Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
3/11/2013
Piaget believed that YC think differently, thus they require different kind of curriculum their thinking is still at the preoperational stage (3-7), egocentric, animistic and less logical.
3/11/2013
EGOCENTRIC = self-centered
Egocentrism is characterized by preoccupation with one's own internal world. Egocentrics regard themselves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid Egocentrism is very apparent in the relationship between two preschool children. Eg of how each child is completely oblivious to what the other is saying in this scenario: Julie: "I love my dolly, her name is Tina" Carol: "I'm going to colour the sun yellow" Julie: "She has long, curly hair like my auntie" Carol: "Maybe I'll colour the trees yellow, too" Julie: "I wonder what Tina's eyes are made of?" Carol: "I lost my orange crayon" Julie: " I know her eyes are made of glass. This type of monologue demonstrates the "egocentrism" of children's thinking in this stage. According to Piaget, egocentrism of the young child leads them to believe that everyone thinks as they do, and that the whole world shares their feelings and desires.
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 5
Eg of egocentric thinking
1. Egocentric thinking is when you believe something and think everyone else should too, or you think because you think or feel something, everyone else does to. Eg: when a child hides in plain view under a blanket but sincerely believes they are missing. they think because they can't see you, that you can't see them. if a child is hungry, they assume you are too. if a child likes power rangers, they may think that is the perfect present for mommy because she must like them too. 2. A preschooler grabs a toy from his 18-month-old sister. When she starts to cry, he looks at her with surprise! Hes happy because he wanted the toy and now he has it. He cant put himself in the place of his little sister. He doesnt understand her sadness or anger. He doesnt realize that his behavior has caused her to feel sad or angry.
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 6
An example of animistic thinking would be "magical thinking" or the strong use of the child's imagination. Children in this three to four year old age group typically assign non-humanlike objects human-like meanings or purposes which results in animistic thinking. Example #1: A child thinks that dropping a doll actually caused the doll pain, because being dropped themselves would have caused he or she pain. Example #2: A child would think that it rains because the sky is sad and it is crying. This shows how the child gives the sky humanlike characteristics such as crying. Example #3: If the child is staring out the window and sees a ball move across the yard they would assume that they ball moved on its own. They do not have the capacity to think logically that the wind was the source of the movement of the ball. Example #4: A five year old was painting her original wood sculpture. The teacher passed by and commented, I think you might like that better if you put on another coat. Accepting the teachers suggestion, the child went to the lockers, selected a coat, and put it on as he/she returned to the painting area to find out if the teacher was right. Mum says to her child: the rice will cry if you drop them on the floor!
KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 7
3/11/2013
3/11/2013
3/11/2013
Children can focus on only one variable at one time, such as length or width not both.
3/11/2013
10
They can focus on only one variable at one time, such as length or width not both.
Think-Pair-Share: What other examples you can give for the above situation.
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 11
Jean Piaget: Cognitive development and mental processes Piaget believed that peoples thinking changed as they learn and adapt to their environment; that the goal of thinking or the highest level of thinking people could develop is abstract thought. Abstract thought is the kind of thinking scientists usethis kind of thinking is called logical-mathematical thinking/intelligence.
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 12
Cognitive Development
According to Piaget, children construct knowledge through concrete, hands-on experiences. They construct knowledge of the physical world. The knowledge becomes their mental actions.
Example: Of we say: C-H-A-I-R. We think about how chair look like, whats it's for and where we can find it. All these pictures will come to our mind it is called mental actions or mental processes.
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 13
3/11/2013
14
3/11/2013
15
DISCUSSION:
DESCRIBED HOW CHILDREN LEARN AND CONSTRUCT KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDINGS ABOUT THE WORLD:
CONSTRUCTIVISM
CONSTRUCTIVISM : people construct their own understanding of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. (CAN YOU GIVE AN EXAMPLE) When learners encounter something new, they reconcile it with previous knowledge. They may change what they believe, or they may discard the new information as irrelevant.
According to Piaget, knowledge is constructed through: (i) Assimilation and (ii) Accommodation ASSIMILATION:
Is a process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, make it fit into their existing knowledge. It is like your mind has a databases already built, with its fields and categories defined. If it comes across new information which fits into those fields, it can assimilate it without any trouble.
3/11/2013
17
Assimilation
Assimilation - process by which new experiences are incorporated into an existing schema
3/11/2013
18
Schema/schemas
A schema (plural: schemas/schemata) describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior. It is a mental structure of pre-conceived ideas, or a framework. Schemas - ideas we have about the way things work. It is a representation in the mind, of a set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, which go together.
3/11/2013
19
ACCOMMODATION: When the new information cannot fit into the pre-existing databases, so it has to develop new ones to accommodate the new information forming schema. Accommodation is a process by which schemas are modified in light of new experiences
3/11/2013
20
Accommodation
3/11/2013
22
Piaget proposed that children's thinking or intellectual development occurs through four stages (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational stages). He saw transitions taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. Meaning, before these ages children are not capable (no matter how bright they are) of understanding things in certain ways. He used this to group children into several stages of development:
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 23
Conservation:
Example: if you take two pieces of string that are the same length and scrunch one up, and if a child says that the scrunched one is shorter (the child has not reaches the conservation ability) Definition: Conservation is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes, i.e. that redistributing material does not affect its mass, number or volume. See video on Piagets Conservation tasks
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 28
3/11/2013
30
Conservation experiment
3/11/2013
31
3/11/2013
32
Piaget's Theory of Conservation: When One Cup of Water is Less Than One Cup of Water
This is the principle, which Piaget called the theory of conservation, in which the child realizes that properties of objectssuch as mass, volume, and numberremain the same, despite changes in the form of the objects.
When do humans develop the concept of object permanence? How is object permanence important for the understanding of conservation?
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 34
3/11/2013
38
Vygotsky theory combines the social environment and cognition. Children will acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a culture by interacting with a more knowledgeable person. Vygotsky believed that social interaction will lead to ongoing changes in a child's thought and behavior. Vygotsky suggested teachers help children learn through scaffolding.
3/11/2013
39
Vygotskys ZPD
The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.
3/11/2013
40
3/11/2013
41
3/11/2013
42
Children like to sort things. They put them in piles of the same color, same size, same shape, or with the same use. Young children pour sand and water into containers of different sizes. They pile blocks into tall structures and see them fall and become small parts again. All these activities of exploring and experimentation help to develop muscle coordination and the senses of taste, smell, sight, and hearing. These are skills that serve as a basis for future learning. As children enter preschool, exploration continues. At this time, however, children also begin to apply basic concepts to collecting and organizing data to answer a question. Children are learning the processes of science
3/11/2013
43
Naturalistic Experiences
Naturalistic experiences are those initiated spontaneously by children as they go about their daily activities. These experiences are the major mode of learning for children during the sensorimotor period. Naturalistic experiences can also be a valuable mode of learning for older children.
Other example
Example 2: Fruits Teacher brings several type of fruits to class: one red apple, one green apple, two oranges, two grapefruit, and two bananas. The children examine the fruit to discover as much about these fruits as possible. They observe size, shape, color, texture, taste, and composition using counting and classification skills. (How many of each fruit type? Juicy or dry? Segmented or whole? Seeds or no seeds?) These observations may be recorded. (What is the color of each fruit? How many are spheres? How many are juicy?) The fruit can be weighed and measured, prepared for eating, and divided equally among the students. SO WHAT CONCEPTS ARE THEY LEARNING ABOUT FRUITS THINK-PAIR-SHARE.
3/11/2013
47
How would you provide young children with opportunities to see the math and science in their everyday activities?
Suggest some examples.
3/11/2013
48
3/11/2013
49
If you are the teacher in this picture, what could be talking about with the children? TPS
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 50
What would be the best environment for children to learn about the world?
3/11/2013 KAK3023@hakcipta aminah ayob/upsi 51
3/11/2013
52
3/11/2013
53
3/11/2013
54
3/11/2013
55
3/11/2013
56
3/11/2013
57
WHAT HAVE YOU LEART SO FAR ABOUT HOW CHILDREN SCIENCE? EXPLAIN HOW CHILDREN LEARN SCIENCE USING PIAGETS THEORY WRITE A TWO-MINUTES PAPER
3/11/2013
58