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Comparators

David Johns and Ken Martin University of Toronto (johns@eecg.toronto.edu) (martin@eecg.toronto.edu)

University of Toronto

slide 1 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Opamp does not work well!


Vin V out = sgn ( V in V r )

Vr Slow Compensation capacitor lowers slew-rate (should disconnect capacitor for higher speed) Inaccurate Offset of input stage might be 2mV - 10mV Limited input range Common-mode input range poor not good if V r is near one of power supplies (flash A/D converters)
University of Toronto
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D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Comparators Offset Cancellation


1a
Vin Vr

2 1

C Bottom plate

Sr Vout

1 2
non-overlapping clocks

t t

On 1 , opamp offset stored on C as well as reference voltage, V r comparator set to trigger point. On 2 , evaluation phase difference between V r and V in amplified
University of Toronto
slide 3 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Comparators - Offset Cancellation


Shown phases does not require charging of C (on 2 , capacitor is not charged) 1a is advanced version of 1 to reduce charge-injection effects (more below) Opamp compensation cap should be disconnected during evaluation phase for faster slew-rate Advantages Very low offset possible Input common-mode range of amplifier near zero Also reduces 1/f noise Disadvantages Requires floating capacitor and switches
University of Toronto
slide 4 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Charge Injection Errors


Channel charge for an ON transistor (with zero Vds) Q CH = WLC ox V eff = WLC ox ( V GS V t ) When turned off quickly, 1/2 charge flows out to each of source and drain Also overlap capacitances for each transistor
1a 2
C ov1
Q1

(1)

C C ov1 V
C

ov3
Q3

ov3

Vin 1
C

Vout

ov2
Q2

ov2

Vr
slide 5 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

University of Toronto

Making Charge Injection Signal Independent


Advance Q3 so it turns off first [Haigh, 83] Reasoning Q3 off causes right side of C to be open circuited When Q2 turns off, charge injection cannot change charge on C When Q1 on, V goes to V in and V goes back to correct value (opamp offset voltage)
1a 1

2a 2a University of Toronto

22
slide 6 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Minimizing Charge Injection Errors


Can use large C but slows down circuit Fully differential design 1a 2
C

Q3a

Vin

1 2
Vr+

Vout

1
Vr-

1a

Q3b

Only mismatch in charge injection cause errors Likely 10 times smaller than single-ended case
University of Toronto
slide 7 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Mult-Stage Comparator
1 Vin 2 1 OA1 Vr OA2 OA3 C1 C2 1 C3 Vout 1

1 1

1 2

[Poujois, 78] [Vittoz, 85] Clock feedthrough stored on coupling caps Used together with fully-diff design

University of Toronto

slide 8 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Multi-Stage Comparator
VDD VSS 1 Cov1 Q1 1 C1 C2 Cov1

C3

OA1 OA2 Vr Negative charge injection

When 1 goes low, charge OA1 output glitches but recovers OA1 input side goes negative causing OA1 output to go positive Since OA2 still being reset, error stored on C2
University of Toronto
slide 9 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Latched Comparators
Vltch + Vin Vin Vltch Vltch Vltch

+ Vout Vout

Preamplifier stage

Track-and-latch stage

1 or 2 stages of preamp followed by track-and-latch


University of Toronto
slide 10 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Latched Comparators
Preamp used to improve resolution and reduce kickback Kickback result of charge transfer to inputs when going from track to latch mode Use preamp and match input impedances Preamp and track both have gain Positive feedback regenerates signal to logic levels Hysteresis effects reduced by setting internal nodes to known values each switching interval Known values likely setting latch to its trip point

University of Toronto

slide 11 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Example CMOS Comparator


[Song, 90]

Vout

Vin Trk

Preamp University of Toronto

Gain stage

Positive feedback
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D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

Example CMOS Comparator


[Norsworthy, 89]
Latch

Vout

Digital signallevel restoration Vin

Latch Preamp

Positive feedback

University of Toronto

slide 13 of 13
D.A. Johns, K. Martin, 1997

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