UCL ELECTRONIC & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Preparatory Problems for Electronic Engineers

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Preparatory Problems for Electronic Engineers

Congratulations on accepting your offer for a place at UCL to read Electronic and Electrical Engineering. All the courses within the epartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering ha!e a common first and second year" which co!ers the fundamental material you will need for your subse#uent studies and specialisations. $he first year at UCL builds on the foundations of your A%le!el studies in &athematics and Physics" and as such it is important to ma'e sure you are familiar with this material" and to fill any gaps in your 'nowledge prior to arri!ing at UCL. $o facilitate this" enclosed are a set of problems which you should wor' through before arri!ing at UCL. You are required to hand in your final set of answers in at the first tutorial. Your tutor will also discuss your solutions in your first tutorial. (f you find #uite a few of the problems difficult or unfamiliar" do not be discouraged from wor'ing on the rest. (n this boo'let there are a series of problems based on the Core A%le!el )yllabus" all of which should be attempted prior to arri!ing at UCL. (f you do not recognise the problems as being on material you ha!e co!ered" or if you cannot do them" you should consult an A%Le!el te*t boo'. At the end of the boo'let a short section has been added to gi!e you a tester on the lin' between the mathematics you will learn and electronic engineering. $he mathematics problems in this boo'let are based on the Core )yllabus for A%le!el &aths" with many #uestions ta'en from Core Maths for Advanced Level, L. Bostock & S. Chandler, ISBN: 07487 0!8. $he physics problems in this boo'let are based on the Core )yllabus for A%le!el Physics and are ta'en from "ract#ce #n "h$s#cs Akr#ll, Bennett and M#llar, %&'l#shed '$ (odder and Sto&)hton ISBN 0 *40 7 8+* ! r )eb )a!ory r Cyril +enaud r )ally ay )eptember 2,1-

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Table of contents
UCL Electronic . Electrical Engineering......................................................................1 &athematics Problems ..................................................................................................Answers for &athematics Problems.........................................................................../ Circuits Problems...........................................................................................................0 Answers for C Circuit Analysis Problems.............................................................11 Added Problems...........................................................................................................12 Answers for 1ptional Problems...............................................................................10

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Mathematics Problems
(f you ha!e any #ueries please contact r )eb )a!ory email2 s.sa!ory3ee.ucl.ac.u' $hese problems co!er the mathematics which most courses will assume you are familiar with" howe!er it may ha!e been some time since you studied some of these topics. As mentioned earlier" if you find #uite a few of the problems difficult or unfamiliar" do not be discouraged from wor'ing on the rest. 1. etermine the !alue of the rational number
31/ 4 3 31/ 6 3

for which
=3 p

2. )ol!e the simulaneous e#uations

2x + y =3, 2 x 2 xy =10

-. E*press
5( x 3)( x + 1) 3( x +1) ( x 12)( x + 3) x 12

as a single fraction in its simplest form 4. 5rite ln x 3 + ln xy ln y 3 as a single term. 6ence obtain an e*pression for in terms of if ln x 3 + ln xy ln y 3 =0

5. )implify

2+ 2 2 2

e*pressing your answer in surd form 7i.e. in the form a + b 2 where are numbers to be determined8.

a and b a is an

9. $he cubic polynomial x 3 2 x 2 2 x + 4 has a factor ( x a ) " where integer. a. Use the factor theorem to find the !alue of b. 6ence find e*actly all three roots of x 3 2 x 2 2 x + 4 /. :ind" correct to three decimal places" the !alue of 2 y +1 =3 5 y

y gi!en that

;. $he !ertices of the triangle ABC are A( 3,1) " B(10, 8) and C(1,4). :ind an e#uation for the line passing through A and B" gi!ing your answer in the form px + qy + r =0 " where p" q and are integers. )how by calculation that CA and CB are perpendicular.

0. An e#uilateral triangle of side 25 cm circumscribes a circle 7i.e. the circle is enclosed by the triangle8. :ind the radius of the circle. 1,. A cur!e in the trac' of a railway line is a circular arc of length 4,,m and radius 12,,m. $hrough what angle does the direction of the trac' turn<

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11. $wo discs" of radii 5 cm and 12 cm" are placed" partly o!erlapping" on a table. (f their centres are 1- cm apart find the perimeter of the =figure%eight> shape 12. :ind the e#uation of the tangent to the cur!e x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 6 at the point where x = 1 1-. A piece of wire of total length 12m is cut into two pieces. 1ne piece of wire is bent into a rectangle of sides m and 3 x m and the other is bent to form the boundary of a s#uare. )how that the total area" in m 2" enclosed by the rectangle and the s#uare is gi!en by

A =7 x 2 12 x + 9
:ind the !alue of if the total area enclosed is a minimum. ?erify that your stationary !alue is a minimum. 14. A landscape gardener is gi!en the following instructions about laying a rectangular lawn. $he length m is to be 2 m longer than the width. $he width must be greater than 9.4 m and the area is to be less than 9- m 2. @y forming an ine#uality in " find the set of possible !alues of .

15. An odd function is one for which f ( x ) = f ( x )" and an e!en function is one for which f ( x ) = f ( x ) . )'etch each function and state whether it is e!en" odd or neither. a8 b8 d8 ln(1 + x ) c8 e x 2 e8 g8 ( x 1) 1 f8 ( x 1) h8

cos x
cot x

tan x

19. $he fourth term of an arithmetic series is 2, and the ninth term is 4,. :ind a. the common difference b. the first term c. the sum of the first 2, terms 1/. :ind"correct to the nearest degree" all the !alues of satisfying the e#uation 1;. :ind a.
6 x + dx x 1
4 2

between 0 and 360

8 cos2 +2sin =7

b.

x cos2xdx

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10. A pump is used to e*tract air from a bottle. $he first operation of the pump e*tracts 59cm 3 of air and subse#uent e*tractions follow a geometric progression. $he third operation of the pump e*tracts -1.5cm 3 of air. a. etermine the common ratio of the geometric progression and calculate the total amount of the air that could be e*tracted from the bottle" if the pump were to e*tract air indefinitely b. After how many operations of the pump does the total amount of air e*tracted from the bottle first e*ceed 22,cm 3 2,. ifferentiate each of the following functions with respect to a8
1 x
2

x
d8
x x 1
2

b8 e x f8 e
x

c8 x 2 cos(2 x )
1+x g8 ln x
2

e8 x ln x

h8 cos 2 x

21. $he !olume"

V " of a sphere of radius

dV dr

r r is gi!en by V = 4 3

a. 1btain an e*pression for

b. A balloon when almost fully inflated can be modelled by a sphere. 5here the radius of the balloon is 15cm" it is obser!ed that the rate of 1 . :ind" to two significant figures" increase of the radius is ,.1 cm s the rate of increase of the !olume at this time. 22. A spea'er uses an amplifier to carry her wor's to members of the audience metres away. $he power output" P watts" if gi!en by the formula P =0.0004 x 2 a. $o increase the distance by a small amount x metre" the output must be increased by P watt. :ind an appro*imate e*pression for P in terms of and x . P x b. )how that 2

c. (f the power output of the amplifier is increased by 2 A" by what percentage appro*imately is the distance her !oice will carry increase< 2-. )'etch the cur!e for

0 t 2 " defined by the e#uations

x =3a cos t , y =2a sin t

where

a is a positi!e constant

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24. f ( x )

5x 2 8x + 1 A B C + + 2 x x 1 ( x 1)2 2 x( x 1)

a. :ind the !alues of the constants b. 6ence find c. 6ence show that

f ( x )dx

A" B and C.

32 5 f ( x )dx = ln 3 24

25. Use the identity cos( A + B) =cos Acos B sin Asin B to pro!e that $he finite region R is bounded by the cur!e with e#uation y =sin 2 2 x" the lines x = / 8" x = / 4 and y =0. :ind the area of R gi!ing your answer in the form p + q " where p and q are numbers to be found. 29.
1 2 sin = (1 cos2) . 2

a. E*pand (3 +2 x )4 in ascending powers of " gi!ing each coefficient as an integer. b. 6ence" or otherwise" write down the e*pansion of (3 2 x )4 in ascending powers of c. 6ence by choosing a suitable !alue for show that 4 4 (3 +2 2) +(3 2 2 ) is an integer and state its !alue

2/. A cur!e is defined by the parametric e#uations a. :ind

dt dy . 6ence show that = tan x dx dx

1 x =cos t

( )"

y = ln t .

b. Use the &aclaurin )eries to find an appro*imation to the cur!e near the origin" of the form y = a + bx + cx 2 2;. +eferred to a fi*ed origin O" the points A and B ha!e position !ectors 3i j + 2k and i + j + 9k respecti!ely. a. )how 1A is perpendicular to A@. b. :ind" in !ector form" an e#uation of the line L 1 through A and @. $he line L2 has e#uation r =8i + j 6 k + ( i 2j 2k ) where is a scalar parameter. c. )how that the lines L 1 and L 2 intersect and find the position !ector of the point of intersection

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Answers for Mathematics Problems 1.

p=

2. {x =2, y = 1} and {x = 5/ 4, y =11/ 2} -.

2( x +1) x +3

11 12

x4 4. ln 2 " y = x 2 y

5. 3 +2 2 9.

a =2"

x = { 2 , 2 ,2}

/. y = 0.443 ;. 9x + 13 y + 14 =0 0. 25 3
6

1,. 1/ 3 radians 11. 22 + 14 arctan 12. y =2 x + 6 1-. x = 14.

6 7
12 = 85.6 to - s.f. 5

8.4 < x <9

15. a8 e!en" b8 odd" c8 neither" d8 neither" e8 odd" f8 neither" g8 neither" h8 odd 19. a8 4" b8 ;" c8 02, 1/. ={30deg,150deg,194 deg,346 deg} 1;. a8 72 ln(2) + 77 b8 cos2 x + x sin2 x + constant 10. a8 ,./5" 224" b8 14
1 4 1 2

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2,. a8 e8
x(ln( x ) +1)
2

1
3

b8 e x

c8 2 x cos(2 x ) 2 x 2 sin(2 x )

d8
x

2 x

f8

2 x

g8

x 2 (ln( x 2 ) 1) 1 x ln x
2

h8

sin2 x

( x 1)3
2

1 21. a8 4 r 2 b8 2;, cm 3 s

22. a8

P =0.0008x x c8 1A
1 2 1 ln x + 2 ln( x 1) + + constant B =2" C = 1 b8 1 2 x 1

2-. Bo numerical solution 24. a8 A = " 25.

1 1 + 8 16

29. a8 81 + 216 x + 216 x 2 + 96 x 3 + 16 x 4 c8 1154 2/. a8

b8 81 216 x + 216 x 2 96 x 3 + 16 x 4

sin x b8

y=

1 2 x 2

2;. b8 (3 4 )i + (2 1) j + (2 + 7 )k c8 11i 5 j 12k

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Circuits Problems
(f you ha!e any #ueries please contact r Cyril +enaud email2 c.renaud3ee.ucl.ac.u' ,or th#s sect#on $o& need to re-e-'er: . /h-0s la1 . 2hat #s a %otent#al d#fference or a volta)e 'et1een t1o %o#nts . 3#rchoff0s la1s 4c&rrent and volta)e5 1. 5 resistors" of resistance 2 C" 2./ C" 1, C" / C and ; C respecti!ely" are connected to a battery as shown in the following figure. A !oltmeter connected across the battery reads 5./ ?. A a. Calculate the resistance of the circuit2 i. between @ and C 2 ii. between A and C b. Calculate the !oltage2 2.7 i. between A and @ ii. between @ and C B c. Calculate the total current through2 i. the circuit 7 ii. the 2./ C resistor iii. the / C resistor 10 i!. the 1, C resistor
C

2. $he following diagram shows a cubical wire framewor'" mode of resistance wire. $he sides of all ha!e the same length and wire thic'ness" so each side has the same resistance. A current of 9 A enters at A" and lea!es at 6. a. 5hat is the current in A@" AC" A < b. 5hat is the current in @E" @:" C:" CD" E" D< c. 5hat is the current in E6" :6" D6< (f the potential at A is 5 ? and 6 is earthed" what are the potentials at d. @" C" < e. E" :" D<
B

C E

H D

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A -. $he following diagram" of a bridge networ'" B shows a circuit containing a battery gi!ing a !oltage of 9., ? and negligible internal resistance and four resistors P" E" + and ). $he negati!e terminal of the battery is earthed" so the potential P Q at that part of this circuit is Fero. a. 5hat are the potentials at G and H if i. P I E I + I ) I 1, C < ii. P I E I 1, C" + I ) I 2, C < X Y iii. P I 5 C" E I + I 1, C" ) I 2, C< b. 5hat can you say about the !alues of P" E" + and ) if the potentials at G and R S H were the same< c. 5hat circuit component would you need to add in order to test whether the potentials at G and H are the same< d. )uppose P I 2, C" E I 1, C" + is a C D resistor of un'nown siFe and ) is a !ariable resistor. 5hat is + if ) I 2- C and the potentials at G and H are the same<

4. $he circuit in the pre!ious diagram was once used as a method of measuring resistance. $he bridge is said to be JbalancedK when the potentials at G and H are the same. a. $he resistances P" +" and ) are 15 C" -- C and 22 C respecti!ely. )how that the resistance E must be 1, C if the bridge is balanced. b. E*plain why" if P and + are unchanged" and E and ) are increased to 1,, C and 22, C" the bridge is still balanced. c. (f the resistance of E is now decreased slightly from 1,, C" e*plain in which direction the current will flow in an ammeter connected between G and H

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Answers for DC Circuit Analysis Problems 1. a. i. 9 C ii. 1,./ C b. i. 2.5 ? ii. -.2 ? c. i. ,.5- A ii. ,.5- A iii. ,.21 A i!. ,.-2 A

2. a. b. c. d. e. -. a. i. @oth - ? ii. @oth 4 ? iii. @oth 4 ? b. PLE I +L) c. An ammeter or a !oltmeter between G and H d. 49 C 4. a. use - b. b. same c. :rom H to G all 2 A all 1A all 2A all -? all 2 ?

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Added Problems
(f you ha!e any #ueries please contact r Cyril +enaud email2 c.renaud3ee.ucl.ac.u' $he purpose of this section is to introduce an e*ample of a mathematical tool and to demonstrate how it could be used in electronic engineering. $he problems in this section are aimed to be relati!ely simple" and a more in depth studies of the concepts introduced here will be made during your first year at UCL. ntroduction to Comple! numbers 1ne of the important &athematics tools for engineers you will study during your first year at UCL are comple* numbers. $hough they are not part of your A%le!el curriculum" they are a relati!ely simple e*tention of real numbers. $he purpose of this section is for you to familiarise with the basic notions and definitions related to comple* numbers and to their arithmetic. 6ef#n#t#ons $he first important definition is the "imaginary# quantity which will be noted j throughout your studies as an engineer. 5e define it as2
j= 1

Bote that any power of j may be e*pressed as 1"%1 or 72

j 4 n2 = 1" where n is an integer 7nM,8" j 4 n =1 " where n is an integer 7nM,8"
1 j 4 n =j " where n is an integer 7nM,8" 3 j 4 n = j " where n is an integer 7nM,8"

and

1 =j j

5e can then define the comple! number z by its real part" e.g. a real number called 8" and its imaginary part" e.g. a real number called $" so that

z = x + jy
5e write x = e( z ) and y = !"( z ) As any comple* number 9 is defined by a pair of real numbers 8 and $" we can use such a number to describe a gi!en point in a 2%dimensional 8,$ plane. (n that case we call the 8%a*is the real a!is and the $%a*is the imaginary a!is" and we draw what we call an Argand diagram.

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Another important definition for a comple* number is the modulus" it is noted N9N. 1n the Argand diagram it correspond to the length between the origin and the point defined by 9. Using PythagoraOs $heorem we find that2
z = x2 + y2

:inally we also define the comple* conPugate number" which we write as 9Q. @y definition2 (f z = x + jy then z # = x jy Bote that the modulus of 9Q is e#ual to the modulus of 9.

z # = x + y = x2 + y2 = z
2

( )

1n the Argand diagram we represent F and FQ as follow2

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Add#t#on and s&'tract#on (n order to add or subtract two comple* number we add and subtract their real and imaginary part separately" so that2 (f z1 = x1 + jy1 and z 2 = x2 + jy2 $hen
z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + jy1 ) + ( x2 + jy2 ) z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + j( y1 + y2 )

And
z1 z 2 = ( x1 + jy1 ) ( x2 + jy2 ) z1 z 2 = ( x1 x2 ) + j( y1 y2 )

Bote that in particular2

z + z # = ( x + jy ) + ( x jy ) z + z # = ( x + x ) + j( y y ) z + z # = 2 x = 2 e( z )

and
z z # =( x + jy ) ( x jy ) z z # =( x x ) + j ( y + y ) z z # =2 jy =2 j !"( z )

M&lt#%l#cat#on $o multiply two comple* number we multiply each elements as with 7a:'87c:d8 and remember that 72I%1" so that2
z1 z 2 =( x1 + jy1 )( x2 + jy2 ) z1 z 2 = x1 x2 + x1 jy2 + jy1 x2 + jy1 jy2 z1 z 2 = x1 x2 + j 2 y1 y2 + jx1 y2 + jx2 y1 z1 z 2 =( x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + j( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )

Bote that in particular

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zz # = ( x + jy)( x jy ) zz # = ( xx y( y )) + j( xy xy) zz # = x + y = z = z #
2 2 2 2
6#v#s#on (n order to find the real part and the imaginary part of the ratio of two comple* numbers" we multiply the top and bottom by the comple* conPugate of the denominator so that2
z1 x + jy1 x + jy1 x2 jy2 = 1 = 1 z 2 x2 + jy2 x2 + jy 2 x2 jy2 z 1 ( x1 + jy1 )( x2 jy2 ) = z 2 ( x2 + jy 2 )( x2 jy2 ) z 1 ( x1 x2 y1 ( y2 )) + j( x1 ( y2 ) + x2 y1 ) = 2 z2 z
2

z1 x x +y y x y x y = 1 2 21 2 +j 2 1 21 2 z2 z z
2 2

"ro'le-s 1. Calculate the following comple* numbers z = (12 + j5) + ( 3 + j 4) i. z = ( 6 + j24) (300 j121) ii. z = (2 + j5)(3 j1) iii. i!. !.
z=

(6 j 4) ( 1 + j1) (10 j5) z = + ( 4 + j12) 2 + j2 3 j20 (2 + j1)

)(

2. Using what is gi!en on the Argand diagram deri!e an e*pression for +e798 and (m798" then an e*pression of 9.

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ntroduction to impedances for AC circuit analysis $he purpose of this section is to show how comple* numbers are applied in Electronic Engineering. All the notions mentioned in this section will be de!eloped in more details during your first year course on Circuit Analysis and )ynthesis. 1ne of the subPects studied during your first year course on circuit analysis is AC circuit analysis. (n that case we consider a circuit where the current and the !oltage are not a continuous but a sinusoidal signal of fre#uency f or angular fre#uency I2f. (n order to simplify the calculations in circuits for AC analysis we use comple* numbers and the notion of comple* impedances is introduced. An impedance ; will be a comple* number" which will describe an element of a circuit in such a way that we can continue to apply 1hms law" and we can calculate e#ui!alent impedances 7in series or in parallel8 as with resistances in C circuit analysis2 <=;I The impedance is always e!pressed in $hms. Bote that in that case we need to describe the current and the !oltage with a comple* number. $he basic elements of a circuit are the resistor" the capacitor and the inductor. >es#stor

$his is the simplest element2 ZR = R $hus it is a pure real number 7the imaginary part is e#ual to ,8 $he resistance > is e*pressed in 1hmsR . Ca%ac#tor

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(n that case we ha!e by definition2

ZC = 1 1 =j jC C

$his is a pure imaginary number 7the real part is e#ual to ,8 $his impedance changes with fre#uency. $he capacitance C is e*pressed in :arad" :. Ind&ctor

(n that case we ha!e by definition Z L = jL $his is a pure imaginary number 7the real part is e#ual to ,8 $his impedance changes with fre#uency. $he inductance L is e*pressed in 6enry" 6. "ro'le-s Using the same approach as with C circuit Analysis and resistances" calculate the e#ui!alent impedance ; for the following circuit where %&rad.s'&. $hen calculate the current # flowing between A and @" if the !oltage between A and @ is vI1S71 ? 7at ).
A R1=1

L1=1 Z=? C=1F R2=2 B L2=3 B

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Answers for $ptional Problems 1. z = 9 + j9 i. z = 306 + j145 ii. z = 11 + j13 iii. z = 5 j1 i!. z = 35 + j54 !. 2.
e( z ) = r cos() !"( z ) = r sin() z =r cos() + j r sin()

-. Z = 2 + j2 i = 0.5A at 1 rad.s%1

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(e)ision for Electromagnetics. 1ne of the courses that you will be ta'ing during the first year of your degree in Electronic and Electrical Engineering at UCL is Electromagnetics. (t is important that you re!ise the part of the Physics that you ha!e already done that is rele!ant to this course. Hou can use your school Physics te*t boo'" which should ha!e all that you need" but at the start of each section" a summary is gi!en to help you find the part of your boo' that should be re!ised. Answers to the #uestions are to be handed in at the first Electromagnetics lecture. Please put your name and tutor clearly on the first page. *$TE+, A number of e#uations are gi!en in the summaries. $hey will be introduced to you in the lecture course as !ector e#uations. $he following #uantities are vectors 7shown in bold" or when you write them as underlined8 $he magnetic flu* density or $he electric field E or E A force . or . $he following #uantities are scalar #uantities $he induced e.m.f. e or E $he potential difference < :or e*ample" CoulombOs Law is sometimes written in school te*t boo's as k@ @ , = +? ? , but in the !ector form" as gi!en in the lectures it is written as r k@ @ 1 @1@2 . = 12 2 a r = ar 4 o r 2 r 5here . is the force" which is a !ector" and ar is a unit !ector in the r direction" i.e. this gi!es the direction of .. 7Ao is a constant" the permitti!ity of free space8 Thin/ about whether you are dealing with a vector quantity or scalar quantity when you answer the questions. r. )ally ay s.day3ee.ucl.ac.u'

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+ection A. Magnetic fields Make s&re that $o& can: raw" in two dimensions" magnetic field 7flu*8 patterns near a long straight wire" a flat coil and a long solenoid +emember a rule for predicting the relationship between the sense of a current and that of the field lines Understand that magnetic flu* density - is a !ector #uantity Use the e#uation B=oIB?r for a straight wire and B=onI for a solenoid. 7Bote2 - is the magnetic flu* density" but it is often called the magnetic field8 Current in a wire" which is perpendicular to the page 7#.e. coming in or out of the page8 is often represented with the following symbols2 Current going into the page Current coming out of the page 1. Using this representation of the current in a wire s'etch the magnetic flu* density 7-8 around wires 7#.e. - in the plane of the paper8" for both 7a8 current flowing into the page and 7b8 on another diagram" for current flowing out of the page. +emember to show the direction and the flu* density close to the wire and away from the wire. 7a8 raw the combined magnetic flu* density around the following two wires2

2.

7b8 raw the combined magnetic flu* density around the following two wires2

+ection -. Magnetic forces, Make s&re that $o& can: +emember the rule for predicting the direction of the magnetic force on current%carrying wire placed in a magnetic field Use the e#uation , = BCIl for the force on a current carrying wire of length l. 7Bote that the force" ," magnetic flu*" BC, and current" I, are all at right angles in this case.8 Use the e#uation , = BC@v for the force on a charged particle mo!ing in a magnetic field. 7Bote that the force" ," magnetic flu*" BC " and !elocity" I, are all at right angles in this case.8 Understand that a charged particle deflected by a magnetic field will mo!e in a circular path

Preparatory Problems for Electronic Engineers -. 4. Use the e*pression v2Lr for centripetal acceleration.

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5hat is the force on an electron at rest in a magnetic flu* density of strength ,.4 $< )'etch the path of a positron tra!elling in a uniform magnetic field in the following diagram. )how the forces on the positron as it tra!els in the field.

Positron !elocity

&agnetic field :igure 4.1 5. $he field strength in :igure 4.1 is 2 $. $he positron comes from a particle accelerator and is tra!elling at ;,A of the speed of light. 5hat is the radius of the path< mass of positron = 0.11 T 1,%-1 'g the charge is @ = 1.9 T 1,%10 C speed of light c I - T 1,; mUs%1

+ection C. Magnetic induction, Make s&re that $o& can: Use the e#uation E = BClv for the e.m.f. produced across a conductor" of length l" mo!ing at speed v" in a magnetic field. 7BC is the magnetic flu* at right angles to the direction the conductor is mo!ing.8 Use the e#uation = BCA for the flu* crossing an area A. Understand that electromagnetic induction in!ol!es the transfer of mechanical energy to electrical energy. Understand that e.m.f.s are induced when the magnetic flu* lin'ing a circuit 7e.). a loop of wire8" is changing. Use :aradayOs law of electromagnetic induction2 E = N4/t5 or E = NdBdt, #.e. the induced e.m.f. is e#ual to the rate of change of flu* lin'age. +emember that the direction of an induced e.-.f. is such as to oppose the change causing it. Understand the principle of the transformer Use the ideal transformer e#uation <%B<s = N%BNs for primary and secondary !oltages and turns.

Preparatory Problems for Electronic Engineers 9. /.

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5hat is the flu* lin'ing a coil of 1, turns and with an area of 2, cm2 in a field strength of 1.5 $< A large U magnet is placed on a bench so that the magnetic field between its poles is horiFontal. A long wire is connected to a data logging de!ice. raw s'etch graphs of !oltage" <, against time" t, as recorded by the data%logger when the wire is mo!ed2 7a8 At the same steady speed !ertically downwards and then !ertically upwards between the poles of the magnet 7b8 )lowly downwards and then #uic'ly upwards between the poles of the magnet 7c8 At a steady speed horiFontally from one pole of the magnet to the other. A plane of wingspan -, m flies through a !ertical field of strength 5 T 1,%4 $. Calculate the e.-.f. induced across the wing%tips if the !elocity is 15, mUs%1

;.

+ection D. Electrical forces, 4th#s sect#on #s often fo&nd 1#th )rav#tat#onal forces5 Make s&re that $o& can: Use CoulombOs law for the force between two charges @+ and @? separated by a distance r k@ @ 1 @1@2 . = 12 2 a r = ar 4 o r 2 r Vo I ;.;5 T 1,%12 :Um%1 +emember the laws for electrical forces apply to point charges and to charged spheres. &($ ha!e some good web sites with animations on electrostatics e.g. http2LLweb.mit.eduL;.,2tLwwwL;,2$EAL- L!isualiFationsLelectrostaticsLpchargesLpch arges.htm and others at http2LLweb.mit.eduL;.,2tLwwwL;,2$EAL- L!isualiFationsLelectrostaticsLinde*.htm 0. A small sphere carrying a charge of S 1., nC is situated a distance of 1;, mm from another small sphere carrying a charge of S 4., nC. 7a8 5hat is the siFe of the electrical force :" between the two spheres< 7b8 raw a s'etch of the forces on the small sphere if another sphere with a charge of S4., nC is added so that the spheres are at three corners of a s#uare" with the small sphere at the corner between the other two.

+ection E. (adial E'fields, 4th#s sect#on #s often fo&nd 1#th )rav#tat#onal forces5 Make s&re that $o& can: Use the e#uation D I k@Br? for the siFe of the electric field strength around a charge @. Understand that E is a !ector #uantity Use the e#uation <=k@Br for the potential near a point or spherical charge.
k= 1 4o

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1,.

7a8 Plot the electric field lines around a negati!e point charge 7b8 1n the same diagram" using dotted lines" show the lines of e#uipotential 4l#nes of e@&al or the sa-e %otent#al5. $wo charges of siFe @" but of opposite sign" are placed on the line L& as shown in the :igure 11.1. 7a8 escribe how the direction of the E%field produced by the two charges !aries 7i8 along the line L&" 7ii8 along the line A@. E*plain your reasoning in each case. 7b8 )'etch the shape of the D%field in the region around the charges. A

11.

S#

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@ :igure 11.1 12. $wo charges each of S -., C" separated by a distance of ,.;, m" produce the electric field shown in :igure 12.1. 7a8 Calculate the electric potential at A" a distance of ,.5, m from each charge 7hint2 la'el the d#stances on the d#a)ra-8. 7b8 Copy the diagram and add dashed lines to show the shapes of the e#uipotential surfaces in the plane of the paper. 7c8 Calculate the resultant electric field at A 7re-e-'er that the electr#c f#eld #s a vector8.

:igure 12.1

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