The general problem of elastic wave propagation in multilayered anisotropic media

AdnanH. Nayfeh
Department of4erospace Engineering andEngineering Mechanics, Universityof Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
45221

( Received 25 February1990; revised 16September 1990; accepted 10October1990)

Exact analyticaltreatmentof the interactionof harmonicelasticwaveswith n-layered anisotropic platesis presented. Each layer of the platecan possess up to aslow asmonoclinic symmetryand thus allowing resultsfor higher symmetrymaterialssuchas orthotropic, transversely isotropic, cubic,and isotropicto be obtainedasspecial cases. The waveis allowed to propagate alongan arbitraryanglefrom the normalto the plateaswell asalongany azimuthalangle.Solutions are obtained by using the transfer matrix method.According to this methodformalsolutions for eachlayerare derivedandexpressed in termsof waveamplitudes. By eliminatingtheseamplitudes the stresses and displacements on onesideof the layer are relatedto those of the otherside.By satisfying appropriate continuity conditions at interlayer interfaces a globaltransfer matrix canbe constructed whichrelates the displacements and stresses on onesideof the plate to thoseon the other. Invoking appropriate boundary conditions on the plates outerboundaries a largevarietyof importantproblems canbe solved. Of these mentionis madeof the propagation of freewaves on the plateand the propagation of

waves in a periodic mediaconsisting of a periodic repetition of the plate.Confidence is the approach andresults are confirmed by comparisons with whatever is available from specialized solutions. A varietyof numericalillustrations are included.
PACS numbers:43.20.Bi, 43.20.Fn, 43.30.Ma

INTRODUCTION

Most of the availableliterature on layeredmedia is restrictedto the study of situationswhere the individual mate-

Studies of the propagation of elasticwavesin layered mediahavelongbeenof interest to researchers in thefields of

geophysics, acoustics, andelectromagnetics. Applications of these studies include such technologically important areas as earthquake prediction, underground faultmapping, oil and gasexploration,architecturalnoisereduction,and the recentlyevolving concern of the analysis and design of advancedfibrousand layeredcomposite materials.Common to all of these studies isthedegree of theinteractions between the layers,which manifestthemselves in the form of reflection and transmission agents and hencegiveriseto geometric dispersion. These interactions depend, among manyfactors, upon the properties, direction of propagation, frequency and number,and natureof the interfacialconditions. Extensive review of worksonthissubject until the mid 60'shasbeenreported in the literatureasis evidenced from

rial layers areisotropic. Generally speaking, for wavepropagation in suchmedia, solutions are obtainedby expressing the displacements and stresses in each layer in terms of its wavepotentialamplitudes. By satisfying appropriate inter-

facial conditions, characteristic equations are constructed that involvethe amplitudes of all layers;thisconstitutes the directapproach. The degree of complication in thealgebraic manipulation of theanalysis will thusdepend uponthenumberof layers.For relatively few layersthedirectapproach is
appropriate.However, as the numberof layersincreases the direct approach becomes cumbersome, and one may resort

to the alternativetransfer(propagator)matrix technique introduced originally by Thomson 6 andsomewhat lateron

by Haskell 7 and Gilbertand Backusfi According to this

technique oneconstructs the propagation matrix for a stack of an arbitrarynumberof layersby extending the solution from onelayer to the next while satisfying the appropriate interfacialcontinuityconditions. To narrow down our discussion of problemsrelatingto the interactionof elasticwaveswith periodicmediawe note

thebook by Ewing etal.1andupto theearly80'sby Brekhovskikh. 2Formore recent works onthegeneral subject of
wave propagationin layered media we refer the reader to

Refs.3-5 asrepresentative references. Typically a layeredmediumconsists of two or more material components attachedat their interfacein somefashion. A body made up of an arbitrary numberof different materialcomponents and whose outerboundaries are either free or supported by semi-infinite media constitutes a general layeredmedium. Often the abovedefinition is relaxedto

thatRytov 9utilized thedirect approach method andderi red

someanalyticalexpressions for characteristic equations of a periodicarray of two isotropiclayers.However,Rytov was only ableto present solutions for propagation eitheralongor

normal to thelayers. Nayfeh mderived anexact expression

for thecharacteristic equation of waves propagating normal to a periodic arrayof anarbitrarynumber of isotropic layers.

includesemi-infinite solids,single-layer plates,and two semi-infinite solidsin contactas degenerate cases of layered
media.

Sve extended theresults of Rytov toanyoblique incidence

andderived thecharacteristic equation for theperiodic array

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1991 Acoustical Societyof America

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of twoisotropic layers in theformof thevanishing determinantof an 8X8 matrix.Schoenberg 2 utilizedthe matrix transfer method andpresented results for oblique incidence on an alternating fluid-isotropic solid medium.Gilbert3 discussed the utility of the propagator matrix formalismof GilbertandBackus 8 to the study of wavepropagation in stratified mediaand obtained explicitexpressions for the
simplecaseof a periodically layeredfluid. For cases involving periodic anisotropic mediawe mention that Yamada and Nemat-Nasser 4 extended the results

multilayered plate(theresulting medium will thus bea periodic one with respect to the individualcomponents of the plate); and (c) slowness results for eitherhomogeneous or periodicmedia.It is obvious that the layeredplate constitutesthe repeatingcell of the infinite medium.

Besides the advantages gainedby the useof the linear transformation approach, anotherimportant featureof our analysis concerns themanner in whichtheoblique propagationdirection isintroduced andtheway it modifies the criterionnecessary to insure periodicity. If wedesignate theangle
0 (measuredfrom the normal to the interfaces) to definethe

of Sveto the case of orthotropic layers. This resulted, dueto theadded coupling of thehorizontally polarized component of the wave,to the vanishing of the determinant of a 12 12 matrix.In a recently heldspecial symposium onwavepropa-

gation in structural composites 5, several papers werepresented on guidedwaves in laminated anisotropic platesas wellasonperiodically laminated anisotropic media. The paperspresented include,either individuallyor collectively, the most comprehensive surveys of the relevantliterature. The mostrelevant worksfor the present work are givenby

propagation direction,then this will lead to an explicitdependence of the characteristic equations upon0. Confidence in our resultsis established by comparingwith the limited availablenumericalexamples of the special casemodels of
Refs. 1 1 and 14.

I. FORMULATION

OF THE PROBLEM

Braga andHerrmann, TingandChadwick, 6andNayfeh et al.7Braga andHermann5 used thepropagator matrix

methodand presented results for a periodicarray of an arbitrary numberof orthotropiclayers.Their work is restricted howeverto the caseof propagation alonglayer interfaces (no obliqueincidence)and also for propagation alongan

axisof symmetry of eachlayer.Thisimplies thattheirlayering is restrictedsuch that the symmetryaxesof all layers
coincide. Thus, their model does not account for the cou-

pling between the in-planemotion (SH) and that of the samatrix approach(in conjunctionwith a formalismdeveloped for steadyplane motionsof anisotropic bodiesby

Considera plate consisting of an arbitrary numbern of monoclinic layers rigidly bonded at their interfacesand stacked normalto the x3 axisof a globalorthogonal Cartesiansystem x = (x,x2,x3)asillustrated in Fig. 1.Hencethe planeof eachlayerisparallelto thex-x,_ planewhichisalso chosento coincidewith the bottom surfaceof the layered plate. To maintain generalitywe assumeeach layer to be arbitrarily orientedin the x-x 2 plane.In order to be able to describe the relativeorientation of the layers,we assign for eachlayerk, k = 1,2.....n, a localcartesian coordinate (x,)k with (x) normal to it. Thus layer k extends from

thatitsoriginislocated in thebottomplane of thelayer gittalplane. TingandChadwick 6also used thepropagator such

0< (x) <d (k,where d isitsthickness. According to this

Stroh ) andderived a characteristic equation forharmonic notationthe total thickness of the layeredplated equals to
the sum of the thicknesses of its layersand hence,the plate occupies the region0 <x 3<d. Equivalently, theorientation of thek th layerin thexi space canbedescribed bya rotationof an angle& between(x') and x. Hence,onceall orientaNayfeh etaL,17 withthehelp oflinear orthogonal trans- tion angles are specified the geometry of the platewill be that formations, were able to derive exact analytical expressions defined.Without any lossin generalitywe shallassume a plane wave propagates in the x-x 3 plane at an arbitrary forthereflection coefficient froma fluid-loaded arbitrarily oriented multilayered orthotropic plate. Theapproach used angle0 measured from the normalx3. in Ref. 17 was introduced in their earlier works that dealt In this sectionwe follow the analytical procedureof

waves in periodically anisotropic media.Their analysis was carriedinitially for waves traveling alongthe layeringand thentheyoutlinedhow it canbe generalized to an arbitrary directionof propagation in the sagittalplane.

withsingle layeranisotropic plates. 19,2o Theuse of thelinear

transformation,which facilitatesand leadsto executionease
that the wave vectors of the incident and reflected waves all

Refs. 15-17 in order to construct a transfer matrix for each

layer k. This matrix relatesthe displacements (u,.). and

oftheanalysis, was motivated by theimportant observation stresses (rr) ofoneface of theplate k to those oftheother.

liein thesame plane. 17.19-21 Theanalysis was therefore conducted in a coordinate system formedby incident and reflectedplanesrather than by materialaxes. In thispaperwe utilizecombinations of thelineartransformationapproach and the transfermatrix methodand extend the resultsof Reft 17 to the studyof the interactionof free harmonicwaveswith multilayered anisotropic media. Our solutions will be generaland includeresultspertaining to several special cases. Of these we mention:(a) dispersion

With respect to the primed coordinate system(k;). and usingthe standardsummationconvention on repeatedindicesthe elasticfield equations of layer k are givenby the momentumequation
--

Ox;

--p

at-'

(1)

and, from the generalconstitutive relationsfor anisotropic

media,

characteristics for a multilayered plateconsisting of an arbitrary numberof arbitrarily orientedanisotropic layers;(b) dispersion of an infinitemediumbuilt from repetition of the
1522 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 89, No. 4, Pt. 1, April 1991

c = c,5,e
dia

(2)

by the specialized expandedmatrix form of monoclinicme-

Adnan H. Nayfeh: Multilayeredanistropicmedia

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X
X2

2
3

FIG. 1.Modelgeometry.

n-2

n-I
n

Since rr, e},andc,5.a aretensors andsince weareconducting ouranalysis in theglobal xi coordinate, anyorthogonaltransformation of theprimed to thenonprimed coordinates, i.e., (x[) k to x,.,theytransform according to
r3

rr .... = fi,,,ifi,,o',,

(4a)

eop = 15'o,15'pe,, c..... . = fi,,,,fi,,jfio&,c.,,

(4b) ()

'Ctl, 0;2
C;3
0

C3

0
0 0
C,h

0
0 0
C;s

Ct12 C52 C53 C53 C.3

0 0

C56 C_ 6
0

e'
e2

whereri 0isthe cosines ofthe angle between x[and xj, respectively.Fora rotation of angle Oin thex{ -x5plane, thetransformation tensor fie reduces to

Ci

e3
I.Yi2
(3)

riO= --sin&
0

cos&
0

(5)

c',

ck

c;

which, if applied to Eq. (2) through therelation of Eq. (3)

yields the known constitutiverelations:

wherewe usedthe contracting subscript notations 1 11,

2-22, 3-33,4-23, 5-.13, and6-12 to relate cjkt to

C,(ij.k,l = 1.2.3 and p,q- 1,2 ..... 6). Herea,i,,o[s , andu
are the components of stress, strain,anddisplacement, respectively, andp' and ck, arethematerial density and elastic constants, respectively. In Eq. (3), Y,5' = 2e (withi%j) defines theengineering shear straincomponents.
1523 J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.89, No.4, Pt.1, April 1991

"/ /c,= c,;cl, o 0 G6 / e,

o0

; o 0 cq ,
(6)

Adrian H. Nayfeh: Multilayered artisttopic media

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where thetransformation relations between theC,qandC q

entries are listedin AppendixA. Notice that no matterwhat rotationalangle,6 is used,the zero entriesin Eq. (3) will remainzero in (6). In fact, evenif the matrix of Eq. (3) is particularized to orthotropic media,its transformed matrix
will resemble that ofmonoclinic
forms to

CombiningEqs. (12) and (13) with the stress-strain relations(6), and usingsuperposition, we finally write the formal solutions for the displacements and stresses in the expanded matrixform,

media. In terms of the rotat-

ed coordinatesystemx,, the momentum equation trans-

--

&r;j 8 2u; _p -axj at

(7)

II. ANALYSIS

Substituting from Eq. (6) into Eq. (7) resultsin a system of three coupledequations for the displacements u, u2, and u3. If we now identify the planeof incidence to be the

(14)

x x3,asin Fig. I thenfor an angleof incidence 0, we propose a solutionfor the displacements u in the form (Ul,//2,U3)--( 1,V,W) U exp[i(x sin O+ ax 3 -- ct) ],
(8)
where

where is the wave number, c is the phase velocity

( = co/), w is thecircularfrequency, a is still an unknown parameter, and V and W are ratiosof the displacement amplitudes of u2 and u3 to that of u , respectively. Noticethat, althoughsolutions (8) are explicitlyindependent of x2, an implicitdependence iscontained in thetransformation. Furthermore, notice the nonvanishing of the transversedisplacement component u2in Eq. (8). Thischoice of solutions leadsto the threecoupledequations
K,,, (a) U, = O, m,n = 1,2,3, (9a) wherethe summationconvention is implied,K,,, is symmetric, namelyKin,,= K ..... and

Eq =e igctqx',
Dq= i(Cl3sin0 + C36 sinOVq + C33a qWq ), = + wqsin0) + D3q = i [C4s(aq d- Wq sin19) + CCtqVq],
q = 1,2 .....6. (15)
Noticethat the specific relations in the entries of the square matrix of Eq. (14), suchas W: = -- W and V6 = V, for examples, can be seenby inspection of the ratios (12) and (13) in conjunction with the restrictions ( 11). Equation(14) can be usedto relatethe displacements

Kll = Cll sin 219 --pc2d-C5515g 2,

K2 = Cl6sin 2 0 + C45 a2,
K3 = (C3 + C55)a sin 0,

andstresses at (x). = 0 to those at (x), = d (). Thisis

done by specializing (14) to these twolocations, eliminating the commonamplitudesU, ..... U,6 and getting
P[ = AP F , k=1,2 .....n,
where

(16a)

K22 = C66 sin 219 -- pc 2 + C44 a2,

K23= (C36d- C45)a sin 0,

pff = {[Ul,U2,U3,O.33,O. 13,O.23 ] T_+ }k

(9b)

(16b)

K33 = C55 sin 219--pc 2+ C33 a2.

The existenceof nontrivial solutionsfor Ul, U2, and U3

definesthe variablescolumn specialized to the upper and lower surfaces of the layer, k, respectively, and

demands the vanishing of the determinantin Eq. (9a), and yieldsthe sixth-degree polynomial equation

A. = XDX ,

(17)

a 6 d-.41 a4 d-A2 a2 d-/13= 0,

(10)

relating a to c, wherethecoefficients A , .42,and.43aregiven in AppendixB. Equation (10) admitssix solutions for a

(having the properties)

whereX is the 6 X 6 square matrixof Eq. (14) andD is a 6 X 6 diagonal matrixwhose entries are The matrix / constitutes the transfermatrix for the monoclinic layer k. It allowsthe waveto be incidenton the
layer at an arbitrary angle 0 from the normal x 3 or equiv-

For each a, q = 1,2 .....6, wecanuse therelations (9) and express the displacementratios V=U2/U;q and Wq= U3q/U;q as

Vq =K3(aq )K:(aq )- K:(Ctq )Ke3(a ) '

Wq --K:(aq )K33(aq ) --Ke3(aq )Ki3( q )
1524

Kll(aq)K23(sq) --K13(aq)KI2(aq) (12) K(aq)Ke3(aq) -Ke(aq)K3(aq) (13)

alently (xg) and at any azimuthalangle4. By applyingthe above procedure for eachlayerfollowed by invoking thecontinuity of the displacement and stress components (16b) at the layer interfaces, we can finally relate the displacements andstresses at thetopof thelayered plate,x = d, to those at its bottom,x> = 0, via the transfermatrix multiplication

A =A.,,_
resultingin
P+ =.4P-,

'"A

(18)
(19)
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where nowP * andP - arethedisplacement andstress columnvectors at thetop,x3 = d, andlower, x3 = 0, ofthetotal

plate,respectively.
III. PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSFER MATRIX

MM2M2M ) have thesame eigenvalues, 22 bycyclic permutation, we can rewrite the relation (23a) as

det(XDX5 IX2D2X f '"X,,D. X ff -- crI)= O.

(23c)

The globaltransfermatrix A has severalproperties which,if exploited, canease theexecution of theanalysis and leadto simple analytical representation of theresults. Before weproceed to listanddiscuss these properties, we nowindicatethat suchpropertis are alsocharacteristics of the transfer matrices of theindividual layers. In fact,since Eq. (19) holdsfor any number of layersn, then it holdsfor a single layerin particular [see Eq. (16) ], andthus A canberepresented by Ak for k = 1,2 .....n. Accordingly, we hypothesize that any general propertyof Ak is alsoa propertyof A. With thiswe nowconcentrate on listingand discussing properties of the individualtransfermatrixA k(a) det (Ak) = 1. (20)

By inspecting (23b) and (23c), we conclude that (23c) can be obtained from (23b) by merelyinvertingthe diagonal matrices D andthe eigenvalue a. Since the entries of D are made up of pairs that are inverseof each other, then it is obvious thatD andD ff havethesame entries (eigenval-

ues). Thus weconclude thattheeigenvalues %, q = 1,2 ..... 6 and1/aq constitute thesame set. (iii) The property described under(ii) canonlyimply thatthe% consists of three pairs where theentries of each
pair are the inverse of eachother.In our subsequent analysis we choose to arrangethesesix eigenvalues as a, l/a, , 1/or3,as, and 1/as

(iv) In thedegenerate case where all layers aremadeup of the samematerial (but not necessarily haveequalthick-

This propertycanbe easilyprovenby employing the wellknownresultthat thedeterminant of theproduct isequalto the productof the determinants, which togetherwith the relation(17), impliesthat

nesses), X andthesixvalues aq arethesame for every k.

Now, substituting from (17) into (18) and recognizing that

X -_t X = I (identity) fori = 1,2 ..... n, theglobal matrix A

collapses to

det(Ak) = det(X )det(XF )det(D )

A: XtDX t,

(24)
(:25)

= det(XX')det(Dk)=

det(Dk).

(21)

wherewe usedthe fact that hereX,, = X and

D = D.D,, _ "'D

Thisconclusion canalso bearrivedat by notingthatAk and

D are similar andhence their determinants are equal. 22 Since Dk isdiagonal, itsdeterminant isequal to theproduct of itsentries which,by employing ( 11), isseen to beunity.
(b) As a consequence of their similarity,A andD also havethe sameeigenvalues. This means that the sixpossible

isa diagonal matrix whose entries aregiven byexp(ictqd),

q = 1,2.....6 and d is the total thickness.Thus, we have shownthat the globaltransfermatrix correctlyreduces to the corresponding matrix of the singlematerialplate when all layer properties are the same. (v) A very important consequence of the abovelisted propertiesis the resultingrelationsthat exist betweenthe invarientserA. To this end, if we expandthe characteristic
equation der (A -- rrI) = 0, write it in terms of both the

eigenvalues (say 2q,q= 1,2 ..... 6) ofA aregiven bythediagonalelements of Dk. By inspection we seethat these eigenvaluesconsistof three pairs with the entriesof each pair beingthe inverseof eachother. thus, if A,/L 3, and 25 are eigenvaluesof A k, so are 22= 1/21,24= 1/23, and 26 = 1/25. (c) The results of (b), and the fact that the eigenvalues

eigenvalues rqandinvarients I of A, q = 1,2....6 format,

and compare the resulting expressions, we conclude the symmetricrelations Is=I, I4=12, I=1. (26)

ofAff aretheinverse of thecorresponding eigenvalues of Ak, leadto theconclusion that.4&and.4 ff havethesame

setof eigenvalues. As a consequence of ( a)- ( c) andthe definition( 18) we

The result16= 1 alsoconfirmsthe fact that det(A) = 1. Equation(19) will nowbeused to present solutions for a variety of situations. In the first, we consider a single cell conclude that: medium, namely a free n-layeredplate. The characteristic (i) det(A) = det(A,)det(A_, )... det(A) = 1. equationfor sucha situationis obtainedby choosing 0 := 0 (22) and invoking the stress-free upper and bottom surfacesin equation (ii) Theeigenvalues ofA - areequal totheeigenvalues Eq. (19) that lead to the characteristic of.4. To showthis,let usassume that theeigenvalue of A isr.

It follows thenthattheeigenvalue ofA - is 1/r.Bysubstituting from (17) into (18) and carryingthe inverse era we
get

241`442 243
`451 `45 .453 = 0.
'461 `462 263

(27)

det(X.D..

"'X2D2X2 XD,X - rI) = 0,

(23a)
(23b)

det(X,D F X ,- XD c X ' "X.,

A second important situationis that of a periodicmedium consisting of a repetitionof the unit cell (plate). Here we
generalizethe classicalFloquct periodicity condition to require

XD ff X,, - r-I) = 0.

Now, using thefactthat the products of the two equalrank square matrices M,M2 and M2M (although
1525 J. Acoust.Sec. Am., Vol. 89, No. 4, Pt. 1, April1991

p + = p - eigao o

(28)

which is consistentwith the formal solution (8). CombinaAdnanH. Nayfeb:Multilayered anistropic media 1525

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tionsof (26) and (19) yieldsthe characteristic equation

C,,

C22

C;3

C2

Ch

C3
(34)

det (A -- Ieac)= 0.

(29)

C4 = C;s =

Equation(29) canalsobeexpanded andwrittenin termsof

theinvariants I. of A which, afteralgebraic manipulation

reduce to

cos[3dcos0 ] - I cos[2d cos0 ] + 12cosiedcos0 ]

- 13/2 = 0.
givenin Ref. 22 by

V. PROPAGATION SYMMETRY

ALONG AXES OF ROTATIONAL

(30)

In terms ofthe individual entriesA 0ofA theinvariantslq are

( -- 1)rI. = i < i''' <i.A(i,i: .....i,. ), (31)

Returningto the caseoforthotropicsymmetry, we note that for eachlayerk the axes(x) &and (xfi) &coincide with the azimuthalangles = 0 and = 90 ,respectively. If thewavehappens to propagate alongan inplane axisof sym-

whereA (il,i2.....i, ) isthe rnthdeterminant formedfrom the rowsi - ivi 2.....i, and columnsj = i,ie.....i. .
IV. HIGHER SYMMETRY MATERIALS

metryof layerk (namely for & = 0 or 90 )thenEqs.(27) and (30), strictlyspeaking, canonlyholdin thelimit. Thisis of course dueto the presence of thesuperfluous coupling[as
implied by (10) ] betweenthe equations describing the horizontally polarizedwave (SH) and thosebelongingto the

The results of Eqs. (27) and (30) obtained for themonoclinic material case can, under restricted conditions, also

sagittalplane.For suchsituations the appropriate transfer matrix doesnot containthis nonexistent coupling.In fact, the analysis reduces to a two-dimensional andhencesimpler
one.

hold for highersymmetryonessuchas orthotropic,transversely isotropic, and cubic.Recognizing that theseclasses

of materials are different from monoclinic materials in that

eachpossess two orthogonal principalaxesin the planes of the layers,Eqs. (27) and (30) applyif the wavepropagates alongdirections other than theseprincipalaxes.This is due to the fact that couplingof the SH wavefieldequations with those of the sagittalplanewavewill persist. As waspointed outin anearlier work, el whichdeals withsingle orthotropic andmonoclinic plates, uncoupling of these equations occurs, on the other hand, for propagationalong axesof rotational symmetry. The implication hereisthat for the present problem this results in simplified versions of Eqs. (27) and (30). Here, we alsorecognize that results for all symmetryclasses higher than orthotropic (which include transversely isotropic,cubic,andisotropic)are contained asspecial cases of the corresponding solutions for the orthotropiccase.Thus, oncethe characteristic equations for propagation eitheroff or alongprincipalaxesare derivedfor orthotropic symmetry, the corresponding results for the highersymmetrymaterials can be obtainedby merely applying the appropriate restrictions on their properties. For this reason, we now derive results for orthotropicsymmetry. Thus, for off-principal-axis propagation, oneneeds only to assurethat further appropriatereductions in the number of nonzeroelasticconstants are exploitedin Eqs. (27) and (30). If x; andx are chosen to coincide with the in-plane principalaxesfor orthotropicsymmetrythen
C' = C = C = C' = 0. (32)

The corresponding transfermatrix for a stackof 0,90 orthotropic layershave beenrecentlyderivedin order to studythe reflection from a fluid-loaded laminated plateof

unidirectional fibrous composites? For completeness we

here outline the analysisleading to the derivation of the transfermatrixfor propagation alongaxesof symmetry. To thisendsubstituting fromEq. (32), whichparticularizes the constitutive relations (3) to orthotropic media,into Appendix A andinspecting theresulting entries leads to theconclusion that for propagation along rotationalsymmetryaxes, the matrixelements C6, C26,C36,andC4 alsovanish. This simplification of theelastic stiffness matrixhasimplications for theanalysis commencing at Eq. (9b). Of greatest importanceisthefactthatK3 andKa3in Eq. (9b) will vanish. This resultmeans that theSH wavemotions uncouple from those of the sagittalplane.As a consequence Eq. (10) leads,for

= 0, to thesimpler solution fortheaq

al,3 - [ --B-'I- (Be- 4zIC) I/2]/eA,

/2 --- -- al' a4 -- /3' (35)

aS- -- Or6 = [(pC 2-- C66 sin 0)/C44],

with

(36)

A = C33C55 ,

B = (C sin 20 -- pc2)C33 -3(C$5 sin 20 -pce)Css

-- (C3+ C5) 2sin e0, C= (C sin 0 --pc)(C sin O--pc).
(37)

Resultsfor material possessing transverse isotropy,whose x' axis is normal to the plane of isotropy,can be easilyobtainedfrom Eq. (3) by noting the additionalconditionsimposedby symmetry,namely,
C3=C2, C;3=C2, C;=

Notice that a and a 6 of Eq. (36) correspond to the (SH) motion while thoseof Eq. (35) correspond to the sagittal

planewaves. Nayfehrecently studied the interaction of the

(SH) elastic waves withmultilayered media e4 asaprelude to

(33)

C2 -- C3 = 2C,4

the presentgeneralcaseand hencewill not be pursued

further.

on the nineconstants describing the orthotropiccase. Finally, the presence of cubic symmetry requiresthe further restrictions

As for the sagittalplanemotionwe noticethat for each

c%,q = 1,2,3,4 thedisplacements andstress amplitudes reduce to

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Wq =pea --C, sin 2 0CCtq (Cl3+ C)Ctq sin0

Diq= i( Ci3sin0 + C33ctq Wq ), Dzq ---iCss(ct q q- IVq sint9).

tiesof a representative orthotropic materialthat we usedin (38) our calculations are givenin GPa by C h = 128, C ] = 7, Ch=6, C=72, C=5, C3=32, C=18,

(39)

C[s = 12.25, C6 = 8,andp= 2g/cm . Here, different layerscan be constructed from this chosen materialby assign-

Accordingly, formalsolutions for propagation along anaxis of symmetry of an orthotropic material aregiven by

(40a)
where

ingappropriate rotational angles. Thischoice is not restrictiveandhastheadvantage of saving space by not havingto list differentmaterialproperties. Thus, for examples a combinationof 0 ,90 ,60 ,and -- 60 layupconstitutes a fourlayered cellwhereas a combination of 0 0,0 ,0 ,and0 cells defines a single homogeneous material.Withoutanylossin generality the thickness d of the representative unit cell is keptconstant, anditsconstituents (layers)areassigned volume fractionsaddingto unity. To showthe extentof generalityin the results, we now

E = e g", q---1,2,3,4.

(40b)

Onceagain,Eq. (40) canbeused to relatethedisplace-

ments and stresses atx}kl= 0 tothose atx}k)= d (n) forsuch

a restricted directionof propagation. This can be doneby

specializing Eq. (40) to x3n = 0 andto x}l= d (nand

eliminating thecommon amplitude column of Ul, U12, U3, and U4resulting in anequation similarto (27) with X&now givenby the 4X4 matrix of Eq. (40) and D is againthe

discuss the casein which all layersare the same. ,This is expected to undoubtedly result in a description of thebehavior of single homogeneous anisotropic materials. As wasdiscussed earlier,theglobaltransfer matrixfor sucha situation collapses to the form givenin (24}. Usingthismatrix,together with the factthat for thiscase D and.4 are similar, dictates that the characteristic Eq. (29) admitsthe solution

a=cos0, q=1,2..... 6,

(43)

which alsospecializes the formal solution(8) to the one appropriate for thesingle homogeneous medium. With reftransfer matrixis againconstructed by multiplication of the erence to Eq. (10) andfor a fixedO,the results (43) admit individualmaterial transfermatrices.The properties of the threerootsfor the phasevelocityc corresponding to one resulting 4 X 4 matrix (herereferred to asA' to avoidconfus- quasilongitudinal andtwoquasishear motions. Thus,for a ingit with.4of themonoclinic case) areidentical withthose variable O,Eq. (43) describes thevariation ofthethree phase of the 6X6 matrixA of (18), except for the fact that`4 ' has velocities with the incidentangleandhence constitute wave only two pairsof eigenvalues ratherthan three. front curves. For thisspecialized single medium case, these Utilizing`4', thecorresponding characteristic equations curves will be independent of frequency, however. for thefreewaves ona single layered plateandon theperiodFor an isotropic material,for example, Eq. (10) uncouic media for propagation along an axisof symmetry of each plesandgives layerare given,respectively, by

4X4diagonal matrix whose entries are given ase g"t'",

q = 1,2,3,4 fortheaq defined in Eq. (35). Hence theglobal

ct= ea/c-- sin 0; az3.5 = c2/ear -- sin 19, (44)

A A3=0
#

(41)
=0. (42)

and

cos[2dcos0 ] --I
Vl. DISCUSSIONS

cos['dcosg ] +I/2
AND NUMERICAL

ILLUSTRATION

In this section, we illustratethe analyticalresults(27), (30), (41), and (42) with a limited selection of numerical examples. While thecases we present herearecertainly typi-

cal, they are by no means exhaustive of the varietyof the

phenomenology containedin the analysis. Once the number

where CLandCr arethelongitudinal andshear wavespeeds in themedium respectively. Thus,combination of Eqs.(43} and(44) gives theroots c = cL andc = CTyielding twoconcenttic spherical wavefrontcurves asis expected. For the anisotropic ease, however, the threesolutions will be coupledresulting in nonspherical wavefronts. For the layered mediacase, the situation is muchmore complicated dueto thedependence of thephase velocities, notonlyon theindividual layerproperties, but mostimportantlyonthewave number or frequency F (more precisely on the parameter Fd). However, for a fixedfrequency, we
can constructwave front curvesand hence,by varying the

of layers, theirproperties, andgeometric stacking arespecified,we present our numerical results in two categories. In the first, we demonstrate the variations of phase velocityc withangle of incidence 0 for specified frequencies Fand orientation angles ;thisiseffectively a formof demonstration
of the dependence of wavefront (inverseof slowness } curves

frequency in a discrete manner, demonstrate a frequencydependent "dispersive" character of the wavefronts.For

Fd = 0 MHz ram, the curveswill thus constitutethe wave

frontsfor an effective homogenized mediumwhose propertiesare volumefractionweighted properties of the individual layers.

Conventional dispersion curves in the formsof variawith frequency for specified orientation angles. In the sections of wave velocities with wavenumber can also be conond, we present phase velocitydispersion curvesplottedas using eitherEq. (29) or (30). This is done,howfunctions of theproduct of frequency andunitcellthickness, structed namelyFd, for specified angles of incidence 0. The proper- ever, for fixed valuesof 8. Here we mentionthat further
1527 J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.89, No.4, Pt. 1, April1991 Adnan H. Nayfeh: Multilayered anistropic media 1527

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confidence in our analyticaland computational procedure was established by reproducing the numericalresultsof Refs. 6 and 9 that constitutespecialcasesof the present work.Sample examples, whichdemonstrate thedependence of suchcurveson the number of layers and their orientations, aregiven fortherepresentative angle, 0 = 45 ,in Figs. 2-5. They correspond to (0 ,90 ); (0 ,90 ,45 , -- 45 ); (60 ,0 , -- 60 ); and (0 , 15 , 30 ,45 ,60 ,75 ,90 ), periodicmedia layup configurations, respectively. Note

once again thatall of these plates have thesame thickness d. In these figures thephase velocity c isgiven by km/s andthe wave number ' by mm- .
Closeexamination of these figures reveals several interesting features. At the zerowave-number limit, eachfigure displays threevalues of wavespeeds corresponding to one quasilongitudinal andtwo quasishear. It isobvious thatthe largest valuecorresponds to thequasilongitudinal mode.At I I I I I I I I 0 i 2 3 4. .5 6 7 relativelylow values of thewavenumber,little change isseen to take placein thesevalues.As increases, other higherordermodes appear; oneof these seems to beassociated with a rapid change in the slopeof the quasilongitudinal mode. FIG. 3. SameasFig. 2 with (0 90 ,45 , -- 45 ) layup. Furthermore, theisotropiclikebehavior (suggestedbythe closeness of thetwo quasitransverse modes of Figs.4 and 5 as compared withthose of Fig. 3), isworthcommenting upon. It is consistent with the static predictionof the quasi-isoshownin Fig. 6(c) and to a lesser degree in 6(b) are due to tropyof the (0 ,90 ,45 , -- 45 ) and (60 ,0 , -- 60 ) multivaluedbehaviorshownin Fig. 4 especially at Fd = 4 layups. of the higher-order In Fig. 6(a)-(c) we depict, for the selectedvalues MHz mm broughtaboutby the presence

'''

Fd = 0,2, and 4 MHz mm, wave front curvesin the K-K 2

modes. Notice

in contrast

that the "clean"

behavior

dis-

plane where Kl = c sin0and K 2 = CCOS 0, using a (60 ,0 , --60 ) layup periodic medium as a representative case.
These curves demonstrate the inverse of the slowness curves

asfunctions of frequency andhence displayanddemonstrate wavefrontdispersion behavior.The complicated features

playedin Fig. 6(a) reflects the variations of effective wave speed c (namelyat Fd = 0) with the angleof incidence. To furthershowthe versatility of the analyses we also generate, usingthe characteristic Eq. (27), the dispersion curves of Fig. 7 for freewaveson a finitethickness multi-

C4

I'

I FIG. 2. Variation of phasevelocityc with wavenumber for angleof incidence0 = 45 ;(0 ,90 ) layup.

FIG. 4. SameasFig. 2 with (60 ,0 -- 60 ) layup.

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AdnanH. Nayfeh:Multilayered anistropic media

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layered plate consisting of ( --60 , 0 , 60 ) layup. The curvesdisplayed on this figureare typical of free wavesin

anisotropic plates.'7
11.GONC/U$1ON

IL

We have derivedanalyticalexpressions that are easily adaptableto numerical illustrationsof the interactionof elasticwaveswith multilayeredanisotropic media.A plate consisting of an arbitrarynumberof layerseachpossessing aslow asmonoclinic symmetryischosen asa representative cell of the medium.Wavesare allowed to propagate along arbitrary directionsin both azimuthal as well as incidence planes. Characteristic equations for a varietyof physical systemsarediscussed. These include thecases of propagation of freeharmonicwaves in a multilayered platesand in periodic media constructed from a repetitionof the layeredplate. Resultsin the formsof dispersion curves are givenfor several representative layering. Wavefrontcurves for fixedfrequenciesare alsoincluded to demonstrate their dispersive behaviors.

FIG. 5. SameasFig. 2 with (0 ,15,30 ,45 ,60 ,75 ,00 ) layup.

K2

K1

,
IO

KI

'" ""'61...'" (a)

K

FIG. 6. (a) Wavertonicurves for Fd = 0 MHz mm and a (60 *, 0 , -- 60 )

layup.(b) Same as (a) repeated at Fd = 2 MHz ram.(c) Same as (a) repeatedat Fd = 4 MHz mm.
,
9

KI

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AdnanH. Nayfeb:Multilayered anistropic meclla

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+ 2C,6 )52G2, Cii - C ;, G4 q-C2S4 q-2(C '2

Ci2

(C;i q-C2 -4C,6) S2G2q-C2(S4q- G4),

Ci3 C3G2q- C3X2, Ci6 ( C iI -- C '2 -- 2C$,6)SG 3

+ (C '2- C2 + 2C,o )GS3,

C22: c;,s 4 + 2(ci: + 2C,6)S2G '-+ C2G4,

C23: C3G2q3

C26 (C; - C'2- 2C;6)GS3

q- (C ;2 -- C-52 q-2C;6)SG3,
C33 C;3,

C36= (C3 -- C'3)SG,

0 I

C4s= ( C 4 -- C )SG,
8

C44= C402 q- C55 2,

C55= C;5G 2q- C4S2,

FIG. 7. Variation of phase velocity c withwave number ' for a (60 ,0 ,
60 ) layupfree plate.

2 C66= (CI + C2 -- 2C'2-- 2C,6)S2G

q- C'16(84q-G4),

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work hasbeensupported by AFOSR.

APPENDIX A

whereG = cos& and S = sin .

Combination of the transformation matrix (5) with the

constitutiverelations (3) yields the following transformed properties:

APPENDIX

The variouscoefficients ofEq. (10) are givenby

AI --[ (0,1C33044 -- C3 044 q-2013036045 -- 20,3044055 q-013025 -- 20,6033045 q-C3305s066 -- C]6C55)sin 2O

A2= [ (CIi03306 -- C,iC6-- 2C,,C3605 + C,,GCss - C,iC4s + C ,3 G6+ 2C,,C,6036 + 2C,3C,605 - 2030506 - C6G, + 2C,6C36Css)sin 40 - (C,,033 + C,,G4-- C3 - 2C,,Css - 20,605
36
2 2

a3= [ (c,,GsG- cGs) sine 0 - (c, ,%. + c,,Go+ c + G.G.)pc 2sin 40

+ (Cll + 55+ C66)P 2c4 sin2 0 --p3c6]/A,
with

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