FCE 346 - Transportation Engineering I: PM Osano 2013/2014 SEMESTER II

University of Nairobi
Department of Civil & Construction Engineering
FCE 346 - Transportation Engineering I
PM Osano 2013/2014 SEMESTER II
Welcome to Lecture on FCE 346-Transportation Engieering I
civil.uonbi.ac.ke
FCE 346, 2013/2014 Semester II PM Osano
Lecture Information
Mondays 1400-1600HRS & Thursdays 0900-1100HRS, Civil Eng. Block, Room CB232A Course materials will be available via individual e-mails(Group Mail) Contact Hours: 45 Examination: - CAT(20%), Course Work(10%), Final(70%), - Pass Mark(40%) - Final Examination is Closed Book References: Various
PM Osano
FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I
Course Objectives
Act as an introduction to the subsequent courses in transportation engineering; Students will be expected:
- to appreciate the role of transportation engineering and the issues and challenges therein, - to understand the fundamentals of Traffic Engineering and conduct simple calculations of volume, speed and concentration, - to understand the concept of highway capacity and level of service - to understand issues of road user characteristics and road safety - to understand transportation engineering as a component urban and regional planning
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Course Outline
Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation. 1.2 Modes of transportation 1.3 Role of transportation in society; economic, social, political and environmental 1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering 1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering Unit 2: Traffic Engineering 2.1 Introduction to Traffic Engineering 2.2 Traffic volume, speed and concentration 2.3 Traffic Survey procedures and Data Collection 2.4 Traffic regulations Unit 3: Highway Design 3.1 Highway capacity 3.2 Highway level of service
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Course Outline
Unit 4: Road User Characteristics and Road Safety 4.1 Vehicles, driver and pedestrian characteristics 4.2 Road user psychological traits 4.3 Road safety Unit 5: Introduction to urban and regional planning 5.1 Elements of urban planning 5.2 Elements of regional planning 5.3 Transportation planning in the context of urban and regional planning Unit 6: Practical works 6.1 Traffic volume 6.2 Speed surveys
PM Osano
Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation 1.2 Modes of transport 1.3 Role of transportation in society, economic, social, political and environmental 1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering 1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering
PM Osano
Principles and objectives of Transportation

Transportation Engineering(Definition)
Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)
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Traffic Engineering(Definition)
Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of transportation.Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)
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Tasks and Objectives of Transportation Planning Planning: the objective-oriented preparation of measures which shall influence the process of transport, Design: the development of the alignment and structural layout of transport facilities, Operation: the management and control of the current traffic situation.
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Objectives of transport Should allow citizens to participate in social, economical, cultural and political events by providing opportunities for travel, and Should ensure economic processes by providing opportunities for transporting goods and services.
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Transport and Mobility Transport is defined as the movement of persons, goods, data, energy and water. Persons: Movements of persons become necessary, if an activity cannot be performed at the same location as the previous activity. Goods: Movements of goods are required during the production processes when activities relating to these goods cannot be performed at the same location. Data: Movements of information and messages forwarded from a sender to a receiver. Energy/Water: Movements of energy and water between generator and consumer.
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Difference between Transport and Mobility Transport comprises the set of all movements in the transport network, Mobility describes the possibility and ability of single individuals to move. Transport mobility; the possibility to participate in activities requiring travelling.
Every citizen should be offered the possibility to participate in social, economic, cultural and political activities. Thus the main quality criterion for mobility is not the distance covered but the number of activities an individual takes part in.
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Types of mobility
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Indicators for quantification of mobility and transport Indicators of mobility always refer to a single person, Indicators of transport refer to the network of an area. Indicator
number of trips [trips/time unit]
Mobility
Transport
trip rate: trip production: total number of trips of a person per number of all trips in an area per time unit time unit transport performance : trip distance budget: product of trip distance and distance travelled total distance of all trips of a person number of trips in an area per [person-kilometre/time unit] per time unit time unit (individual distance travelled) (total distance travelled) trip time budget: transport time expenditure : time spent total time of all trips of a person per product of trip time and number [person-hours/time unit] time unit of trips in an area per time unit (individual time spent) (total time spent)
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Transport Supply Includes all elements that are of importance for the movement of a traveller. Such elements are: the networks of the carrier systems; road, rail, water and air with the corresponding transfer points and the facilities for parking, the line route network and the timetables of public transport, the traffic control systems (traffic light signals, traffic guidance systems), the means of transport (vehicles) operating on these networks,
the costs of travelling, consisting of vehicle costs (acquisition costs, vehicle tax), fuel costs, fares, tolls and parking fees.
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Means of Transport The vehicles operating on the transport network. non-motorized means of transport: e.g. walk(does not require a technical aid), bike. motorized means of transport: e.g. motorbike, car, HGV, LRT Means of transport have specific characteristics normally limiting the vehicles to a certain part of the network, i.e. one carrier system (road, rail, water, air). Means of transport operate either as private transport or public transport vehicles.
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Transport System The transport supply consists of several transport systems. A transport system is defined by combining a means of transport with a type of operation (private or public). Examples of private transport systems (PrT) are: car, HGV, bike, walk. Examples of public transport systems (PuT) are: bus, LRT, underground, regional train, long-distance train, aircraft.
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Connection between type of operation, carrier system(mode) and transport system in person transport. Type of Operation Private Transport Public Transport Pedestrian Shared Taxi Bike Bus Motorbike Car Taxi Private Coach Streetcar/Tram LRT Underground Regional Train Long-distance Train Ferry Aircraft
Carrier System/Mode
Road
Rail
Water Air
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Yatch Private Jet

Components of a transport system and Their Interaction
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Components of a transport system (a) people, including pedestrians and riders; (b) vehicles/means: methods of moving people and goods from one node to another along a link. (c) parking facilities, terminals and other passenger transfer locations: the node where travel and shipment begins, ends or transfers is considered as a terminal. (d) routes/links, including roads and intersections: roadways or tracks connecting two or more points/nodes. (e) Management and Operations: coordination of items (a) to (d), construction, management, and maintenance of the links, vehicles, terminals, and the set of procedures to operate and control the traffic flow on links and in terminals.
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Travel Demand The travel demand describes the quantity of movements of travellers or goods within a time interval. To survey and describe the spatial and temporal features of a movement the following differentiation can be made: trip leg: movement with one means of transport between two points in the network. trip: movement between two activity locations with one or more means of transport. trip chain: sequence of trips starting and ending at home. tour: sequence of trips starting and ending at the same location.
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Development of Transport The development of transport results from an increasing division of labour and From the fact that more and more people can afford motorised private transport. Thika Road Before Upgrading
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Development of Transport The development of transport results from an increasing division of labour and From the fact that more and more people can afford motorised private transport.
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Thika Road After Upgrading

Development of Transport The development of transport results from an increasing division of labour and From the fact that more and more people can afford motorised private transport.
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Thika Road After Upgrading

Factors Responsible for Rapid Development in Transport Supply and Demand specialization within the production chain, increase of real incomes in many countries , growing rate of motorization, expansion of transport networks and mobility services, decline of costs for the participation in transport,
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Dimensions of change in transportation system Change in public values: Earlier all beneficiaries of a system was monolithically considered as users. Now, not one system can be beneficial to all, only target groups like rich, poor, young, work trip, leisure etc.
Changes in demand: When the population, income, and land-use pattern changes, the pattern of demand changes; both in the amount and spatial distribution of that demand.
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Dimensions of change in transportation system Changes in the technology: Earlier (bus transit and rail transit) were considered for urban transportation. Now new systems like LRT, MRTS Change in operational policy: Variety of policy options designed to improve the efficiency, such as incentive for car-pooling, bus fare, road tolls etc.
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Major disciplines of transportation Transportation Planning: involves the development of a transport model which will accurately represent both the current as well as future transportation system.
Geometric Design: deals with physical proportioning of other transportation facilities; the cross-sectional features, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and intersections.
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Major disciplines of transportation Pavement Design: Involves structural and functional design. structural design ensures the pavement has enough strength to withstand the impact of loads, functional design emphasizes on the riding quality, and the drainage design protects the pavement from damage due to water infiltration. Traffic Engineering: engineering applications for design, operation and system optimization
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Other important disciplines: Public Transportation Financial and economic analysis Accident analysis and reduction Environmental impact assessment Railway engineering Port and Harbor engineering Airport engineering, and Intelligent transport system: use of computers, communication, and vehicle technology; offers better mobility, efficiency, and safety with the help of the stateof-the-art-technology.
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Importance of Transportation Makes available raw materials to manufacturers or producers. Makes available goods to customers Enhances standard of living
Emergencies and natural calamities: movement of personnel and operation supplies Labour mobility Helps in bringing nation(s) together, social values. Employment creation
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Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation. 1.2 Modes of transportation 1.3 Role of transportation in society; economic, social, political and environmental 1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering 1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering
PM Osano
Modes of transportation
Modes of transportation The modes of transport connect the transport supply with the travel demand One transport mode connects one or more transport systems required for a trip Three main types: Water Transport Air Transport Land Transport Other Modes of Transport: Cable Transport Space Transport Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(Drone)
PM Osano FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I
Charateristics of Water Transport Mainly for freight Speed; low Accessibility; low Capacities; extremely high Capital cost; vessels is high Operating costs(OP); OP per ton-km are extremely low. Environmental impacts; are low, except for water pollution.
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Charateristics of Air Transport Includes commercial airlines, airfreight carriers, and private aircraft. Mostly carry products/freights of high value Speed; high Accessibility; limited. Capacities; (individual aircrafts) are moderate. Productivity; high due to the very high speeds. Capital and operating costs; quite high for the commercial air system , High productivity results in moderate costs per passenger. Environmental impacts; are significant, especially noise, much less concern than those of the highway system.
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Charateristics of Land Transport: Means of Land Transport
Road Transport Man Driven Animal Driven
Rail Transport Pipeline Transport Pipes
Motor Passenger Trains Driven Human Head/Back Animal Drawn Carts Motor Cycle Goods Train Man Drawned Carts Animal Car Push Carts Van Bus Bicycle
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Charateristics of Land Transport: Road Transport Accessibility; very high Convinience; direct service Speeds; moderate Capacities; moderate Operating costs; relatively high Environmental impacts; high-air pollution and noise.
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Charateristics of Land Transport: Rail Transport Speeds; moderate Levels of accessibility; moderate Investment and Maintenance Costs; are heavy for physical facilities Operating costs; per ton-km are low Energy efficiency; comparatively high Environmental impacts; comparatively low Rail transport has become increasingly specialized in bulk cargo transport Passenger rail trips are of short to intermediate length, and are confined to a few high density corridors.
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Charateristics of Land Transport: Urban Rail Transport Hierarchy Level 1-Metro/Commuter Rail/Sub-way/Underground
London Underground
German S-Banh System
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Nairobi Commuter Rail
New York Metro System

Charateristics of Land Transport: Urban Rail Transport Hierarchy Level 2-Light Rail Transit(LRT)
New LRT in Toyoma-Japan Stuttgart U-Banh System-LRT
LRT in Adelaide-Australia
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LRT in Changchun-China
Charateristics of Land Transport: Urban Rail Transport Hierarchy Level 3-Street Car/Tram
Street Car
Moscow Tram
Tram-Berlin, Germany
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Trams in Amsterdam
Other Modes of Transport
London Cable Car
NASA Space Craft
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Shanghai Maglev Train
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Modal Trip Characteristics Unimodal trip; the use of only transport systems of one type of operation Intermodal trip; requires transport systems with different types of operation Intramodal trip; transfers between vehicles of one mode
PM Osano

Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation. 1.2 Modes of transportation 1.3 Role of transportation in society; economic, social, political and environmental 1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering 1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering
PM Osano
Economic role of transportation

Economics involves production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Supply Range and Price of goods; Transport extends the range of sources of supply of goods to be consumed in an area, making it possible for user to get resources at cheap price and high quality. Supply Quantity; The use of more efficient systems of supply results in an increase in the total amount of goods available for consumption.
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Social role of transportation

Formation of settlements; e.g at a port, or an intersection of trade routes e.g. Mombasa, Nairobi and Kisumu, Influences the size and pattern of settlements; the increased speed of transport and reduction in the cost of transport have resulted in variety of spatial patterns. Growth of urban centers; the development of automobiles, and other factors like increase in personal income, and construction of paved road network, the settlements were transformed into urban centers of intense travel activity.
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Political role of transportation

Administration of an area; The government of an area must be able to send/get information to/about its people. Political choices in transport; may be classified as communication, military movement, travel of persons and movement of freight. The primary function of transportation is the transfer of messages and information.
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Environmental role of transportation

Safety; the rapid growth of personal vehicles and poor infrastructure, road design, and law enforcement has resulted in growing accident rate . Air Pollution; The combustion of the fuels releases several contaminants into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and other particulate matter such as aerosols, smoke, and dust particles. Noise Pollution; Noise is generated during both construction and operation. Energy Consumption; Transportation sector is believed to consume more than half of the petroleum products.
PM Osano

Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation. 1.2 Modes of transportation 1.3 Role of transportation in society, economic, social, political and environmental 1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering 1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering
PM Osano
Careers in Transportation Engineering

Be a City Traffic Engineer /Transportation Manager, Traffic Engineering Consultant, Design Traffic Signal, Striping or Traffic Control Plans Design Freeways, Mass Transit, Ports, Rail or Street Projects Design High Tech Intelligent Transportation Systems Work in/Operate a Traffic Management Center Conduct Traffic & Parking Studies Become a Professor (Need Masters Degree +) Work at a Research Facility, Invent New Innovative Products/Devices Manage Large or Small Projects Run Your Own Engineering Business
PM Osano

Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering 1.1 Principles and objectives of Transportation. 1.2 Role of transportation in society, economic, social, political and environmental 1.3 Modes of transportation 1.4 Careers in Transportation Engineering 1.5 Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering
PM Osano
Issues and Challenges in Transportation Engineering

1. Traffic Safety Traffic accidents results in fatalities, injuries, and physical damage.
Trends in Road Traffic Deaths in Kenya(1970-2006)


Road traffic death rates (per 100 000) in Africa in 2010
18
21
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http://www.samj.org.za/

1. Traffic Safety Solution: Traffic system management (TSM). Intelligent transportation system
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2. Traffic Congestion Occurs when demand exceeds the supply capacity of the transportation system Most times the solution is not to increase the capacity of the transport system but use on traffic management strategies Common Solutions: Intelligent transportation system Traffic system management (TSM
Traffic congestion in Nairobi costs Kenya Sh.50m per day (http://www.kenyaforum.net/2012)


3. Equality of Access Accessibility is influenced by several factors, key among them are: a. Transportation Options/Transport Diversity; refer to the quantity and quality of transport modes and services available in a particular situation. Implications:
Improving transport options tends to improve accessibility. Improvements can include increased convenience, speed, comfort, affordability, security, user information and prestige. Destinations served by more modes or better quality service tend to have better access.
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3. Equality of Access b. Affordability; means that user financial costs of transport are not excessive, particularly for basic access. Implications: Affordability affects accessibility. Affordability is a problem for lower-income workers. Affordability can be improved by reducing user costs (vehicle purchase costs, fuel prices, transit fares, etc.), by improving more affordable modes (such as walking, cycling and public transit), and by increasing land use accessibility. Location affects transport affordability. Lower-income residents in automobiledependent locations tend to spend an excessive portion of their income on transport.
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3. Equality of Access c. Land Use Pattern: A more accessible land use pattern means that less mobility is needed to reach activities and destinations. Implications: Increased density and clustering of activities tends to increase accessibility. Shorter travel distances can improve transport options (particularly walking).
Locating at a crossroads reduces travel requirements, increasing accessibility
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Accessibility From A Crossroads

4. Environmental Protection/Sustainability Large-scale impacts; Occur within the entire transport system and impacts on air quality, energy consumption, and land use Small-scale impacts ; Occur within a transportation facilities and activities and leads to; for example displacement of residents and businesses, noise, impacts on water quality, visual impacts
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5. New Technology Vehicle Technology: new types of physical facilities, control systems and vehicles-affects vehicle interaction with other transport facility users.
Two-wheeled self-balancing personal transport Segway Human Transporter
Driverless Car-Made in Germany

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Electric Mobility; Cars

5. New Technology Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)/Telematics; Telematics = Telecommunication & Informatics; registration, transmission, and analysis of traffic related information.
Automatic road enforcement

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Variable speed limits


5. New Technology Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)/Telematics; The intelligence may be generated by the rules set e.g., Detection of traffic state: if traffic volume > 30 vehicles/km and speed < 30 km/h then congestion Road Corridor control systems: if traffic volume high and truck share high then no-passing sign for trucks
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Importance of ITS Use in Transport Improving traffic flow: Signalized junction controls can improve traffic flow and reduce air pollution Improving road safety: Enforcement cameras deter speeding and discourage running traffic lights Improving security and reducing crime: Close circuit television can deter crime and improve response time to incidents
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Importance of ITS Use in Transport Improving public transport: Operators can improve their services by having accurate information on the location and progress of vehicles Improving freight efficiency: Improved traffic flow and more accurate positioning information will result in faster and more reliable movement of goods Improving the environment: Reduced congestion, a more efficient transport network together with better informed and more sustainable transport choices can help to tackle climate change
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6. Funding Challenge of securing sufficient funding for major transport projects
Infrastructure owners have resorted to user charges, such as fuel taxes, tolls e.t.c., to bridge funding gap left by development institutions
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7. Institutional Arrangements Transport infrastructure ownership and management structure is a big challenge In the Kenyan context; Ownership row between National Government and County Government on jurisdiction of County roads. KeRRa or County gvt? The involvement of the private sector in the funding, operation and management of transport infrastructure is still a challenge
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General Trends In Urban Transport Sector Very rapid increase in motorization: urban motor vehicle ownership and usage is growing even faster than the urban population Substantial increases in traffic congestion: ownership and usage of cars is growing much faster than the ability to provide road space and alternative means of coping with the problem Relative decline of public transport usage and services
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General Trends In Urban Transport Sector Shift from new road construction to intensive management of urban road networks and improved public transit Rapid introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems Potential for better acceptance and deployment of demand management techniques such as restricted parking in the CBD and high parking charges
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General Trends In Urban Transport Sector Conversion of public transport terminals into commercial areas, where basic public services are also to be found for example the new railway stations in Nairobi Emergence of eco-cities such as TatuCity and SiliconSavana with a strong emphasis on modern public transport where walking and cycling is not an occasional chance, but where they are properly planned for and supported Shift from public to private sector provision of services and facilities: as a result of the relative inefficiency of the public sector in providing urban transport services
PM Osano
End of Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering
civil.uonbi.ac.ke
FCE 346, 2013/2014 Semester II PM Osano

FCE 346 - Transportation Engineering I: PM Osano 2013/2014 SEMESTER II

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University of Nairobi

Department of Civil & Construction Engineering

FCE 346 - Transportation Engineering I

PM Osano 2013/2014 SEMESTER II

Welcome to Lecture on FCE 346-Transportation Engieering I

FCE 346, 2013/2014 Semester II PM Osano

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Unit 1: Introduction to Transportation Engineering

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

Yatch Private Jet

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

Thika Road After Upgrading

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

Thika Road After Upgrading

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I

Principles and objectives of Transportation

FCE 346346-Transportation Engineering I