TIMEDISTANCE

Example1. Amantravelsadistanceof61kmin9hourspartlyonfootattherateof
4km/handpartlyonbicycleat9km/h.Howmuchdistancedoeshecoveronfoot?
Letthedistancecoveredonfootbex.
Thenthedistancecoveredbybicycleis61x.
Thetotaldistanceiscoveredin9hours.
Timeforwhichthemantravelsbyfoot=Distance/velocity=x/4hrs
Timeforwhichthemantravelsbybicycle=(61x)/9hrs
x/4+(61x)/9=9
9x+2444x=9
36
5x=324244
x=16km
Example2.Briancoversadistanceof200kmtravelingwithauniformspeedof'S'
km/h.Hecouldhavecoveredthesamedistancein2hourslesshadthespeedbeen(s
+5)km/h.Findthevalueofs.
Let't'bethetimethatBriantakestocover200kmat'S'km/hr.
Thent=200/s
Ataspeedof(s+5)km/hr,thedistanceof200kmgetscoveredin(t2)hours.
Then,(t2)=200/(s+5)
Substitutingthevalueoft=200/sintheaboveequation,weobtain,
(200/s2)=200/(s+5)
2002s=
s
(s+5)
(2002s)(s+5)=200s
200s2s+100010s=200s
2s+10s1000=0(RefertothechapteronQuadraticEquations)
S+5s500=0
S+25s20s500=0
s(s+25)20(s+25)=0
(s20)(s+25)=0
s=20ors=25
Sincespeedcannotbenegative,wediscards=25
Henceoursolution,s=20.

Example4.A75mlongtrainmovingat60km/hcanpassanothertrain100mlong,
movingat65km/hintheoppositedirectionin:
Suchproblemscanbesolvedusingtheformulavelocity=distance/time.It'snecessarytomake
surethatsimilarunitsareusedintheformula.
Tocompletelypasseachother,thetrainshavetocoveradistanceequaltothesumofthe
Iengthsofthetwotrains,75+100=175mtrs.
Whentravellinginoppositedirections,thevelocitywithwhichthisdistancegetscoveredisthe
sumofthe
2velocities.60+65=125Kmphor125*1000mtrsper60*60Secsor625/18mtrs/sec.
Thereforetimetocrosseachother=175=5.04secs.
625/18

Example5.TrainAis120mIongtravelingat90km/h.ItovertakestrainB
whichis130mtrsIongtravelinginthesamedirectionat72km/h.Howlongdoesit
takefortrainAtoovertaketrainB.
Tocompletelypasseachother,thetrainshavetocoveradistanceequaltothesumofthe
Iengthsofthe
twotrains,120+130=250mtrs.
Whentravellinginthesamedirection,thevelocitywithwhichthisdistancegetscoveredisthe
difference
betweenthe2velocities.9072=18Kmphor18*1000mtrsper60*60Secsor5
mtrs/sec.
Thereforetimetocrosseachother==50secs.
5
Example6.Findthespeedofthecurrentifaboyrows13kmupstreamand28km
downstreamtaking5hourseachtime.
Letthespeedofthecurrentbexkm/hrandthatoftheboywhenherowsinstillwaterbey
km/hr.
Thentherelativespeedwhentheboyrowsupstream=yxkm/hr
Therelativespeedwhentheboyrowsdownstream=y+xkm/hr
Thetimetakenforthe13kmlongupstreamjourneyis5hours.Thereforewecanwritethisas
Speed=Distance/Time
yx=13/5 I
Thetimetakenforthe28kmlongdownstreamjourneyisalso5hours,therefore
y+x=28/5 II
SubtractingequationsllfromequationI,weobtain,

Example3.Howlongwillatrain75mlongmovingat60km/htaketopassa
platform200mlong?
Tocompletelypassaplatform,thetrainwillhavetocoveradistanceequaltothesumofits
ownlengthandthelengthoftheplatform.
Thetotallengthtobecoveredbythetrainis75+200=275mtrs.
Thevelocityofthetrainis60km/hr,whichneedstobeconvertedintomtrspersec.
60km/hrcanbewrittenas60,000mtrsper60*60secs.Or100/6mtrs/sec.
Usingtheformulavelocity=Distance/Time,wegetTime=Distance/Velocity
T
imetocrosstheplatform=
275 = 275*6 =33/2=16.5secs.
100/6100

SubtractingequationsllfromequationI,weobtain,
2x=28/513/5
2x=(2813)/5
2x=15/5
x=3/2=1.5km/hr,thespeedofthecurrent
Example7.Aboatmoveswithaspeedof8km/hinstillwater.Findtherateofthe
streamiftheboatcantravel20kmdownstreaminthesametimeasitcantraveI12
kmupstream.
Letthespeedofthestreambexkm/hr
AndthetimethatittakestotraveI20kmdownstreamor12kmupstreambethrs.
ThenTimetwhenmovingupstreamisgivenas
Time=Distance/Velocity
t=12/(8x) I
Thetimetwhenmovingdownstreamisgivenas
t=20/(8+x) II

CombiningIandII,
12/(8x)=20/(8+x)
12(8+x)=20(8x)

Sincetheworkisthesame,thesameno.ofmanhoursarerequired.Sincenow,48menwork
for7days,
Iet'sassumetheyworkforYhoursaday.Then,48*7*Y=20*8*21
Y=20*8*21=10hours.
48*7
Example3.AbuandBilltogethercandoapieceofworkin10days,butAbualonecandoitin
15days.
InhowmanydayswouldBillalonedothesamejob?
Let'b'betheno.ofdaysthatBilltakestodothejobalone.

12(8+x)=20(8x)
96+12x=16020x
32x=64
x=2km/hr,thespeedofthestream

WORK
Ifonepersoncandoaworkin6days,thentwopeoplehavingthesameefficiencycandothe
sameworkin3days,or3personscandothatworkin2days.
Thisfollowsthatajobrequiresacertainnumberofmandaystocomplete.Mandaysisthe
productofthenumberofpersonsworkingonthejoband thenumberofdaystheytake
tocompletethejob.Foraparticularjobthemandaysrequiredtocompleteitremain
constant.
Intheaboveexamplethemandaysrequiredare1*6=6mandays,or2*3=6mandays,
or3*2=6mandays.
Foraparticularjob,ifthenumberofpeopleonthejobincreases,thenthenumberofdaysthat
theytaketocompletethejobreducesproportionately,suchthatthenumberofmandays
remainsconstant.
Alsonotethatifapersoncancompleteacertainjobin10days,thentheamountofworkthat
hedoesinonedayis1/10ofthetotal.
ProblemsonPipes
Ifapipecanfillatankin10minutes,thenitfills1/10thofthetankin1minute.
Iftwodifferentpipescanfillthesametankin10minutesand15minutesseparately,thenthe
amountthattheywillfillinoneminute,runningtogether,is1/10+1/15=1/6.Andthetime
thattheywilltake,whilerunningtogether,tofillthetankis1/(1/6)minutesor6minutes.
ThesearethebasicsthatyouneedtounderstandtotackleallproblemsrelatedtoTimeand
Work.
SolvedExamples
Example1.Ifsixteenmencandoapieceofworkin12days,working14hoursaday,
howlongwilI28men,working12hoursaday,taketodothesamework?

Inthefirstscenario,thenumberofmanhoursrequiredtocompletethework=16*12*14
Sinceitisthesamejob,themanhoursrequiredtocompletethejobremainsthesame.
Themanhoursinthesecondscenario=28*12*Y,whereYisthenumberofdaysrequired.
Therefore,
16*12*14=28*12*Y
Y=8days
Example2.Twentymenworking8hoursperdaycancompleteapieceofworkin21
days.Howmanyhoursperdaymust48menworktocompletethesamepieceofwork
in7days?
20menworking8hoursadaycancompleteapieceofworkin21days.
Thisimpliesthat20*8*21hoursisrequiredtocompletethework.Or20*8*21manhours
ofwork.

ThentheamountofworkthatBillcandoinoneday=1/b
TheamountofworkthatAbucancompleteinoneday=1/15
Sincethetwoworkingtogethercancompletetheworkin10days,theamountofworkthatthe
twocan
completeinoneday=1/10
Thus,1/b+1/15=1/10
Or1/b=1/101/15
1/b=1/30
orb=30
Example4.Ittakes21daysfor36mentobuildawalI140mlong.Howmanymenwould
require18days
tobuildasimilarwalI50minlength?
Itrequires21*36mandaystobuilda140mtrlongwalI.
Tobuilda50mtrlongwalI,21*36*50mandaysarerequired.
140
Tobuildthe50mtrlongwalI,IetYbetheno.ofmenrequiredfor18days.
Or18*mandays.
Thus18Y=21*36*50
140
orY=15
Example5.P,QandRcandoacertainpieceofworkin12,15and20daysrespectively.They
beganto
workbutRIeavesafter2days.InhowmanydayswouldPandQbeabletofinishthework
together?
TheamountofworkP,QandRworkingtogethercancompleteinoneday
1/12+1/15+1/20=5+4+3=
60605
Theamountofwork,PandQworkingtogethercancompletein1dayis
1/12+1/15=9/60=3/20
BeforeRIeaves,in2daysbeforehisdeparturethethreeofthemworkingtogethercomplete
2/5ofthe
work(1/5*2=2/5)
TheamountofworktobecompletedbyPandQworkingtogetherafterthedepartureofR=1
2/5=3/5
LetYbethenumberofdaysthatPandQworktocompletethejob.
Then3/20xY=3/5
OrY=4
Example6.Anan,BardleandCicelycanfinishapieceofworkin18daysAnanandCicely
together
worktwiceasmuchasBardle,AnanandBardletogetherworkthriceasmuchasCicely.Inwhat
timecan
eachdoitindividually?
Leta,bandcbetheno.ofdaysthatAnan,BardleandCicelytaketodothejobindividually.
Then1/a,1/band1/caretheamountofworkeachcanfinishinoneday.
Asperthequestion,
1/a+1/c=2*1/b
1/a+1/b=3*1/c

andwealsoknowthatallofthemworkingtogethercancompletetheworkin18days.
Therefore,
1/a+1/b+1/c=1/18
Thuswehave3equationsand3variables,whichcanbesolvedtoobtainthevaluesofeach
variable.
1/c1/b=2/b3/c
3/c+1/c=1/b+2/b
4/c=3/b
3c=4b
Putc=4/3bin1/a+1/c=2/b
1/a+3/4b=2/b
1/a=2/b3/4b
1/a=5/4b
Substitutethevaluesof'a'and'c'inthethirdequationtoobtain,
5/4b+1/b+3/4b=1/18
onsolving,weobtain1/b=1/54,b=54
ThisimpliesthatBardlecancompletetheentireworkalonein54days.
Nowsubstitutingthevalueof'b'in1/a=5/4b,
Weobtain1/a=5/(4*54)
1/a=5/216ora=431/5
Similarlysolvingfor'c'byusingtheexpression3c=4b
c=4*54/3=72
Example7.PipePfillsatankin24minutes.PipeQfillsthesametankin30minutes.Boththe
pipesare
turnedontogether,andafter8minutes,pipePisturnedoff.Inhowmanyminuteswouldpipe
Qfillthe
remainingtank?
Pcanfillthetankin24minutesoritfills1/24ofthetankin1minute.
Qcanfillthetankin30minutesoritfills1/30ofthetankin1minute.
RunningtogetherthetwopipeswillfilI1/24+1/30ofthetankin1minute.
In8minutesthetwopipestogetherwillfilI8(1/24+1/30)ofthetank,
Theamountlefttobefilledinthetankafter8minutes=18(1/24+1/30)

The time that it would take Pipe Q to fill the remaining capacity of the tank:
= 1 -8

1/24 + 1/30

1/30
1 - 8
=

mixturetoincreasetheconcentrationofwineto50%?
Solution:
Thequantityofwineinthemixture=(20/100)*50=10Iitres.
Letthequantityofwineaddedtothemixturebexlitres.Thenthetotalquantityofwineinthe
mixtureis(10
+x)Iitresandthetotalquantityofmixtureis50+xlitres.
Theproportionofwineinthenewmixtureis(10+x)/(50+x)
Werequirethisproportiontobeequalto50%.
Therefore,
(10+x)/(50+x)=50/100=.
20+2x=50+x
x=30
Hence,30Iitresofwinewhenaddedto50Iitresofthemixture,resultsin80Iitresofthe
mixturewith50%
concentrationofwine.Thatis,10Iitresofwinewasalreadyintheoriginalmixtureandanother
30Iitres
whenaddedmakesthetotalquantityofwineas40Iitresin80Iitresofthemixture,whichis
50%ofthetotal
volumeofthemixture.
Example2:
10kgofgrade'A' ofTeacosting$15perkgismixedwith30kgofgrade'B'ofTeacosting$10
perkg.
Whatisthecostperkgofthemixture?
Solution:
Costof10kgofgrade'A=10*15=$150
Costof30kgofgrade'B=30*10=$300
TotaICostof30kgsofthemixture=$150+$300=$450.
Costofthemixture=$450/40=$11.25perkg.
Example3:
Inwhatproportionshouldteacosting$1.00perkgbemixedwithteacosting$2.00perkgto
getamixture
thatcosts$1.35perkg?
Solution:
Letthequantityofteacosting$1.00perkgbexand
thatofteacosting$2.00perkgbey.
Then,thequantityofthemixturecosting$1.35perkgwouldbex+y.
Therefore,
1*x+2*y=1.35*(x+y)

5+ 4
120

1/30

= 30 * 48

1 - 8 9/120

= 30 120 - 72

1/30

120

= 48 / 4 = 12 minutes

120
Example 8.

It takes 16 and 32 minutes for pipes A and B respectively to fill a cistern. Another pipe C at

the bottom of the cistern can empty the full cistern in 64 minutes. If all the pipes are opened together, how
Iong will it take for the cistern to filI?
The part of the cistern that A alone can fill in one minute is 1/16
The part of the cistern that B alone can fill in one minute is 1/32

x+2y=1.35x+1.35y
0.65y=0.35x
x/y=0.65/0.35=13/7
whichmeans,13partsofteacosting$1.00perkgand7partsofteacosting$2.00perkgare
neededto
makeamixturecosting$1.35perkg.
Shortcut
Problemssuchasthesecanbesolvedwithoutinvolvingvariableslikex,yetc.

The part of the cistern that C can empty in one minute is 1/64
When all the pipes are opened, in one minute, the volume of the tank that gets filled is

GRAPHICHERE

1/16 + 1/32 -1/64 = (4 + 2 -1) / 64 = 5/64

If 5/64 of the tank gets filled in one minute,
then the time that it takes to fill the tank completely is

= 64/5 = 12.8 minutes.

5/64

MIXTURE:
Example1:
A50Iitremixtureofwineandwatercontains20%wine.Howmuchmorewineshouldbeadded
tothe

PIacethetwocostprices,1and2inthetopcornersasshown.PIacethecostpriceofthe
mixturein
betweenthe2prices,thentakethedifferenceofthecostpriceandthepriceofthemixtureand
placethe
resultsasshownbythearrow.
Now,simplifythetwodifferencestoobtaintherequiredproportion.
Theaboveshortcutcanbeusedwheneverquantitiesbeforethemixingandafterthemixingare
bothgiven

intheproblem,anditistheproportionoftheirmixingthatisrequiredtobefound.Thequantity
couldbe
price,profitorpercentagecontentofaningredient.
Wehavetakenanexamplewherethecostpricewasprovided.Thenexttwoexamplesare
basedon
profitsand%agecontentofaningredient.
Example4:
Astoreownerhasastockof100shirts.Hesold someshirtsfora10dayperiodata
profitof20%.
Thereafter,heputtheshirtsonasale,andsoldtheshirtsataIowerprofitof10%.Ifhemade
anoverall
profitof13%,howmanyshirtsdidhesellinthesale?
Example4:
Astoreownerhasastockof100shirts.Hesoldsomeshirtsfora10dayperiodata
profitof20%.
Thereafter,heputtheshirtsonasale,andsoldtheshirtsataIowerprofitof10%.Ifhemade
anoverall
profitof13%,howmanyshirtsdidhesellinthesale?

Percentmeanspercentorper100orforevery100.Afractionwhosedenominatoris100is
calleda
percentageandthenumeratorofthefractioniscalledtheratepercent.Itisdenotedbythe
symbol"%".
Therefore,12%denotes12/100.
Apercentcanbeexpressedasafractionandfractionasapercentage.Thefraction
3/25canbe
expressedasapercentagebymultiplyinganddividingthefractionby100andretainingthe100
inthe
denominator.
Thus,[(3/25)/100]*100=(300/25)/100=12/100or12%.
And12%canbeexpressedasafractionbydividingthepercentby100andsimplifying
12%=12/100=3/25
Example:Whatpercentageisthemarksofastudentwhoscored12/20inatest?
Solution:Multiplyanddivide12/20by100,andretain100inthedenominatorasshown:
{(12/20)*100}/100=60/100=60%
Percentagesareused
A.todetermineanincreaseordecreaseinaquantity
B.todefineapartofaquantity
C.tocomparetwodifferentquantities
Letustakeanexampleofeach:

GRPAH
Example5:
Abartenderremovedfromabottleacertainquantityofadrink,whichhad25%
alcoholcontentand
replacedthesamequantitywithanotherdrinkthathadanalcoholcontentof10%.Thealcohol
contentin
thedrinkafterreplacementis20%.Whatwasthequantityofthedrinkthathereplaced,ifthere
was1Iitre
ofthedrinkinthebottle?

graphichere
Usingtheshortcut,1/3*1Iitre=1/3Iitres
Example6:
Abarrelcontains100Iitresofanacid.10Iitresof theacidistakenoutandreplaced
bywater.This
processisrepeated2moretimes.Whatistheamountofacidinthebarrelnow?
Solution:
Thequantityofacid,afterthefirstreplacementis,90/100ofthetotaI.
Afterthesecondoperation,itis,(90/100)*(90/100)=(90/100)
Similarly,afterthethirdoperation,(90/100)=729/1000
Sincetherewas100Iitresofacidtostartwith,theacidinthebarrelafter3replacementsis:
(729/1000)*100=72.9Iitres.
Shortcut
Acidleftinthebarrelafternreplacements/startingquantityofacid=[(p_q)/p]n
Where,p=startingquantityofacid
q=thereplacedquantity
n=numberofreplacements
Intheaboveexample:
P=100.q=10.n=3.
Intheaboveexample:
P=100q=10n=3.
Hence
[(p_q)/p]n=[(100_10)/100]
=(90/100)=729/1000
PERCENT

A.Anincreaseordecreaseinaquantity.
Ifanumber,say30isincreasedby25%,then25%of30is(25/100)*30=15/2=7.5.
Thisimpliesthatincreasing30by25%isthesameasincreasing30by7.5.
Thenumberaftertheincreasebecomes
30+7.5=37.5,
orthiscanbefoundbyusingtheformula:
30[(100+r)/100],whereristhepercentageincrease.
30[(100+25)/100]=30*(5/4)=150/4=37.5.
B.Defineapartofaquantity.
Outof100,000peopleinavillage,52%arewomen.Findthenumberofmeninthevillage.
Numberofwomeninthevillage=(52/100)*100,000=52,000
Numberofmeninthevillage=100,000_52,000=48,000.
C.Comparetwoquantities:
IfBenearns$1000perweek,andKeithearns15%morethanBen,thenwhatisKeith's
income?
Keith'sincome=1000*(100+15)/100=$1150.
***Timegoes.Kleptomaniaisexpiring.Ordernowat
http://www.structurise.com/kleptomania/order.htm***
Example1.Maxreceivesanannualsalaryof$8800intheyear1965.Thisis10%morethan
hissalaryin
1964.Whatwashissalaryin1964?
IfMax'ssalaryin1964was100,thenhissalaryin1965is100+10%of100
Thatis,100+*100=110
100
Thuswhenhissalaryin1965is110,hissalaryin1964was100.
Whenhissalaryin1965is1,thenhissalaryin1964=
110
Now,whenhissalaryin1965is$8800,thenhissalaryin1964=*8800=$8000
110
Example2.Topassacertainexamination,astudentneedstoobtain35%ofthetotalmarks.
Hegives
threepapers.Inthefirstpaper,hegets62outof120,andinthesecondpaperheobtainsjust
35outof
150.Inordertojustqualifyforpass,howmuchmustheobtainoutof180inthethirdpaper?
Themaximummarksoutofthethreepapers=120+150+180=450
Thepasspercentageis35%
Passingmarks= 35*450=157.5

100
Marksalreadyscoredinthetwopapers=62+35=97
Markstobescoredinthethirdpaper=157.5_97=60.50

***CopyfilelistsandfoldertreesfromExplorer***
Example3.11/18thofthepopulationofavillagearemales,andtherestare
females.Ifthetotal
populationofthevillageis4500and40%ofthemalesaremarried,findthenumberofmarried
males.
Thenumberofmalesinthevillage=11*4500=2750
18
Thenumberofmarriedmales=*2750=1100
100
Example4.Thetotalproduceofafarmintheyear1965was150quintals.Itincreasedby
10%in1966
andthenby8%in1967.Calculatethetotalproducein1967.
Theproduceintheyear1966=150(100+10)=165quintals
100
Theproduceintheyear1967=165(100+8)=178.2quintals
100
Example5.AandBcontestedanelection.Thewinningcandidatesecured57%ofthetotal
validvotes
polledandwonbyamajorityof42000votes.Calculatethenumberoftotalvotespolled.
Ifthewinningcandidatesecured57%ofvalidvotes,thenthevotespolledbytheIosing
candidate=
100_57=43%
Differencebetween thevotespolledbythetwocandidates=57_43=14%,whichisthe
majority
percentage.
Inotherwordswhen14isthemajority,totalvotespolledis100.
When1isthemajority,totalvotespolledis100/14.
When42000isthemajority,totalvotespolledis100/14*42000=3,00,000votes.
Example6.ApersonIost12%ofhismoneyingamblingand5%oftheremainderwaspicked
fromhis
pocket.Ifthetotalmoneyhenowhasis$8360,whatwastheoriginalsumofmoney
hehadbefore
gambling?
Lettheoriginalsumofmoneyhehadbex.
Afterlosing12%ofhismoneyongambling,heisleftwith(100_12)%or88%ofx.
Hethenloses5%ofthebalance,whichis5%of88%or4.4%oftheoriginalamountx.
Thebalancethathehasleftwithhimis83.6%ofxor0.836x.Thisisgiventobeequalto
$8360.
Therefore,0.836x=8360
Orx=8360/0.836=$10,000

PROBABILITY

Probabilitydefinesthechancesofaneventoccurring.Aneventisanydesiredoutcome,
example,rainon
aparticularday,headsontossingofacoin,etc.
TheprobabilityofaneventoccurringIiesbetweenthenumbers0and1.A0probabilitymakes
theevent
impossibletooccurandaprobabilityof1definesaneventthatiscertaintooccur.
Thehigherthe
probability,thehigheritschancesofoccurring.

IfaneventAcanhappeninmdifferentwaysandcannothappeninnways,andwhenthe
occurrenceofall
eventsisequallyIikelytohappenandthehappeningofanyonedoesnotinanywayruleout
thepossibility
ofanothereventhappening,then,
ProbabilityofeventAhappening,P(A)=m/(m+n)
ThenumberofwaysinwhichtheeventAcanhappen
P(A)=
NumberofwaysinwhicheventAcanhappen+NumberofwaysinwhicheventAcannothappen
Sinceaneventcaneitherhappenoritcannothappen.m+n=r,whereristhetotalnumberof
possible
outcomes.
Therefore,P(A)=m/r
SolvedExamples:
1.Whatistheprobabilityofheadsturninguponasingletossofacoin?
Thetotalnumberofpossibleoutcomesonasingletossofacoinis2_aheadsoratails.
Thenumberofwaysinwhichtherequiredeventislikelytohappenis1_aheadsshowingup.

Probabilityofheadsturningup=P(Heads)=
2.Whatistheprobabilityof2showinguponasinglethrowofadicewith6faces?
Onasinglethrowofadice,thetotalnumberofpossibleoutcomesis6(1,2,3,4,5
or6showingup)
Thenumberofwaysinwhichtherequiredeventislikelytohappenis1_(2showingup)
Probabilityof2showingup=P(2)=1/6
3.Whatistheprobabilityofanumbergreaterthan3showinguponasinglethrow
ofadice?
Onasinglethrowofadice,thetotalnumberofpossibleoutcomesis6(1,2,3,4,5
or6showingup)
Thenumberofwaysinwhichanumbergreaterthan3willshowupis3_(4,5,6showingup)
Probabilityofanumbergreaterthan3showingup=P(number>3)=3/6=1/2
4.WhatistheprobabilityofdrawingaKingfromapackofplayingcards?
Thetotalnumberofcardsinapackofplayingcardsis52.Sinceall52cardsare
differentthetotalnumberofpossibleoutcomesis52.
Thereare4kingsinapackofplayingcards,thereforenumberofwaysthataKingcanbedrawn
is4.
Probabilityofdrawingaking=P(King)=4/52=1/13
5.If2diearethrown,whatistheprobabilityofgettinga10?
Thetotalnumberofdifferentcombinationspossiblewithathrowof2diceis6*6=36
Thenumberofwaysinwhich10canshowupis:
Die1Die2Total
6410
5510
4610
Thereforein3differentways
Probabilityofgettinga10=P(10)=3/36=1/12
Note:Iftheprobabilityofaneventoccurringispthentheprobabilityofit,snotoccurringis1
p
ThereforeintheaboveproblemifProbabilityofgettinga10is1/12,thentheprobabilityofnot
gettinga10is11/12=11/12

6.Jenny,BillandMarkareassignedatask,thesolutiontowhichhastobeworkedoutby
themworking
together.Iftheprobabilityoftheirfindingthesolutionis1/3,1/4and1/5
respectively,findthe
probabilityoftheirfindingasolution.
Therequiredprobabilityistheproductoftheirindividualprobabilities.
P(Solution)=1/3*1/4*1/5=1/60

Note:Theprobabilityofoccurrenceoftwoormoreindependenteventswhichoccuratthe
sametimeis
theproductoftheirindividualprobabilities.
IntheaboveexampeJenny,BillandMarkareworkingonthetaskindependently,hencethe
probabilityoftheircompletingthetaskistheproductoftheirindividualprobabilities.
7.IntheabovequestionifJenny,BillandMarkareworkingonthetaskindependentlyandthe
taskis
consideredcompletewhenanyoneofthemcancompletethetask,thenwhatisthe
probabilityof
completionofthetask?
Theprobabilityofanyoneofthemcompletingthetaskiscomputedasshown:
ProbabilityofJennynotcompletingthetask=11/3=2/3
ProbabilityofBillnotcompletingthetask=1_1/4=3/4
ProbabilityofMarknotcompletingthetask=1_1/5=4/5
Theprobabilityofthetasknotbeingcompleted=2/3*3/4*4/5=2/5
Andtheprobabilityofthetaskbeingcompleted=1_Probabilityoftasknotbeingcompleted=
1_2/5=
3/5
Note:It'seasiertosolvetheproblembyfollowingthemethodabove.Thealternateway
tosolvethe
problemisP(taskbeingcompleted)=P(anyoneofthemcancompletethetask)+P(anytwo
ofthem
cancompletethetask)+P(AIIthreecancompletethetask).
WhereP(anyoneofthemcancompletethetask)isgivenas=P(Jennycompletesthetaskand
theother
2don't)+P(Billcancompletethetaskandtheother2don't)+P(Markcancompletethetask
andthe
other2don't)
***RequestmoretipsbyusingKleptomania***
AndP(Jennycompletesthetaskandtheother2don't)=1/3*3/4*4/5=1/5
Similarlyyoucancomputetheotherprobabilitiestoachievethesameresultthatwecomputed
above,i.e.,
P(taskbeingcompleted)=3/5
8.Thereare2boxes,thefirstcontains5blueand3redballsandthesecondcontains4blue
and6red
balls.Whatistheprobabilityofdrawingablueballifoneballisdrawnfromabagthatis
selectedat
random?
Theprobabilityofselectingaparticularbagis,sincethereare2bags.
Theprobabilityofselectingablueballfromthefirstbag:
No.ofblueballsinthefirstbag=5
Totalnumberofballsinthefirstbag=5+3=8
ProbabilityofdrawingabluebalI=5/8
Probabilityofdrawingablueballfromthefirstbag=(Probabilityofselectingthefirstbag)*
(Probabilityof
selectingabluebalI)
=1/2*5/8=5/16
Theprobabilityofselectingablueballfromthesecondbag:
No.ofblueballsintheSecondbag=4
Totalnumberofballsinthesecondbag=4+6=10

Probabilityofdrawingablueballfromthesecondbag=4/10=2/5
Probabilityofdrawingablueballfromthesecondbag=(Probabilityofselectingthe
secondbag)*
(ProbabilityofselectingabluebalI)
=1/2*2/5=1/5
TheprobabilityofdrawingabluebalI=P(BIueballfromfirstbag)+P(BIueballfromsecond
bag)
P(BIueBalI)=5/16+1/5
=(25+16)/80=41/80
Note:Theprobability ofoccurrenceofofthetwoormoreeventsisthesumof
their
individualprobabilities.
Intheaboveexampleablueballcanbedrawnfromthefirstorthesecondbagand
therequired
probabilityisthesumoftheprobabilitiesofdrawingablueballfromthefirstbagandfromthe
second
bag.
Youmaynotethattheindividualprobabilitieshavetobeaddedifoneofthemanyeventshave
tooccur.Andtheyhavetobemultipliedifalltheeventscanoccursimultaneously.
SIMULATANEOUSEQUATIONS

Tosolvefortwovariables,2equationsarerequiredtobeworkeduponsimultaneously.
Example:
Solveforxandy
2x+3y=12
3x+5y=19
Tosolvetheaboveproblem,multiplyeachequationwithanumbersuchthateitherxoryterm
becomesequalinboththeequations.
Inthegivenexample,multiplythefirstequationby3andthesecondby2.
Thus,
6x+9y=36
6x+10y=38
Subtractingthesecondequationfromthefirstone
+9y=36
+10=38
y= 2
ory=2
Now,substitutethevalueofyinanyoneoftheequationstoobtainthevalueofx.
Thus,
2x+3*2=12
2x=126
x=6/2=3
AIternatemethodforsolvingsimultaneousequations(TheSubstitutionmethod)
Let'stakethesameexampleasabove.
Solveforxandy
2x+3y=12
3x+5y=19
Takethefirstequationandfindthevalueofxintermsofy.
2x=123y
x=(123y)/2
Nowsubstitutethevalueofxcomputedaboveinthesecondequation.
3x+5y=19
3(123y)/2+5y=19
189y/2+5y=19
5y9y/2=1
10y9y=2

y=2
Nowsubstitutey=2inanyoftheequationstogetthevalueofx.
2x+3.2=12
2x=126
x=6/2=3
Thereforex=3andy=2
SolvedExamples
Example1.Twonumbersaresuchthatthesumoftwicethefirstandthricethesecondis18,
whilethesumofthricethefirstand
twicethesecondis17.Findthenumbers.
Letthetwonumbersbexandy.
Thenasperthequestion
2x+3y=18
3x+2y=17
Solveforxandy,
Multiplybothsidesofthefirstequationby3andofthesecondequationby2.
6x+9y=54
6x+4y=34
Subtractingthesecondequationfromthefirst,weobtain,
6x+9y=54
6x+4y=34

5y=20
ory=4
__=183.4=6/2=3
22
Thusthetwonumbersare3and4.
Example2.If2issubtractedfromboththenumeratorandthedenominatorofafraction,it
becomes1/3,andif1isaddedtoboththe
numeratorandthedenominator,itbecomes2/3.Findthefraction.
Letthefractionbex/y,then
=1,
y_23
3x6=y2,
or3xy=4
x+1=2,
y+13
3x+3=2y+2,or3x2y=1
Solveforxandyusingthe2equations,
3x_y=4
3x_2y=1
Subtractingthesecondequationfromthefirst,
y=5
x=(4+y)/3=(4+5)/3=9/3=3
Thereforetherequiredfractionis,
x/y=3/5

PROFITANDLOSS
Whenagoodisboughtfor$100andsoldfor$110,thereisaprofitof$10.
Profit=SellingPrice(SP)_CostPrice(CP).
WhenSPislessthanCP,thereisaloss.
Loss=CP_SP
Profitandlossaregenerallydenotedintermsofpercent,ofcostprice.
%ageProfit=[(SP_CP)/CP]*100
%ageLoss=[(CP_SP)/CP]*100

Atraderoffersadiscount.Thediscountisofferedonapricethatisdisplayedtocustomers,
calledthe
markedprice(MP).Thesellingpriceonadiscountedgoodisalwayslesserthanthemarked
price.
Foradiscountedgood,withDasthepercentagediscount,
SP=MP(100_D)/100
andMP=SP*[100/(100_D)]
SolvedExamples
Example1.Sulemanbought240rosesat$9perdozenandsoldallofthemat$1each.Find
theprofit
percentageofSuleman?
CostPriceperrose=$9/12
Salepriceperrose=$1
Profitpercentage=SP_CP*100=(1_9/12100=3/12100
CP9/12
9/12
=3*100==331/3%
93
Example2.Abooksellerallowsadiscountof10%ontheadvertisedpriceofaparticularbook.
What
pricemustbemarkedonthebookwhichcostshim$600tomakeaprofitof20%?
Costpriceofthebook=$600
Requiredprofitpercentage=20%
Requiredprofit=20/100*600=$120
RequiredSellingPrice=CP+profit=600+120=$720
Requiredsellingpriceisthepriceatwhichthebookissoldaftergivingadiscountof10%.
Thereforethepriceofthebookshouldbemarkedsuchthatadiscountof10%onthemarked
priceresults
inthebookbeingsoldat$720.
IfthemarkedpriceisY,then
Y*100_discountercent=RequiredSellingPrice
100
=>Y*100_10=720
100
=>Y=720*100
90
=>Y=$800
OrsimplyusingtheformulaMP=SP*[100/(100_D)]
MP=720*[100/(100_10)]
MP=720(100/90)=$800
Example3.Abrahamsellsacamera,whichcostshim$400toBenataprofitof20%.Benthen
sellsitto
Chang,makingaprofitof10%onthepricehepaidtoAbraham.WhatdoesChangpaytoBen?
Abraham'sSellingprice=Ben'scostprice=400*100+20=$480
100
Ben'ssellingprice=Chang'scostprice=480*100+10=$528
100
Example4.Ashopkeeperallowstwosuccessivediscountsof20%and10%onanarticle.Ifhe
gets
$108fromthearticle,finditsmarkedprice.
Forsuccessivediscountsusetheformula
MarkedPrice=SellingPrice*100*100
100_FirstDiscount100_seconddiscount
MarkedPrice=108*100*100=108*100*100=108*100=
10020100_1080*9072
Example5.Kumarboughttwocamerasfor$400.Hesellsoneofthecamerasataprofitof
20%andthe
otheratalossof20%.findthetotallossorprofitpercent.

Sellingpriceofthefirstcamera=400*100+20=4*120=$480
100
Profitonthefirstcamera=480_400=$80
SellingPriceofthesecondcamera=400x100_20=4x80=$320
100
Lossonthesecondcamera=400_320=$80
Netprofitorloss=80_80=0
Youmaynotethatwhenthecostpriceofthetwoarticlesisthesameandtheprofitandloss
percentages
ontheirsaleisalsothesame,thenthenetprofitisalwayszero.
Example6.Thecostpriceofeachofthe1000articlesis$0.85.Itisthenfoundthatonly700
articlesmay
besold.Ifthesellingpriceistobefixedsuchthataprofitof40%onthetotalcostpriceis
obtained,find
thesellingpriceofonearticle.
Thetotalcostof1000articlesis0.85*1000=$850
Aprofitof40%onthetotalcostprice=850*=$340
100
Therequiredsellingpriceof700articles=850+340=$1190
Sellingpriceofeacharticle=1190/700=$1.70
Example7.Atraderbuys180articlesat$40eachfromawholesaler.Hefixestheselling
priceperarticlesuchastoyieldaprofitof45%ofthecostprice,andsells2/5thofthearticles
atthisprice.Hethenlowersthesellingpriceperarticlesoastogainaprofitof20%ofthecost
price.Findhistotalprofitifall
thearticlesaresold.
Thetotalcostpriceforthetrader=180*40=$7200
Thefirstlot,2/5thofthearticles,2/5*180=72articles,aresoldataprofitof45%.
Profitperarticleinthefirstlot=40*=$18
100
Profitinthefirstlot=18*72=$1296
Thesecondlotofremainingarticles,180_72=108,aresoldataprofitof20%.
Profitperarticleinthesecondlot=40*=$8
100
Profitinthesecondlot=8*108=$864
Thetotalprofitonsaleof180articles=1296+864=$2160
TENSES
NothingtogetTenseabout......
Asnotedearlier,theverbinasentencedenotesanaction,asinthefollowingsentences:
1.Herarelygoestobedbeforemidnight.
2. IIeaveforworkat9:00A.M.
3.Makehaywhilethesunshines.
Insomecases,theverbmaydoanauxiliaryfunctionofcompletingthesentence.
4.Honestyisthebestpolicy.
5.Iamterrifiedatthethought.
Inalltheexamplesabove,theactionissuchthatithappensallthetimeorrepeatedly
(examples[1]and[2]),orthesentencetalksofgeneralthingswhicharetruisms(examples[3]
and[4]).
Inordertoinducetheelementoftimeinasentence,wemakeuseofwhat
arecalledtenses.Tensespresent,past,andfutureindicatethechronologicalsequenceof
eventsthatthesentencespeaksof.
Let'squicklyrunthroughthevariousformsoftenseswiththeseexamples:
6.SheIeavesforworkat9:00A.M.(SimplePresent)
7.Sheisleavinforworkrightnow.(PresentContinuous)
8.forwork.(PresentPerfect)
9.forworktwohoursago.(SimplePast)

10.Shewasleavinforworkwhenlreached.(PastContinuous)
11.
Shehadleftforworkwhenlcalledup.(PastPerfect)
12.Shewillleaveforworkintwentyminutes.(SimpleFuture)
13.Shewillbeleavinforworksoon.(FutureContinuous)
14.Shewillhaveleftforworkbythetimelreach.(FuturePerfect)
Noticehowtheverbchangesitsformwithreferencetothetimewhentheaction
takesplace.Usingtheappropriatetenseis
fundamentaltogettingmanySentenceCorrectionquestionsrighttheGMATsetterscanmake
themtrickierthanyouthink!