Drying1 7-1 7 5

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Authors: BERALMAR TECNOLOGIC, S.A.
Mr. Artur Massaguer Technical Director of Beralmar Tecnologic S.A.
Mr. Santi Amposta R&D Director of Beralmar Tecnologic S.A. www.beralmar.com

Chapter 1.7
MOLLIERS ENTHALPY-MOISTURE DIAGRAM

Created by Mollier, this has two orthogonal axes
representing the x and i scales covered before.

Plotted on the X axis is the absolute humidity, x,
expressed in kg/kg of dry air. On the Y axis is the i scale,
in kcal per kg of dry air. The temperature in C is also
marked on the same axis.

It is very practical for resolving drying problems and
being able to calculate needs for air and heat with great
ease theoretically, without needing to resort to complex
formulas for calculation.

As the enthalpy of dry air depends on the temperature
we know that:

!
!
! !!!" ! ! !
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!

For each temperature there is a point on the Y axis, so
enthalpy will be 0.24 ! t.

The temperature values are represented on the Y axis.

Given a temperature, t1, the equation for the enthalpy of
moist air becomes:

Which is a straight line, the Y-axis intercept of which is

and the slope of which is

A different temperature, t
2, will give another straight line.
These straight lines are almost horizontal and as each
corresponds to a temperature, they are known as
isotherms.

The equation for enthalpy can be written as:

or as:

This equation represents a straight line with a Y-axis
intercept of i and -597, forming an obtuse angle with the
X axis. By giving a different value we obtain a straight
line with the same slope. Each of the straight lines in this
family corresponds to an enthalpy value. They are
known as isentropes.

On the X axis you can find the water content of a moist
air with an enthalpy corresponding to the straight line
and whose temperature is that of the isotherm passing
through the point considered.

The equation:

Shows that once the hygrometric state and atmospheric
pressure are set, the water content is a function of pd
and therefore of the temperature.

If, for example, you take p=760 mm and ! = 100 %
replacing these values for those corresponding to
temperatures t1, t2, etc., you can easily calculate the
amount of water in saturated air at these temperatures.

By indicating values corresponding to the amount of
water calculated and the corresponding isothermal lines,
a succession of points are obtained which when
connected give curves of equal relative humidity.

As we will see in the following sections, the Mollier
diagram is very useful for calculating needs for air at
each point in the dryer, enabling better understanding of
its operation.

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Chapter 1.7.1
AMBIENT AIR CONDITIONS

! HEATING OF AMBIENT AIR

Ambient air is a tool used in the drying of ceramic parts.
As seen above, this air will have a greater or lesser
capacity to absorb moisture depending on its conditions.
As also seen by means of the Mollier diagram or the i-x
diagram, you can determine enthalpy and absolute
humidity conditions.

Knowing these data is fundamental to being able to
calculate the drying process.

Let us assume that it is a winters day and the ambient
conditions are a Temperature, t
1 = 10 C and relative
humidity !1 = 63%.

To place this on the Mollier diagram, you just need to
follow the 10 C isotherm until it crosses the curve of
equal relative humidity of 63%. This intersection is
marked as point (1).

On the X axis, the absolute humidity is:

!
!
! !!!!"
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

To find the enthalpy, draw a line parallel to the isentrope
and calculate the value by interpolating, in this case:

!
!
! !!!
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!" !" !"# !"#

With this value, you find the amount of water in 1 kg of
dry air under these ambient conditions and also the
amount of heat it holds.

Let us look at the difference between this case and the
case of air heated using a generator or radiator to a
temperature of t2= 100 C.

When air is heated, the amount of water it holds does
not change.

Hence to locate point (2) you need to extend the straight
line orthogonal to the X axis, passing through:

!
!
! !!!!"
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

until it meets the isotherm passing through t2= 100 C.

The point where they cross gives the point representing
ambient air heated to 100 C. What will have changed is
the enthalpy and, similarly to how we found point (1), this
now gives

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This value can also be calculated using the expression:

!
!
! !!!" ! !"" ! !!!" ! !!!!" ! !"" ! !"# ! !!!!"

!
!
! !"!!"
!"#$
!" !! !"# !"#

As you can see, the results obtained graphically using
the Mollier diagram and through calculation are very
similar, so errors made on calculating dryers graphically
are practically negligible.

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Chapter 1.7.2

! DRYING UNDER THEORETICAL CONDITIONS

Once the ambient air has been heated (point 2), you can
use it to dry. When it comes into contact with ceramic
parts, the water starts to evaporate, passing to the air
and increasing latters absolute humidity.

Let us assume ideal drying, where there are no losses in
walls and roof in the place where water evaporation
occurs, i.e. this heat is not used for heating the dryer
supports, walls and roof and the amount of heat
exchanged with these parts of the kiln can be neglected
in comparison with that used in evaporating water from
the parts.
The thermal change in the initial air equals the heat
transferred to the water to evaporate it. This
transformation usually takes place at constant heat,
known as isenthalpic.

The air at point 2 absorbs water vapour progressively,
increasing its absolute humidity without changing its
enthalpy, hence the air contained in this ideal dryer lies
on an isentrope which passes through point 2. The air
has the same enthalpy when it leaves the generator,
enters the dryer and reaches the chimney, point 3.

Point 3 has the following values: t
3=37C and relative
humidity !3=77.6 %.

Measure the absolute humidity the air would have at this
point on the X axis, to give the following values.

!
!
! !!!"
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

the enthalpy continues to have the same value i3=i2,
equal to:

!
!
! !
!
! !"!!
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The humidity absorbed by this air is:

!
!
! !
!
! !!!" ! !!!!" ! !!!"#
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

Therefore, the following amount of air will be needed to
evaporate 1 kg of water:

!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!!!"#
! !"
!" !" !"# !"#
!" !
!
!

The heat needed to evaporate this amount of water will
be:
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
! !
!
! !"!! ! !!! ! !"!!
!"#$
!" !" !"# !"#

Referred to 1 kg of water gives:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!!
!!!"#
! !"#
!"#$
!" !
!
!

The dryer has a performance loss due to the heat lost
through the extractor chimney, as this air is not
saturated. This implies that investment has been made
in supplying heat to the inside of the dryer which has not
served to evaporate water from the ceramic.

Point (3) is projected onto the line passing through point
(1) to be able to calculate heat losses.

When point (3) is projected onto the straight line
orthogonal to the X axis (1)-(2) you get point (4).

The enthalpy for (4) is

!
!
! !!!!
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and the absolute humidity is the same as the ambient
air.

The difference in enthalpies:

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!
! !
!
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The water absorbed is:

!
!
! !
!
! !!!" ! !!!!" ! !!!"#
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

And losses through the chimney will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!!!
!!!"#
! !"#
!"#$
!" !
!
!

In the following sections we will look at non-ideal cases.
It will be seen how these cases are very similar to the
ideal case, which offers a good approximation, and how
losses through heat transfer to the walls, roof and the
rest do not have a high percentage value and the
greatest energy impact is produced in water evaporation.

This is why water consumption in mixing for subsequent
evaporation in drying is given such importance.

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Chapter 1.7.3

! DRYING UNDER REAL CONDITIONS

Case No. 1

The previous section looked at the ideal theoretical case
of a dryer in which there are no heat losses. Such losses
mean that the thermal content of the air is reduced.

Due to all this, if the temperature and relative humidity
are measured at the dryer outlet, you get lower values
than obtained from the Mollier diagram.

The representation of this point is to be found to the left
of the isentropic straight line passing through the point
representing the entry of air to the dryer. This indicates
that the heat content in this air is less than it should
have, a decrease brought about by the losses already
specified. As we will see, this implies that the dryer
needs more air for drying than the theoretical amount
calculated earlier.

If we analyse the dryer output air conditions in the above
case, we see that:

!
!
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!
! !" !!

!
!
! ! !"# , instead of !
!
! !!!!"

On transferring these data to the Mollier diagram, this
gives point (3).

This new point will have the following characteristic
values:
Humidity of the extracted air

!
!
! ! !!!"#$
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

Enthalpy obtained

!
!
! ! !"
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!" !" !"# !"#

These values are lower than those obtained in the ideal
case and represented by point (3).

As in the previous case, you can calculate the moisture
evaporated and absorbed by the air:

!
!
! ! !
!
! !
!
! ! !
!
! !!!"#$ ! !!!!" ! !!!"#$
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#

The air needed to evaporate 1 kg of water will be:

!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!!!"#$
! !"!!"
!" !" !"# !"#
!" !
!
!

This amount of air is greater than the amount needed in
the ideal case due to the drop in dryer performance
caused by the heat losses mentioned above.

The heat imparted to the dryer will be:

!
!
! !
!
! !"!! ! !!! ! !"!!
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!" !" !"# !"#

Similarly to the previous case, we calculate specific
consumption for evaporation:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!"!!
!!!"#$
! !!!"#!!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

A point (4) is obtained by projecting point (3) onto the
straight line passing through point (1), corresponding to
the ambient condition of the air entering the dryer.

The conditions of this point are:

Temperature

!
!
! ! !" !!

Enthalpy obtained

!
!
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Losses in the chimney are:

!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!!!! ! !!!
!!!"#$
! !""!!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Losses due to heating the walls, roof and part supports
will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!"!! ! !"
!!!"#$
! !"#
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Performance losses as a percentage will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! !"" !
!!!"
!"!!
! !"" ! !"!!"

In the initial drying phase, the temperature of the damp
surface corresponds to the value resulting from the
intersection between the saturation curve and the
adiabatic curve passing through point (3), giving point
(5) as a result.

This curve cuts the line (1)-(2) at a temperature of 90 C
and is considered the line followed by the evaporation at
constant heat, subtracting the heat losses from the start.

If the ceramics are introduced to the dryer at a
temperature below the saturation temperature, a small
amount of the water vapour contained in the air will
condense on the ceramic surface, increasing humidity
and temperature until saturation is reached.

Inversely, the necessary amount of water evaporates
from the hotter surface, causing the ceramic surface
temperature to drop until equilibrium is re-established.

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Chapter 1.7.4


Case No. 2

Continuing with the example, we now assume that the
air extracted is at a lower temperature and with a higher
percentage of relative humidity, as follows:

!
!
! !"!! !!

!
!
! !"#

!
!
! !"
!"#$
!" !" !"# !"#

The amount of water vapour absorbed by the air in this
case will be:

!
!
! !
!
! !!!"#$ ! !!!!" ! !!!"##
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"# !"#


!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!!!"#$ ! !!!!"
!
!
!!!"##
! !"!!"
!" !" !"# !"#
!" !
!
!

This amount of air is less than the amount needed in
Case No. 1, as we make the dryer air absorb a larger
amount of water vapour.


!
!
! !
!
! !"!! ! !!! ! !"!!
!"#$
!" !" !"# !"#

Similarly to the previous case, we will calculate specific
consumption for evaporation:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!!
!!!"##
! !"#
!"#$
!" !
!
!

The heat lost in the chimney, as in the previous section,
is calculated by projecting point (5) onto the straight line
passing through point (1), representing the ambient
conditions of the air outside.

This gives point (4), with the following characteristic
values:

Temperature:

Enthalpy obtained:

!
!
!! ! !"!!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Losses through the chimney will be:

!
!
!! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!! ! !!!
!!!"#$ ! !!!!"
!
!!!
!!!!"##

!"#$
!" !
!
!

Losses due to heat transfer to walls, roof, ceramic
supports, etc. will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!! ! !"
!!!"#$ ! !!!!"
!
!!!
!!!!"##
! !"!!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Percentage losses will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
! !"" !
!!!
!"!!
! !"" ! !"!!"

From which it can be deduced that on extracting wetter
air, i.e. closer to saturation, losses through the chimney
and due to heat transfer reduce. The need for water to
evaporate also decreases, although the percentage
losses are maintained.

Therefore, to optimise consumption and reduce losses in
a dryer, you need to ensure that humid air extraction
takes place as close as possible to saturation.

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Chapter 1.7.5


Case No. 3

In this case, instead of heating the air sent to the dryer to
120 C, as in the previous cases, it is heated to

this air will be extracted at

and a relative humidity of

as in the previous case. In the Mollier diagram, the dryer
air inlet conditions are represented as point (6) and the
air outlet conditions as point (8).

The amount of water vapour absorbed will be:

!
!
! !
!
! !!!"!# ! !!!!" ! !!!"##
!" !
!
!
!" !" !"! !"#


!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!!!"!#
! !"!!"
!" !" !"# !"#
!" !
!
!

This amount of air is less than that needed in the above
cases, including the ideal case.


!
!
! !
!
! !"!! ! !!! ! !"!!
!"#$
!" !" !"# !"#

Similarly to the previous cases, we calculate specific
consumption in evaporation:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!!
!!!"!#
! !"#
!"#$
!" !
!
!

As in the previous cases, to calculate the heat lost in the
chimney, project point (8) onto the straight line passing
through point (1), representing the ambient conditions of
the air outside.

This gives point (4), with the following characteristic
values:

Temperature:

Enthalpy obtained:

!
!
!! ! !"!!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Losses through the chimney will be:

!
!
!! ! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!! ! !!!
!!!"!#
! !"!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Losses due to heat transfer to walls, roof, ceramic
supports, etc. will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!"!! ! !"!!
!!!"!#
! !"!!
!"#$
!" !
!
!

Performance losses as a percentage will be:

!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
! !"" !
!
!"!!
! !"" ! !!! !

In this case you can see that as the temperature of the
air forced into the dryer increases, heat consumption in
evaporation and dryer losses decreases, so improving
performance.

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