GRAMMAR REVISION

1) If the introductory sentence starts in the present (Susan says), there is no backshift of tensesin Reported speech. Example: Direct speech: Susan: "I work in an office." Reported speech: Susan says (that) she works in an office.

) If the introductory sentence starts in the past (Susan said), there is often backshift of tensesin Reported speech. (see: !ote) Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said (that) she worked in an office. Backshift of tenses from Simple "resent Simple "ast "resent "erfect "ast "erfect #ill #ould "ast "erfect to Simple "ast

Progressive forms am$are$is #as$#ere has %een had %een had %een #as$#ere

Backshift of tenses from "eter: "I work in the &arden." "eter: "I worked in the &arden." "eter: "I have worked in the &arden." "eter: "I had worked in the &arden." "eter: "I will work in the &arden." "eter: "I can work in the &arden." "eter: "I may work in the &arden." "eter: "I would work in the &arden." (could, might, should, ought to) Progressive forms "eter: "I'm working in the &arden." "eter said (that) he was working in the &arden. "eter said (that) he would work in the &arden. "eter said (that) he could work in the &arden. "eter said (that) he might work in the &arden. "eter said (that) he would work in the &arden. (could, might, should, ought to) "eter said (that) he had worked in the &arden. to "eter said (that) he worked in the &arden.

GRAMMAR REVISION
"eter: "I was working in the &arden." "eter: "I have been working in the &arden." "eter: "I had been working in the &arden." If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well. "eter: "I #or'ed in the &arden yesterday." "eter said that he had #or'ed in the &arden the day before. Shifting !onversion of expressions of time this "evening# today this day these "days# now "a week# ago last weekend here next "week# tomorrow $ote% In some cases the %ac'shift of tenses is not necessary, e.&. #hen statements are still true. (ohn: ")y %rother is at *eip+i& uni,ersity." (ohn said (that) his %rother #as at *eip+i& uni,ersity. or (ohn said (that) his %rother is at *eip+i& uni,ersity. or )andy: "-he sun rises in the East." )andy said (that) the sun rose in the East. or )andy said (that) the sun rises in the East. $ote% -he #ord .that/ can %e left out. that "evening# that day those "days# then "a week# before the weekend before weekend there the following "week# the next following day the previous "eter said (that) he had been working in the &arden.