, main+! ne.ati-e in character, 1hich the e*i#tence of tho#e ri.ht# im$o#e# %$on a++ other member# of #ociet!. 3he breach of the#e .enera+ d%tie# 1hether d%e to 1i++f%+ intent or to mere inattention, if $rod%cti-e of in,%r!, .i-e ri#e to an ob+i.ation to indemnif! the in,%red $art!. 3he %(nda)en al dis in' ion bet1een ob+i.ation# of thi# character and tho#e 1hich ari#e from contract, re#t# %$on the fact that in cases of non: contractual o$ligation it is the 3rongful or negligent act or omission itself 3hich creates the vinculum 4uris , CEE(EAS in contractual relations the vinculum e#ists in)e!en)ently of the $reach of the voluntary )uty assume) $y the !arties 3hen entering into the contractual relation. 6n EG7(A:,.+7(A,70AD .%D1*A71.+ ari#in. from ne.+i.ence, 1hether of act or omi##ion ha# certain 3ell:)efine) e#ce!tions U to ca#e# in 1hich mora+ c%+$abi+it! can be direct+! im$%ted to the $er#on# to be char.ed . 3hi# mora+ re#$on#ibi+it! ma! con#i#t in ha-in. fai+ed to e*erci#e d%e care in the #e+ection and contro+ of oneL# a.ent# or #er-ant#, or in the contro+ of $er#on# 1ho, b! rea#on of their #tat%#, occ%$! a $o#ition of de$endenc! 1ith re#$ect to the $er#on made +iab+e for their cond%ct. Hhen the #o%rce# of the ob+i.ation %$on 1hich $+aintiffL# ca%#e of action de$end# i# a negligent act or omission, the $(rden o% "roo% res s ("on "lain i%% o "ro!e /e ne*li*en'e U if he doe# not hi# action fai+#. 0%t 1hen the fact# a-erred #ho1 a contract%a+ %ndertaAin. b! defendant for the benefit of $+aintiff, and it i# a++e.ed that $+aintiff ha# fai+ed or ref%#ed to $erform the contract, it i# not nece##ar! for $+aintiff to #$ecif! in hi# $+eadin.# 1hether the breach of the contract i# d%e to 1i++f%+ fa%+t or to ne.+i.ence on the $art of the defendant, or of hi# #er-ant# or a.ent#. 7roof of the contract and of it# non$erformance i# #%fficient $rima facie to 1arrant a reco-er!. (# a :ENERAL R-LE, it i# +o.ica+ that in ca#e of e*tra-contract%a+ c%+$a, a #%in. creditor #ho%+d a##%me the b%rden of $roof of it# e*i#tence, a# the on+! fact %$on 1hich hi# action i# ba#ed> 1hi+e on the contrar!, in a ca#e of ne.+i.ence 1hich $re#%$$o#e# the e*i#tence of a contract%a+ ob+i.ation, if the creditor #ho1# that it e*i#t# and that it ha# been broAen, it i# not nece##ar! for him to $ro-e ne.+i.ence. (>anresa". 6t i# not nece##ar! for the $+aintiff in an action for the breach of a contract to #ho1 that the breach 1a# d%e to the ne.+i.ent cond%ct of defendant or of hi# #er-ant#, e-en tho%.h #%ch be in fact the act%a+ ca%#e of the breach, it is o$vious that !roof on the !art of )efen)ant that the negligence or omission of his servants or agents cause) the $reach of the contract 3oul) not constitute a )efense to the action . 6f the ne.+i.ence of #er-ant# or a.ent# co%+d be in-oAed a# a mean# of di#char.in. the +iabi+it! ari#in. from contract, the anoma+o%# re#%+t 1o%+d be that $er#on actin. thro%.h the medi%m of a.ent# or #er-ant# in the $erformance of their contract#, 1o%+d be in a better $o#ition than tho#e actin. in $er#on. (# anre#a $oint# o%t? 1hether negligence occ%r# an incident in the co%r#e of the $erformance of a contract%a+ %ndertaAin. or it i# it#e+f the #o%rce of an e*tra-contract%a+ %ndertaAin. ob+i.ation, it# e##entia+ characteri#tic# are identica+. 3here i# a+1a!# an act or omi##ion $rod%cti-e of dama.e d%e to care+e##ne## or inattention on the $art of the defendant. 3herefore, it fo++o1# that it i# not to be inferred, beca%#e the co%rt he+d in the -ama)a that defendant 1a# +iab+e for the dama.e# ne.+i.ent+! ca%#ed b! it# #er-ant# to a $er#on to 1hom it 1a# bo%nd b! contract, and made reference to the fact that the defendant 1a# ne.+i.ent in the #e+ection and contro+ of it# #er-ant#, that in #%ch a ca#e the co%rt 1o%+d ha-e he+d that it 1o%+d ha-e been a .ood defen#e to the action, if $re#ented #;%are+! %$on the theor! of the breach of the contract, for defendant to ha-e $ro-ed that it did in fact e*erci#e care in the #e+ection and contro+ of the #er-ant. 3he fie+d of non< 'on ra' (al o$li*a ion i# m%ch more broader than that of 'on ra' (al o$li*a ions, com$ri#in. the 1ho+e e*tent of ,%ridica+ h%man re+ation#. 3he#e t1o fie+d#, fi.%rati-e+! #$eaAin., concentric> that i# to #a!, the mere fact that a !erson is $oun) to another $y contract )oes not relieve him from e#tra:contractual lia$ility to such !erson . Hhen #%ch a contract%a+ re+ation e*i#t# the ob+i.or ma! breaA the contract %nder #%ch condition# that the #ame act 1hich con#tit%te# the #o%rce of an e*tra-contract%a+ ob+i.ation had no contract e*i#ted bet1een the $artie#. /4 i# not di#$o#ed to #%b#cribe to thi# doctrine in it# ab#o+%te form. He are of the o$inion that thi# $ro$o#ition i# too bad+! #tated and i# at -ariance 1ith the e*$erience of e-er!-da! +ife. 6n thi# $artic%+ar in#tance, that the train 1a# bare+! mo-in. 1hen $+aintiff a+i.hted i# #ho1n conc+%#i-e+! b! the fact that it came to sto! 3ithin si# meters from the !lace 3here he ste!!e) from it . T/o(sands o% "erson ali*/ %ro) rains (nder /ese 'ondi ions e!er# da# o% /e #ear, and s(s ain no inj(r# 3/ere /e 'o)"an# /as Ee" i s "la %or) %ree %ro) dan*ero(s o$s r(' ions. 3here i# no rea#on to be+ie-e that $+aintiff 1o%+d ha-e #%ffered an! in,%r! 1hate-er in a+i.htin. a# he did /ad i no $een %or de%endan Cs ne*li*en %ail(re o "er%or) i s d( # o "ro!ide a sa%e ali*/ in* "la'e.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

3he te#t i# thi#? Cas there anything in the circumstances surroun)ing the !laintiff at the time he alighte) from the train 3hich 3oul) have a)monishe) a !erson of average !ru)ence that to get off the train un)er the con)itions then e#isting 3as )angerous: 6f #o, the $+aintiff #ho%+d ha-e de#i#ted from a+i.htin.> and hi# fai+%re #o to de#i#t 1a# contrib%tor! ne.+i.ence. (Picart vs. Smith" 3he on+! fact from 1hich a conc+%#ion can be dra1n to the effect that $+aintiff 1a# .%i+t! of contrib%tor! ne.+i.ence i# that he ste!!e) off the car 3ithout $eing a$le to )iscern clearly the con)ition of the !latform an) 3hile the train 3as yet slo3ly moving. 6n con#iderin. the #it%ation th%# $re#ented, it #ho%+d not be o-er+ooAed that the $+aintiff 1a#, a# 1e find, i.norant of the fact that the ob#tr%ction 1hich 1a# ca%#ed b! the #acA# of me+on# $i+ed on the $+atform e*i#ted > and a# the defendant 1a# bo%nd b! rea#on of it# d%t! a# a $%b+ic carrier to afford to it# $a##en.er# faci+itie# for #afe e.re## from it# train#, the $+aintiff had a ri.ht to a##%me, in the ab#ence of #ome circ%m#tance to 1arn him to the contrar!, that the $+atform 1a# c+ear. 3he $+ace, a# 1e ha-e a+read! #tated, 1a# darE, or di)l# li*/ ed, and thi# a+#o i# $roof of a fai+%re %$on the $art of the defendant in the $erformance of a d%t! o1in. b! it to the $+aintiff> for if it 1ere b! an! $o##ibi+it! concede that it had ri.ht to $i+e the#e #acA# in the $ath of a+i.htin. $a##en.er#, the $+acin. of them ade;%ate+! #o that their $re#ence 1o%+d be re-ea+ed. RE 'on ri$( or# ne*li*en'e: 3he com$an!L# $+atform 1a# con#tr%cted %$on a +e-e+ hi.her than that of the roadbed and the #%rro%ndin. .ro%nd. 3he di#tance from the #te$# of the car to the #$ot 1here the a+i.htin. $a##en.er 1o%+d $+ace hi# feet on the $+atform 1a# th%# red%ced, thereb! )ecreasing the ris2 inci)ent to ste!!ing off . 3he nat%re of the $+atform, con#tr%cted a# it 1a# of cement materia+, a+#o a##%red to the $a##en.er a #tab+e and e-en #%rface on 1hich to a+i.ht. 5%rthermore, the $+aintiff 1a# $o##e##ed of the -i.or and a.i+it! of !o%n. manhood, and it 1a# b! no mean# #o ri#A! for him to .et off 1hi+e the train 1a# !et mo-in. a# the #ame act 1o%+d ha-e been in an a.ed or feeb+e $er#on. (.ain, it ma! be noted that the $+ace 1a# $erfect+! fami+iar to the $+aintiff a# it 1a# hi# dai+! c%#tom to .et on and of the train at thi# #tation. 3here co%+d be no %ncertaint! in hi# mind 1ith re.ard either to the +en.th of the #te$ 1hich he 1a# re;%ired to taAe or the character of the $+atform 1here he 1a# a+i.htin.. O(r 'on'l(sion is /a /e 'ond(' o% /e "lain i%% in (nder aEin* o ali*/ 3/ile /e rain 3as #e sli*/ l# (nder 3a# 3as no '/ara' eriBed $# i)"r(den'e and /a /ere%ore /e 3as no *(il # o% 'on ri$( or# ne*li*en'e . 3he deci#ion of +o1er co%rt i# re-er#ed, and ,%d.ment i# hereb! rendered $+aintiff for the #%m of 73,290. MALCOLM, J., dissen in*: Hith the .enera+ r%+e re+ati-e to a $a##en.erL# contrib%tor! ne.+i.ence, 1e are +iAe1i#e in f%++ accord, name+!, M(n attem$t to a+i.ht from a mo-in. train i# ne.+i.ence $er #e.M (ddin. the#e t1o $oint# to.ether, #ho%+d be ab#o+-ed from the com$+aint, and ,%d.ment affirmed.

G.R. No. 34E40

/e$tember 23, 1931

NARCISO :-TIERRE?, !laintiff:a!!ellee, vs. BONIFACIO :-TIERRE?, et al, )efen)ants:a!!ellants. DOCTRINE: DOCTRINE: >AD,.D>, J.? ( $a##en.er tr%cA and an $ri-ate a%tomobi+e co++ided (5ebr%ar! 2, 1930" 1hi+e attem$tin. to $a## each other on the 3a+on brid.e on the ani+a /o%th Road FLa# 7iXa#. 3he tr%cA 1a# dri-en b! A$elardo Velas'o, and 1a# o1ned b! /at%rnino 4orte=. 3he a%tomobi+e 1a# dri-en b! Boni%a'io :( ierreB (1E !.o". and 1a# o1ned b! 0onifacioL# father and mother. (t the time of the co++i#ion, the father 1a# not in the car, b%t the mother, to.ether 1ith #e-era+ other member# of the G%tierre= fami+! 1ere there. ( $a##en.er in the a%tob%#, b! the name of Nar'iso :( ierreB, 1a# en ro%te from /an 7ab+o- ani+a. 3he co++i#ion re#%+ted in Nar'iso :( ierreB s(%%erin* a %ra' (re ri*/ le* 1hich at the date of the tria+ a$$ear# not to ha-e hea+ed $ro$er+!. 6t i# conceded that the 'ollision 3as 'a(sed $# ne*li*en'e . 3he difference bet1een the $artie# i# that, 1hi+e the "lain i%% $la)es $o / se s o% de%endan s , the o1ner of the $a##en.er tr%cA $la)es /e a( o)o$ile, and the o1ner of the a%tomobi+e, in t%rn, $la)es /e r('E. ISS-E: Hho #ho%+d be he+d +iab+e for the in,%rie# #%ffered b! the $+aintiff: 4ontract%a+ -# I.4ontract HELD: 0onifacio 1a# in incom$etent dri-er (dri-in. at an e*ce##i-e rate of #$eed 1hi+e a$$roachin. the brid.e and the tr%cA, #o hi# ne.+i.ence contrib%ted to the accident". 3he *(aran # *i!en $# /e %a /er at the time the son 3as grante) a license to o!erate motor -ehic+e# )ade /e %a /er res"onsi$le %or /e a' s o% /is son . 7%r#%ant to the $ro-i#ion# of artic+e 1903 of the 4i-i+ 4ode, the %a /er alone and not the minor or the mother, 3o(ld $e lia$le %or /e da)a*es ca%#ed b! the minor. He are dea+in. 1ith the ci-i+ +a1 +iabi+it! of $artie# for '0L6G(36'N/ H8648 (R6/) 5R' 5(<L3 'R N)GL6G)N4). 6n the </, it i# %niform+! he+d that the hea) of a house, the o3ner of an automo$ile, 3ho maintains it for the general use of his family is lia$le for its negligent o!eration $y one of his chil)ren, 3hom he )esignates or !ermits to run it, 3here the car is occu!ie) an) $eing use) at the time of the in4ury for the !leasure of other mem$ers of the o3ner9s family than the chil) )riving it.

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118

3he lia$ili # o% Sa (rnino Cor eB, /e o3ner o% /e r('E , and of hi# cha%ffe%r (be+ardo Be+a#co re#t# on a different ba#i#, name+!, that of contract 1hich, 1e thinA, ha# been #%fficient+! demon#trated b! the a++e.ation# of the com$+aint, not contro-erted, and the e-idence. 3he rea#on for thi# conc+%#ion reache# to the findin.# of the tria+ co%rt concernin. the $o#ition of the tr%cA on the brid.e, the #$eed in o$eratin. the machine, and the +acA of care em$+o!ed b! the cha%ffe%r. Hhi+e the#e fact# are not a# c+ear+! e-idenced a# are tho#e 1hich con-ict the other defendant, 1e ne-erthe+e## he#itate to di#re.ard the $oint# em$ha#i=ed b! the tria+ ,%d.e. 6n it# broader a#$ect#, the ca#e i# one of t1o dri-er# a$$roachin. a narro1 brid.e from o$$o#ite direction#, 1ith neither bein. 1i++in. to #+o1 %$ and .i-e the ri.ht of 1a! to the other, 1ith the ine-itab+e re#%+t of a co++i#ion and an accident. 3he defendant# Be+a#co and 4orte= f%rther contend that there e*i#ted 'on ri$( or# ne*li*en'e on /e "ar o% /e "lain i%%, con#i#tin. $rinci$a++! of hi# Aee$in. hi# foot o%t#ide the tr%cA, 1hich occa#ioned hi# in,%r!. 6n thi# connection, it i# #%fficient to #tate that, a#ide from the fact that the D)5)N/) '5 4'N3R60<3'RJ N)GL6G)N4) H(/ N'3 7L)(D)D, the e-idence bearin. o%t thi# theor! of the ca#e i# contradictor! in the e*treme and +ead# %# far afie+d into #$ec%+ati-e matter#. R) (H(RD '5 D( (G)/? (++ fact# con#idered, inc+%din. act%a+ e*$endit%re# and dama.e# for the in,%r! to the +e. of the $+aintiff, 1hich ma! ca%#e him $ermanent +amene##, in connection 1ith other ad,%dication# of thi# co%rt, +ead %# to conc+%de that a o al s() %or /e "lain i%% o% 4>,666 3o(ld $e %air and reasona$le . (di-er.ence of o$inion amon. the member# of the co%rt"

CIVREV 2 :: DAY 118