OPTIMIZATION

BASICS

CHANNELS

Downlink

Uplink

Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there are 8 physical channels. Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. There are different logical channels depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two types Traffic channel ontrol channel

GSM Traffic Channels

Traffic Channels

TCH/F Full rate 22.8k its/s

TCH/H Half rate !!." k its/s

GSM Control Channels

Control Channels

BCH ( Broadcast channels ) Downlink onl

CCCH( ommon ontrol han) Downlink ! Uplink

DCCH(!edicated hannels) Downlink ! Uplink

BCCH
Broadcast control channel

S#nch. Channels

"andom #ccess hannel

"ACH

CBCH

SDCCH

ell Broadcast hannel

Standalone dedicated control channel

Associated Control Channels

ACCH

SCH
Synchronisation channel

Frequency Correction channel

FCCH

Paging/Access grant

PCH/ A$CH

FACCH

Fast Associated Control Channel

Slow associated Control Channel

SACCH

BCH Channels BCCH( Broadcast Control Channel ) !ownlin$ only Broadcasts general information of the ser%ing cell called System &nformation B ' is transmitted on timeslot (ero of B ' carrier "ead only by idle mobile at least once e%ery )* secs. SCH (Synchronization Channel) !ownlin$ only arries information for frame synchroni(ation. frame n+mber and BS& . FCCH( Frequency Correction Channel ) !ownlin$ only. Enables MS to synchroni(e to the fre,+ency. #lso helps mobiles of the ncells to locate TS * of B

ontains T!M#

' carrier.

CCCH Channels RACH( Random Access Channel ) -plin$ only -sed by the MS to access the .etwor$.

AGCH( Access Grant Channel ) !ownlin$ only -sed by the networ$ to assign a signalling channel +pon s+ccessf+ll decoding of access b+rsts.

PCH( Paging Channel ) !ownlin$ only. -sed by the .etwor$ to contact the MS.

DCCH Channels S CCH( Standalone edicated Control Channel ) -plin$ and !ownlin$ -sed for call set+p/ location +pdate and SMS. SACCH( Slo! Associated Control Channel ) -sed on -plin$ and !ownlin$ only in dedicated mode. -plin$ S# ' messages - Meas+rement reports. !ownlin$ S# ' messages - control info. FACCH( Fast Associated Control Channel ) -plin$ and !ownlin$. #ssociated with T ' only. &s +sed to send fast messages li$e hando%er messages. 0or$s by stealing traffic b+rsts.

#$ %"AME MULT&%"AME ST"UCTU"E

".)!% +sec '' !! 22 (( "" %% )) ** '' !! 22 (( "" %% )) ** '' !! 22 (( "" %% )) **

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I ' ! 2 ( " % ) * 8 & !' !! !2 !( !" !% !) !* !8 !& 2' 2! 22 2( 2" 2% !2' +sec

MS on dedicated mode on a T ' +ses a 12-frame m+ltiframe str+ct+re. 3rame *-44 and 4)-15 +sed to carry traffic. 3rame 41 +sed as S# ' to carry control information from and to MS to BTS. 3rame 16 is idle and is +sed by mobile to decode the BS& of neighbor cells.

BCCH/CCCH NON0COMBIN., M1-TIF2AM.

%'

Downlink
' B '

"'
' B '

I,-. CCCH B-OC/ BCCH B-OC/ SCH B-OC/ FCCH B-OC/ 2ACH B-OC/

%'

Uplink

"'

('
' B '

('

2'
' '

2'

!'
' B '

!'

'

'

BCCH/CCCH COMBIN., M1-TIF2AM.

Downlink
%'
S# ' ' S# B ' '

Uplink
!'!
S# ' ' S# B ' '

"'
S! ' ' S! ' ' S! ' S! '

I,-. CCCH B-OC/ BCCH B-OC/ SCH B-OC/ FCCH B-OC/ 2ACH B-OC/ S,CCH/" SACCH/"

%'

S!

' '

!'!

S!

' '

S!

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S! ' ' S! ' ' S! ' B ' S! ' B '

('

2'
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S#

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S# ' ' S# ' '

S! ' B '

S! ' B '

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%!

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,CCH/8 M1-TIF2AM.
Downlink
%'
#) '

Uplink
!'!
#7 '

I,-. S,CCH/8 SACCH/C8

%'

B#* ' !7 '

!'!

B#5 ' !7 '

B#1 '

B#2 '

"'
#4 ' #6 ' B#* ' B#5 ' !7 '

"'

!2 '

!2 '

!6 '

!6 '

!5 '

!5 '

('

!7 '

('

!) '

!) '

!2 '

!2 '

!1 '

!1 '

!6 '

!6 '

2'
!5 ' !5 ' !) ' !) '

2'

!4 '

!4 '

!* '

!* '

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!1 '

!1 '

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#7 '

#) '

!4 '

!4 '

B#2 ' #6 '

B#1 ' #4 '

!* '

!* '

'

%!

'

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H'(E"%"AME AND SU(E"%"AME ST"UCTU"E

(h 28+in %(s *)'+s '' ).!2s ' '' !! 2 !! !2'+s '' !! 22 2( 2( 2" 2" 2% 2% ".)!%+s '' !! 22 (( "" %% )) ** T,MA Fra+e '' !! 22 !! 22 ! H#3erfra+e 4 2'"8 su3erfra+es 4 25*!%5)"8 T,MA fra+es 2'"% 2'"% 2'") 2'") 2'"* 2'"*

! Su3erfra+e 4 !(2) T,MAfra+es 4 %!62) fr7 'r 2)6%! fr7 +ultifra+es (( "* "8 2" 2" 2(%.(8+s "8 "8 "& "& %' %' "& %' 2% 2%

Traffic 2) 0 Fra+e Multifra+e

C8ntr8l %! 0 Fra+e Multifra+e

CA-- F-O9

Mo)ile ori*inate+ call

MS
Channel Request (RAC ! "##ediate Assign#ent $ Re%ect & (A'C !

BSS

MSC

S,CCH Sei:ure
* Connection Request + C(SR,- . Connection $ Con/ir#ed / Re/used &

C( Ser)ice Request

-ink .sta lish+ent

Authentication Request Authentication Response D01 +C"C(D. D01 +C"C(P.

S , C C H

Ciphering (ode Co##and Ciphering (ode Co#plete

"dentity Request "dentity Response Setup Call Proceeding

C8nnecti8n Mana;e+ent
Assign#ent Request Assign#ent Request $ Failed & Assign#ent Co##and Assign#ent $ Co#plete / Failure &

T C H

Assign#ent $ Co#plete / Failure &

TCH Sei:ure

Mo)ile ter,inate+ call

MS
Paging Request (PC !

BSS
UD0 + PA'"2 .

MSC

Pa;in;
Channel Request (RAC ! "##ediate Assign#ent $ Re%ect & (A'C !

S,CCH Sei:ure
Paging Response * Connection Request + PA'R,S . Connection $ Con/ir#ed / Re/used &

-ink .sta lish+ent

Authentication Request Authentication Response D01 +C"C(D. D01 +C"C(P.

Ciphering (ode Co##and

S , C C H

Ciphering (ode Co#plete

"dentity Request "dentity Response Setup Call Con/ir#ed

C8nnecti8n Mana;e+ent
Assign#ent Request Assign#ent Request $ Failed & Assign#ent Co##and Assign#ent $ Co#plete / Failure &

T C H

Assign#ent $ Co#plete / Failure &

TCH Sei:ure

("-(AGAT&-N MECHAN&SMS
Re"lection 8cc+rs when a wa%e impinges +pon a smooth s+rface. !imensions of the s+rface are large relati%e to . "eflections occ+r from the s+rface of the earth 9 from b+ildings 9 walls. i""raction (Shado!ing) 8cc+rs when the path is bloc$ed by an ob:ect with large dimensions relati%e to and sharp irreg+larities ;edges<. Secondary =wa%elets> propagate into the shadowed region. !iffraction gi%es rise to bending of wa%es aro+nd the obstacle. Scattering 8cc+rs when a wa%e impinges +pon an ob:ect with dimensions on the order of or less/ ca+sing the reflected energy to spread o+t or=scatter> in many directions. Small ob:ects s+ch as street lights/ signs/ 9 lea%es ca+se scattering

M+ltipath M+ltiple 0a%es reate =M+ltipath> !+e to propagation mechanisms/ m+ltiple wa%es arri%e at the recei%er Sometimes this incl+des a direct ?ine-of-Sight ;?8S< signal

#ulti$ath Pro$agation M+ltipath propagation ca+ses large and rapid fl+ct+ations in a signal These fl+ct+ations are not the same as the propagation path loss. #ulti$ath causes three ma%or things "apid changes in signal strength o%er a short distance or time. "andom fre,+ency mod+lation d+e to !oppler Shifts on different m+ltipath signals. Time dispersion ca+sed by m+ltipath delays These are called =fading effects M+ltipath propagation res+lts in small-scale fading.

3ading The comm+nication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non-?8S. The ?8S path between the transmitter and the recei%er is affected by terrain and obstr+cted by b+ildings and other ob:ects. The mobile station is also mo%ing in different directions at different speeds. The "3 signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the recei%er thro+gh many non-?8S paths. This non-?8S path ca+ses long-term and short term fl+ct+ations in the form of log-normal fading and rayleigh and rician fading/ which degrades the performance of the "3 channel.

%AD&NG

Si*nal (ower (+B,)

-ar;e scale fa<in; c8+38nent

S+all scale fa<in; c8+38nent

?ong Term 3ading Terrain config+ration 9 man made en%ironment ca+ses long-term fading. !+e to %ario+s shadowing and terrain effects the signal le%el meas+red on a circle aro+nd base station shows some random fl+ct+ations aro+nd the mean %al+e of recei%ed signal strength. The long-term fades in signal strength/ r/ ca+sed by the terrain config+ration and man made en%ironments form a log-normal distrib+tion/ i.e the mean recei%ed signal strength/ r/ %aries log-normally in dB if the signal strength is meas+red o%er a distance of at least 5* . E@perimentally it has been determined that the standard de%iation/ / of the mean recei%ed signal strength/ r/ lies between 8 to 41 dB with the higher generally fo+nd in large +rban areas.

"ayleigh 3ading This phenomenon is d+e to m+ltipath propagation of the signal. The "ayleigh fading is applicable to obstr+cted propagation paths. #ll the signals are .?8S signals and there is no dominant direct path. Signals from all paths ha%e comparable signal strengths. The instantaneo+s recei%ed power seen by a mo%ing antenna becomes a random %ariable depending on the location of the antenna.

"icean 3ading This phenomenon is d+e to m+ltipath propagation of the signal. &n this case there is a partially scattered field. 8ne dominant signal. 8thers are wea$er.

ANT.NNAS

#ntennas #ntennas form a essential part of any radio comm+nication system. #ntenna is that part of a transmitting or recei%ing system which is designed to radiate or to recei%e electromagnetic wa%es. #n antenna can also be %iewed as a transitional str+ct+re between free-space and a transmission line ;s+ch as a coa@ial line<. #n important property of an antenna is the ability to foc+s and shape the radiated power in space e.g.A it enhances the power in some wanted directions and s+ppresses the power in other directions. Many different types and mechanical forms of antennas e@ist. Each type is specifically designed for special p+rposes.

#ntenna Types &n mobile comm+nications two main categories of antennas +sed are B 8mni directional antenna These antennas are mostly +sed in r+ral areas. &n all hori(ontal direction these antennas radiate with e,+al power. &n the %ertical plane these antennas radiate +niformly across all a(im+th angles and ha%e a main beam with +pper and lower side lobes.

B !irectional antenna These antennas are mostly +sed in mobile cell+lar systems to get higher gain compared to omnidirectional antenna and to minimise interference effects in the networ$. &n the %ertical plane these antennas radiate +niformly across all a(im+th angles and ha%e a main beam with +pper and lower side lobes. &n these type of antennas/ the radiation is directed at a specific angle instead of +niformly across all a(im+th angles in case of omni antennas.

Radiation Pattern The main characteristics of antenna is the radiation pattern. The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a f+nction of ang+lar direction. #ntenna radiation performance is +s+ally meas+red and recorded in two orthogonal principal planes ;E-Plane and '-plane or %ertical and hori(ontal planes<. The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main lobe and se%eral minor lobes/ termed side lobes. # side lobe occ+rring in space in the direction opposite to the main lobe is called bac$ lobe.

Radiation Pattern

Antenna Gain #ntenna gain is a meas+re for antennas efficiency. Cain is the ratio of the ma@im+m radiation in a gi%en direction to that of a reference antenna for e,+al inp+t power. Cenerally the reference antenna is a isotropic antenna. Cain is meas+red generally in =decibels abo%e isotropic;dBi<> or =decibels abo%e a dipole;dBd<. #n isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which radiates power with +nit gain +niformly in all directions. dBi D dBd E 1.46 #ntenna gain depends on the mechanical si(e/ the effecti%e aperat+re area/ the fre,+ency band and the antenna config+ration. #ntennas for CSM48** can achie%e some 6 to 2 dB more gain than antennas for CSMF** while maintaining the same mechanical si(e.

Main Lo)e A.is / (ower Bea,wi+th

%irst N0ll

Si+e Lo)e

Back Lo)e

Front&to&'ac( ratio &t is the ratio of the ma@im+m directi%ity of an antenna to its directi%ity in a specified rearward direction. Cenerally antenna with a high front-to-bac$ ratio sho+ld be +sed.

First )ull Beam!idth The first n+ll beamwidth ;3.B0< is the ang+lar span between the first pattern n+lls ad:acent to the main lobe. This term describes the ang+lar co%erage of the downtilted cells.

Antenna Lo'es Main lobe is the radiation lobe containing the direction of ma@im+m radiation. Side lobes Hal"&$o!er 'eam!idth The half power beamwidth ;'PB0< is the angle between the points on the main lobe that are )dB lower in gain compared to the ma@im+m. .arrow angles mean good foc+sing of radiated power. Polarisation Polarisation is the propagation of the electric field %ector . #ntennas +sed in cell+lar comm+nications are +s+ally %ertically polarised or cross polarised.

Frequency 'and!idth &t is the range of fre,+encies within which the performance of the antenna/ with respect to some characteristics/ conforms to a specified standard. VS0" of an antenna is the main bandwidth limiting factor. Ma@im+m power co+pling into the antennas can be achie%ed when the antenna impedance matches the cables impedance. Typical %al+e is 6* ohms. Mechanical si(e is related to achie%able antenna gain. ?arge antennas pro%ide higher gains b+t also need care in deployment and apply high tor,+e to the antenna mast.

Antenna im$edance

#echanical size

#ntenna radiation pattern will become s+perimposed when the distance between the antennas becomes too small. This means the other antenna will m+t+ally infl+ence the indi%id+al antenna patterns. Cenerally 6 to 4* hori(ontal separation pro%ides s+fficient deco+pling of antenna patterns. The %ertical distance needed for deco+pling is +s+ally m+ch smaller as the %ertical beamwidth is generally less. # 4 separation in the %ertical direction is s+fficient in most cases.

#ntenna installation config+rations depend on the operators preferences. &t is important to $eep s+fficient deco+pling distances between antennas. &f TG and "G direction +se separated antennas/ it is ad%isable to $eep a hori(ontal separation between the antennas in order to red+ce the TG signal power at the "G inp+t stages.

#ntenna downtilt introd+ction .etwor$ planners often ha%e the problem that the base station antenna pro%ides an o%erco%erage. &f the o%erlapping area between two cells is too large/ increased switching between the base station ;hando%er< occ+rs. There may e%en be interference of a neighbo+ring cell with the same fre,+ency. &f hopping is +sed in the networ$/ then limiting the o%erlap is re,+ired to red+ce the o%erall hit rate. &n general/ the %ertical pattern of an antenna radiates the main energy towards the hori(on. 8nly that part of the energy which is radiated below the hori(on can be +sed for the co%erage of the sector. !owntilting the antenna limits the range by red+cing the field strength in the hori(on.

#ntenna downtilting #ntenna downtilting is the downward tilt of the %ertical pattern towards the gro+nd by a fi@ed angle meas+red w.r.t the hori(on. !owntilting of the antenna changes the position of the half-power beamwidth and the first n+ll relati%e to the hori(on. .ormally the ma@im+m gain is at * ;parallel to the hori(on< and ne%er intersects the hori(on. # small downtilt places the beams ma@im+m at the cell edge 0ith appropriate downtilt/ the recei%ed signal strength within the cell impro%es d+e to the placement of the main lobe within the cell radi+s and falls off in regions approaching the cell bo+ndary and towards the re+se cell. There are two methods of downtilting B Mechanical downtilting B Electrical downtilting.

Mechanical !owntilt Mechanical downtilting consists of physically rotating an antenna downward abo+t an a@is from its %ertical position. &n a mechanical downtilt as the front lobe mo%es downward the bac$ lobe mo%es +pwards. This is one of the potential drawbac$ as compared to the electrical downtilt beca+se co%erage behind the antenna can be negati%ely affected as the bac$ lobe rises abo%e the hori(on. #dditionally / mechanical downtilt does not change the gain of the antenna at EH- F*deg from antenna hori(on. #s the antenna is gi%en downtilt/ the footprint starts changing with a notch being formed in the fronIt while it spreads on the sides. #fter 4* degrees downtilt the notch effect is ,+iet %isible and the spread on the sides are high. This may lead to inteference on the sides.

Mechanical Downtilt

Mechanical Downtilt

Mechanical Downtilt

Vertical antenna pattern at *

Vertical antenna pattern at 46 downtilt Bac$lobe shoots o%er the hori(on

Electrical downtilt Electrical downtilt +ses a phase taper in the antenna array to angle the pattern downwards. This allows the the antenna to be mo+nted %ertically. Electrical downtilt is the only practical way to achie%e pattern downtilting with omnidirectional antennas. Electrical downtilt affects both front and bac$ lobes. &f the front lobe is downtilted the bac$ lobe is also downtilted by e,+al amo+nt. Electrical downtilting also red+ces the gain e,+ally at all angles on the hori(on. The that ad:+sted downtilt angle is constant o%er the whole a(im+th range. Variable electrical downtilt antennas are %ery costly.

Electrical +owntilt

Electrical +owntilt

8bstacle re,+irement .earby obstacles are those reflecting or shadowing materials that can obstr+ct the radio beam both in hori(ontal and %ertical planes. 0hen mo+nting the antenna on a roof top/ the dominating obstacle in the %ertical plane is the roof edge itself and in the hori(ontal plane/ obstacles f+rther away li$e s+rro+nding b+ildings/ can act as reflecting or shadowing material. The antenna beam will be distorted if the antenna is too close to the roof. 'ence the antenna m+st be mo+nted at a minim+m height abo%e the rooftop or other obstacles. &f antennas are wall mo+nted/ a safety margin of 46 degrees between the reflecting s+rface and the )-dB lobe sho+ld be $ept.

-)stacle re30ire,ent

Safet Mar*in 12 De*rees

B0il+in*

Main "a+iation Direction Half (ower Bea,wi+th

8ptimal !owntilt #ltho+gh the +se of downtilt can be a effecti%e tool for controlling interference/ there is a optim+m amo+nt by which the antenna can be downtilted whereby both the co%erage losses and the interference at the re+se cell can be $ept at a minim+m.
downtilt angle (D!

eight ( ! 3 dB Bea#width (ain lo4e

Cell#a5

-pti,al Downtilt
The fig+re shows a cells co%erage area. The primary ill+mination area is the area on the gro+nd that recei%es the signal contained within the )dB %ertical beamwidth of the antenna. The distance from the base station to the o+ter limit of the ill+mination area is denoted by ellma@. &t sho+ld be noted that the cellma@ can be different from the cell bo+ndary area which is c+stomer defined. &deally in a well planned networ$ ellma@ sho+ld always be less than the cochannel re+se distance to minimise interference. 0e now deri%e the relation between height ;'</ downtilt angle ;!</ )dB %ertical beamwidth and ellma@. #s shown in the schematic is the angle between the +pper limit of the )dB beamwidth and the hori(on.

-pti,al Downtilt tan ; < D ellma@ H ' D ! - *.6 J )dB %ertical beamwidth ellma@ D ' J tan ;! - *.6 J )dB %ertical beamwidth< 3or the ellma@ to be a positi%e ,+antity / downtilt angle m+st be more than half of the )dB %ertical beamwidth. 0hen the downtilt angle is less than half of the )dB beamwidth/ part of the signal from the main beam shoots o%er the hori(on . The signal directed towards or abo%e the hori(on can potentially ca+se interference at the re+se sites.

INT.2F.2.NC.

4HAT &S &NTE"%E"NCE 5

&nterference is the s+m of all signal contrib+tions that are neither noise not the wanted signal.

E%%ECTS -% &NTE"%E"NCE &nterference is a ma:or limiting factor in the performance of cell+lar systems. &t ca+ses degradation of signal ,+ality. &t introd+ces bit errors in the recei%ed signal. Bit errors are partly reco%erable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms. The interference sit+ation is not reciprocal in the +plin$ and downlin$ direction. Mobile stations and base stations are e@posed to different interference sit+ation.

S-U"CES -% &NTE"%E"NCE #nother mobile in the same cell. # call in progress in the neighboring cell. 8ther base stations operating on the same fre,+ency. #ny non-cell+lar system which lea$s energy into the cell+lar fre,+ency band.

T'(ES -% &NTE"%E"NCE
There are two types of system generated interference B o-channel interference B #d:acent channel interference Co&Channel *nter"erence This type of interference is the d+e to fre,+ency re+se / i.e. se%eral cells +se the same set of fre,+ency. These cells are called co-channel cells. o-channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is beca+se an increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to neighboring co-channel cells. To red+ce co-channel interference/ co-channel cells m+st be physically separated by a minim+m distance to pro%ide s+fficient isolation d+e to propagation or red+ce the footprint of the cell.

Co&Channel *nter"erence Some factors other then re+se distance that infl+ence co-channel interference are antenna type/ directionality/ height/ site position etc/ CSM specifies H& K FdB.

arrier f4 dB

&nterferer f4

& !istance

Co&Channel *nter"erence

D
C! C!

C(

C2

C(

C2

&n a cell+lar system/ when the si(e of each cell is appro@imately the same/ co-channel interference is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a f+nction of cell radi+s;"< and the distance to the centre of the nearest co-channel cell ;!<.

Co&Channel *nter"erence L D ! H " D ). By increasing the ratio of !H"/ the spatial seperation between the cochannel cells relati%e to the co%erage distance of a cell is increased. &n this way interference is red+ced from impro%ed isolation of "3 energy from the co-channel cell. The parameter L / called the co-channel re+se ratio/ is related to the cl+ster si(e. # small %al+e of L pro%ides larger capacity since the cl+ster si(e . is small whereas a large %al+e of L impro%es the transmission ,+ality.

Ad%acent&Channel *nter"erence &nterference res+lting from signals which are ad:acent in fre,+ency to the desired signal is called ad:acent channel interference. #d:acent channel interference res+lts from imperfect recei%er filters which allow nearby fre,+encies to lea$ into the passband. #d:acent channel interference can be minimi(ed thro+gh caref+l filtering and channel assignments. By $eeping the fre,+ency separation between each channel in a gi%en cell as large as possible / the ad:acent interference may be red+ced considerably.

Ad%acent&Channel *nter"erence

arrier f4 dB

&nterferer f1

!istance

P+,-R C+).R+L "3 power control is employed to minimise the transmit power re,+ired by MS or BS while maintaining the ,+ality of the radio lin$s. By minimising the transmit power le%els/ interference to co-channel +sers is red+ced. Power control is implemented in the MS as well as the BSS. Power control on the -plin$ also helps to increase the battery life. Power recei%ed by the MS is contino+sly sent in the meas+rement report. Similarly +plin$ power recei%ed from the MS by the BTS is meas+red by the BTS. omple@ algorithm e%al+ate this meas+rements and ta$e a decision s+bse,+ently red+cing or increasing the power in the -plin$ or the downlin$.

S-C.+R*/A.*+) 3or 41* degrees sectored site as compared to an omni site almost 4H)rd interference is recei%ed in the +plin$. The more selecti%e and directional is the antenna/ the smaller is the interference. "ed+ction in interference res+lts in higher capacity in both lin$s.

,I=.2SIT> ANT.NNA S>ST.MS

)-- +F

*0-RS*.1

B0il+in*

B0il+in* B0il+in*

)-- +F *0-RS*.1 &n a typical cell+lar radio en%ironment/ the comm+nication between the cell site and mobile is not by a direct radio path b+t %ia many paths. The direct path between the transmitter and the recei%er is obstr+cted by b+ildings and other ob:ects. 'ence the signal that arri%es at the recei%er is either by reflection from the flat sides of b+ildings or by diffraction aro+nd man made or nat+ral obstr+ctions. 0hen %ario+s incoming radiowa%es arri%e at the recei%er antenna/ they combine constr+cti%ely or destr+cti%ely/ which leads to a rapid %ariation in signal strength. The signal fl+ct+ations are $nown as Mm+ltipath fadingI.

#ulti$ath Pro$agation M+ltipath propagation ca+ses large and rapid fl+ct+ations in a signal These fl+ct+ations are not the same as the propagation path loss. #ulti$ath causes three ma%or things "apid changes in signal strength o%er a short distance or time. "andom fre,+ency mod+lation d+e to !oppler Shifts on different m+ltipath signals. Time dispersion ca+sed by m+ltipath delays These are called =fading effects M+ltipath propagation res+lts in small-scale fading.

*0-RS*.1 .-CH)*23 !i%ersity techni,+es ha%e been recognised as an effecti%e means which enhances the imm+nity of the comm+nication system to the m+ltipath fading. CSM therefore e@tensi%ely adopts di%ersity techni,+es that incl+de

,i?ersit# techni@ues

Interlea?in; In ti+e <8+ain Fre@uenc# H833in; In Fre@uenc# <8+ain S3atial <i?ersit# In s3atial <8+ain P8larisati8n <i?ersit# In 38larisati8n <8+ain

C+)C-P. +F *0-RS*.1 A).-))A S1S.-#S Spatial and polarisation di%ersity techni,+es are realised thro+gh antenna systems. # di%ersity antenna system pro%ides a n+mber of recei%ing branches or ports from which the di%ersified signals are deri%ed and fed to a recei%er. The recei%er then combines the incoming signals from the branches to prod+ce a combined signal with impro%ed ,+ality in terms of signal strength or signal-to-noise ratio ;SH.<. The performance of a di%ersity antenna system primarily relies on the branch correlation and signal le%el difference between branches.

C+)C-P. +F

*0-RS*.1 A).-))A S1S.-#S

%a+e

Trans,ission ,e+ia 1

&nfor,ation

Trans,ission T,e+ia #
(eak

"ecei6er

SPA.*AL *0-RS*.1 A).-))A S1S.-#S The spatial di%ersity antenna system is constr+cted by physically separating two recei%ing base station antennas. 8nce they are separated far eno+gh/ both antennas recei%e independent fading signals. #s a res+lt/ the signals capt+red by the antennas are most li$ely +ncorrelated. The f+rther apart are the antennas/ the more li$ely that the signals are +ncorrelated. The types of the config+ration +sed in CSM networ$s areA hori(ontal separation %ertical separation

Hori7ontal Separation

8ertical Separation

.HR-- A).-))A SPA.*AL C+)F*G3RA.*+)

19 Separation

"ecei6e 1

Trans,it

"ecei6e #

.,+ A).-))A SPA.*AL C+)F*G3RA.*+)

19 Separation

T. ".

D0ple.er

"ecei6e #

Trans,it

"ecei6e 1

P+LAR*SA.*+) *0-RS*.1 A).-))A S1S.-#S # single ;say %ertical< polarised electromagnetic wa%e is con%erted to a wa%e with two orthogonal polarised fields while it is propagating thro+gh scattering en%ironment. &t has also been fo+nd that the two fields e@hibit some e@tent of decorrelation.

3AL P+LAR*S- A).-))AS # d+al-polarisation antenna consists of two sets of radiating elements which radiate or/ in reciprocal/ recei%e two orthogonal polarised fields. The antenna has two inp+t connectors which separately connects to each set of the elements. The antenna has therefore the ability to sim+ltaneo+sly transmit and recei%e two orthogonally polarised fields.

H:8

Slant ;2

A 0A).AG-S +F 3AL P+LAR*S- A).-))AS The best ad%antage of +sing the d+al polarisation antenna is the red+ction in the n+mber of antennas per sector. "ed+ced si(e of the headframe of the s+pporting str+ct+re "ed+ced windload and weight. "ed+ced diffic+lty in site ac,+isition and installation. ost sa%ing B "e,+iring slim tower B "e,+iring less installation time. B ost of one d+al polarisation antenna is generally lower than that of two B Single polarised antennas

0 R
ANN.T NA .- OP - A1,

TA 2A 2A 2A
A .- OP .- $N IS ANN.T NA .- OP - A1,

TA 2A TA 2A TA 2A

ANN.T NA .- OP - A1,

0 R 0 R

S>ST.M INFO2MATION M.SSA$.S

B"8#! #ST MESS#CES System information is data abo+t the networ$ which the MS needs to be able to comm+nicate with the networ$ in a appropriate manner. System information messages are sent on the B S# '. ' and

There are si@ different types of system information messages. System information messages 4 to 5 are broadcast on the B and are read by the MS in idle mode. System information message 6 and 2 are sent on the S# the MS in dedicated mode. ' ' to '

System information messages 4 to 5 are broadcast on the B in a cyclic mode o%er 8 B ' m+ltiframes/ i.e. 8 J 64 frames. E%ery message is sent at least after e%ery 4.8 sec.

B"8#! #ST MESS#CES

S ste, &nfor,ation 1 # < ; BCCH M0ltifra,e 9 1 # an+ $ < an+ =

0hat is sent is optional on B

' M+ltiframe 5 and 6 ' immediately

System information 6 and 2 are sent on the S# after '8 or whene%er nothing else is being sent.

!ownlin$ S# ' is +sed for system information messages while -plin$ S# ' is +sed for meas+rement reports.

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 4 0hen fre,+ency hopping is +sed in cell MS needs to $now which fre,+ency band to +se and what fre,+ency within the band it sho+ld +se in hopping algorithm. ell hannel !escription ell allocation n+mber A- &nforms the band n+mber of the fre,+ency channels +sed. ** - Band * ; +rrent CSM band < ell allocation #"3 . A- #"3 .Is +sed for hopping. &t is coded in a bitmap of 415 bits.
1#; 1#< 1## 1#1

91$ 912 91; 91< 91# 911 919 99> 99? 99= 99$ 992 99; 99< 99# 991

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 4 "# ' ontrol Parameters

#ccess ontrol lass A- Bitmap with 42 bits. #ll MS spread o+t on class * - F. Priority gro+ps +se class 44-46. # bit set to 4 barres access for that class. Bit 4* is +sed to tell the MS if emergency call is allowed or not. * - #ll MS can ma$e emergency call. 4 - MS with class 44-46 only can ma$e emergency calls. ell barred for access A* - Nes 4 - .o

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 4 "# ' ontrol Parameters * B Nes 4 - .o ma@Oretransmissions A- .+mber of times the MS attempts to access the .etwor$ P 4/1/5 or 7 Q. t@Ointeger A- .+mber of slots to spread access retransmissions when a MS attempts to access the system. Emergency all #llowed A- Nes H .o

"e-establishment allowed A-

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 1 ontains list of B ' fre,+encies +sed in neighbor cells. MS +ses this list to meas+res the signal strength of the neighbors. .eighbor ell !escription B# &ndicator A- #llows to differentiate meas+rement res+lts related to different list of B ' fre,+encies sent to the MS. B B ' #llocation n+mber A- Band * is +sed. ' #"3 . n+mber A- Bitmap 4 -415 4 D Set * D .ot set P?M. permitted "# ' ontrol Parameters

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. ) ?ocation #rea &dentity

? = $ 2 ; < # 1 -ctet A -ctet B -ctet C -ctet D -ctet E Binar BCD

MCC D&G # 1 1 1 1 LAC LAC MNC D&G #

MCC D&G 1 MCC D&G < MNC D&G 1

ell &dentity
? = $ 2 ; < # 1 -ctet % -ctet G Binar

C& C&

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. ) ontrol hannel !escription #ttach H !etach * D #llowed 4 D .ot allowed cchOconf A- !efines m+ltiframe str+t+re
cch@conf (h sical Channels Co,)ine+ No of CCH 9 1 ti,eslot (9) N> 1 1 ti,eslot (9) 'ES < # # ti,eslots (9A #) N1? ; < ti,eslots (9A #A ;) N#= $ ; ti,eslots (9A #A ;A $) N<$

bsOagbl$ A- .+mber of bloc$ reser%ed for #C ' P *-7 Q. BaOpmfrms A- .+mber of 64 frame m+ltiframes between transmisiion of paging messages to MS of the same gro+p. T)141 A- Periodic location +pdate timer P 4-166 deci ho+rsQ.

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. ) ell 8ptions dt@ pwrc A- Power control on the downlin$. * D .ot +sed 4 D -sed "adio lin$ timeo+t A- Sets the timer T4** in the MS. ell Selection Parameters "@le%OaccessOmin A- Minim+m recei%ed signal le%el at the MS for which it is permitted to access the system. *-2) D -44* dBm to -57dBm m@Ot@pwrOcch A- Ma@im+m power the MS will +se when accessing the system. ellOreselectOhysteresis A- -sed for cell reselection. "# ' ontrol Parameters

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 5 ?ocation #rea &dentification ell Selection Parameters "@le%OaccessOmin m@Ot@pwrOcch ellOreselectOhysteresis "# ' ontrol Parameters ma@Oretransmissions t@Ointeger ell barred for access "e-establishment allowed Emergency #ccess all #llowed lass ontrol

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 5 hannel !escription hannel type A- &ndi. channel type S! ' or B '; S! B ' P* - 7Q. 'H8<. S+bchannel n+mber A- &ndicates the s+bchannel. Timeslot n+mber A- &ndicates the timeslot for Training Se,+ence ode A- The B part of BS& P* - 7 Q.

'opping hannel;'< A- &nforms if B ' channel is hopping or single. * - Single "3 hannel 4 - "3 hopping channel #"3 . A- &f ' D * M#&8 A- &f ' D 4 / informs the MS where to start hopping. Val+es P* - 2)Q. 'S. A- &f ' D 4 / informs the MS in what order in what order the hopping sho+ld ta$e place. Val+es P * - 2)Q. 'S. D * yclic 'opping. M# A- &ndicates which "3 hannels are +sed for hopping. #"3 . n+mbers coded in bitmap.

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 6 Sent on the S# ' on the downlin$ to the MS in dedicated mode. .eighbo+r ell !escription B#-&.! A- -sed by the .etwor$ to discriminate meas+rements res+lts related to different lists of B ' carriers sent by the MS; Type 1 or 6<. Val+es * or 4 ; different from type 1<. B B ' #llocation n+mber A- ** - Band * ; +rrent CSM band<. ' #"3 . A- .eighboring cells #"3 .Is. Sent as a bitmap. * D #"3 . not +sed 4 D #"3 . +sed
1#; 1#< 1## 1#1

91$ 912 91; 91< 91# 911 919 99> 99? 99= 99$ 992 99; 99< 99# 991

SNSTEM &.38"M#T&8. 2 MS in dedicated mode needs to $now if the ?# has changed. MS may change between cells with different "adio lin$ timeo+t and !TG. Cell *dentity Location Area *denti"ication Cell +$tions dt@ pwrc "adio lin$ timeo+t PL#) $ermitted

P#C&.C 0hene%er the .etwor$ wants to contact the MS/ it sends messages on the paging channel. Paging is sent on the P ' and it occ+pies 5 b+rsts. MS has to monitor the paging channel to recei%e paging messages. MS does not monitor all paging channel b+t only specific paging channels. There are three types of paging messages
(a*in* T pe 1 # < No of MS 0sin* &MS& # 1 B No of MS 0sin* TMS& B # ; Total no of MS # < ;

#? -?#T&8. 83 P#C&.C C"8-P 3ollowing factors are +sed for calc+lation of paging gro+p B B B B 'Ogro+p cchOconf in System &nformation ) defines the n+mber of ' +sed in the cell. ' can be allocated only T. */ 1/ 5/ 2. Each ' carries its own paging gro+p of MS. MS will listen to paging messages of its specific gro+p.

bsOpaOmfrms bsOagObl$Ores

#? -?#T&8. 83 P#C&.C C"8-P Total n+mber of paging gro+ps on 4 DP "ange of Paging Cro+ps on 4 'OC"8-P;.< ' - bsOagObl$Ores Q J bsOpaOmfrms 'OCro+p D1J1 D5 Ma@im+m a%ailable Paging Cro+ps D Ma@ pag bloc$s J ma@ bsOpaOmfrms DFJF D 84 .o of paging gro+ps . D Paging bloc$s J "epitition of paging bloc$s

Minim+m a%ailable Paging Cro+ps D Min pag bloc$s J min bsOpaOmfrms

#V#&?#B?E P#C&.C B?8 RS 8. 4

'OC"8-P

Ma@im+m #C ' reser%ation for non-combined m+ltiframe D 7 #%ailable paging bloc$s D 1 Ma@im+m #C ' reser%ation for combined m+ltiframe D 4 #%ailable paging bloc$s D 1 Minim+m #C ' reser%ation for non-combined m+ltiframe D * #%ailable paging bloc$s D F Minim+m #C ' reser%ation for combined m+ltiframe D * #%ailable paging bloc$s D ) .o of paging bloc$s will ha%e a range of 1 - F

#? -?#T&8. 83

' #.! P#C&.C C"8-P .8

'OC"8-P D P ; &MS& mod 4***< mod ;BSO di% .

O '#.S J . < Q

Paging gro+p no D P ; &MS& mod 4***< mod ;BSO . < Q mod .

O '#.S J

HAN,O=.2 AN, PO9.2 CONT2O-

HAND-8E" The CSM hando%er process +ses a mobile assisted techni,+e for acc+rate and fast hando%ers/ in order toA B B Maintain the +ser connection lin$ ,+ality. Manage traffic distrib+tion

The o%erall hando%er process is implemented in the MS/BSS 9 MS . Meas+rement of radio s+bsystem downlin$ performance and signal strengths recei%ed from s+rro+nding cells/ is made in the MS. These meas+rements are sent to the BSS for assessment. The BSS meas+res the +plin$ performance for the MS being ser%ed and also assesses the signal strength of interference on its idle traffic channels. &nitial assessment of the meas+rements in con:+nction with defined thresholds and hando%er strategy may be performed in the BSS. #ssessment re,+iring meas+rement res+lts from other BSS or other information resident in the MS / may be perform. in the MS .

HAND-8E" (Cont) The MS assists the hando%er decision process by performing certain meas+rements. 0hen the MS is engaged in a speech con%ersation/ a portion of the T!M# frame is idle while the rest of the frame is +sed for +plin$ ;BTS recei%e< and downlin$ ;BTS transmit< timeslots. !+ring the idle time period of the frame/ the MS changes radio channel fre,+ency and monitors and meas+res the signal le%el of the si@ best neighbor cells. Meas+rements which feed the hando%er decision algorithm are made at both ends of the radio lin$.

MS END #t the MS end/ meas+rements are contin+o+sly signalled/ %ia the associated control channel/ to the BSS where the decision for hando%er is +ltimately made. MS meas+rements incl+deA BSer%ing cell downlin$ ,+ality ;bit error rate ;BE"< estimate<. BSer%ing cell downlin$ recei%ed signal le%el/ and si@ best neighbor cells downlin$ recei%ed signal le%el. The MS also decodes the Base Station &! ode ;BS& < from the si@ best neighbor cells/ and reports the BS& s and the meas+rement information to the BSS.

BTS END The BTS meas+res the +plin$ lin$ ,+ality/ recei%ed signal le%el/ and MS to BTS site distance. The MS "3 transmit o+tp+t power b+dget is also considered in the hando%er decision. &f the MS can be ser%ed by a neighbor cell at a lower power/ the hando%er is recommended. 3rom a system perspecti%e/ hando%er may be considered d+e to loading or congestion conditions. &n this case/ the MS or BS tries to balance channel +sage among cells.

MS &DLE T&ME "E(-"T&NG !+ring the con%ersation/ the MS only transmits and recei%es for one eighth of the time/ that is d+ring one timeslot in each frame. !+ring its idle time ;the remaining se%en timeslots</ the MS switches to the B ' of the s+rro+nding cells and meas+res its signal strength. The signal strength meas+rements of the s+rro+nding cells/ and the signal strength and ,+ality meas+rements of the ser%ing cell/ are reported bac$ to the ser%ing cell %ia the S# ' once in e%ery S# ' m+ltiframe. This information is e%al+ated by the BSS for +se in deciding when the MS sho+ld be handed o%er to another traffic channel. This reporting is the basis for MS assisted hando%ers.

MEASU"EMENT &N ACT&8E M-DE

,8Bnlink
9 1 # %ra,e #; < ; 2 $ = 9 1 # %ra,e #2 < ; 2 $ = 9 1 # &+le %ra,e < ; 2 $ = 9 %ra,e 9 1 #

<

<

<

<

13link

%ra,e #;

%ra,e #2

&+le %ra,e

%ra,e 9

4. 1. ). 5.

MS recei%es and meas+res signal strength on ser%ing cell;TS1<. MS transmits MS meas+res signsl strength for at least one neighbor cell. MS reads BS& on S ' for one of the 2 strongest neighbor.

.-MBE" 83 .E&C'B8"S Ma@im+m )1 a%eraging of "SS ta$es place. Practically a cell neighbors can be e,+ipped for a cell. &f high n+mbers of neighbors are e,+ipped/ then the acc+racy of "SS is decreased as sho+ld ha%e 8 to 4* neighbors.
T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I ' ! 2 ( " % ) * 8 & !' !! !2 !( !" !% !) !* !8 !& 2' 2! 22 2( 2" 2% T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I ' ! 2 ( " % ) * 8 & !' !! !2 !( !" !% !) !* !8 !& 2' 2! 22 2( 2" 2% T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I ' ! 2 ( " % ) * 8 & !' !! !2 !( !" !% !) !* !8 !& 2' 2! 22 2( 2" 2% T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I ' ! 2 ( " % ) * 8 & !' !! !2 !( !" !% !) !* !8 !& 2' 2! 22 2( 2" 2%

.-MBE" 83 .E&C'B8"S &n one S# ' m+ltiframe there are 4*5 T!M# frames. 8+t of this 4*5 frames 5 frames are idle and are +sed to decode the BS& . "emaining 4** T!M# frames are +sed to meas+re "SS; "ecei%ed Signal Strength< of the neighbor. &f 16 neigbors are e,+ipped/ then in one S# ' m+ltiframe each neigbor is meas+red 4**H16 D 5 times and a%eraged o+t. This prod+ces a less acc+rate %al+e. &f 4* neigbors are e,+ipped/ then in one S# ' m+ltiframe each neigbor is meas+red 4**H4* D 4* times and a%eraged o+t. This prod+ces a more acc+rate %al+e.

&NTE"%E"ENCE -N &DLE CHANNEL CSM ca+ses its own time interference. The MS has a omni-directional antenna. M+ch of the MS power goes to the ser%er b+t a lot is interfering with s+rro+nding cells +sing the same channel. The T!M# frames of ad:acent cell are not aligned since they are not synchronised. 'ence the +plin$ in the s+rro+nding cell s+ffers from interference.

Channel !' Cell !

U(L&NC CELL1 1 # < ; 2

U(L&NC CELL#

<

Channel !' Cell 2

&NTE"%E"ENCE -N &DLE CHANNEL The BSS $eeps on meas+ring the interference on the idle timeslots. #mbient noise is meas+red and recorded 4*5 times in one S# m+ltiframe. These meas+rements are a%eraged o+t to prod+ce one fig+re. The BSS then distrib+tes the idle timeslots into band * to band 6. Since the BSS $nows the interference le%el on idle timeslots/ it +ses this data to allocate the best channel first and the worst last.
&nteference on i+le channel ,eas0re+ on &+le Ti,eslot ) BSS

'

<

HAND-8E" The following meas+rements is be contin+o+sly processed in the BSS A i< Meas+rements reported by MS on S# ' - !own lin$ "G?EV - !own lin$ "GL-#? - !own lin$ neighbor cell "G?EV ii< Meas+rements performed in BSS - -plin$ "G?EV - -plin$ "GL-#? - MS-BS distance - &nterference le%el in +nallocated time slots E%ery S# ' m+ltiframe ;58* ms< a new processed %al+e for each of the meas+rements is calc+lated..

HAND-8E" C-ND&T&-NS 'ando%er is done on fi%e conditions B &nterference B "GL-#? B "G?EV B !istance or Timing #d%ance B Power B+dget &nterference - &f signal le%el is high and still there is "GL-#? problem/ then the "GL-#? problem is beca+se of interference. "GL-#? - &t is the recei%e ,+ality. &t ranges from * to 7 / * being the best and 7 the worst "G?EV - &t is the recei%e le%el. &t %aries from -57dBm to -44*dBm. Timing #d%ance - "anges from * to 2). Power b+dget - &t is +sed to sa%e the power of the MS.

HAND-8E" T'(ES *ntra&Cell Hando4er

BSC

<

BTS

Call is han<e< fr8+ ti+esl8t ( t8 ti+esl8t %

'ando%er ta$es place in the same cell from one timeslot to another timeslot of the same carrier or different carriers; b+t the same cell<. &ntra-cell hando%er is triggered only if the ca+se is interference. &ntra-cell hando%er can be enabled or disabled in a cell.

HAND-8E" T'(ES *ntra&BSC Hando4er

BSC!
9 1 # < ; 2 $ =

BTS!

Call is han<e< fr8+ ti+esl8t ( 8f cell! t8 ti+esl8t ! 8f cell2 . B8th the cells are c8ntr8lle< # the sa+e BSC.

<

'ando%er ta$es place between different cell which are controlled by the same BS .

HAND-8E" T'(ES *nter&BSC Hando4er

BSS!
9 1 # < ; 2 $ =

BTS! MSC

Call is han<e< fr8+ ti+esl8t 8f cell! t8 ti+esl8t ! 8f cell2 B8th the cells are c8ntr8lle< # the <ifferent BSC.

BSS2

<

BTS2

'ando%er ta$es place between different cell which are controlled by the different BS .

HAND-8E" T'(ES &nterBMSC Han+o6er

MSC!

BSS!
9 1 # < ; 2 $ =

BTS!

Call is han<e< fr8+ ti+esl8t ( 8f cell! t8 ti+esl8t ! 8f cell2 . B8th the cells are c8ntr8lle< # the <ifferent BSC5 each BSC ein; c8ntr8lle< # <ifferent MSC

MSC2

BSS2

<

BTS2

'ando%er ta$es place between different cell which are controlled by the different BS and each BS is controlled by different MS .

MEASU"EMENT "E(-"T ("-CESS&NG

Meas0re,ent report sent e6er ;?9,s 1st M" #n+ M" <r+ M" ;th M" 2th M" $th M"

A6era*e A6era*e A6era*e A6era*e

Meas+rement reports are sent to the BSS on the downlin$ e%ery 58*ms. Similarly the BSS meas+res the +plin$ le%el and ,+ality. These reports are a%eraged o+t according to setting of factors hre,a%e and hre,t. Each a%eraged %al+e is called a ..

(-4E" C-NT"-L BSS Power control by BSS is based on the meas+rement report sent by the MS. #%eraging mechanism is +sed to prod+ce .. The n+mber of meas+rement reports to be a%eraged depends on the %al+es 0 -110 dBm hre,a%e. . and P %al+es as well as 10 -100 dBm hre,a%e has to be set by the operator. P o+t of . a%erages m+st e@ceed thershold. .4 9 P4 %al+es are +sed for power increase and .1 9 P1 %al+es for power decrease . # window has to be created by setting the +pper le%el
20 l_rxlev_dl_p = 25 30 u_rxlev_dl_p = 35 40 -90 dBm -85 dBm -80 dBm -75 dBm -70 dBm

63

-47 dBm

(-4E" C-NT"-L BSS ?ower le%el threshold D 16 -pper le%el threshold D )6 Power increase .4 D 6 P4 D ) Power decrease .1 D 5 P1 D )
l_rxlev_dl_p = 25
Only 2 N above !re"!old #o no $n%rea"e o& po'er

-110 dBm

(n%rea"e )o'er

-85 dBm *o no !$n+

u_rxlev_dl_p = 35
3 N belo' !re"!old #o po'er $" de%rea"ed by !e B##

-75 dBm *e%rea"e )o'er -60 dBm 63 -47 dBm

N %on"$dered &or po'er $n%rea"e N %on"$dered &or po'er de%rea"e

(-4E" C-NT"-L BSS btsOPO onO&.TE"V#? A Minim+m inter%al between changes in the "3 power le%el. "ange * - )* steps/ si(e *.F2s. PowO&ncrOStepOSi(e PowO"edOStepOSi(e BSOTGP0"OM#G A "ange 1/ 5 or 2 dB. A "ange 1 or 5 dB. A Ma@im+m TGP0" +sed by the BSS.

(-4E" C-NT"-L MS Power control by MS is based on the meas+rements ta$en by the BSS. #%eraging mechanism is +sed to prod+ce .. The n+mber of meas+rement reports to be a%eraged depends on the %al+es hre,a%e. .4 9 P4 and .1 and P1 %al+es that are +sed by BSS for power control are also applicable to the MS. P o+t of . a%erages m+st e@ceed threshold. # window has to be created by setting the +pper le%el and lower le%el thresholds +Or@le%O+lOp and lOr@le%O+lOp.
l_rxlev_ul_p = 20 0 -110 dBm )1 ou o& N1 (n%rea"e )o'er -90 dBm -85 dBm u_rxlev_ul_p = 30 -80 dBm

)2 ou o& N2 *e%rea"e )o'er 63 -47 dBm

(-4E" C-NT"-L MS ?ower le%el threshold D 1* -pper le%el threshold D )* Power increase .4 D 6 P4 D ) Power decrease . 1D 5 P1 D )
l_rxlev_ul_p = 20 -90 dBm *o no !$n+ u_rxlev_ul_p = 30
Only 2 N belo' !re"!old #o no po'er $" de%rea"ed !e ,# 3 N above !re"!old #o )o'er $" $n%rea"ed by !e ,#

-110 dBm

(n%rea"e )o'er

-80 dBm *e%rea"e )o'er -60 dBm 63 -47 dBm

N %on"$dered &or po'er $n%rea"e N %on"$dered &or po'er de%rea"e

(-4E" C-NT"-L MS msOPO onO&.TE"V#? A Minim+m inter%al between changes in the "3 power le%el. "ange * - )* steps/ si(e *.F2s. PowO&ncrOStepOSi(e PowO"edOStepOSi(e MSOTGP0"OM#G A "ange 1/ 5 or 2 dB. A "ange 1 or 5 dB. A Ma@im+m TGP0" a MS may +se in the ser%ing cell. "ange ;4)/ 5) dBm<S step si(e 1 dB.

(-4E" C-NT"-L B"DEUAL The MS and BSS also meas+re the downlin$ and +plin$ ,+ality respecti%ely. The "GL-#? meas+rements are a%eraged and compared against +pper and lower thresholds set in the database. . and P %oting mechanism is +sed to determine if power increase or decrease is re,+ired on not. '8 on "GL-#? is done only if the MS or BSS is at f+ll power.
0 0-14. )4 ou o& N4 de%rea"e )o'er u_rx/ual_ul_p u_rx/ual_dl_p 2 3 l_rx/ual_ul_p l_rx/ual_dl_p 4 0-57. 1-13. 2-26. )3 ou o& N3 (n%rea"e )o'er 6 7 9-05. 18-10.

HAND-8E" B "DLE8 &f an MS is mo%ing o+t of a cells co%erage area then "G?EV and "GL-#? meas+rements will ca+se the BSS and MS to increase their power o+tp+t. This process contin+es till the MS reaches its ma@im+m permitted o+tp+t power and then hando%er is re,+ired. .6 and P6 %al+es are +sed in %oting mechanism for "G?EV hando%er. P o+t of . a%erages m+st e@ceed thershold. lOr@le%O+lOh/ lOr@le%OdlOh/ are the thresholds set in the database by the operator.
l_rxlev_ul_! l_rxlev_dl_! 20 l_rxlev_ul_p l_rxlev_dl_p 30 u_rxlev_ul_p u_rxlev_dl_p 40 -90 dBm -85 dBm -80 dBm -75 dBm -70 dBm 0 10 -110 dBm -100 dBm

63

-47 dBm

HAND-8E" B "DEUAL &f an MS is mo%ing o+t of a cells co%erage area then "G?EV 9 "GL-#? meas+rements will ca+se the BSS 9 MS to increase their power o+tp+t. This process contin+es till the MS reaches its ma@im+m permitted 8HP power and then hando%er is re,+ired. .2 and P2 %al+es are +sed in %oting mechanism for "GL-#S hando%er. P o+t of . a%erages m+st e@ceed thershold. lOr@,+alO+lOh/ lOr@,+alOdlOh/ are the thresholds set in the database by the operator.
l_rx/ual_ul_p l_rx/ual_dl_p l_rx/ual_ul_! l_rx/ual_dl_! u_rx/ual_ul_p u_rx/ual_dl_p 0 0-14.

0-57.

2-26. 0d1u" )o'er

6 7

2-26. 9-05. 18-10.

HAND-8E" B &NTE"%E"ENCE &f the "GL-#? of either the -H? or !H? reaches the threshold that wo+ld normally ca+se a '8 b+t the "G?EV is at a %al+e higher than the threshold re,+iring a power increase then a '8 may be initiated d+e to interference. This type of hando%er is always intraOcall 'ando%er. .7 and P7 are set for the %oting mechanism.
0 2ual$ y 10 -110 dBm -100 dBm

u_rx/ual_ul_p u_rx/ual_dl_p

0-14.

l_rxlev_ul_$! l_rxlev_dl_$!

2
20 -90 dBm

0-57.

30 (n er&eren%e

l_rx/ual_ul_p l_rx/ual_dl_p
-70 dBm

2-26. 0d1u" )o'er

40

l_rx/ual_ul_! l_rx/ual_dl_!

6 7

2-26. 9-05. 18-10.

63

-47 dBm

HAND-8E" B MS D&STANCE #s the MS mo%es away from BSS/ the BSS calc+lates the timing ad%ance and instr+cts the MS to transmit earlier to compensate for the propagation delay. The ma@im+m timing ad%ance is +pto 2) bits. The MSO"#.CEOM#G field can be set to any one of these 2) %al+es th+s determining the cell radi+s. #s soon as the MS e@ceeds the MSO"#.CEOM#G/ a =hando%er recognised> message is generated. The inter%al between timing ad%ance changes is determined by the timingOad%anceOperiod field. &t has a range of *-)4/ each step being a S# ' m+ltiframe. .8 and P8 are +sed in the %oting mechanism.

P80E" B-!CET This assessment process is employed by the networ$ as a criterion in the hand-o%er process/ by setting a flag in the BSS by 89M command. &f the process is employed/ e%ery 58* ms/ for e%ery connection and for each of allowable 42 ad:acent cells/ the BSS e%al+ates the following e@pression A PBCT;n< D ;Min;MSOTGP0"OM#G/P< - "G?EVO!? - P0"O O!< - ;Min;MSOTGP0"OM#G;n</P< - "G?EVO. E??;n<< 0here the %al+es of "G?EVO. E??;n< and "G?EVO!? are obtained with the a%eraging processes defined abo%e. P0"O O! is the diff between the ma@ !H? "3 power permitted in the cell 9 the act+al !H? power d+e to the BS power control. MSOTGP0"OM#G is the ma@im+m "3 TGP0" an MS is permitted to +se on a traffic channel in the ser%ing cell. MSOTGP0"OM#G ;n< is the ma@im+m "3 TGP0" an MS is permitted to +se on a traffic channel in ad:acent cell n. P is the ma@im+m TGP0" capability of the MS.

HAND-8E" ("-CEDU"E The networ$ initiates the hand-o%er proced+re by sending an '#.!8VE" 8MM#.! message to the Mobile Station on the main ! '. The .ET08"R then starts timer T)4*). T)4*) g+ards against the receipt of either the +ns+ccessf+l message from the so+rce cell or s+ccessf+l message from the target cell. The receipt of either message stops this timer. &f this timer e@pires then a ?E#" "EL-EST will be sent to the MS in a bid to clear the connection. The '#.!8VE" 8MM#.! contains all the data related to the target cell li$e B ' #"3 ./ . / B / Timeslot .+mber/ Training se,+ence code/ Power le%el to be +sed/ 'ando%er reference n+mber etc. The MS sends '#.!8VE" # n+mber and starts timer T)415. ESS b+rst with the same referance

The MS sends 'ando%er access b+rsts and waits for a P'NS& #? &.38"M#T&8. from the .etwor$.

HAND-8E" ("-CEDU"E 0hen the .etwor$ sends the P'NS& #? &.38"M#T&8. message timer T)4*6 is started by the networ$. &f T)4*6 e@pires before the correct response from the MS has been recei%ed/ T)4*6 is reset and the P'NS& #? &.38"M#T&8. message is repeated. This process is repeated a n+mber of times +ntil either the MS correctly responds or the ma@im+m n+mber of repititions;.N4< is reached. &f the ma@im+m n+mber of repetitions is reached the newly allocated channels are release and the hando%er abandoned. 8n the MS side if the timer T)415 e@pires/ then the MS deacti%ates the new channel/ reacti%ates the old channel and if it is s+ccessf+l sends a '#.!8VE" 3#&?-"E message on the old channel and the call contin+es. The %al+e of T)415 is set to )1*ms. ;&t m+st be lower than .y4 times T)4*6 for proper f+nctions.<

HAND-8E" ("-CEDU"E The timer T)4*6 can be set from 1* - 2* ms. &f timer T)4*) e@pires before either the '#.!-8VE" 8MP?ETE message is recei%ed on the new channels/ or a '#.!-8VE" 3#&?-"E message is recei%ed on the old channels/ or the MS has re-established the call/ the old channel is released.
T&ME" T<19<
MS S-U"CE CELL &N&T&ATE HAND-8E" HAND-8E" C-MMAND HAND-8E" %A&LU"E UNSUCCESS%UL HAND-8E" TA"GET CELL HAND-8E" C-M(LETE HAND-8E" SUCCESS%UL ST-( T&ME" T<19< ED(&"ED ST-( T&ME" T<19< ED(&"ED NET4-"C STA"T T&ME" T<19<

HAND-8E" ("-CEDU"E
T&ME" T<192
S-U"CE CELL HAND-8E" C-MMAND MS TA"GET CELL HAND-8E" ACCESS

HAND-8E" ACCESS

(H'S&CAL &N%-"MAT&-N

STA"T T&ME" T<192 ED(&"ED

HAND-8E" C-M(LETE &% H- C-M(LETE MSG ST-( T&ME" T<192 ED(&"ED (H'S&CAL &N%-"MAT&-N &% N- H- C-M(LETE MSG AND T<192 ED(&"ES SEND (H'S&CAL &N%- AND STA"T T&ME" T<192 N'1 T&MES &f N'1 F 9 HAND-8E" %A&LU"E T- BSC

HAND-8E" C-MMAND Sent by the so+rce cell to the MS ell !escription . B B ' #"3 . hannel Type - T 'H3 E # Timeslot .+mber TS 'opping #"3 . 'ando%er "eference .+mber Power le%el hannel - Single "3 hannel ' hannel !escription

HAND-8E" ACCESS Sent by the MS to the target cell on 3# 'ando%er "eference .+mber

'

(H'S&CAL &N%-"MAT&-N Sent by the Target cell to the MS Timing #d%ance Val+e

OPTIMIZATION P2OC.SS

NEED %-" -(T&M&SAT&-N 8ptimisation is an in%al+able element of ser%ice re,+ired to maintain and impro%e the ,+ality and capacity of a networ$. &t is essential if an operator wants to implement changes to the networ$ to maintain the high ,+ality of ser%ice le%els e@pected by s+bscribers in networ$s. 0itho+t optimisation the networ$ will degrade from the commissioned state/ d+e to the networ$ changing radically as the traffic on the system grows/ and snapshot optimisation will not $eep pace with these changes. 0itho+t optimisation the system will s+ffer poor call ,+ality/ many dropped calls d+e to interference and inacc+rate parameters res+lting in poor hando%er performance. These together with other problems/ ha%e the same res+lt/ S+bscriber !issatisfaction.

INP1TS

TOO-S

Out3ut

E0alit -f Ser6ice Metrics "% Desi*n (ara,eters Alar,s an+ e6ents Anal sis fro, -MC Dri6e testin* C0sto,er co,plaint Anal sis Data)ase (ara,eters

Dri6e test kit(TEMS) an+ opti,i7ation tool( (LANET) -MCB" or Traffic Anal sis Tool(Metrica) -MCB" C0sto,er Care Centre Data)ase

1) %re30enc #) BCCH chan*es <) BS&C chan*es ;) Antenna +owntilt 2) A7i,0th chan*es $) Antenna t pe chan*es =) Data)ase para,eters chan*es ?) Han+o6er al*orith, t0nin*s

&N(UTS
The following inp+ts are considered for optimisationA B B B B B B L8S Parameters "3 !esign Parameters 8M alarms "o+tine !ri%e Testing +stomer feedbac$ !atabase Parameters

-sing the abo%e inp+ts we can determine the optimi(ation re,+irement and the the area which needs to be optimi(ed.

E-S (A"AMETE"S L8S Parameters are the ,+ality indicators of the .etwor$. all S+ccess rate/ all !rop "ate/ 'ando%er s+ccess rate/ ongestion are some of the L8S parameters. all

These parameters ha%e to be contin+ally monitored on cell/ site / BS and .etwor$ basis. &f any abnormality is obser%ed or if any deterioration is seen in any of the parameters optimi(ation process has to be initiated.

"% DES&GN (A"AMETE"S 0hen a .etwor$ is designed benchmar$ing is done for .etwor$ ,+ality/ capacity/ fail+re and congestion parameters. 0hene%er the .etwor$ is +nable to comply with any of the "3 design parameters/ optimi(ation process needs to be initiated.

-MC ALA"MS #ny problem in the .etwor$ res+lts in a alarm at the 8M . 0hene%er a alarm is obser%ed at the 8M it m+st be caref+lly analy(ed to determine if there is a networ$ problem and if it is re,+ired to initiate optimi(ation process. The alarm can be d+e to fa+lty hardware which can create problems in the networ$.

D"&8E TEST&NG !ri%e testing is done contin+ally to monitor the health of the networ$. &t is a normal proced+re to define dri%e test ro+tes and ha%e them dri%e tested daily to monitor the networ$. #ll sites and sectors sho+ld be tested within the dri%e test ro+tes at least once. 3ollowing care sho+ld be ta$en while defining the ro+tes B #ll ma:or roads and highways sho+ld be tested at least twice per wee$ within the agreed ro+tes. B #ll cells sho+ld be tested for hando+t and hand-in within the ro+tes if possible. B The ro+tes sho+ld be appro@imately 1 - ) ho+rs in d+ration. This is re,+ired to manage the data collected for analysis/ ro+tes longer than this can be diffic+lt to analy(e and transfer from P. to P. d+e to the files being too large. B "o+tes of ma:or importance sho+ld be identified prior to starting and sho+ld be dri%en first. i.e. #irports to the city centre.

CUST-ME" %EEDBACC # proced+re to feed bac$ c+stomer information on the performance and co%erage of the networ$ can be e@tremely +sef+l. The recei%ed information is +sed to target areas re,+iring optimisation and to %erify co%erage against the "3 design. The information fed bac$ is also +sed in assessing the growth of the networ$ by identifying areas of high traffic %ol+mes.

8ther .etwor$s

-(T&M&GAT&-N ("-CESS

-(T&M&GAT&-N ("-CESS 8nce the optimi(ation needs ha%e been identified the optimi(ation process is started to analy(e the problem and then pro%ide possible sol+tions. 8ptimi(ation process in%ol%es st+dying problems +sing the following steps B Statistical #nalysis B !ri%e testing B 8M tools and analy(ing the

B Site %isits

STAT&ST&CAL ANAL'S&S The ,+ality of the networ$ can be meas+red thro+gh the statistics generated from the networ$. These are a%ailable thro+gh the 8M ;8perations and Maintenance enter< and are +sed to generate $ey metrics. This operational metrics will then be meas+red against the re,+ired metrics as agreed between the operator and %endor/ from this comparison an optimi(ation plan will be generated. !ri%e test statistics represent a small sample of the total calls on the networ$ and can pro%ide a +sef+l indication of networ$ ,+ality. &n order to pro%ide a precise information of +ser traffic/ the statistics obtained from the whole networ$ thro+gh the 8M are a more acc+rate assessment of the ,+ality of the networ$.

CE' EUAL&T' MET"&CS The following metrics can be +sed to meas+re the performance of the networ$. !ropped all "ate

'ando%er S+ccess "ate 8%erall "3 ?oss "ate - T ' 9 S! T ' #ssignment S+ccess "ate all S+ccess rate T ' Bloc$ing "ate S! ' Bloc$ing ' "3 loss combined

&M(-"TANCE -% STAT&ST&CAL ANAL'S&S &t is important for a good optimi(ation engineer to ha%e good $nowledge of %ario+s statistics a%ailable from performance management. #ny change in the networ$ whether good or bad is definitely reflected in the statistics. By st+dying and analy(ing the statistics we can not only detect the problems in the networ$ b+t in some cases e%en pro%ide the sol+tion for the problem.

STAT&ST&CAL ANAL'S&S T'(ES Statistical #nalysis can be di%ided into two categories B Trend #nalysis B !aily #nalysis

T"END ANAL'S&S #nalysis which is carried o+t +sing statistical data o%er a period of time is called trend analysis. The longer the period better the analysis and acc+rate the res+lts. Trend analysis helps +s in +nderstanding the performance of the .etwor$ o%er a period of time. &t is important in generating .etwor$ Performance report and helps +s to +nderstand the progress of the networ$. &t also helps +s in .etwor$ e@pansion planning. &t is e@pected that the operator maintain at least si@ months of data.

*F T-

(ercenta*e (H)

T"END ANAL'S&S

19

12

#9

#2

Break+own of Call Set0p %ail0res

Date an+ Ti,e

?4 FF *F FA T** ?4 A* *A F FF 41 ** TA4 1A ?4 * *A FF 41 * FA T** * ?4 A* *A FF 4) ** FA T41 ?4 A* * FF A* 4) FA T** * ?4 A* *A FF 45 ** FA T41 ?4 A* * F A* FF 45 * TA* *A ?4 * *A F F 46 * FA T41 * ?4 A* *A F FF 46 ** TA* *A ?4 * *A FF 42 * FA T41 * ?4 A* *A FF 42 ** FA T** ?4 A* * FF A* 4F FA T41 * ?4 A* *A FF 4F ** FA T** ?4 A* * F A* FF 1* * A4 T1A ?4 * *A F FF 1* ** TA* *A ?4 ** FF A* FA 41 * A* *A **

S! ' "3 ?oss "ate ;U< S! ' "3 Bloc$ing "ate ;U< MS HPST.-"elated 3ail+res T ' #ssVgn 3aVl+res T ' "3 Bloc$Vng "ate ;U<

DA&L' ANAL'S&S Rey statistics are analy(ed on a daily basis for the .etwor$/ BS Is and cells. &f any problem is obser%ed ;e.g. "3 losses for a partic+lar cell has gone +p drastically< the concerned statistics are analy(ed in detail to determine the problem and then to initiate appropriate action. !aily performance analysis helps +s chec$ and sol%e problems at the initial stage itself and th+s help +s to maintain the ,+ality of the .etwor$.

DA&L' ANAL'S&S

STAT&ST&CS E8ALUAT&-N ("-CESS #naly(e $ey statistics for cell wise data. .ote down the problems and prioriti(e them. E%al+ate the concerned statistics in detail to pinpoint the possible ca+se for the problems. &nitiate appropriate action to determine the sol+tion. #pply the sol+tion. hec$ statistics for impro%ement. &f no or little impro%ement repeat steps )/5/6 and 2. Same process can be applied for BS wise and .etwor$ data.

STAT&ST&CS E8ALUAT&-N ("-CESS(E*) S! ' and T ' congestion This statistics tell yo+ if yo+r T ' and S! ' were congested

To chec$ if it is re,+ired to add a new carrier we m+st loo$ at these statistics b+t sho+ld also loo$ at time congestion statistics. These statistics tell yo+ the amo+nt of time for which the cell was congested d+ring the day. #lso it is important to st+dy the trend for the abo%e statistics before the action to be ta$en is decided.

STAT&ST&CS E8ALUAT&-N ("-CESS(E*)

S&TE NAME MehtaOMahal H 1 ityOView H 1 3atimabai H ) Sans$riti H 1 .ewOP+rshottam H 4 Shambho% Tirth H 4 !ayaOMandir H ) !ayaOMandir H 1 #lO'assan H 4 3amilyO'o+se H 1 ShahO9O.ar H 4 Rarolia H 1 'ongORongOBan$ H 1 Vi:aydeep H 4 ModiOSadan H ) Co$+l H 1 ShahO9O.ar H ) 3atimabai H 1 TimmyOTower H 4 ityOView H 4 MangalOR+n: H 4 #angan H 1 Samson H 1 Shabnam H 1 SaiOSha$ti H 1 CardenOView H 4 Meenal H ) Samrat H ) ) 1 1 ) 1 ) 1 1 1 1 4 4 ) 1 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 N-C BBH E"LANG MAD E"L 48.7F 4).54 41.87 48.17 4*.F2 48.76 F.5 F.57 4*.7) 4*.51 6.26 5.16 47.F2 4*.75 4*.28 5.16 44.77 5.66 7.28 6.17 5.)5 8.8) 8.)7 8.4) ).15 ).85 ).)2 44.14 M&N E"L ).82 1.4) 1 2.21 5.2 2.)4 1.*) 4.6) 1.67 5.17 4.41 1.4) *.4 *.1 5.57 1.61 4.17 4.28 2.17 *.58 1.56 5.)2 5.77 6.54 4.F6 1.77 4.26 ).17 A8G E"L 46.25 5.42 5.42 4*.25 7.67 44.45 7.6) 7.*) 2.8) 7.*8 1.84 ).14 4*.54 2.)2 7.4F ).14 5.)1 1.)5 7.*8 4.F6 ).)5 2.86 7.17 2.72 1.61 ).15 1.51 2.16 MAD CC(H) 12.41 2*.F8 57.72 14.8 )*.6) 15.1) 45.68 4*.5F 11.21 47.66 )4.85 48.25 4*.7 7.2F 47.22 4).78 14.5F 16.56 46.)7 )8.84 46.46 4*.)5 ).27 44.21 48.15 4* )1.57 41.4) ASS-C TC(Min) 8.68 48.57 4).F8 2.86 2.44 7.16 4.FF 4.44 ).74 5.)* F.71 5.4F ).62 1.68 6.16 1.74 7.11 F.4* 1.57 F.*8 1.F5 1.)* *.68 4.88 4.6F 1.54 5.FF ).78 MAD TC(Min) 8.68 48.57 4).F8 2.86 2.44 7.16 4.FF 4.88 5.15 5.)* F.71 5.4F ).62 1.68 6.16 1.74 7.11 F.4* 1.57 F.*8 ).)2 1.)* *.2F 4.88 4.82 1.54 5.FF ).78 ASS-C CC(H) 12.41 2*.F8 57.72 14.8* )*.6) 15.1) 45.68 6.45 4).82 47.66 )4.85 48.25 4*.7* 7.2F 47.22 4).78 14.5F 16.56 46.)7 )8.84 4*.17 4*.)5 1.8F 44.21 47.15 4*.** )1.57 41.4) TC" DUE TC-NG 1)68 F77 F71 788 215 2*6 5)5 )86 )72 )22 12) 142 14) 4F8 4F1 4F1 478 42F 42) 46* 455 45* 4)) 4)* 412 414 442 4*F T-TAL TC (Secs) 41755.11 1**).48 156*.*6 4)28.14 12)5.2F 42)4.18 4716.81 46*6.)F 48*6.25 475*.25 18*2.*4 5*86.45 668.66 4421.8* 44)6.76 )24*.47 8*5.72 18*1.*7 8F1.85 4457.)* 1*78.)F 782.8F 875.8) 72F.81 462*.2* 1748.*6 181).51 276.5) ongestion relief +nder trial -nder obser%ation W #dd carrier -se congestion relief W #dd carrier W "EMA"C

#dd carrier W -nder obser%ation W #dd carrier W W -nder obser%ation W #dd carrier #dd carrier -nder obser%ation W W #dd carrier W W

8ther .etwor$s

,2I=.T.STIN$

Ceneral !ri%e testing in%ol%es dri%ing in a %ehicle and collecting networ$ data by ma$ing a lot of calls. The data collected incl+des data for ser%ing cell as well as the neighbors. This data collected helps +s to find and analy(e the problems in the networ$. These data can also be loaded on the planning and optimi(ation tools li$e Pegasos/ Planet etc. and +sef+ll plots can be generated s+ch as ser%ing cells co%erage plots/ L+ality plots etc. E,+ipment .ecessary for !ri%etesting. B Vehicle B !ri%e test mobile phone ;e.g.Ericcson TEMS< B E@ternal %ehicle mo+nted CPS B ?aptop with dri%e test software and CPS connection capability.

!ri%e test 8+tp+ts -sing the dri%e test e,+ipment we can monitor the following B B B B B Stat+s &nformation Error reports Mode reports ?ayer 1 messages ?ayer ) messages

Stat+s &nformation &n stat+s information we get the following information B Ceneral &nformationA This incl+des the ?atit+de /longit+de data/ ser%er call name/ Mar$er /data/ time / log file name etc. B Ser%ing cellA This incl+des M. / ?# . ell &dentity/ BS& / #"3 . /M /

B Ser%ing E .eighbor cell dataA This incl+des &/ BS& / #"3 ./ "@le%/ 4 and 1 for the ser%ing and the best 2 neighbors. B !edicated channelA This incl+des data s+ch as hannel n+mber/ Timeslot n+mber/ hannel type and T!M# offset/hopping information and channel mode. B "adio En%ironmentA This incl+des ser%ing cell/lat / long/ r@le%/ r@,+al/ T#/ !TG and "? Timeo+t co+nter information.

Error reports &f any errors are reported d+ring the call they can be analy(ed from this report.

Mode reports These are the channel mode reports.

?ayer 1 messages #ll the layer 1 messages can be analy(ed.

?ayer ) messages #ll the layer ) messages can be analy(ed.

!ri%e test typesA !ri%e test can be categori(ed in three types B B B "o+tine dri%e test Problem specific dri%e test ell co%erage analysis dri%e test

"o+tine dri%e test #s we ha%e disc+ssed earlier optimi(ation is a ongoing process and the networ$ needs to be monitored on a daily basis. "o+tine dri%e test forms a integral part of this process. !ri%e test ro+tes are decided by the .etwor$ operator and these ro+tes are reg+larly dri%e tested and any problems fo+nd are reported. These problems are then f+rther analy(ed and sol%ed. 'ence it is important that these dri%e test ro+tes are selected caref+lly. !ri%e test ro+tes sho+ld incl+de all the ma:or road/ important location/ airports etc. #lso they sho+ld be able to co%er most of the cells. Each dri%e test ro+te sho+ld be typically 1 - ) ho+rs long.

Typical 8ptimi(ation Process +sing ro+tine dri%e testing The dri%e test ro+tes m+st be decided by the operator and a priority set on the ro+tes for testing. The dri%e test ro+tes are +s+ally 1 - ) ho+rs in d+ration in order to ens+re that the data generated is of a manageable si(e. The dri%e test teams +se the Test Mobile e,+ipment ;e.g.TEMS< to ma$e test calls to the MS test n+mber on the networ$ of 1 min+te d+ration with a 46 second brea$. #ll data is logged on the comp+ter/ location information is also ta$en +sing a CPS recei%er. !+ring or after completion of the dri%e test ro+te/ analysis of the data collected is performed to identify areas of dropped or noisy calls. This will be done +sing 3& S or other similar software.

Sho+ld the analysis of the ro+te indicate problems of either dropped or noisy calls then with the aid of the "3 design and !atabase parameters/ an assessment is made to identify the possible so+rce of interference ca+sing the noisy or dropped call. &f a call is dropped and no interference is present a retest is made in the same area/ if the scenario of the dropped call can be repeated/ the identity of the problem cell will be obtained and correcti%e action ta$en. To assist in confirming possible so+rces of interference there may be a re,+irement to remo%e the s+spected interfering channel. This wo+ld be done by the optimisation engineers. The s+spected interfering carrier wo+ld be remo%ed temporarily from ser%ice and test calls made again in the problem area/ this wo+ld show if the interference had been remo%ed. The process for temporarily remo%ing carriers wo+ld ha%e to be agreed with the operator/ this +s+ally %aries as to the importance of the cell as to what time of day it can be ta$en o+t of ser%ice.

#fter conformation as to what is ca+sing the problem with the dri%e test ro+te/ the dri%e test engineer will attempt to find a sol+tion to the problem. This can be one of a n+mber of possibilities i.e. Power hange to BTS/ 3re,+ency Plan change/ .eighbor addition re,+ired/ etc. 8nce a possible sol+tion to the problem has been fo+nd it may be possible in some circ+mstances to immediately attempt the sol+tion %ia the 8M / this +s+ally relates to minor database changes and adding neighbors. The sol+tion is implemented and pro%en immediately. &f the problem is rectified the change remains in place and a change re,+est is raised for the sol+tion for the p+rpose of $eeping records of all changes in the networ$. &f the sol+tion re,+ires a ma:or database change or antenna wor$ a change re,+est m+st be raised %ia the 8ptimi(ation ontrol Engineers. #fter the sol+tion is implemented a retest of the problem area is carried o+t to confirm the problem has been sol%ed

Problem dri%e testing #ny problem reported by statistical analysis/ ro+tine dri%e testing/ c+stomer care centre / alarms need to be analy(ed in detail to find a sol+tion. Problem specific dri%e testing is a important tool which helps +s do it. 'ere we ma$e a list of problematic cell and dri%e test them thoro+ghly to analy(e the problem. There may be many different methods which a optimi(ation engineer may employ for the analysis. #s an e@ample/ if a partic+lar cell is being interfered the fre,+ency of the cell may be changed temporarily to identify the interferer. #lso the le%els and T# at which the cell is being interfered may be analy(ed. 'ere the data collection and analysis are done sim+ltaneo+sly.

ell o%erage #nalysis !ri%e Test &t has been fo+nd that normally that the co%erage and ser%er area of the cells differ from the planned area. 'ence it is often fo+nd that new cells that come on air ser%e far more or m+ch less area than initially planned and same co+ld be the case with the co%erage. This co+ld lead to two problems. &f the ser%er area is less than planned it co+ld lead to co%erage holes or poor co%er areas. &f the co%erage area is more than planned it may ca+se interference in the networ$. 'ence it is important that once new cells come on air they m+st be thoro+ghly dri%e tested to determine their ser%er and co%erage areas. &f any ma:or de%iation from the initially planned design is fo+nd the cell sites sho+ld be optimi(ed.

Scanning This is a important feat+re of the dri%e test software. &t enables +s to loc$ onto a partic+lar fre,+ency d+ring the dri%e test which is helpf+l in determining the ser%er area of a cell. #lso we scan a set of fre,+encies and ha%e a graphical display of the same or can also be stored for f+rther analysis. This is helpf+l in finding interfering fre,+encies and also in finding clear fre,+ency.

8ptional 3eat+res Some dri%e test e,+ipment pro%ide s+pplementary feat+res which help d+ring dri%e test. Map displaying the dri%e tested area showing the ma:or roads/ location/ cell sites is pro%ided /this helps +s to be always aware as to where we are in the networ$. #lso some %endors pro%ide spectr+m analy(er which helps in finding the interfering fre,+encies and to find clear fre,+encies.

0ypical "n/or#ation A)aila4le Fro# A Dri)e 0est 0ool

Craphical "epresentation

Ceneral &nformation 8btained !+ring !ri%e Test

?ayer1 and ?ayer) &nformation 8btained !+ring !ri%e Test

?ayer) &nformation 8btained !+ring !ri%e Test

?ayer) &nformation 8btained !+ring !ri%e Test

?ayer) &nformation 8btained !+ring !ri%e Test

?ayer) &nformation 8btained !+ring !ri%e Test

Ser%ing ell and .eighboring ell &nformation

"adio En%ironment &nformation

!edicated hannel &nformation

8ther .etwor$s

OMC TOO-S

Ceneral Many %endors pro%ide ad%anced tools which help in optimi(ation of the .etwor$. Some %endors pro%ide .etwor$ 'ealth reports which pro%ide yo+ list of bad performing sites with poor sites and possible ca+ses for the problems. 'owe%er one powerf+l tool pro%ided by all operators is the call trace tool. The degree to which this feat+re has been de%eloped %aries from %endor to %endor. This is perhaps the most important tool in optimi(ation. 0e will be ha%ing a loo$ at this feat+re in detail.

all Trace 3eat+re This feat+re enables +s to p+t a trace on a call and collect all data related to the call. The call trace can be p+t on a cell basis/ BTS wise/ o%er the BS o%er the entire .etwor$. or

all trace can be p+t on a &MS&/ &ME& /TMS& or on e%ery nth call being made in the cell/ BTS/ BS or the .etwor$. all trace gi%es yo+ all the information that yo+ get in the dri%e test pl+s it also gi%e yo+ +plin$ "@le% and "@,+al information. #lso dri%e testing can be done only on the roads hence it becomes diffic+lt to locate and sol%e indoor problems. Since in call trace we can acc+m+late data for call being made thro+gho+t the cell it incl+des the indoor calls also and hence gi%es +s the the correct pict+re regarding the performance of the cell.

Protocol #naly(er A Protocol analy(er may be +sed to analy(e the messages between the MS and the BS . 7 signaling

These are +sed to analy(e problems which may originate either in the "adio part or the MS e.g. paging problems.

SIT. =ISIT

Ceneral 0hen we %isit the problematic site for optimi(ing we m+st as$ three simple ,+estions which will help +s in optimi(ing 4. 0hy was this site p+t +pX 1. 0ill this site ser%e that p+rpose X ). 0hat are the problems that & see at this site and how can & sol%e them X ?et +s now loo$ at each of those ,+estions indi%id+ally.

0hy was this site p+t +p X 0e m+st $now if the site was installed for capacity or co%erage. &f it was for capacity we sho+ld $now if it sho+ld offload the traffic of some e@isting sites and if it sho+ld generate traffic of its own. #lso if the site in ,+estion is a hotspot or not. &f the site was installed for co%erage we sho+ld $now e@actly the area it is s+pposed to co%er and if there is some e@isting co%erage in that area.

0ill this selected site ser%e that p+rpose X 8nce we are clear abo+t the ob:ecti%e of installing the site we m+st analy(e if the site in ,+estion ser%es that p+rpose or not. &t is important that the selected site ser%es its ob:ecti%e.

0hat are the problems and how can & sol%e them Some of the common problems co+ld be as follows B The neighboring sites ca+se interference to the proposed site. B The site is a ca+se of interference to some e@isting sites. B &f there is a possibility of a bac$lobe or sidelobe problem. B There co+ld be some near end obstr+ction

8ther .etwor$s

OPTIMIZATION SO-1TIONS

Ceneral 8nce the problem has been analy(ed a sol+tion has to be pro%ided. ommon sol+tion to problems are B !atabase Parameters B #ntenna 8ptimi(ation B 3re,+ency changes B .eighbor addition and deletion B 3ormation of new location areas B #ddition of new cellsites hanges

!atabase Parameter hanges Many problems can be sol%ed by changing some database parameters. Some of the common changes are B B B B 'ando%er parameters and thresholds Ma@im+m transmit power of BTS Paging parameters S! ' Parameters

#ntenna 8ptimi(ation This incl+des changing of antenna tilts/ orientations/ positions. Sometimes the antenna may also be changed.

3re,+ency hanges 3re,+ency changes help +s to control the interference in the networ$. 'owe%er one sho+ld be caref+l when doing these changes so that this changes do not affect the other sites ad%ersely. &f there are a lot of changes it is ad%isable to change the whole fre,+ency plan. # caref+l st+dy of cell co%erage area and ser%er area helps in ma$ing those changes.

.eighbor #ddition #nd !eletion Many problems arise d+e to wrong neighbor definitions or missing neighbors. .eighbor definitions m+st be re%iewed on a reg+lar basis. Statistics and dri%e tests pro%ide good inp+ts for this p+rpose.

3ormation 8f .ew ?ocation #reas Sometimes to sol%e paging load problems it might be re,+ired to for new location areas. #ddition of new cell sites Sometimes to sol%e co%erage hole problems we need to add more site ;normally micro or pico cells<

Path Balance Many problems also may arise d+e to poor path balance. 'ence it is important that we ma$e a mention abo+t it. Path balance data can be collected from the statistics. #s we +se different fre,+encies for +plin$ and downlin$/ we ha%e different footprints for the +plin$ and the downlin$ . &t is imperati%e that the footprints match. &f the downlin$ is stronger it implies that the mobiles at the bo+ndaries of the ser%ing area are not able to reach the BTS and there is a +plin$ problem. Similarly if the +plin$ is stronger it implies a downlin$ problem.

THE "% (ATH

(BS (ath Loss Downlink Noise %a+in* &nterference (M S (ath Loss Uplink

MS Sensiti6it

BS Sensiti6it

07P"CA8 -UA0,R87 R,P9R0 F9R(A0

(roIect Na,e E0aterl -pti,i7ation "eport "e*ion ... %ro, 1st April to <9th J0ne

Ta)le -f Contents
e5ecuti)e su##ary 1: ;: 3: Su##ary o/ acti)ities co#pleted in the last quarter Su##ary o/ acti)ities planned /or the ne5t quarter Per/or#ance Data 1 ; < 13

eCecuti?e su++ar#
0his Report contains a su##ary o/ all the #a%or opti#i=ation acti)ities carried out and reco##endations #ade 4y yyy durring the period o/ 1st April > 3?th @une ;??? in the AAA Region: 0he report is structured as /ollowsB 1: C C C C ;: C C C 3: C Su##ary o/ acti)ities co#pleted in the last quarter Site #odi/ication reco##endations Site #odi/ications co#pleted 2ew sites accepted (a%or acti)ities co#pleted (eg: new /requency planD e5pansion Su##ary o/ acti)ities planned /or the ne5t quarter Site sur)eys planned Pending site #odi/ications to 4e co#pleted (a%or planned acti)ities (eg: new /requency planD e5pansion planD etc:! Per/or#ance Data Call Setup Success Rate and Drop Call Rate trends /or BSCEs opti#ised during the last quarter: planD etc:!

1.
1:1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Summary of activities in 2nd quarter 2000 0a4le o/ site #odi/ications reco##ended 0a4le o/ Site #odi/ications co#pleted 0a4le o/ new sites accepted Description o/ #a%or acti)ities co#pleted

2.
;:1 ;:; ;:3

S1MMA2> OF ACTION P-AN FO2 (2, D1A2T.2 2''' 0a4le o/ site sur)eys planned 0a4le o/ pending site #odi/ications planned Description o/ #a%or acti)ities planned

(. N.T9O2/ P.2FO2MANC. ,ATA PerFBSC trends o/ Call Setup Success Rate and Drop Call Rate /or all opti#ised BSCEs

Ta)les to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

Ta)le of reco,,en+e+ site ,o+ifications CELL S:N BSC NAME CELL &D
4 1 ) 5 6 2 7

ACT&-N "EEU&"ED

DATE SU"8E'ED

"EMA"CS

Ta)le of co,plete+ site ,o+ifications CELL S:N BSC NAME CELL &D
4 1 ) 5 6 2 7

ACT&-N "EEU&"ED

DATE C-M(LETED

"EMA"CS

Ta)les to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

Ta)le of new sites accepte+ S:N
4 1 ) 5 6 2 7

BSC

CELL NAME

CELL &D

DATE ACCE(TED

"EMA"CS

Ta)le of planne+ site s0r6e s CELL S:N BSC NAME CELL &D
4 1 ) 5 6 2 7

SU"8E' DATE (LANNED

"EMA"CS

Ta)les to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

Ta)le of planne+ site ,o+ifications CELL S:N BSC NAME CELL &D
4 1 ) 5 6 2 7

ACT&-N "EEU&"ED

DATE (LANNED

"EMA"CS

Call Set0p S0ccess "ate(H)

4** 4* 1* )* 5* 6* 2* 7* 8* F* * 46#P"1*** 47#P"1*** 4F#P"1*** 14#P"1*** 1)#P"1*** 12#P"1*** *1M#N1*** *5M#N1*** *2M#N1*** *8M#N1*** 4*M#N1*** 41M#N1*** 42M#N1*** 48M#N1***

Graphs to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

8ptimi(ation started Date

1*M#N1*** 11M#N1*** 15M#N1*** )*M#N1*** *4T-.1*** *6T-.1*** *7T-.1*** *FT-.1*** 41T-.1*** 45T-.1*** 42T-.1*** 48T-.1*** 1*T-.1*** 11T-.1***

Call Set0p S0ccess "ate (H)

Drop Call "ate(H)

*.6 4.6 1.6 * 46#P"1*** 47#P"1*** 4F#P"1*** 14#P"1*** 1)#P"1*** 12#P"1*** *1M#N1*** *5M#N1*** *2M#N1*** *8M#N1*** 4*M#N1*** 41M#N1*** 42M#N1*** 48M#N1*** 4 1

Graphs to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

8ptimi(ation Started Date

1*M#N1*** 11M#N1*** 15M#N1*** )*M#N1*** *4T-.1*** *6T-.1*** *7T-.1*** *FT-.1*** 41T-.1*** 45T-.1*** 42T-.1*** 48T-.1*** 1*T-.1*** 11T-.1***

Drop Call "ate (H)

TCH "% Loss "ate(H)

*.1 4 1 *.5 *.2 *.8 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.8 * 46#P"1*** 47#P"1*** 4F#P"1*** 14#P"1*** 1)#P"1*** 12#P"1*** *1M#N1*** *5M#N1*** *2M#N1*** *8M#N1*** 4*M#N1*** 41M#N1*** 42M#N1*** 48M#N1***

Graphs to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

8ptimi(ation Started Date

1*M#N1*** 11M#N1*** 15M#N1*** )*M#N1*** *4T-.1*** *6T-.1*** *7T-.1*** *FT-.1*** 41T-.1*** 45T-.1*** 42T-.1*** 48T-.1*** 1*T-.1*** 11T-.1***

TCH "% Loss "ate (H)

SDCCH "% Loss "ate(H)

*.6 4.6 1.6 * 46#P"1*** 47#P"1*** 4F#P"1*** 14#P"1*** 1)#P"1*** 12#P"1*** *1M#N1*** *5M#N1*** *2M#N1*** *8M#N1*** 4*M#N1*** 41M#N1*** 42M#N1*** 48M#N1*** 4 1

Graphs to )e inserte+ in E0aterl "eports

8ptimi(ation Started Date

1*M#N1*** 11M#N1*** 15M#N1*** )*M#N1*** *4T-.1*** *6T-.1*** *7T-.1*** *FT-.1*** 41T-.1*** 45T-.1*** 42T-.1*** 48T-.1*** 1*T-.1*** 11T-.1***

SDCCH "% Loss "ate (H)

T#3ical O3ti+i:ati8n 2e38rt

T pical -pti,i7ation "eport

.N,