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Introduction

Siemens/NEC

Introduction

Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 Network elements User equipment Access network Serving, drifting and controlling RNC Geographical and UTRAN entity identifiers Geographical identifier UE identifiers ATM basic Introduction ATM composite SS7 over ATM IP over ATM UTRAN FDD measurement abilities Introduction Types of measurement items 3 4 6 10 17 18 20 23 24 50 52 58 67 68 70

MN3530EU35MN_0001
2003 Siemens AG/NEC Corporation

Siemens/NEC

Introduction

MN3530EU35MN_0001
2003 Siemens AG/NEC Corporation

Introduction

Siemens/NEC

Network elements
UMTS
NodeB

GSM Uu

IuB
NodeB

RNC

IuCS

3GMSC

Uu
NodeB

IuR

IuB
NodeB

RNC

IuPS

SGSN

UMTS

Fig. 1 Network Overview

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2003 Siemens AG/NEC Corporation

Siemens/NEC

Introduction

1.1

User equipment

The User Equipment includes the mobile equipment i.e. the terminal equipment on the one hand and the USIM or SIM on the other hand. USIM The USIM functions to save data and procedures in the terminal equipment. It supports call handling, contains security parameters, user-specific data, e.g. telephone directory entries, etc. The installed USIM is made available to the customer by the network operator and can be updated e.g. via SMS or cell broadcasting. Examples of USIM data and procedures

Data: International Mobile Subscriber Identity Packet Switched Location Information Security Information for authentication and ciphering for circuit and packet switched applications PLMN selector and HPLMN search period Call meters Display Languages Telephone Directory Forbidden PLMNs Emergency Call Codes etc. Procedures: Application related procedures Security related procedures Subscription related procedures

Mobile Equipment The Mobile Equipment represents the partner of the Node B and of the RNC. I.e. it is responsible for serving the radio interface. Some of the tasks of the Mobile Equipment:

CDMA coding and encoding Modulation demodulation on the carrier Power control Quality and field strength measurements

Ciphering and authorization Mobility management and equipment identification

MN3530EU35MN_0001
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Introduction

Siemens/NEC

Preferred PreferredLanguage Language International InternationalMobile Mobilesubscriber subscriberidentity identity Call CallMeter Meter Authentication Authenticationand andciphering ciphering Forbidden PLMNs Forbidden PLMNs Packet Packetswitched switchedLocation LocationInformation Information Security Securityrelated related Subscripton SubscriptonRelated Related Data DataDownload Download Image ImageDownload Download
85 298155 59786 8 *V0179

Data: Data:

Procedurers: Procedurers:

UMTS Subscriber identity module CDMA CDMAcoding codingund undencoding encoding Modulation Demodulation Modulation Demodulation Power Powercontrol control Quality and Quality andStrength StrengthMeasurement Measurement Ciphering and Authorisation Ciphering and Authorisation Mobility MobilityManagement Management Equipment EquipmentIdentification Identification

Mobile Equipment

Fig. 2 User Equipment functions

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Siemens/NEC

Introduction

1.2
1.2.1

Access network
Node B

A Node B is a physical unit for implementing a UMTS radio transmission. Depending on the sectoring of the cells, one (omni) cell or multiple (sector) cells can be serviced by a Node B. Generally, up to six (60) cells are serviced by a Node B in UMTS. The UMTS system is however also open for the use of so-called intelligent antennae that allow particular UE to be pursued, thereby providing even greater system capacity (Space Division Multiple Access SDMA). A Node B can be used for Frequency Division Duplex (Uplink and Downlink separated by different frequency bands), Time division Duplex (Uplink and Downlink in different time slots) or dual mode operation. A Node B converts user and signaling information received from the RNC for transport via the radio interface, and in the opposite direction. This activity includes safeguarding the information against loss in addition to preparing it for CDMA transmission and Radio Frequency handling. Node Bs are involved in power control. The Node B also measures the signal noise ratio of the User Equipment, compares the value with a predefined one and instructs the User Equipment to control its transmission power. The Node B also measures the quality and strength of the links and determines the Frame Error Rate.

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Introduction

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Node B
Uplink UplinkDownlink Downlinkcontrol controlby: by: FDD or TDD FDD or TDD Up Upto tosix sixcells cellsare areserved served Power control Power control Signalling Signallingconvertion convertion Error ErrorCorrection Correction CDMA CDMATransmission Transmission Quality Qualityand andStrenght Strenght measurement measurement Softer SofterHandover Handover(Intra (IntraNB) NB)

FDD Frequency division duplex TDD Time division duplex CDMA Code division multiple access

Fig. 3 NodeB functions

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Siemens/NEC

Introduction

1.2.2

RNC

The RNC is the central control unit in the Radio Network Subsystem for a flexible number of Node B's. The RNC is linked with the Core Network (CN), the Node Bs or other RNC's via the Iu, Iub and Iur interfaces. The RNC's are independently responsible for Radio Resource Management (RRM) i.e., independent of the CN. RRM is taken to mean functions required for assigning resources and maintaining links. The following are examples of RNC functions:

Power Control Handover Control Ciphering/deciphering Protocol conversion Admission Control Congestion Control Macro Diversity geogr. Coordinates

MN3530EU35MN_0001
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Introduction

Siemens/NEC

Node B

RNC

Node B

Radio Network Control (RNC)

Core Network

Node B

Power Power Control Control Handover Handover Control Control Cipering/deciphering Cipering/deciphering Protocol Protocol conversion conversion Admission Admission Control Control Congestion Congestion Control Control RNC Macro Macro Diversity Diversity geogr. geogr. Coordinates Coordinates

Fig. 4 RNC function

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2003 Siemens AG/NEC Corporation

Siemens/NEC

Introduction

1.3

Serving, drifting and controlling RNC

The RNC (Radio Network Controller) is the network element responsible for UTRAN radio resource control. There is a very strict management principle in UTRAN. Together with these principles three terms, indicating the RNC functionality, are connected to. Every RNC can support all three different functionalities. It depends on the situation, which functionality has to be applied. Controlling RNC The first term, that is going to be discussed, is the controlling RNC (C-RNC). Every cell has one and only one C-RNC. The C-RNC of a cell is exactly the RNC that is connected with the Node B serving the cell. The tasks of the controlling RNC covers the following areas:

admission control based on UL interference level and DL transmission power, system information broadcasting, allocation / de-allocation of radio bearers, data transmission and reception. congestion control in its own cell Power control and Resource allocation and admission control for new radio links to be established in those cells

Summary: The CRNC is the RNC controlling a Node B (i.e. terminating the Iub interface towards the Node B). This means the controlling RNC of a cell is responsible for all lower layer functions related to the radio technology.

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Introduction

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cRNC
Iub

Controlling RNC
-admission control - system information broadcasting - radio bearer allocation / release ( code allocation / release) - data transmission and reception

Node B

cell
Fig. 5 Controlling RNC functionality

RNS Node B Node B

CRNC

Fig. 6 Controlling RNC

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Introduction

Serving RNC For UTRAN the following principle is applied. An UE that is attached to an UTRAN is served by one and only one RNC. This RNC is called the serving RNC (S-RNC). The existence of a serving RNC does not imply that the UE is camped on a cell belonging to the S-RNC. The serving RNC handles all higher layer functions related to radio access and information transport through UTRAN. In detail the S-RNC performs the following functions:

the S-RNC handles the Iu interface towards the CN for this UE, the S-RNC handles the complete radio resource control for this UE, location / mobility handling ciphering, backward error correction (layer 2 functionality). Radio bearer control, Handover decision, Power control.

Summary: The SRNC for one mobile is the RNC that terminates both the Iu link for the transport of user data and the corresponding RANAP signaling to/from the core network per mobile. The SRNC terminates the RRC signaling (signaling protocol between UE and UTRAN). It performs the data L2 processing to/from the radio interface and establishes the connection between UE and the core network.
-

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Introduction

Siemens/NEC

CN
Iu

dRNC
Iur Iub

sRNC
Iub

Serving RNC
-Iu interface controlling - radio resource control - location / mobility handling - encryption / integrity check - backward error correction - combining / splitting of data streams

Node B

Node B

UE
Fig. 7 Serving RNC functionality

RNS Node B

Iu user data link CN SRNC

Node B

Iu signaling link

Fig. 8 Serving RNC

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Introduction

Drift RNC In UMTS it is possible that one UE is connected to more than one cell, or connected to a cell, that does not belong to the S-RNC. This means the UE is connected with a cell controlled by a RNC different to the S-RNC. This foreign RNC is called drift RNC (D-RNC). In principle the D-RNC is the C-RNC of a cell the UE is connected to, but its not the S-RNC. Therefore the D-RNC performs the C-RNC functions for the cells not controlled by the S-RNC. When a D-RNC is involved for a UE, then the data streams between UE and UTRAN and UE-CN always pass the S-RNC. In the downlink the S-RNC sends the data to own cells and to the D-RNC (soft handover), this is called splitting. The UE receives all the data streams from the cells, it is connected to, and adds them together (RAKE receiver). In the uplink the S-RNC receives data from the own cells and from the DRNC. Here the S-RNC combines the data streams. This combination is performed by the S-RNC in the following way : the S-RNC takes only the data frame with the smallest bit error rate, all other data frames will be discarded. The usage of a D-RNC requires a Iur interface between D-RNC and S-RNC. Because the implementation of an Iur interface is optional, it is a matter of network planning, whether the usage of D-RNCs is allowed or not. The interface itself does not need to be a physical line, it can be implemented via virtual paths or virtual channels.

Summary: It is any RNC, other than SRNC that controls cells used by the mobile. The DRNC performs macro-diversity combining and splitting, if necessary. The DRNC does not perform user plane data L2 processing, but routes the data transparently between the Iub and Iur interfaces. The UE can be connected to zero, one or more DRNCs. Macro diversity is an operation state in which a UE simultaneously has radio links with two or more UTRAN access points.

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Introduction

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Iu interface Node B Node B Iur interface: User data and signaling RNS SRNC

CN

Node B Node B

RNS

DRNC

Fig. 9 Drift RNC

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Geographical and UTRAN entity identifiers

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Introduction

2.1

Geographical identifier

As in GSM there is a need to address different physical, geographical or logical entities within UMTS. Here first of all the geographical and physical entities of UTRAN will be described. PLMN Id =MCC + MNC: The PLMN-ID is used to address a PLMN in a world wide unique manner. As in GSM the PLMN-ID consist of a MCC (mobile country code) and a MNC (mobile network code). MCC and MNC are allocated by ITU-T and are specified within ITU-T E.212. CN-Domain Ids : CS- and PS core network introduce their own regional area concept. This is the concept of Location Area for CS and the concept of Routing Area for PS. This exactly the same as in GSM/GPRS. We have: LAI = PLMN-ID + LAC (Location Area Identity/Code) RAI = PLMN-ID + LAC + RAC (Routing Area Identity/Code) RNC Id: Every RNC node has to be uniquely identified within UTRAN. Therefore every RNC gets a RNC-ID. Together with the PLMN-ID the RNC-ID is unique world wide. The RNC-ID will be used to address a RNC via Iu, Iur and Iub interface. For the serving RNC the identifier is called S-RNC-ID, for the drift RNC it is denoted as D-RNC-ID and the controlling RNC has a C-RNC-ID. For one RNC node these identifiers are always the same. The RNC identifier itself is allocated by O&M. Global RNC-ID = PLMN-ID + RNC-ID Cell Id and UTRAN Cell Id: The cell ID C-ID is used to address a cell within a RNS. The cell ID is set by O&M in the C-RNC. Together with the RNC-ID the cell ID forms the UTRAN cell ID UC-Id. UC-ID = RNC-ID + C-ID

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Introduction

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Local Cell Identifier The local cell identifier is used in the Node B to identify resources. There is a unique relation UC-Id to local cell identifier. Service Area Id : Several cells of one location area can be defined to form a service area. Such a service area is identified with a SAI (service area id): SAI = PLMN-ID + LAC + SAC It can be used to support location based services. URA ID : The UTRAN introduces its own are concept next to LA and RA. This is the UTRAN registration area

Location Area Routing Area RNC UTRAN cell ID

LAI RAI Global RNC-ID UC-ID SAI

PLMN-ID PLMN-ID PLMN-ID CRNC-ID (12 bit) PLMN-ID

LAC (2byte) LAC (2byte) RAC (1byte) RNC-ID (12 bit) C-ID (28 bit) LAC SAC (2 byte)

Service Area

UTRAN registration URA-ID area

URA ID (2 byte)

Fig. 10 UTRAN geographical and UTRAN entity identifier

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Introduction

2.2

UE identifiers

The UE and the subscriber can have several identifiers for the PLMN. Typically we can distinguish two types of identifiers according to the point of generation of the identifier:

2.2.1

Core network identifiers

NAS (non access stratum) identifiers : These identifiers are allocated by the core network. In detail there are IMSI, TMSI and P-TMSI (and IMEI).

2.2.2

UTRAN identifiers

UTRAN identifiers are always temporary. This means they are allocated to the UE for the time of the need. After the last procedure the identifiers are released. In this chapter only the UTRAN identifier are of interest. It is a typical principle in communication and computing systems that every entity working on a specific task, allocates its own identifier and handler. This is also the case for UTRAN. Every UTRAN entity like RNCs and Node Bs will provide their special identifier for the UE. These identifiers are called Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI). There are four types of RNTIs: s-RNTI : The s-RNTI is allocated by the serving RNC. The S-RNC uses the s-RNTI to address the UE. The D-RNC uses the s-RNTI to identify the UE to the S-RNC. The sRNTI uniquely addresses the UE in the S-RNC. d-RNTI : The d-RNTI is allocated by a D-RNC, but the d-RNTI is never used on the air interface Uu. Instead the S-RNC uses the d-RNTI to identify the UE to the D-RNC. The d-RNTI uniquely identifies the UE in the D-RNC. c-RNTI : The c-RNTI is allocated by a controlling RNC when the UE accesses a new cell of this C-RNC. The c-RNTI is unique in the cell. The corresponding C-RNC shall be able to translate the c-RNTI into sRNTI (if C-RNC=S-RNC) or into d-RNTI (if CRNC=D-RNC). The c-RNTI is used by UE to identify itself to the C-RNC, and is used by the C-RNC to address the UE. u-RNTI : The u-RNTI (UTRAN RNTI) consist of RNC-Id and s-RNTI u-RNTI = RNC-ID + s-RNTI. So the u-RNTI is unique world wide. The u-RNTI will be used by UE and S-RNC to identify the UE on common radio channels and during paging and cell access.

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Introduction

Siemens/NEC

CN
Iu

RNTI
-allocated by RNCs - 16 bit length (u-RNTI 32 bit) -used within UTRAN and on Uu only

dRNC
d-RNTI s-RNTI c-RNTI B, C Iub

s-RNTI d-RNTI Iur

sRNC
s-RNTI d-RNTI c-RNTI A Iub

Node B
u-RNTI or c-RNTI B, C

Node B

u-RNTI or c-RNTI A

UE
Fig. 11 RNTIs and their usage within UTRAN

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ATM basic

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3.1

Introduction

In the W-CDMA (Wide Band Code Division Multiple Access) system, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is used as transport technology to carry voice and data between Node-B, RNC and Core Network. ATM technology is based on the efforts of the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication (ITU-T) to develop Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) at high speed.

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RNS Uu Node B UE Node RNS B Iub RNC Iu CS SS7 ATM MSC /VLR

CN

ATM

GMSC

PSTN ISDN

USIM

Iur

Cu ME Node B

S S 7

A T M

HLR

ATM Node B

RNC

SS7 ATM IP IuPS

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

GMSC GGSN CN RNS USIM UTRAN

: Gateway MSC MSC : Mobile Service Switching Center : Gateway GPRS Support Node SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node : Core Network RNC : Radio Network Controller : Radio Network Subsystem UE : User Equipment : UMTS Subscriber Identity Module ME : Mobile Equipment : UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network VLR : Visitor Location Register HLR :Home Location Register

Fig. 12 ATM interfaces

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3.1.1

ATM main points

The definition of ATM is as follows: Information streams from various media (analog or digital) are segmented into headed fix length packets called cells. The cells are multiplexed and transmitted through an ATM switch. In other words, different speeds information from various media is transmitted through the same switch. The cells are routed through the switch in accordance to their routing bits, allocated in their cell header. Cells are generated only when there is information to be sent. Otherwise idle or null cells are inserted in the cell stream. The cells arrive at the destination in the same sequence as it was sent from the source terminal.

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ATM Cell constant constant ATM SWITCH

VOICE

VOICE CELL DEASSEMBLING

DATA

CELL ASSEMBLING

DATA

VIDEO

variable

variable

VIDEO

ATM Cell Header

Fig. 13 ATM Function

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3.1.2
3.1.2.1

ATM and STM


STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode)

STM is the standard technique that, assign time slots or channels, which are periodically multiplexed. The interval between cells (time slots), which have the same destination is synchronous. Furthermore, the time slots are distributed in accordance with its position in the frame of 125us. The next figure illustrates the STM multiplexing function. For each user a fixed length time slot is assigned and transmitted through the STM switch. The switching is time slot by time slot (8 bit per time slot).

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Ch 1 Ch 3

Ch2 Ch 4

The capacity of each channel is fixed

Frames(125us)

Frames

Constant time slots

Synchronization

Fig. 14 STM Multiplexing

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3.1.2.2

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Supports constant and variable traffic, which is put into 53 bytes fixed length cells and multiplexed. A header (H) with destination information is added to each cell to be distributed according to this header address information. The interval between cells, which have the same destination, is asynchronous. The next figure illustrates the ATM multiplexing function. For each user a virtual channel is assigned (in this example 4). The virtual channel has different transmission capacity depending on type of service requested by the user. The cells are transmitted trough the ATM switch, where is switched cell by cell.

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The capacity of each path is different

1 Idle cell 3

Virtual Ch. 4

Header

Fixed length cells are transmitted asynchronously

Fig. 15 ATM Multiplexing

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3.1.3

ATM cell structure

ATM cell is 53 bytes fix length, consisting of 48 bytes information payload and 5 bytes header. The header is used to route the cells into appropriate virtual paths (VP) and virtual channels (VC) preserving cell sequence integrity per virtual channel. Basically there are two types of interfaces:

User Network Interface (UNI) Network Node Interface (NNI)

: Interface between user and the node : Interface between node to node

The difference among them is the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI). UNI interface uses 8 bits to identify the virtual path, while NNI uses 12 bits. In W-CDMA both interfaces UNI and NNI are used.

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GFC VPI VCI VCI HEC

VPI VCI VCI PT CLP

VPI

VPI VCI VCI PT CLP

Header 5B

VPI VCI VCI HEC

Payload 48B User Information

User Information

UNI
Node-B

R N C

NNI

CN

Fig. 16 ATM Cell Structure

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Cell Header Parameters

GFC (Generic Flow Control): 4 bits (Not used for W-CDMA system). Originally designed for terminal racing control in the bus-type connection, GFC is under research to be used as flow control in the star-type connection.

VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) & VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) VPI 8 bits (at UNI), 12 bits (at NNI) VCI 16 bits The VCI and VPI are used to route information between switches. VCI and VPI are not addressed. They are explicitly assigned at each segment within a network. PT (Payload Type): 3 bits (Not used for W-CDMA system) PT discriminates between user data or control data. Also, indicates congestion status or last cell in a single AAL5 frame data cell series. CLP (Cell Loss Priority): 1 bit (Not used for W-CDMA system) Indicates discard cell priority. HEC (Header Error Check): 8 bits Header field error detection or 1-bit error correction. Error detection mode: Two bits Error in the header will be discarded. Error correction mode: Header's one bit error is corrected.

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3.1.4

Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)

The VCI and VPI are used to route information from one switch to another. VCI and VPI are not addresses. They are explicitly assigned at each segment within a network. The VCI label is used to identify a connection between two ATM switches. The VCI label in an ATM cell may change at intermediate nodes within a route. This is due to the fact that network nodes have their own VCI label. The user has no way of choosing a particular VCI label, because it is assigned to the user from the ATM node. The 16 bits VCI label is randomly assigned to the user at the ATM node to identify connection between two points. A physical link can have one or more virtual paths and a virtual path includes one or more virtual channels.

Pre-assigned VC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 31 32

Unassigned Cell (VPI=0) Meta-signaling Broadcast Signaling OAM Cell (segment) OAM Cell (end to end) Signaling VP Resource Reserved Reserved

VC

VC

VC

VC

DefaultVCAllocation

Virtual Channel Connection

Fig. 17 VPI/VCI Assignment

For User VC

Users and OAM cells (For WCDMA)

VC

VC

VP

Physical Physical Cable Cable

Virtual Path Connection

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3.1.5

Mechanism of VPI and VCI

The ATM switches use the headers VPI and VCI fields to identify the routing for each cell. To illustrate the switching mechanism the next figure shows three elements the physical port, VPI and VCI relationship.

3.1.6

Connection types

To establish the signaling path and the traffic path, WCDMA system uses two types of connections: Permanent Virtual Connection and Switched Virtual Connection.

3.1.6.1

Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC)

PVC is a connection type between two nodes. Both of the endpoint VCs is manually assigned in advance at ATM switch. The link-by-link route through the network is also manually provisioned. If any equipment fails, the PVC is down. So PVC is a VC, which is statically mapped at every point in the ATM network.

3.1.6.2

Switched Virtual Connection (SVC)

SVC is established by UNI/NNI signaling methods and it is a demand connection. The connection is set up by interchanging signals between nodes, through signaling channels. The CPU receives the signals and controls the channel switching by the ATM switch.

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ATM Switch
VC80 VC50 Port 2

1
VC80 VP1 V P 4 VP3 VC50

VC40

2
V P 5

VC40

Port 1

Port 3

Input Data Port VPI 1 4 VCI 80 40 Port 2 3

Output Data VPI 3 5 VCI 50 40

1 2

1 1

Fig. 18 Mechanism of VPI/VCI

Node1 Node 1 PVC

Node2 Node 2 PVC

SVC

SVC

CPU

control

CPU

control

Fig. 19 PVC and SVC Connection

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Introduction

The next figure illustrates the PVC and SVC connection for the RNC. The RNC PVC connection is used for the signaling link between Node B and MSC. On the other hand the SVC connection is for the traffic path. The PVC is established once by the maintenance people and remain connected .The SVC connection is established by the processor according to the signaling information coming from Node B or MSC. The processor after receiving the signaling information changes the routing table of the ATM switch in order to connect the cells to the specific destination. After the call disconnection the processor releases the traffic path.

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Signaling path

RNC V P l m ATM SW PVC V P l n

VCIm

VCIn

N O D E B VCIn V P l m VPIm VCIn ATM SW VPIp VCIq VCIr V P l p VCIq

M S C

SVC

VCIr

Signaling

CPU

Signaling

Traffic path

Fig. 20 PVC and SVC connection in RNC

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Introduction

3.1.7

ATM cell flow in RNC

The RNC interfaces the Core Network, Node-B and other RNC to send/receive ATM cells. These cells are not standard format as usual ATM systems but they are composed of several user information in one cell, called Composite Cell. The composite cells arriving from different interfaces are decomposed inside the CMP (Composite/De-composite) unit into standard cell format to be processed. After the information is processed, the cells are composed again and transmitted to next node.

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RNC

ATM SW
Node-B

CN

CMP

CMP

Trunk
Composite ATM Cell Composite ATM Cell

Standard ATM cell

Standard ATM cell

Fig. 21 ATM Cell Flow

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Introduction

3.1.8

ATM protocol stack

The ATM architecture uses a logical model to describe the functionality it supports. The reference model illustrated in next figure is composed basically of the following planes and layers.

3.1.8.1

ATM planes

User Plane: Responsible for transfer, flow control and recovery operation of user information Control Plane: Responsible for setting up, releasing and managing network connections. Needed for SVC (Switched Virtual Connection) set up. Management Plane: This plane has two functions

Plane Management: Responsible for coordination of all planes. Also manages the whole system and has the function to interchange information between Control Plane and User Plane. Layer Management: This plane monitors the normal function of each layer and performs operation, administration and maintenance service.

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MANAGEMENT PLANE

OSI Layer

Control Plane
Upper LAYER

User Plane
Upper LAYER

L3

Layer Management

L2

AAL LAYER

AAL LAYER

L1

ATM LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

Fig. 22 ATM Protocol Stack

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Plane Management

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Introduction

3.1.8.2

ATM layers

The ATM system can be divided into four layers (Physical Layer, ATM Layer, ATM adaptation Layer and upper layer). Physical Layer (PHY): This layer transports ATM cell from one point to another using a physical medium (metallic cable, optical cable etc). Moreover, controls bit flow and cell synchronization. ATM Layer: This layer provides the switching and routing of the ATM packets according to their VCI and VPI information. It also generates the cell header information and extracts it from received data. ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL): This layer maps various types of traffic into and out of ATM cells. There are different types of adaptation layers according to the traffic type. Upper Layer: Controls the signaling protocol as well as user and specific application protocols for the data to be transmitted.

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Upper Layer Request AAL Layer Request ATM Layer

User data to be transmitted


Edit user data

User data is divided into 48B segment

48 bytes

48 bytes

48 bytes

5B header is added to each 48B segment

Payload

Payload

Payload

53 B Request PHY Layer


Transmit cells using metallic or optical cable VP (2 Mbps, 155 Mbps, etc.)

53 B

53 B

Physical Cable

Fig. 23 ATM Layer Function

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Introduction

3.1.9

ATM Adaptation Layers (AAL) types

RNC system uses different kind of AAL depending on voice or control data information to be transmitted. Mainly AAL2 and AAL5 are used in W-CDMA between Node-B, RNC and Core network and also AAL3/4 type is used for internal process in the RNC. Definition of service categories of AAL CBR (Constant Bit Rate): This service is used by connections that request a static amount of bandwidth that is continuously available during the connection lifetime. This amount of bandwidth is defined by a Peak Cell Rate (PCR) value. CBR supports real time applications requiring tightly constraint delay variation (e.g. voice, video etc). VBR (Variable Bit Rate): This category is for real time applications requiring tightly constraint delay and delay variation; its appropriate for voice and video applications. Real time VBR connections are characterized in terms of a Peak Cell Rate (PCR), Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR) and Maximum Burst Size (MBS) values. UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate): Used for non-real-time applications not requiring tightly constraint delay and delay variation. Traditional computer communications applications such as file transfer and email are some examples. ABR (Available Bit Rate): The networks transfer characteristic may change after connection establishment. Source rate change and ATM layer characteristic change are controlled by a flow mechanism. On the establishment of an ABR connection, the end system shall specify to the network both a maximum required bandwidth and a minimum usable bandwidth.

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Used in W-CDMA CN UPPER LAYER Used in W-CDMA UTRAN

AAL1 Class A Voice Video

AAL2 Class B Voice Video

AAL3/4(*) Class C FR, X.25 Error detection & retransmission

AAL5 Class D LAN Error detection& retransmission

AAL

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Receive and transmit cells of 53 bytes ATM

PHY

Electrical or optical signal over physical medium

(*) for NEC system internal process FR: Frame Relay LAN: Local Area Network

Fig. 24 Types of AAL

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Introduction

3.1.10

AAL2 and AAL5 layer difference

AAL2: Used for circuit switched user data (Voice) in Iu interface and user data (Voice and Packet Data) in Iub interface. AAL5: Used for transport control information in Iu and Iub interface and packet switched user data (Packet Data) in Iu interface.

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AAL2 Cell Format

AAL5 Cell Format Control signals Included sequence number N (S)

Information

H E C

U U I

L I

C I D

P A D

L I

C R C

Node-B

Voice

Control

R N C

Voice

Control

M S C

CID : Channel Identifier HEC : Header Error Control N(S) : Sequence number

LI : Length Indicator UUI : User to User Indicator CRC : Cyclic redundancy check

Fig. 25 AAL2 and AAL5 payload

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Introduction

3.2
3.2.1

ATM composite
ATM composite function

The purpose of composite cell is to transmit efficiently the information of several users in one cell. In standard ATM system, users transmit voice or data in a cell, but not all bytes carry information .By these method unnecessary bytes in a cell are removed and replaced by another users valid information achieving low packet delay and high bandwidth efficiency. The composite cell in WCDMA is the AAL2.

3.2.2

Composite cell structure

The composite cell is composed of different users information in a cell. The cell begins with the ATM header (5 bytes) for routing, followed the STF (Start Field) 1 byte field for user-to-user information discrimination and 3 bytes for users header field. The STF is composed of: OSF (Off Set):This skips prior remained packet information and points the beginning of new first AAL2 packet that starts transmission inside the current composite ATM cell(6bits).If there is no user data indicates the starting point of PAD SN (Sequence Number):Identifies cell loss (1 bit) P (Parity):Detects bit error (1 bit) The user header is composed of: CID (Channel Identifier):Identifies individual connections LI (Length Indicator):Indicates number of bytes in payload UUI (User to User Indicator):Transparently conveys information at upper layers HEC (Header Error Control):Detects headers errors

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User A

53 bytes User User C N O D E B User

53 bytes

H e a d e r

R N C

User

User

H e a d e r

( h )

M S C

User B

ATM Composite Cells

ATM Composite Cells

User N O D E User D B

User

User (l )

User

H e a d e r

H e a d e r

( p )

Fig. 26 Composite Cell Function

Start Field OSF (6b) SN (1b) P (1b) CID (8b)

User header LI (6b) UUI (5b) HEC (5b)

ATM Header (5B)

S T F

H e a d e r
(3b)

User Data A

H e a d e r
(3b)

User Data B

P A D

R N C

Fig. 27 Composite Cell Structure

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Introduction

3.3
3.3.1

SS7 over ATM


Idea of SS7 (Signaling System No.7)

The SS7 is a type of common channel signaling system that permits to transferring signaling information of many calls in the form of data via a separate signaling channel. Using a separate data link we can transmit signal data at high speed and large volume of information. Advantages of common channel signaling system:

Allows more different kind of signals to be transferred in larger volumes. Allows signals to be transferred at high speed (64 Kbps). Allows transfer of information other than call connection information.

The common channel signaling system is divided into four levels named as level 1, 2, 3 and 4:

LV1:Defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a signaling link. LV2:Mainly provides error detection and error correction by retransmission. Functions are: Flag(F),Forward sequence number(FSN),Backward sequence number (BSN),error check (CK) LV3:Provides signaling message handling function and signaling network management. Function of this level is the Routing Label. This is composed of the Service Information Octet (SIO), Destination Point Code (DPC), Orig9inating Point Code (OPC) and Signaling Link Code (SLC).

LV4:Consist of different user parts that define the functions and procedures of the signaling system. Next figure shows the SS7 signaling message format and function per each level. The thick dark field means the function of the respective level.

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L V 1

CK

User part data

ROUTING LABEL

S I O

F I B

FSN

B I B

BSN

L V 2

F CK

User part data

ROUTING LABEL

S I O

F I B

FSN

B I B

BSN

L V 3

ROUTING LABEL F CK User part data S L C O P C D P C S I O F I B FSN B I B BSN F

L V 4

F CK

User Part Data

ROUTING LABEL

S I O

F I B

FSN

B I B

BSN

Fig. 28 SS7 Level Structure

BIB: FSN: BSN: OPC: CK: SIO: DPC: SLC: F: SLS: FIB:

Backward Indicator Bit Forward Sequence Number Backward Sequence Number Origination Point Code Check Bit Signal Information Octet Destination Point Code Signaling Link Code Flag Signaling Link Selection Forward Indicator Bit

Fig. 29 Abbreviation

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3.3.2

Point codes

In the common channel signaling system, nodes are identified by unique number. It is called point code (PC). There are two types of point code: OPC (Originating point code): To identify the originating office DPC (Destination point code): To identify the destination office Moreover, each switching is identified according to the type of signaling office: SP (Signaling point): Originates and terminates the signaling information used for the call connection. STP (Signaling transfer point): Its describes, transfer signaling information to the final destination according to the DPC in the routing label field

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Link group

STP A Signaling Information Voice SP1 DTI DTI

Link group

SP2

PC= OPC STP B Link group Link group

PC= DPC

Max. 16 links

Fig. 30 Basic Signaling No.7 Network

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3.3.3

Signaling System No.7 over ATM

The signaling information on the Iu (MSC-RNC) and Iur (RNC-RNC) is called SS7 over ATM. So it means that ATM physical layer acts as SS7 level 2 function (not LV2 hardware is necessary in RNC). In RNC, LV3 and LV4 fields of SS7 are transmitted on the ATM cells. But SS7 LV2 fields are not transmitted since there is not LV2 hardware. AAL layer segments the LV3 and LV4 information into 48 bytes, place it in the payload of each cell and transmitted to the next node by the physical layer at 155 Mbps.

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SS7 F CK

User Part Data

ROUTING LABEL

F I B

F S N

B I B

B S N

A T M

PAYLOAD H

PAYLOAD H

PAYLOAD H

53 bytes

53 bytes

53 bytes

R N C

M S C

Fig. 31 Idea of SS7 over ATM

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3.4
3.4.1

IP over ATM
Idea of IP (Internet Protocol)

Communication between computers needs common language to establish a connection. Internet protocol is like a language that computers speak .It is a set of rules that defines how two computers can send data to each other. This set of rules is called a protocol and multiple protocols that are grouped together form a protocol stack.

3.4.2

Feature of IP

Widely published open standard: It is not proprietary or owned by any corporation. Because it is a standard published protocol.

Compatible with different computer systems: It is like a universal language that would enable people from any country to communicate effectively with people from any other country Works on different hardware and network configurations Routable protocol Reliable and efficient data delivery

Single addressing scheme: IP uses a single and relatively simple addressing scheme.

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e-mail Internet Protocol

Data INTERNET NETWORK

Data

Destination IP address

IP Header

TCP/ UDP Header

User Data Trailer

Source IP address

Header

RX Port No.

TX Port No.

Fig. 32 Idea of IP

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3.4.3

IP protocol stack

The IP protocol is on base of OSI (Open Standard Interconnection) model. OSI model has seven layers as follows:

Application layer: The purpose of the application layer is to manage communications between applications. Supports applications for communicating over the network Presentation layer: Formats data so that it is recognizable by the receiver. Session layer: Establishes connections, and then terminates them after all the data has been sent. Transport layer: Provides flow control acknowledgments and retransmission of data when necessary. Network layer: Adds the appropriate network addresses to packets. Data Link layer: Adds the MAC addressee to packets Physical layer: Transmits data on the wire

3.4.4

Interrelation of each layer

The purpose of each layer in the OSI model is to provide services to the layer above it while shielding the upper level from what happens below. The higher layers do not need to know how the data got there or what happened at the lower layers. The following figure shows how data moves through the seven layers of the OSI model from two hosts. Host A is transmitting data onto router. As the data moves down from the seven layers toward the router, each layer puts a little bit of information called header on the packet. The exact contents of each header depend on the protocols enabled at each layer.

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OSI Model

L7

Application

L6

Presentation

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SNMP (Simple Network Management) DNS (Domain Name System) HTTP (Hypertext Markup Language Transfer Protocol) TELNET

L5

Session

L4

Transport

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

L3

Network

IP (Internet protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

L2

Data Link

LLC (Logical Link Control) MAC (Media Access Control)

L1

Physical

Wire, Coaxial cable, Radio signals, Optical cable

Fig. 33 IP Protocol Stack

Host A Application Data Presentation Data Session Data Transport Data Network Data Network Data Data Link Data Physical Data Data Physical Router Data

Host B Application Data Presentation Data Session Data Transport Data Network Data

Header

Data Link Data

Data Link Data

Physical Data

Fig. 34 Interrelation of each Layer

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3.4.5

IP over ATM

Unlike SS7, all IP information is transmitted over ATM cells. The next figure illustrates the IP message format and how it is transmitted over ATM. IP header and TCP/UDP header are mainly composed of following data: IP Header SA (Source Address): Sets IP address (32 bit: IPv4) for sending terminal DA (Destination Address): Sets IP address (32 bit: IPv4) for receiving terminal TCP Header TX (Transmit) port No.: Set port number for transmit side RX (Receive) port No.: Set port number for receive side

3.4.6

IP address

IP address is used for IP Datagram routing process through a network. Each host on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique 32-bit logical address that is divided into two main parts: the network number and the host number. The 32-bits IP address are divided in groups of eight bits, separated by a dot and expressed in decimal format. Each of the eight bits has its binary weight (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1). The minimum value expressed by one octet (8 bits) is zero and the maximum value is 255.

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User Data Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer

TCP/UDP Header (8B)

IP Header (24B)

RX Port No.

TX Port No.

Other

DA

SA

PAYLOAD

PAYLOAD

PAYLOAD

53 bytes

53 bytes

53 bytes

R N C

S G S N

Fig. 35 IP over ATM

Network=128

Network

Network=129

Computer Network (Internet)

IP Address=128.2.2.60

IP Address=129.2.2.70 host

Source Address

Destination Address

Fig. 36 IP Address

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3.4.7

IP address classes

IP address is divided into five classes: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E. All addresses are placed in a particular class based on the decimal values of their first octet (1 to 255) Class A: For this class 7 bits are assigned to network and 24 bits for host address. The range is from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255. Class B: For this class 14 bits are assigned t network and 16 bits for host address. Class C: For this class 21 bits are assigned to network and 8 for host address. Class D: Not used. Class E : Not used

3.4.8

Port no.

Port number identifies upper-layer applications during data transmission between source and destination. Port number 0 ~ 1023 are fixed for specific service (Wellknown Port Number). Next figure illustrates the port number assigned for TCP protocol:

Port =80 for HTTP (World Wide Web HTTP) Port =23 for Telnet Port =25 for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Port =110 for POP3 (Post Office Protocol-Version 3)

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Class A ( 0.0.0.0 ~ 127.255.255.255 ) 0 Network 7 bits Host 24 bits

Class B ( 128.0.0.0 ~ 191.255.255.255 ) 1 0 Network 14 bits Host 16 bits

Class C ( 192.0.0.0 ~ 223.255.255.255 ) 1 1 0 Network 21 bits Host 8 bits

Class D ( 224.0.0.1 ~ 239.255.255.255 ) 1 1 1 0 For multicast address (invalid for any workstation or host)

Class E ( 240.0.0.0 ~ 255.255.255.255 ) 1 1 1 1 Not defined (for experiment use)

Fig. 37 IP Address Class

Upper layer Applications

HTTP

Telnet

SMTP

POP3

GTPU

80

23

25

110

2152

Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1

Fig. 38 Port Number

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UTRAN FDD measurement abilities

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4.1

Introduction

One of the key services provided by the physical layer is the measurement of various quantities, which are used to trigger or perform a multitude of functions. Both the UE and UTRAN are required to perform a variety of measurements. The measurements are classified into: Measurements in the UE (by RRC messages) and Measurements in the UTRAN (by NBAP messages). To initiate a specific measurement the UTRAN transmit a measurement control message to the UE. Included is a measurement identifier and type, the measurement objects and quantity, the reporting quantities, criteria (periodical or event) and mode (acknowledged or unacknowledged). Reporting events are defined which trigger the UE to send a report to the UTRAN. When the reporting criterion is fulfilled the UE answers with a measurement report message to the UTRAN including the measurement identifier and the results.

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Interference Signal Code Power Received Signal Code Power Received Signal Strength Indicator Ec/No

Signal Interference Ratio Block Error Rate Physical Ch. Bit Error Rate Transport.Ch. Bit Error Rate

UTRAN
UE Measurement Control message (measurement ID, object criteria, etc) Measurement Report message (measurement ID, results)

Fig. 39 Measurement function

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4.2

Types of measurement items

Several measurement types are described below.

4.2.1

CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)

The received power on one code after de-spreading its measured on the P-CPICH. The reference point for the RSCP is the antenna connector of the UE.

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RSCP
Power of P-CPICH P-CPICH

Definition Applicable Range

Is the received power on one code measured on P-CPICH Idle mode ,connected mode (intra and inter frequency) A resolution of 1dB within the range -115 to -25 dBm

Fig. 40 Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)

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4.2.2

UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)

RSSI is an indication of the average signal strength at the input of a receiver. Normally it does not include antenna gain or transmission losses. It will be measured on a UTRAN DL carrier with the antenna connector of the UE as reference point.

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RSSI

Received signal strength Total received power

Definition Applicable Range

Is the wideband received power within the relevant bandwith Idle mode, connected mode (intra and inter frequency) A resolution of 1dB within the range -94 to -32 dBm

Fig. 41 Received Signal Strength Indicator

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4.2.3

ISCP

Interference Signal Code Power are the interference on the received signal on one code after processing.

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ISCP
Signal after de-spreading Received power SIR only on one code

Interference signal code power

Frequency

Definition Applicable Range

Interference power on one code after processing

Fig. 42 Interference Signal Code Power

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4.2.4

CPICH Ec/No

Is the relation of the received energy signal code power divided by the total received power in the channel bandwidth. Ec/No is identical to RSCP/RSSI. It will be measured on the P-CPICH with the antenna connector at the mobile station as reference point.

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Ec/No = (RSCP/RSSI)

Power of P-CPICH P-CPICH

Definition Applicable Range

Is the received power per chip (Ec) divided by the power density in the band. Idle mode ,connected mode (intra and inter frequency) A resolution of 1dB within the range -24 to 0 dB

Fig. 43 Ec/No

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4.2.5

Signal Interference Ratio (SIR)

Ratio power measurement performed on the DPCCH of a radio link set. The reference point for the SIR measurements shall be the reception antenna connector. Where: RSCP (Received Signal Code Power): the received power on one code. ISCP (Interference Signal Code Power): the interference on the received signal. SF (Spreading factor): the SF used on the DPCCH

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SIR = (RSCP/ISCP) x SF

Signal after de-spreading Received power SIR Interference from other users, other cells Frequency

Definition Applicable Range

Is the ratio of radio signal power to its interference power in the channel

Power control
The reporting range for SIR is from -11 to 20 dB, step of 0.5dB.

Fig. 44 Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR)

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4.2.6

Bit Error Rate (BER)

Defined as a ratio of the number of errors of data bits received on a digital circuit. There are two types - Transport Channel BER: An estimation of the average bit error rate of the DPDCH data of a radio link set. The TrCH BER is measured from the data considering only non-punctured bits at the input of the channel decoder in NodeB. - Physical Channel BER: An estimation of the average bit error rate of a radio link set before DPCCH channel decoding = (raw bit error rate).

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Physical / transport channel BER


250 200 Reported value 150 100 50 0

DPCCH/DPDCH

10 BER [%]

20

50

100

Definition Applicable Range

Is the estimated bit error rate on DPCCH (physical BER) and DPDCH (transport BER) Connected mode (intra and inter frequency) A resolution 0.008 (log[BER]) within the range 0 to 1

Fig. 45 Bit Error Rate

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Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen