Brazil

Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil
Repblica Federativa do Brasil(Portuguese)

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto:

"Ordem e Progresso"(Portuguese)
"Order and Progress"

Hino Nacional Brasileiro

vocal
Brazilian National Anthem

Anthem:

National seal
Selo Nacional do Brasil
National Seal of Brazil

Capital
Braslia
[1]
1547S 4752W
Largest city
Official languages

So Paulo
Portuguese

Brazil

2
Ethnicgroups (2010)

Demonym
Government

47.73% White
43.13% Pardoa
7.61% Black
1.09% Asian
0.43% Amerindian

Brazilian
Federal presidential constitutional republic

- President

Dilma Rousseff (PT)

- Vice President

Michel Temer (PMDB)

- President of the
Chamber of Deputies

Henrique Eduardo Alves (PMDB)

- President of the Senate

Renan Calheiros (PMDB)

- President of the Supreme Federal Court Joaquim Barbosa

Legislature

National Congress

- Upper house

Federal Senate

- Lower house

Chamber of Deputies

Independencefrom United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

- Declared

7 September 1822

- Recognized

29 August 1825

- Republic

15 November 1889

- Current constitution

5 October 1988
Area

- Total

8,515,767km (5th)
3,287,597sqmi

- Water(%)

0.65

Population
[2]

- 2013estimate

201,032,714

- Density

23.7/km2 (192nd)
61.5/sqmi

GDP(PPP)

2014estimate

- Total

$2.523 trillion (7th)

- Per capita

$12,528 (79th)

GDP(nominal)

2014estimate

- Total

$2.170 trillion (8th)

- Per capita

$10,773 (63rd)

Gini(2012)

51.9
high

HDI (2012)

0.730
high 85th

(5th)

[3]

Currency

Real (R$) (BRL)

Time zone

BRT (UTC2 to 5)

Brazil

3
- Summer(DST)

a.

BRST(UTC2 to 5)

Date format

dd/mm/yyyy (CE)

Drives on the

right

Calling code

+55

ISO 3166 code

BR

Internet TLD

.br

Multiracial.

Brazil i/brzl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA:[baziw][4]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese:
Repblica Federativa do Brasil, listenWikipedia:Media helpFile:Pt-br-Repblica Federativa do Brasil.ogg), is
the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth largest country, both
by geographical area and by population. It is the largest Lusophone country in the world, and the only one in the
Americas.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491km (4,655mi). It is bordered on the north
by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia;
on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay.
Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and
Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile
and occupies 47 percent of the continent of South America.
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing of explorer Pedro lvares Cabral in 1500, who
claimed the area for Portugal. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was
transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro after French forces led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal.
In 1815, it was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and
the Algarves. Its independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state
governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in
1889, when a military coup d'tat proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress,
dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. An authoritarian military junta had led the nation from
1964 until 1985. Brazil's current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a federal republic. The Federation is
composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
The Brazilian economy is the world's seventh largest by nominal GDP and the seventh largest by purchasing power
parity, as of 2012.[5] A member of the BRIC group, Brazil has one of the world's fastest growing major economies,
with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence. Brazil's national
development bank (BNDES) plays an important role for the country's economic growth. Brazil is a founding member
of the United Nations,[6] the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Organization
of American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations. Brazil is one of 17 megadiverse countries,
home to a variety of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.
Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs, with some analysts
identifying it as an emerging global power.

Etymology
The word "Brazil" comes from brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese,
brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed
from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium). As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was
highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.
Through the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi)

Brazil

along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for
assorted European consumer goods.
The official name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa
Cruz), but European sailors and merchants commonly called it simply the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) on
account of the brazilwood trade. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official name. Early
sailors sometimes also called it the "Land of Parrots" (Terra di Papaga).
In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the
indigenous population gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees".

History
Precolonial history
The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere,
radiocarbon-dated 8,000 years old, has been excavated in the Amazon
basin of Brazil, near to-day's Santarem, providing evidence that the
tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric culture;[7] the
region was inhabited by hundreds of different native tribes, the earliest
going back at least 10,000 years in the highlands of Minas Gerais. The
territory of current day Brazil had as many as 2,000 tribes, mostly
semi-nomadic who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and
migrant agriculture.
Engraving representing the Tupinambs'
anthropophagy ritual.

The indigenous population of Brazil was divided into large indigenous

nations composed of several ethnic groups among which stand out the
large groups like Tupis, Guaranis, Gs and Arawaks. The former were
subdivided into Tupiniquins and Tupinambs, among many subdivision of the others. The boundaries between these
groups and their subgroups, before the arrival of Europeans, were marked by wars between them, arising from
differences in culture, language and moral.[8] These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and
water, with ritual cannibalism on POWs.[9][10] While heredity had some weight, leadership status was a more
subdued over time, than allocated in succession ceremonies and conventions.[11] Slavery among the Indians had a
different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socio-economic organization, in
which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations.[12]
When the Portuguese arrived in 1500 they saw the natives as noble savages, and miscegenation of the population
began right away.[13] Tribal warfare, cannibalism and the pursuit of Amazonian brazilwood for its treasured red dye
convinced the Portuguese that they should civilize the indigenous population.Wikipedia:Disputed statement But the
Portuguese, like the Spanish in their South American possessions, had unknowingly brought diseases with them,
against which many indigenous groups were helpless due to lack of immunity. Measles, smallpox, tuberculosis,
gonorrhea, and influenza killed tens of thousands.[14] The diseases spread quickly along the indigenous trade routes,
and whole tribes were likely annihilated without ever coming in direct contact with Europeans.[15]

Brazil

Portuguese colonization
The land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on April 22,
1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro lvares
Cabral.[16] The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several
tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the TupiGuarani family, and fought
among themselves.[17] Though the first settlement was founded in 1532,
colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when King Dom JooIII of Portugal
divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous Captaincy Colonies
of Brazil.[18][19] The decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincy
colonies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them
into the Governorate General of Brazil, a single and centralized Portuguese
colony in South America.[20] In the first two centuries of colonization,
Indigenous and Europeans groups lived in constant war, establishing
opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each
other.[21][22][23][24] By the mid-16th century, sugar of cane had become Brazil's
Whether they were slaves or
most important exportation product,[25] and slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan
freemen,
repression in colonial
Africa, in the slave market of Western Africa[26] (not only those from Portuguese
Brazil was relentless against
allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest
insurgents. Here a picture portraying
[27][28]
a common practice of that era, the
import,
to cope with plantations of sugarcane, due to increasing
public exposure of the dismembered
[29]
international demand for Brazilian sugar.
body of the condemned; in this case,
By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline,[30] and the
Tiradentes.
discovery of gold by bandeirantes in the 1690s, would become the new backbone
of the colony's economy, fostering a Brazilian Gold Rush,[31] attracting thousands of new settlers to Brazil, from
Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the World,[32] which in turn caused some conflicts between newcomers
and old settlers.[33]
Portuguese expeditions known as Bandeiras gradually advanced the Portugal colonial original frontiers in South
America to approximately the current Brazilian borders.Wikipedia:Disputed statement[34][35] In this era other
European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French
in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranho during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the
DutchPortuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union.[36]
The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order, and the
monopoly of its wealthiest and largest colony: both keep under control and eradicate all forms of slaves' rebellion
and resistance, such as the Quilombo of Palmares,[37] as well as repress all movements for autonomy or
independence, such as the Minas Conspiracy.[38]
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent
Joo, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Brazil.[39] There they established some
of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges,[40] a National Bank, and ended the monopoly
of the colony trade with Portugal, opening it to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the
Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana.[41]
With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent
Joo return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In
1815, in order to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for the past six years, the
Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental
transatlantic monarchic state. The Portuguese leaders demanded return of the court to Lisbon, as the Liberal

Brazil

Revolution of 1820 required, and groups of Brazilians still demanded independence and a republic, as the 1817
Pernambucan Revolt showed. In 1821, as a demand of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto, D. Joo VI
was unable to hold out any longer, and departed for Lisbon. There he swore oath to the new constitution, leaving his
son, Prince Pedro de Alcntara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil.[42]

Independent empire
Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased, and the
Portuguese Cortes, guided by the new political regime imposed by the
1820 Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.[43]
The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with
them, declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7
September 1822. This is now celebrated as Brazil's Independence
Day.[44]
Declaration of the Brazilian independence by the
later Emperor Dom PedroI on 7 September 1822.

On 12 October 1822, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of

Brazil and crowned Dom PedroI on 1 December 1822.[45] A
subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through northern, northeastern regions and in Cisplatina
province.[46] With the last Portuguese soldiers surrendering on 8 March 1824,[47] Portugal officially recognized
Brazil on 29 August 1825.[48]
In 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissensions with both liberal and
conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession,[49] as well as unreconciled with the way
that absolutists in Portugal had given to the succession of King John VI, PedroI went to Portugal to reclaim his
daughter's crown, abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who later became Dom
PedroII).[50]
As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he
reached maturity, a regency was set up by the government.[51] In the
absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of
power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, as
the Cabanagem, the Mal Revolt, the Balaiada, the Sabinada, and the
Ragamuffin War, which emerged from the dissatisfaction of the
provinces with the central power, coupled with old and latent social
Brazilian forces (in blue uniform) engage the
tensions peculiar of a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation
Paraguayan army (some in red uniform and other
shirtless) during the Paraguayan War.
state.[52] This period of internal political and social upheaval, which
included the Praieira revolt, was overcome only at the end of the
1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841.
During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate was centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic
slave trade was abandoned in 1850,[53] as a result of the British' Aberdeen Act, but only in May 1888 after a long
process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country, was the
institution formally abolished.[54]
The foreign affairs in the monarchy were basically related issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with which
Brazil has borders. Long after the Cisplatine War, that resulted in independence for Uruguay,[55] Brazil won three
international wars during the 58-year reign of PedroII. These were the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the
devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history.[56][57]
On November 15, 1889, worn out by years of economic stagnation, in attrition with the majority of Army officers, as
well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.[58]

Brazil

Early republic
The "early republican government was little more
than a military dictatorship, with army
dominating affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in
the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and
elections were controlled by those in power".[59]
In 1894, following severe military and economic
crises, the republican civilians rose to
power.[60][61][62]
Little by little, a cycle of general instability
sparked by these crises undermined the regime to
such an extent, that by 1930 in the wake of the
In half of the first 100 years of republic in Brazil, the Army exercised power
murder of his running mate, the defeated
directly or through figures designated by it. Getlio Vargas (center, bald,
opposition presidential candidate Getlio Vargas
no hat), for example was the military's confidence man brought to power In
supported by most of the military, led a successful
October 1930.
revolt.[63][64] Vargas was supposed to assume
power temporarily, but instead closed the Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and
replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.[65][66]
In the 1930s, three major attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power occurred: in the second half of
1932, in November 1935, and in May 1938.[67][68][69] Being the second one, the communist revolt which served as
an excuse for the preclusion of elections, put into effect by a coup d'tat in 1937, which made the Vargas regime a
full dictatorship, noted for its brutality and censorship of the press.[70]
In foreign policy, the success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries in the early years of the
republican period,[71] was followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations,[72] after its
involvement in World War I.[73][74] In World War II Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country
entered on the allied side,[75][76] after suffering retaliations undertaken by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, due to the
country having severed diplomatic relations with them in the wake of the Pan-American Conference.[77]
With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became
unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with Democracy being "reinstated" by the
same army that had discontinued it 15 years before.[78] Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political
crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.[79][80]

Contemporary era
Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.[81] Juscelino Kubitschek became president in
1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major
crises.[82] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[83] but his greatest achievement was the construction
of the new capital city of Braslia, inaugurated in 1960.[84] His successor was Jnio Quadros, who resigned in 1961
less than a year after taking office.[85] His vice-president, Joo Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong
political opposition[86] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.[87]

Brazil

The new regime was intended to be transitory[88] but it gradually closed in on

itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth
Institutional Act in 1968.[89] The repression was not limited only to those who
resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional
opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,[90][91] inside
and outside the country (through the infamous "Operation Condor").[92][93]
Despite its brutality, like other totalitarian regimes in history, due to an economic
boom, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of
popularity in the early 1970s.[94]
Slowly however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that has not
slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas,[95] plus the
inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure,
made it inevitable an opening policy, which of the regime side was led by
Generals Geisel and Golbery.[96] With the enactment of the Amnesty Law in
1979, Brazil began to slowly return to democracy, which would be completed
along the 1980s.[]

Lula da Silva, President from

2003-11, saw Brazil attain the
world's 6th largest GDP.

Civilians returned to power in 1985 when Jos Sarney assumed the presidency, becoming unpopular during his
tenure due his failure in control the economic crisis and hyperinflation inherited from the military regime.[97]
Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was
subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[98] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar
Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly
successful Plano Real,[99] that after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to
curb hyperinflation, finally granted stability to the Brazilian economy,[100][101] leading Cardoso to be elected that
year, and again in 1998.[102]
The peaceful transition of power from Fernando Henrique to his main opposition leader, Lus Incio Lula da Silva,
who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its
long-sought political stability.[103] Lula was succeeded in 2011 by the current president, Dilma Rousseff, the
country's first woman president and as such one of the most powerful women in the world.
Present
In June 2013, following the viral phenomenon of worldwide
manifestations (such as the "Arab Spring", the "Occupy Wall Street"
and the "Spanish Indignados"),[104] numerous protests erupted in
Brazil. For days, hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in
several cities to protest.[105] Initially a movement against the increase
in public transport fares, it assumed gigantic proportions, sparked by
the excessive use of force by the state polices, turning into a series of
huge demonstrations by groups and individuals, angry about a range of
President Dilma Rousseff during the national
issues (including new stadium projects for international sports events,
pronouncement to the Brazilian people on TV.
demands on quality of public services, anger about corruption, and
opposition to a constitutional amendment proposal, PEC 37, which is
interpreted by some as an attempt to curb repression of corruption[106]). Thus it became a movement containing
conflicting ideologies, with so far no single political agenda nor recognizable leadership.[107][108][109] In part due to
this lack of a clear political agenda and recognisable leadership, as well as increasing vandalism and manipulation by
the press, the movement later subsided.

Brazil

Geography
Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South
America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land
borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the
southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest;
and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas
department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with
every South American country except for Ecuador and Chile. It also
encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando
de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade
and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources
make Brazil geographically diverse. Including its Atlantic islands,
Brazil lies between latitudes 6N and 34S, and longitudes 28 and
74W.

Topographic map of Brazil

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in
the Americas, with a total area of 8,514,876.599km2 (3,287,612sqmi),[110] including 55,455km2 (21,411sqmi) of
water. It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official
time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands. Brazil is the only country in the world that lies on the equator
while having contiguous territory outside the tropics. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills,
mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660ft) and 800 metres
(2,600ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern
parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of
up to 1,200 metres (3,900ft). These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhao mountains and the Serra do Mar.
In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon
Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is
the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.
Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins,
all of which drain into the Atlantic. Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the
largest in terms of volume of water), the Paran and its major tributary the Iguau (which includes the Iguazu Falls),
the Negro, So Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajs rivers.

Climate

Tropical climate in Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco.

Brazil

10
Snow in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul.

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but
most of the country is tropical. According to the Kppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes:
equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions
produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to
temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. Many regions have starkly different
microclimates.
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some
variations in the period of the year when most rain falls. Temperatures average 25C (77F), with more significant
temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate. This region is as extensive as the
Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude. In the interior northeast,
seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres
(31.5in) of rain, most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year and occasionally less
than this, creating long periods of drought. Brazil's 187778 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the most severe ever
recorded in Brazil,[111] caused approximately half a million deaths.[112] The one from 1915 was devastating too.[113]
South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of So Paulo, the distribution of rainfall
changes, with rain falling throughout the year. The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and
average annual temperatures not exceeding 18C (64.4F); winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest
areas.

Biodiversity

The Amazon rainforest, the richest and most biodiverse rainforest in the world.

The jaguar is a wild animal typical of Brazil, mainly in the Amazon jungle.
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the
greatest biological diversity in the world, with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest
biodiversity. In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions. The rich wildlife of Brazil
reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil
could approach four million.
Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes; peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths,
opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys
are found in the northern rain forests. Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in
environmental issues. Brazil's Amazon Basin is home to an extremely diverse array of fish species, including the

Brazil

11

red-bellied piranha. Despite its reputation as a ferocious freshwater fish, the red-bellied piranha is actually a
generally timid scavenger. Biodiversity can contribute to agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries extraction.
However, almost all economically exploited species of plants, such as soybeans and coffee, or animals, such as
chicken, are imported from other countries, and the economic use of native species still crawls. In the Brazilian
GDP, the forest sector represents just over 1% and fishing 0.4%.

Environment
The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement,
oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water pollution, climate change, fire, and
invasive species. In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development. Construction
of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and
inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape. At least 70 dams are said to be
planned for the Amazon region, including the controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[114]

Government and politics

The Brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District. The
Union, the states and the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government."
The Federation is set on five fundamental principles:
sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social
values of labour and freedom of enterprise, and political
pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government
(executive, legislative, and judicial under a checks and
balances system), is formally established by the
Constitution. The executive and legislative are organized
independently in all three spheres of government, while the
judiciary is organized only at the federal and state/Federal
District spheres.
All members of the executive and legislative branches are
directly elected. Judges and other judicial officials are
appointed after passing entry exams. For most of its
democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system,
proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for
illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.
The current Brazilian president, Dilma Rousseff, receiving the
presidential sash from Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, 1 January
2011.

Together with several smaller parties, four political parties

stand out: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy
Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party
(PMDB), and Democrats (DEM). Fifteen political parties are
represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to
switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats
held by particular parties changes regularly. Almost all
governmental and administrative functions are exercised by
authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.

National Congress of Brazil, seat of the legislative branch.

The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system. The president is both head of
state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a

Brazil
second successive term. The current president is Dilma Rousseff who was inaugurated on 1 January 2011.[115] The
President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government. Legislative houses in each political entity are the
main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the
Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.

Law and order

Brazilian law is based on Roman-GermanicWikipedia:Verifiability traditions[116] and civil law concepts prevail over
common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial
part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom
binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law
creation and in law cases.
The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was
promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil.
All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[117]
As of April 2007[118], there have been 53 amendments. States have
their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal
Constitution.[119] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic
laws" (leis orgnicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.
Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain
Supreme Federal Court of Brazil serves primarily
matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.
as the Constitutional Court of the country
Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare
situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on
legal judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme
Federal Court.
This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision making. Lawsuits on appeal
may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.[120]
Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and
also via YouTube.[121][122] More recently, in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items
on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made
by them.[123]
Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics, despite recent improvements. More than 500,000
people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to a report by the United Nations.
As of December 2012, there were 548,003 people incarcerated in Brazilian prisons or jails (513,713 in prison system
and 34,290 in police facilities), constituting 274 inmates per 100,000 of national population.[124]

12

Brazil

13

Foreign policy
Brazil's international relations are based on
article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which
establishes
non-intervention,
self-determination, international cooperation
and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as
the guiding principles of Brazil's
relationship with other countries and
multilateral organizations.[125] According to
the Constitution, the President has ultimate
Diplomatic missions of BrazilBrazilNations hosting a diplomatic mission of
authority over foreign policy, while
BrazilNations with a non-resident mission of Brazil
Congress is tasked with reviewing and
considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign
policy.[126]
Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader
among developing countries, and an emerging world power.[127] Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based
on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other
countries.[128]
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing
countries.[129] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides
high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance
levels. Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year that includes:
technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30 million in 2010 provided directly by the Brazilian Cooperation
Agency (ABC))
an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise provided by Brazilian institutions specialising in technical
cooperation
In addition, Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the
World Food Programme ($300 million). This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to
multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many
western donors. The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting."[130]

Military
The armed forces of Brazil are the second-largest in Latin America,
consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian
Air Force with a total of 371,199 active personnel.
The Army has 235,978 active personnel. The Military Police (States'
Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the
constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor. The Navy
once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with
the two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts, which sparked a South
American dreadnought race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.[131]
Today, it is a green water force and one of the ten navies that possesses
an aircraft carrier. The Air Force has about 700 manned aircraft in
service.

Brazilian Army participating in UN peacekeeping

mission in Haiti.

Brazil
Brazil has not been invaded since 1865 during the Paraguayan War. Additionally, Brazil has no contested territorial
disputes with any of its neighbours and neither does it have rivalries, like Chile and Bolivia have with each other.
Since 1648Wikipedia:Please clarify the Brazilian Armed Forces have been relied upon to fight in defense of
Brazilian sovereignty and to suppress civil rebellions. The Brazilian military has also four times intervened militarily
to overthrow the Brazilian government. It has built a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping missions such as
in Haiti and East Timor.

Administrative divisions

Brazil is a federation composed of 26 States, one Federal district (which contains the capital city, Braslia) and
Municipalities. States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes
collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by
their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less
autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted
by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.
The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and
Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not
have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical
purposes, and also to define the distribution of federal funds in development projects.
Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes
collected by the Union and state government. Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate
Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice
administrative division called comarca (county).

14

Brazil

15

Economy

Oil platform P-51 Petrobras.Oil in Brazil began in the late nineteenth century

An Embraer 190 commercial jet.

Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's seventh largest economy at market exchange
rates and the seventh largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the
World Bank. Brazil has a mixed economy with abundant natural resources. The Brazilian economy has been
predicted to become one of the five largest in the world in the decades to come, the GDP per capita following and
growing, provided that large investments in productivity gains are made to substitute the GDP growth of the last
decade that is attributable to the increase in the number of people working. Its current GDP (PPP) per capita is
$12,528 in 2014 putting Brazil in the 77th position according to IMF data. Active in agricultural, mining,
manufacturing and service sectors Brazil has a labor force of over a 107 million (ranking 6th worldwide) and
unemployment of 6.2% (ranking 64th worldwide).
The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a
group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries. It has become the fourth largest car market in the
world. Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore,
steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and corned beef. Adding up, Brazil ranks 23rd worldwide in value of exports.
Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the
Russian default in 1998 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Central Bank of Brazil
temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float[citation needed] scheme while undergoing a currency crisis,
until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.

Soy is one of the main crops.

Orange farm in Avar, So Paulo.

Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4billion, then a record sum.
Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006. One of the

Brazil
issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt with was an excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the
country, which may have contributed to a fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that period.
Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is
estimated to be $193.8billion for 2007. Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major part in the Central
bank's role of setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.
Between 1993 and 2010, 7012 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of $707 billion with the involvement
of Brazlian firms have been announced. The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with 115 billion USD of
transactions. The largest transaction with involvement of Brazilian companies has been: Cia Vale do Rio Doce
acquired Inco in a tender offer valued at US$18.9 billion.
Corruption costs Brazil almost $41 billion a year alone, with 69.9% of the country's firms identifying the issue as a
major constraint in successfully penetrating the global market. Local government corruption is so prevalent that
voters only perceive it as a problem if it surpasses certain levels, and only if a local media e.g. a radio station is
present to divulge the findings of corruption charges. Initiatives, like this exposure, strengthen awareness which is
indicated by the Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index; ranking Brazil 69th out of 178 countries
in 2012. The purchasing power in Brazil is eroded by the so-called Brazil cost.

Tourism

Foz do Iguacu, State of Paran, Brazil-Argentina border, is the second most popular destination for foreign tourists
who come to Brazil for pleasure.

Jericoacoara in state of Cear is one of the most valued in Brazilian tourism and much appreciated by European
tourists.
Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had 5
million visitors in 2010, ranking in terms of international tourist arrivals as the second destination in South America,
and third in Latin America after Mexico and Argentina. Revenues from international tourists reached US$6 billion in
2010, showing a recovery from the 2008-2009 economic crisis. Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8
billion in receipts were reached in 2011.
Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation, mainly
sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the
Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the Northeast Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at
Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to So Paulo city.

16

Brazil

17

Snorkeling in the city of Bonito,

State of Mato Grosso do Sul. The
rivers in the region are known for
their crystal clear waters.

In terms of the 2011 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which
is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the
travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked 52nd in the
world, 3rd among Latin American countries after Mexico and Costa Rica, and
7th in the Americas. Brazil's competitive advantages are its natural resources,
which ranked 1st on this criteria out of the 139 countries considered, and ranked
23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many World Heritage sites. The TTCI
report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains
underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th place;
and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked
114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices
and high taxation. Safety and security have improved significantly: 75th in 2011,
up from 128th in 2008.

According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international travel to

Brazil accelerated in 2000, particularly during 2004 and 2005. However, in 2006
a slow down took place, and international arrivals had almost no growth in 2007-08.[132] In spite of this trend,
revenues from international tourism continued to rise, from USD 4 billion in 2005 to 5 billion in 2007, despite 330
000 fewer arrivals. This favorable trend is the result of the strong devaluation of the US dollar against the Brazilian
Real, which began in 2004, but which makes Brazil a more expensive international destination.[133] This trend
changed in 2009, when both visitors and revenues fell as a result of the Great Recession of 2008-09.[134] By 2010 the
industry had recovered, and arrivals grew above 2006 levels to 5.2 million international visitors, and receipts from
these visitors reached USD 6 billion. In 2011 the historical record was reached with 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8
billion in receipts.
Despite continuing record breaking of international tourism revenues, the number of Brazilian tourists travelling
overseas has been growing steadily since 2003, resulting in a net negative foreign exchange balance, as more money
is spent abroad by Brazilian than receipts from international tourists visiting Brazil. Tourism expenditures abroad
grew from USD 5.8 billion in 2006, to USD 8.2 billion in 2007, a 42% increase, representing a net deficit of USD
3.3 billion in 2007, as compared to USD 1.5 billion in 2006, a 125% increase from the previous year.[135] This trend
is caused by Brazilians taking advantage of the stronger Real to travel and making relatively cheaper expenditures
abroad. Brazilians traveling overseas in 2006 represented 4% of the country's population.
In 2005, tourism contributed with 3.2% of the country's revenues from exports of goods and services, and
represented 7% of direct and indirect employment in the Brazilian economy. In 2006 direct employment in the sector
reached 1.9 million people. Domestic tourism is a fundamental market segment for the industry, as 51 million people
travelled throughout the country in 2005, and direct revenues from Brazilian tourists reached USD 22 billion,[136] 5.6
times more receipts than international tourists in 2005.
In 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Foz do Iguau, So Paulo, Florianpolis and Salvador were the most visited cities by
international tourists for leisure trips. The most popular destinations for business trips were So Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro and Porto Alegre.[137] In 2006 Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza were the most popular destinations for business
trips.

Brazil

18

The city of Rio de Janeiro is featured in tourism in Brazil. View from Sugar Loaf. On the left, Copacabana, on the
right, Botafogo.

Infrastructure
Components and energy
Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide
range of services. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging
and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007.
Brazil is one of the largest producer of oranges, coffee, sugar cane,
cassava and sisal, soybeans and papayas.
The industry from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to
computers, aircraft, and consumer durables accounted for 30.8% of
the gross domestic product. Industry is highly concentrated in
metropolitan So Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and
Belo Horizonte.

The Itaipu Dam hydroelectric dam on the Paran

River located on the border between Brazil and
Paraguay

Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its
energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam is the world's
largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the
first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005. Recent oil discoveries in the Pre-salt layer have opened the door for
a large increase in oil production. The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of
Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and
Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.

Science and technology

National Synchrotron Light Laboratory in

Campinas, state of So Paulo, the only particle
accelerator in Latin America.

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public

universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for
basic research coming from various government agencies. Brazil's
most esteemed technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the
Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The
Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin
America.

Brazil

19

Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory, mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% from
its electricity from hydroelectricity) and the country's first nuclear submarine will be delivered in 2015 (by France).
Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility
on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. And Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a
semiconductor company with its own fabrication plant, the CEITEC.

Transport
Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic.
The road system totalled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002.
The total of paved roads increased from 35,496km (22,056mi)
(22,056mi) in 1967 to 184,140km (114,419mi) (114,425mi) in 2002.
Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis
shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was
30,875km (19,185mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848km
(19,789mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belonged to the
Federal Railroad Corporation RFFSA, which was privatized in
2007.[138] The So Paulo Metro was the first underground transit
system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in Rio de Janeiro, Porto
Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Braslia, Teresina and Fortaleza.

The Sao Paulo Metro is one of the most used by

Brazilians and one of the cleanest and most
crowded in the world.

There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the
second largest number in the world, after the United States.[139] So
Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, near So Paulo, is the largest
and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while
handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.
For freight transport waterways are of importance, e.g. the industrial
zones of Manaus can only be reached by means of the SolimesAmazonas waterway (3,250km (2,019mi) with 6 meters minimum
depth).

Third Bridge, link between Vitria and Vila

Velha, in the state of Espirito Santo.

Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia

and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36
deep-water ports, Santos, Itaja, Rio Grande, Paranagu, Rio de
Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitria, Suape, Manaus and So Francisco do Sul
are the most important.[140] Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days
before being serviced, container ships 36,3 hours on average.[141]

Brazil

20

Health
The Brazilian public health system, the National Health System (SUS),
is managed and provided by all levels of government. The public
health services are universal and available to all citizens of the country
for free. Nevertheless millions of affluent Brazilians have private
health care coverage.
According to the Brazilian Government, the most serious health
problems are:[142]
Childhood mortality: about 2.51% of childhood mortality, reaching
3.77% in the northeast region.
The Albert Einstein Hospital in So Paulo is one
of the most well-known health units in Brazil
Motherhood mortality: about 73.1 deaths per 100,000 born children
in 2002.
Mortality by non-transmissible illness: 151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants caused by heart and circulatory
diseases, along with 72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants caused by cancer.
Mortality caused by external causes (transportation, violence and suicide): 71.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants
(14.9% of all deaths in the country), reaching 82.3 deaths in the southeast region.
In 2002, Brazil accounted for 40% of malaria cases in the Americas. Nearly 99% are concentrated in the Legal
Amazon Region, which is home to not more than 12% of the population.

Education
The Federal Constitution and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of
National Education determine that the Federal Government, States,
Federal District and municipalities must manage and organize their
respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems
is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well
as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25%
of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for
education.
According to the IBGE, in 2011, the literacy rate of the population was
90.4%, meaning that 13 million (9.6% of population) people are still
illiterate in the country; functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the
population. Illiteracy is highest in the Northeast, where 19.9% of the
population is illiterate.

Federal University of Paran, one of the oldest

institutions of higher learning in the country,
founded in 1912.

Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different options of specialization
in academic or professional careers. Depending on the choice, students can improve their educational background
with courses of post-graduate studies or broad sense. To attend a higher education institution is required, by Law of
Guidelines and Bases of Education, completing all levels of education suited to the needs of all students of teaching
kindergarten, elementary and medium, provided the student does not hold any disability, whether physical, mental,
visual or hearing.

Brazil

21

Communication
The Brazilian press has its beginnings in 1808 with the arrival of the
Portuguese royal family to Brazil, hitherto forbidden any activity of the
press - was the publication of newspapers or books. The Brazilian
press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808, with the
creation of the Royal Printing, National Press by the Prince Regent
Dom Joo.
The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the
country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808. Largest newspapers
nowadays are Folha de So Paulo (from the state of So Paulo, Super
Notcia (Minas Gerias 296.799), O Globo (RJ 277.876) and O Estado
de So Paulo (SP 235.217).
Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then
President Pessoa, and formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of
"Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro."
Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the
Headquarters of Rede Globo in So Paulo.
founding of TV Tupi by Assis Chateaubriand. Since then television has
grown in the country, creating large public networks such as Globo, SBT, Record and Bandeirantes. Today it is the
most important factor in popular culture of Brazilian society, indicated by research showing that as much as 67% of
the general population follow the same daily soap opera broadcast. Digital Television, using the SBTVD standard
(based on the Japanese standard ISDB-T) was adopted 29 June 2006 and launched in 2 November 2007. In May
2010,Brazil launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49
countries. Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, former President of Brazil, described its aim as "presenting Brazil to the world."

Demographics
The population of Brazil, as recorded by the
2008 PNAD, was approximately 190
million[143] (22.31 inhabitants per square
kilometre or 57.8/sqmi), with a ratio of
men to women of 0.95:1[144] and 83.75% of
the population defined as urban.[145] The
population is heavily concentrated in the
Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and
Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants)
regions, while the two most extensive
regions, the Center-West and the North,
which together make up 64.12% of the
Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1
million inhabitants.
The first census in Brazil was carried out in
1872 and recorded a population of
9,930,478.[146] From 1880 to 1930, 4

Map of Brazilian states by population.

Brazil

22

million Europeans arrived.[147] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a
decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population
growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from
44 to 54 years[148] and to 72.6 years in 2007. It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year
between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of0.29% by 2050 thus
completing the demographic transition.[149]
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%[150] and among the youth (ages 1519) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the
Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.[151] Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population
and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.[152]

Race and ethnicity

Race and ethnicity in Brazil
Ethnicity

Percentage

White

47.7%

Pardo (Multiracial)

43.1%

Black

7.6%

Asian

1.1%

Amerindian

0.4%

According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92
million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Brown (Multiracial), 6.84% (about 13 million)
as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as Asian; and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian (officially called
indgena, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.[153]
In 2007, the National Indian Foundation reported the existence of 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from 40 in
2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[154]
Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable miscegenation between these groups has taken place, in all
regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all
autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% to 77%).[155][156]
Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although a high income disparity is found between
race groups, so racism and classism can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group is taken in
account more in the basis of appearance (phenotypes) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full siblings can pertain
to different "racial" groups.[157] Socioeconomic factors are also significant, because a minority of pardos are likely
to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward.[158] Skin color and facial features do not line quite
well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and
pardos with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great).[159]
The brown population (as multiracial Brazilians are officially called; pardo in Portuguese, also colloquially moreno,
or swarthy)[160][161] is a broad category that includes caboclos (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants
of Whites and Natives), mulatos (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and cafuzos (descendants of
Afro-Brazilians and Natives).[162][163][164] People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the
population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.[165]
Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from
Bahia to Paraba[166] and also in northern Maranho,[167][168] southern Minas Gerais[169] and in eastern Rio de
Janeiro. From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About five million people from over 60
countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of Portuguese, Italian, Spaniard, German,

Brazil

23

Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese and Middle Eastern origin.[170]

Religion
Religion in Brazil (2010 Census)
Religion

Percent

Roman Catholicism

64.6%

Protestantism

22.2%

No religion

8.0%

Spiritism

2.0%

Others

3.2%

Religion in Brazil formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the
religious traditions of African slaves and indigenous peoples. This confluence of
faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a
diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of
Brazilian Catholicism, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities, and in
some instances, Allan Kardec's Spiritism (most Brazilian Spiritists are also
Christians). Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century, and a
Protestant community has grown to include over 22% of the population. The
most common Protestant denominations are Pentecostal, Evangelical, Baptist,
Seventh-day Adventist, Lutheran and the reformed churches.

Christ the Redeemer is a monument

depicting Jesus Christ in the city of
Rio de Janeiro, was inaugurated on
October 12, 1931, the Feast of Our
Lady of Aparecida. A symbol of
Christianity, the monument has
become one of the most
internationally known icons of
Brazil.

Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the world's largest
Catholic population. According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD
survey does not inquire about religion), 73.57% of the population followed
Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other
Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism;
0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other
religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.[171]

However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly Pentecostal and/or

Evangelical Protestantism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics
[172]
has dropped significantly.
After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group,
exceeding 7% of the population in the 2000 census. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador and Porto Velho have the
greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. Teresina, Fortaleza, and Florianpolis were the most Roman
Catholic in the country. Greater Rio de Janeiro, not including the city proper, is the most Irreligious and least Roman
Catholic Brazilian periphery, while Greater Porto Alegre and Greater Fortaleza are on the opposite sides of the lists,
respectively.

Urbanization
According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the
population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest
metropolitan areas in Brazil are So Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte all in the Southeastern Region
with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1million inhabitants respectively.[173] The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in
their states, except for Vitria, the capital of Esprito Santo, and Florianpolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There
are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of So Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraba Valley), Minas

Brazil

24

Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley) and Santa Catarina (Itaja Valley).

Language
The official language of Brazil is Portuguese (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil),
which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television,
and for business and administrative purposes. The most famous exception to this is a strong sign language law that
was passed by the National Congress of Brazil. Legally recognized in 2002,[174] the law was regulated in 2005.[175]
The law mandates the use of the Brazilian Sign Language, more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym
LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language must be taught as a part of the education and speech
and language pathology curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals.
Schools and health services must provide access ("inclusion") to deaf people.
Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th
century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese (despite a very
substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more recent immigrants,
coming from Northern regions, and in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia),
with some influences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially
West African and Bantu. As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly
in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking
countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent
end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connexion to
contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those
between American and British English.
Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the
language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national
culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.

Museum of the Portuguese Language

in So Paulo, Brazil.

In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all
countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese
orthography to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining lusophone countries on
the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into
law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a 6-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies will
co-exist. The remaining CPLP countries are free to establish their own transition timetables.
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in
remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. In the
municipality of So Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nheengatu (a currently endangered South American creole language or
an 'anti-creole', according to some linguists with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and
Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative lngua geral paulista, once was a major lingua
franca in Brazil, being replaced by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by major political changes),
Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.
There are significant communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrckisch, a High German language dialect)
and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors'
native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.
Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul, and two German dialects possess co-official status in a
few municipalities.
Learning at least one second language (generally English and/or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the
mandatory education system (primary and secondary education, there called ensino fundamental and ensino mdio

Brazil

25

respectively). Brazil is the first country in South America to offer Esperanto to secondary students.

Culture
The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese
empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and
colonial architectural styles. The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and
non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.
Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as
well Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil. The
indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine,
music, dance and religion.
Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style
in Brazil until the early 19th century)[176][177] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and
Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new
level of international acclaim since the 1960s.

Music
The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European
and African elements. Until the nineteenth century Portugal was the
gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although
many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally
European. The first was Jos Maurcio Nunes Garcia, author of sacred
pieces with influence of Viennese classicism. The major contribution
of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and
instruments that had a bigger role in the development of popular music
and folk, flourishing especially in the twentieth century.
A samba parade in Rio de Janeiro

Popular music since the late eighteenth century began to show signs of
forming a characteristically Brazilian sound, with samba considered
the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list. Maracatu and Afox are two Afro-Brazilian music
traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual Brazilian Carnivals. The sport of capoeira is
usually played with its own music refer to as capoeira music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response
type of folk music.
Choro is a very popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. In spite of the name,
the style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by virtuosity, improvisation, subtle modulations and full of
syncopation and counterpoint. Bossa nova is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized
in the 1950s and 1960s. The phrase "bossa nova" means literally "new trend". A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz,
bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.

Literature
Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as
Pro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that
fascinated European readers. Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism novelists like Joaquim Manuel de
Macedo and Jos de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous
people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.[178] Machado de Assis, one of his
contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics

Brazil
worldwide.[179][180][181] The Brazilian Modernism, evidenced by the Week of Modern Art in 1922, was concerned
with a nationalist avant-garde literature,[182] while Post-Modernism brought a generation of distinct poets like Joo
Cabral de Melo Neto, Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Vinicius de Moraes and internationally known writers
dealing with universal and regional subjects like Jorge Amado, Joo Guimares Rosa and Clarice
Lispector.[183][184][185]

Cuisine

Paoca is a traditional Brazilian sweet, is traditionally prepared for consumption in Brazil in the festivities of Holy
Week and Festa Junina.

Brigadeiro is a typical sweet of Brazilian cuisine, is common throughout the country and is present in virtually all
birthday parties, along with cajuzinho and Beijinho.
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant
populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences. Examples are
Feijoada, considered the country's national dish;[186] and regional foods such as vatap, moqueca, polenta and
acaraj.[187] The national beverage is coffee and cachaa is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaa is distilled from sugar
cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.
The average meal consist mostly of rice and beans with beef and salad. Its common to mix it with cassava flour
(farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and
served in most typical restaurants. Popular snacks are pastel (a pastry), coxinha (chicken croquete), po de queijo
(cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca), pamonha (corn and milk paste), esfirra (Lebanese pastry), kibbeh (from
Arabic cuisine), empanada (pastry) and empada little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.
Brazil has a variety of candies such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos
(coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with a guava jam known as goiabada). Peanut is used to
make paoca, rapadura and p-de-moleque. Local common fruits like aa, cupuau, mango, papaya, cocoa, cashew,
guava, orange, passionfruit, pineapple, and hog plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates, popsicles and
ice cream.[188]

26

Brazil

27

National holidays
Date

Local name

Name

observation

1 January

Confraternizao Mundial New Year's Day

Beginning of the calendar year

21 April

Tiradentes

Tiradentes

In honor of the martyr of the Minas Conspiracy

1 May

Dia do Trabalhador

Labor Day

Tribute to all workers

7 September

Independncia

Independence of Brazil

Proclamation of Independence against Portugal

12 October

Nossa Senhora Aparecida

Nossa Senhora Aparecida

Patroness of Brazil

2 November

Finados

Souls

Day of remembrance for the dead

15 November Proclamao da Repblica Proclamation of the Republic Transformation Empire in Republic

25 December Natal

Christmas

Traditional Christmas celebration

Sports
The most popular sport in Brazil is football. The Brazilian national
football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the
FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a
record five times.
Volleyball, basketball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large
audiences. Brazil men's national volleyball team, for example,
currently holds the titles of the World League, World Grand
Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup.
Award-winning Brazil national volleyball team in
June 2012.

Others sports practiced in Brazil are tennis, team handball, swimming,

and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the
last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach
football, futsal (indoor football) and footvolley emerged in Brazil as
variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,
Vale tudo, and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. In auto racing, three Brazilian
drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.
The Brazil national football team celebrating their
victory in the FIFA Confederations Cup 2013.
Football is the most popular sport in the country.

Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, like

the 1950 FIFA World Cup and has been chosen to host the 2014 FIFA
World Cup. The So Paulo circuit, Autdromo Jos Carlos Pace, hosts
the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.

So Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games
in 2007. On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic
Games, the first to be held in South America[189] and second in Latin America after Mexico City. Further, the
country hosted the FIBA Basketball World Cups in 1954 and 1963. At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball
team won one of its two world championship titles.

Brazil

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[2] IBGE. 2011 Population Projection (http:/ / www. ibge. gov. br/ home/ presidencia/ noticias/ noticia_impressao. php?id_noticia=1961)
[3] Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index Brazil (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ fields/ 2172. html)
The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2012-04-03.
[4] The European Portuguese pronunciation is
[5] " World Development Indicators database (http:/ / siteresources. worldbank. org/ DATASTATISTICS/ Resources/ GDP. pdf)" (PDF file),
World Bank, 7 October 2009.
[6] Pases Membros (http:/ / unic. un. org/ imucms/ rio-de-janeiro/ 64/ 263/ paises-membros. aspx), United Nations Information Centre Rio de
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[7] Science Magazine, 13 December 1991 http:/ / www. sciencemag. org/ content/ 254/ 5038/ 1621. abstract
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paragraph)
[9] Gomes, Mercio P. "The Indians and Brazil" University Press of Florida 2000 ISBN 0813017203 pp. 28-29
[10] Ibidem Fausto 2000, pp 78 to 80
[11] Ibidem Fausto 2000
[12] Ibidem Fausto 2000, page 50
[13] Boxer, p.108
[14] Boxer, p.102.
[15] Skidmore, pp.30, 32.
[16] Boxer, p.98.
[17] Boxer, p. 100.
[18] Boxer, pp.100101.
[19] Skidmore, p.27.
[20] Boxer, p.101.
[21] Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595-1674" Koninklijke Brill NV
2012 ISBN 9789004210837 Chapter III
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[25] Skidmore, p.36.
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[27] Boxer, p.110
[28] Skidmore, p.34.
[29] Skidmore, pp.3233.
[30] Boxer, p.164.
[31] Boxer, pp.168, 170.
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28

Brazil
[36] Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pages 19, 74, 86, 169-70
[37] Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 ISBN 0252065492 Chapter 4 View
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[39] Boxer, p.213
[40] Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; Histrias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese)
Campus Elsevier 2011 ISBN 85-352-3994-4 Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. page xiv
[41] Bueno, p.145.
[42] Lustosa, pp.109110
[43] Lustosa, pp.117119
[44] Lustosa, pp.150153
[45] Vianna, p.418
[46] Digues 2004, pp.168, 164, 178
[47] Digues 2004, pp.179180
[48] Lustosa, p.208
[49] Ibidem Fausto 1999, pages 82-83
[50] Lyra (v.1), p.17
[51] Carvalho 2007, p.21
[52] Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3
[53] Bethell, Leslie "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" Cambridge University Press 1970,
"Cambridge Latin American Studides", Chapters 9 to 12. View on Google Books (http:/ / books. google. com. br/ books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC&
printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ Abolition+ of+ the+ Brazilian+ Slave+ Trade& hl=pt-BR& sa=X& ei=0TqwUdfGMKGA0AG9wIGQDg&
ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade& f=false)
[54] Scott, Rebecca and others, The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil, Duke University Press 1988 ISBN
0822308886 Seymour Drescher, Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"
[55] Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, page 62, last paragraph View on Google Books (http:/ /
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[56] Lyra (v.1), pp.164, 225, 272
[57] Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 2, page 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War"
[58] Smallman; Shall C. Fear an Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, University of North Carolina Press 2002 ISBN 0-8078-5359-3
Chapter 1, "The Overthrow of the Empire," pp. 16-18
[59] Ibidem Smallman 2002, end of Chapter 1, from page 18 "Military rule"
[60] Smallman 2002, pages 21 to 26
[61] Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 18891930" Palgrave 2000, pages 69 to 74 ISBN 0-312-23399-X
[62] Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press
2010, pages 10 and 12
[63] Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. "The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics" Duke University Press 1999, IV - The Vargas Era
[64] Keen, Benjamin / Haynes, Kate "A History of Latin Amerca; Volume 2" Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pages35657
[65] McCann; Frank D. "Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 18891937" Stanford University Press 2004, Page 303 2nd
paragraph ISBN 0-8047-3222-1
[66] Ibidem Williams 2001
[67] E. Bradford Burns; "A History of Brazil" Columbia University Press 1993 Page 352 ISBN 978-0-231-07955-6
[68] Dulles, John W.F. "Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 19001935" University of Texas Press 2012 ISBN 0-292-74076-X
[69] Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; "The New international year book" Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p.
102 "The Fascist Revolt"
[70] Bourne, Richard "Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 18831954" C.Knight 1974, page 77
[71] David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" Columbia University Press 2001 Chapter 5 Page 125
[72] Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 Pages: 105 3rd
paragraph and 145 1st one
[73] Bradford Burns 1993, Page 305
[74] M.Sharp, I.Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97
[75] Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 19002001. Potomac Books, 2003 ISBN
1-57488-452-2 Part 9; Ch. 17 World War II, Brazil and Mexico, 194245
[76] Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; "Latin America during World War II" Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150

29

Brazil
[77] Mnica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; "The United States and Brazil: a long road of unmet expectations" Taylor & Francis Books 2005 ISBN
0-415-95066-X pp. 45
[78] McCann 2004, Page 441 (middle to the end)
[79] Roett; Riordan "Brazil; Politics in a Patrimonial Society" GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, end of page 106 to page 108 ISBN
0-275-95899-X
[80] Keen & Haynes 2004, pages36162
[81] Skidmore, p.201
[82] Skidmore, pp.202203
[83] Skidmore, p.204
[84] Skidmore, pp.204205
[85] Skidmore, pp.209210
[86] Skidmore, p.210
[87] Fausto (2005), p.397
[88] Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp.141142.
[89] Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, p.35.
[90] Crocitti, John J. "Brazil Today; an Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic" ABC-Clio 2012 ISBN 9780313346729 Page 395, last paragraph
View on Google Books (http:/ / books. google. com. br/ books?id=VhkvhllLooUC& pg=PA395& dq=brazilian+ dictatorship+ violation+
human+ political+ rights& hl=pt-BR& sa=X& ei=g-23Ub7fF6nq0wHVw4HAAg& ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=brazilian
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[91] Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, page 224, 2nd
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artists+ journalists& hl=pt-BR& sa=X& ei=B_C3Ua6nN8Wo0AH3xICQBw& ved=0CGgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage& q=brazilian dictatorship
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[92] Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya beda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford
University Press 2011 ISBN 9780199588787 Page 299 View on Google Books (http:/ / books. google. com. br/ books?id=BlfTPP2LQSoC&
pg=PA299& dq=brazilian+ dictatorship+ operation+ condor+ violation+ human+ rights& hl=pt-BR& sa=X&
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f=false)
[93] Ibidem Crocitti 2012, page 396
[94] Ibidem Crocitti 2012, pages 395 (from 2nd paragraph) to 397
[95] Bradford Burns 1993, Page 457
[96] Ibidem Fausto 1999, Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964-1984)"
[97] Fausto (2005), pp.464465.
[98] Fausto (2005), pp.465, 475.
[99] (Skidmore, p.311).
[100] Ibidem Fausto 1999, Epilogue
[101] Fausto (2005), p.482.
[102] Fausto (2005), p.474.
[103] Fausto (2005), p.502.
[104] "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2013/ jun/ 22/
urban-protest-changing-global-social-network) article on "the Guardian"
[105] Ibidem, the Guardian - June 22, 2013
[106] Article (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2013/ 06/ 18/ world/ americas/ thousands-gather-for-protests-in-brazils-largest-cities. html) in New
Yor Times
[107] Ibidem, the Guardian - June 22
[108] Release (http:/ / www. exercito. gov. br/ web/ imprensa/ resenha;jsessionid=14FD8635230DD3B0A0873D32EA673D07.
lr2?p_p_id=arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d& p_p_lifecycle=0& p_p_state=maximized&
p_p_mode=view& p_p_col_id=column-3& p_p_col_count=1&
_arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d_journalArticleId=3115706&
_arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d_ano=2013&
_arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d_mes=6&
_arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d_dia=22&
_arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d_struts. portlet. action=/ view/ arquivo!viewJournalArticle&
_arquivonoticias_WAR_arquivonoticiasportlet_INSTANCE_UL0d_struts. portlet. mode=view) on official website of Brazilian Army ,
published in the "O Globo" journal, June 22/2013
[109] Ibidem The Guardian June 22, 2013
[110] Official Area (In Portuguese) (http:/ / www. ibge. gov. br/ home/ geociencias/ cartografia/ default_territ_area. shtm) IBGE: Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica. Retrieved 2010-01-08.

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Brazil
[111] " Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil (http:/ / wwwnc. cdc. gov/ eid/ article/ 15/ 6/
07-1331_article. htm)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
[112] " Grda, C.: Famine: A Short History (http:/ / press. princeton. edu/ chapters/ s8857. html)." Princeton University Press.
[113] " Inland fishery enhancements (http:/ / www. fao. org/ DOCREP/ 005/ W8514E/ W8514E29. htm)." FAO.
[114] " Brazil grants environmental licence for Belo Monte dam (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 8492577. stm)." BBC News. 2
February 2010.
[115] "Leftist Lula wins Brazil election" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ americas/ 2367025. stm) BBC News. Retrieved 17 May 2007
[116] "The Brazilian Legal System" (http:/ / www. oas. org/ juridico/ mla/ en/ bra/ en_bra-int-des-ordrjur. html), Organization of American
States. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
[117] Jos Afonso da Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo (Malheiros, 2004; ISBN 85-7420-559-1), p. 46.
[118] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Brazil& action=edit
[119] Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo, p. 592.
[120] Miguel Glugoski and Odete Medauar, " Nossos direitos nas suas mos (http:/ / www. usp. br/ jorusp/ arquivo/ 2003/ jusp667/ pag0304.
htm)," USP Journal, 2430 November 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
[121] Diego Abreu, " Primeira Corte do mundo a ter canal de vdeo no YouTube o STF (http:/ / g1. globo. com/ Noticias/ Brasil/
0,,MUL1326475-5598,00. html)," G1 (http:/ / g1. globo. com/ ). Accessed 12 October 2009.
[122] " STF: Primeira corte do mundo no YouTube (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110706160609/ http:/ / esma. tjpb. jus. br/ index.
php?option=com_content& view=article& id=109:stf-primeira-corte-no-mundo-no-youtube& catid=1:noticias& Itemid=20)." ESMA-PB
(http:/ / esma. tjpb. jus. br/ ). Accessed 12 October 2009.
[123] " Pgina do STF no Twitter est no ar (http:/ / www. stf. jus. br/ portal/ cms/ verNoticiaDetalhe. asp?idConteudo=117153)" (12 January
2009). STF Official Website (http:/ / www. stf. jus. br/ ). Consulted on 5 December 2009.
[124] World Prison Brief - Brazil (http:/ / www. prisonstudies. org/ info/ worldbrief/ wpb_country. php?country=214). International Centre for
Prison Studies.
[125] Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil (http:/ / www. v-brazil. com/ government/ laws/ titleI. html) V-Brazil. Retrieved on
2011-09-20.
[126] Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil (http:/ / www. v-brazil. com/ government/ laws/ titleIV. html) V-Brazil. Retrieved on
2011-09-20.
[127] U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil (http:/ / www. wilsoncenter. org/ news/ docs/ RL33456. pdf) United States Congress. Retrieved on
2009-06-23.
[128] Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil," Center for Strategic and International Studies:
Washington DC: March 2003
[129] Cabral and Weinstock 2010. Brazil: an emerging aid player (http:/ / www. odi. org. uk/ resources/ details. asp?id=5120&
title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid). London: Overseas Development Institute
[130] Cabral, Lidia 2010. Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting (http:/ / blogs. odi. org. uk/ blogs/ main/
archive/ 2010/ 07/ 22/ brazil_south_south_cooperation. aspx). London: Overseas Development Institute
[131] Scheina (1987), pp. 81.
[132] See tables 1.1 and 3.8
[133] Fevereiro 2007, Ano IV, n 13, pp. 3
[134] Click on the link "UNWTO Tourism Highlights" to access the pdf report.
[135] Maro 2008, Ano IV, pp. 11
[136] see 2.1.3 "Receitas setor trurstico 2005".
[137] Tables 4.1 a 4.4: Summary Brasil by trip purpose 2004-2005
[138] " OPrincipais ferrovias (http:/ / www2. transportes. gov. br/ bit/ 03-ferro/ princ-ferro. html)." Ministerio dos Transportes
[139] " Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos (http:/ / g1. globo. com/ Noticias/ Brasil/ 0,,MUL86760-5598,00. html)." globo.com, 12
August 2007.
[140] " Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contineres (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20081227224101/ http:/ / www. mzweb. com. br/
santosbrasil/ web/ conteudo_pt. asp?idioma=0& tipo=3958& conta=28)," Santos Brasil.
[141] " (http:/ / g1. globo. com/ economia/ noticia/ 2013/ 03/ navios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic. html)," Navios
esperam at 16 dias para atracar em porto do pas, diz MDIC.
[142] Ministrio do Planejamento website, "Sade" (fact sheet, 2002) (http:/ / braz. nu/ healthcare-in-brazil/ ). Retrieved 12 June 2007.
[143] 2008 PNAD, IBGE. " Populao residente por situao, sexo e grupos de idade (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl.
asp?c=261& i=P& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=261& unit=0& pov=1& opc1=1& poc2=1& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0&
poc1=1& sec58=0& orp=6& qtu3=27& opv=1& sec1=0& opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=2& orv=2& orc2=4& opc58=1& qtu2=5& sev=93&
sec2=0& opp=1& opn3=0& orc1=3& poc58=1& qtu1=1& cabec=on& orc58=5& opn7=0& decm=99& ascendente=on& sep=43343&
orn=1& qtu7=9& pon=2& OpcCara=44& proc=1)"
[144] 2008 PNAD, IBGE. " Populao residente por situao, sexo e grupos de idade (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl.
asp?c=261& i=P& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=261& unit=0& pov=1& opc1=1& poc2=3& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0&
poc1=1& sec58=0& orp=6& qtu3=27& opv=1& sec1=0& opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=2& orv=2& orc2=4& opc58=1& qtu2=5& sev=93&
sec2=0& sec2=92956& sec2=92957& opp=1& opn3=0& orc1=3& poc58=1& qtu1=1& cabec=on& orc58=5& opn7=0& decm=99&

31

Brazil
ascendente=on& sep=43343& orn=1& qtu7=9& pon=2& OpcCara=44& proc=1)"
[145] 2008 PNAD, IBGE. " Populao residente por situao, sexo e grupos de idade (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl.
asp?c=261& i=P& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=261& unit=0& pov=3& opc1=1& poc2=1& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0&
poc1=2& sec58=0& orp=6& qtu3=27& opv=1& sec1=0& sec1=1& sec1=2& opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=2& orv=2& orc2=4& opc58=1&
qtu2=5& sev=93& sev=1000093& sec2=0& opp=1& opn3=0& orc1=3& poc58=1& qtu1=1& cabec=on& orc58=5& opn7=0& decm=99&
ascendente=on& sep=43343& orn=1& qtu7=9& pon=2& OpcCara=44& proc=1)."
[146] " Brazil population reaches 190.8 million (http:/ / www. brasil. gov. br/ news/ history/ 2011/ 04-1/ 29/ brazil-population-reaches-190.
8-million/ newsitem_view?set_language=en)". Brasil.gov.br.
[147] " Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration (http:/ / www. migrationinformation. org/ profiles/ display. cfm?id=311)". Migration
Policy Institute.
[148] Jos Alberto Magno de Carvalho, " Crescimento populacional e estrutura demogrfica no Brasil (http:/ / www. observasaude. sp. gov. br/
BibliotecaPortal/ Acervo/ Estrutura_Demogrfica_Brasil. pdf)" Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5.
[149] Magno de Carvalho, " Crescimento populacional e estrutura demogrfica no Brasil (http:/ / www. observasaude. sp. gov. br/
BibliotecaPortal/ Acervo/ Estrutura_Demogrfica_Brasil. pdf)," pp.78.
[150] PNAD 2008, IBGE. " Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situao, sexo, alfabetizao e grupos de idade e grupos de idade (http:/ /
www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl. asp?c=271& i=P& sec59=93024& sec59=1023& sec59=1024& nome=on& notarodape=on&
tab=271& unit=0& pov=3& opc1=1& poc2=1& orc59=5& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0& poc1=1& sec58=0& orp=7& qtu3=27&
opv=1& sec1=0& opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=0& orv=2& orc2=4& opc58=1& qtu2=5& sev=121& sev=1000121& sec2=0& poc59=2&
opp=1& opn3=0& orc1=3& poc58=1& qtu1=1& cabec=on& opc59=1& ascendente=on& sep=43345& orn=1& qtu7=9& orc58=6&
opn7=0& decm=99& pon=1& OpcCara=44& proc=1)."
[151] PNAD 2008, IBGE. " Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situao, sexo, alfabetizao e grupos de idade (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge.
gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl. asp?c=271& i=P& sec59=93024& sec59=1023& sec59=1024& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=271& unit=0&
pov=3& opc1=1& poc2=1& orc59=5& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0& poc1=1& sec58=0& orp=7& qtu3=27& opv=1& sec1=0&
opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=2& orv=2& orc2=4& opc58=1& qtu2=5& sev=121& sev=1000121& sec2=0& poc59=3& opp=1& opn3=0&
orc1=3& poc58=1& qtu1=1& cabec=on& opc59=1& ascendente=on& sep=43345& orn=1& qtu7=9& orc58=6& opn7=0& decm=99&
pon=2& OpcCara=44& proc=1)"
[152] PNAD 2008, IBGE. " Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situao, sexo e alfabetizao (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/
protabl. asp?c=2858& i=P& sec59=0& sec59=1023& sec59=1024& sec59=3318& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=2858& unit=0& pov=1&
opc1=1& poc2=1& orc59=5& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0& poc1=2& orp=6& qtu3=27& opv=1& sec1=0& sec1=1& sec1=2&
opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=0& orv=2& orc2=4& qtu2=5& sev=121& sec2=0& poc59=3& opp=1& opn3=0& orc1=3& qtu1=1& cabec=on&
opc59=1& ascendente=on& sep=43435& orn=1& qtu7=9& pon=1& OpcCara=44& proc=1& opn7=0& decm=99)."
[153] 2008 PNAD, IBGE. " Populao residente por cor ou raa, situao e sexo (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl.
asp?c=262& i=P& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=262& unit=0& pov=3& opc1=1& poc2=1& OpcTipoNivt=1& opn1=2& nivt=0&
orc86=3& poc1=1& orp=6& qtu3=27& opv=1& poc86=2& sec1=0& opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=0& orv=2& orc2=5& qtu2=5& sev=93&
sev=1000093& opc86=1& sec2=0& opp=1& opn3=0& sec86=0& sec86=2776& sec86=2777& sec86=2779& sec86=2778& sec86=2780&
sec86=2781& ascendente=on& sep=43344& orn=1& qtu7=9& orc1=4& qtu1=1& cabec=on& pon=1& OpcCara=44& proc=1& opn7=0&
decm=99)."
[154] " In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2007/ 07/ 07/
AR2007070701312. html)," The Washington Post (8 July 2007).
[155] Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study (http:/ / www1. folha. uol. com. br/ folha/ ciencia/ ult306u633465. shtml).
[156] NMO Godinho O impacto das migraes na constituio gentica de populaes latino-americanas (http:/ / bdtd. bce. unb. br/
tedesimplificado/ tde_busca/ arquivo. php?codArquivo=3873). PhD Thesis, Universidade de Braslia (2008).
[157] Parra et alli, Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians. http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC140919/ #id2601616
[158] RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008).
[159] Negros de origem europia (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101124105905/ http:/ / www. afrobras. org. br/ index.
php?option=com_content& task=view& id=2112& Itemid=2). afrobras.org.br
[160] Coelho (1996), p.268.
[161] Vesentini (1988), p.117.
[162] Adas, Melhem Panorama geogrfico do Brasil, 4th ed (So Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p.268 ISBN 85-16-04336-3
[163] Azevedo (1971), pp.23.
[164] Moreira (1981), p.108.
[165] Enciclopdia Barsa, vol. 4, pp.25455, 258, 265.
[166] Azevedo (1971), pp.7475.
[167] Enciclopdia Barsa, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopdia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p.355.
[168] Azevedo (1971), p.74.
[169] Azevedo (1971), p.161.
[170] , Table 2, p. 74.
[171] IBGE, Populao residente, por sexo e situao do domiclio, segundo a religio (http:/ / www. ibge. gov. br/ home/ estatistica/ populacao/
censo2000/ populacao/ religiao_Censo2000. pdf), Censo Demogrfico 2000. Acessado em 13 de dezembro de 2007

32

Brazil

33

[172] See drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism"

[173] 2008 PNAD, IBGE. " Populao residente por situao, sexo e grupos de idade (http:/ / www. sidra. ibge. gov. br/ bda/ tabela/ protabl.
asp?c=261& i=P& nome=on& notarodape=on& tab=261& unit=0& pov=1& opc1=1& poc2=1& opn1=2& OpcTipoNivt=2& nivt=0&
poc1=1& sec58=0& orp=6& qtu3=27& opv=1& sec1=0& opc2=1& pop=1& opn2=0& orv=2& orc2=4& opc58=1& qtu2=5& sev=93&
sec2=0& opp=1& opn3=0& orc1=3& poc58=1& qtu1=1& cabec=on& orc58=5& opn7=0& decm=99& ascendente=on& sep=43343&
orn=1& qtu7=9& pon=2& OpcCara=43& proc=1)."
[174] LEI N 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002 (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100910070529/ http:/ / www. planalto. gov. br/ ccivil_03/
LEIS/ 2002/ L10436. htm). Presidncia da Repblica, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurdicos. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
[175] Brazilian decree n 5626, 22 December 2005 (http:/ / www. planalto. gov. br/ ccivil_03/ _ato2004-2006/ 2005/ decreto/ d5626. htm).
Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
[176] Leandro Karnal, Teatro da f: Formas de representao religiosa no Brasil e no Mxico do sculo XVI, So Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998;
available on fflch.usp.br (http:/ / www. fflch. usp. br/ dh/ ceveh/ public_html/ biblioteca/ livros/ teatro_fe/ index. htm)
[177] " The Brazilian Baroque (http:/ / www. itaucultural. org. br/ aplicExternas/ enciclopedia_IC/ index. cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&
cd_verbete=3738& lst_palavras=& cd_idioma=28556& cd_item=8)," Encyclopaedia Ita Cultural
[178] " Brazilian Literature: An Introduction (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110725100730/ http:/ / www. brasembottawa. org/ en/
culture_academic/ literature. html)." Embassy of Brasil Ottawa (http:/ / ottawa. itamaraty. gov. br/ pt-br/ ). Visited on 2 November 2009.
[179] Candido; Antonio. (1970) Vrios escritos. So Paulo: Duas Cidades. p.18
[180] Caldwell, Helen (1970) Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of
California Press.
[181] Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr., 1971),
pp. 255256
[182] Beatriz Mugayar Khl, Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviria em So Paulo: reflexes sobre a sua preservao, p.202. Atelie
Editorial, 1998.
[183] Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 19002003, p.288. Routledge, 2004.
[184] Sayers, Portugal and Brazil in Transitn, "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999.
[185] Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States: "Literature,
Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005.
[186] Roger, " Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish (http:/ / www. braziltravelguide. com/ feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish. html)"
braziltravelguide.com.
[187] Cascudo, Luis da Cmara. Histria da Alimentao no Brasil. So Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983.
[188] Freyre, Gilberto. Acar. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. So Paulo, Companhia das
Letras, 1997.
[189] " Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ sport/ 2009/ oct/ 02/
olympics-2016-games-rio-pele)," The Guardian, 2 October 2009.

Bibliography
Azevedo, Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regies. So Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. (Portuguese)
Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 18251891. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 (English)
Boxer, Charles R.. O imprio martimo portugus 14151825. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN
85-359-0292-9 (Portuguese)
Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma Histria. So Paulo: tica, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 85-08-08213-4
Calmon, Pedro. Histria da Civilizao Brasileira. Braslia: Senado Federal, 2002. (Portuguese)
Carvalho, Jos Murilo de. D. Pedro II. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. (Portuguese)
Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. So Paulo: Moderna, 1996. (Portuguese)
Digues, Fernando. A revoluo braslica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. (Portuguese)
Enciclopdia Barsa. Volume 4: Batrquio Camaro, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopdia Britannica do Brasil,
1987. (Portuguese)
Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de histria comparada (18502002), 2nd
ed. So Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 85-7326-308-3 (Portuguese)
Gaspari, Elio. A ditadura envergonhada. So Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0277-5
(Portuguese)

Janotti, Aldo. O Marqus de Paran: incios de uma carreira poltica num momento crtico da histria da
nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. (Portuguese)

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Lyra, Heitor. Histria de Dom Pedro II (18251891): Asceno (18251870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977.
(Portuguese)

Lyra, Heitor. Histria de Dom Pedro II (18251891): Declnio (18801891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977.
(Portuguese)

Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um heri sem nenhum carter. So Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN
85-359-0807-2 (Portuguese)
Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espao Geogrfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. So Paulo: tica, 1981.
(Portuguese)

Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. (English)
Scheina, Robert L. Latin America: A Naval History, 18101987. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
ISBN 0-87021-295-8.
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trpicos. 2nd ed. So Paulo:
Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 85-7164-837-9. (Portuguese)
Skidmore, Thomas E. Uma Histria do Brasil. 4th ed. So Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN
85-219-0313-8
Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trs do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilizao
Brasileira, 2008. (Portuguese) ISBN 978-85-200-0864-5.
Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionrio do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 85-7302-441-0
(Portuguese)

Vesentini, Jos William. Brasil, sociedade e espao Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. So Paulo: tica, 1988.
(Portuguese)

Vianna, Hlio. Histria do Brasil: perodo colonial, monarquia e repblica, 15th ed. So Paulo: Melhoramentos,
1994. (Portuguese)

Further reading
Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas
Press.
Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development
(pp.18051819).
"Background Note: Brazil" (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm). US Department of State.
Retrieved 2011-06-16.
Bellos, Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.
Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
Costa, Joo Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press.
Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge:
CUP.
Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.
Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.
Prado Jnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of
California Press.
Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.
Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.

Brazil

35

The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.

External links

Official Tourist Guide of Brazil (http://www.visitbrasil.com/index.html?__locale=en)

Brazilian Federal Government (http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en)
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/)
Brazil (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brazil.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Brazil (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/South_America/Brazil) on the Open Directory Project
Country Profile (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html) from the U.S. Library of Congress (1997)
Video report on Brazil in 1961 (http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/BHC_ITN/1961/10/12/X12106101/)
Brazil (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1227110.stm) from the BBC News
Key Development Forecasts for Brazil (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BR)
from International Futures
Democracy in Brazil (http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552509) from the Dean Peter
Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives (http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/
browse?type=title)

Works related to CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil at Wikisource

Geographic data related to Brazil (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/59470) at

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Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Brazil Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596161807 Contributors: (:Julien:), -- April, -unicycle-pro-, 1234r00t, 123Hedgehog456, 159753, 172, 1exec1, 200.204.171.xxx,
21655, 2help, 322095480th, 334a, 4twenty42o, 5 albert square, 99econ, A Werewolf, A.Z., A8UDI, AA, ACSE, AV3000, Aaron Einstein, Aaron Schulz, Aaron archual, Aaron045, Aaronbrick,
Aaronthered, Abductive, Aboydvd, Abreuzinho, Abu badali, Abueno97, Abyssal, Academic38, Ace of Raves, Acer, Achangeisasgoodasa, Acolston, Acs4b, AdamFouracre, Adashiel, Addicted04,
Addlertod05, AdeMiami, Adnan bogi, Adolphus79, Adrian, Adrian Robson, Aerolitz, Aervanath, Aesopian, Aesopos, Aeusoes1, AfC, Afc, Affleck, Afiler, Afluent Rider, Agil, Ahoerstemeier,
Ahuskay, Ahwaz, Aivazovsky, Aj2121, Ajwitney, Akanemoto, Akradecki, Al-Andalus, Alan Liefting, Alan lyra, Alan27, Alanbcao, Alansohn, Alawadhi3000, Alberto msr, Alcguerreiro,
AlefZet, Alex houlbrook, Alex-ridgeway, AlexBrainer, AlexCovarrubias, Alexander Domanda, Alexandre Candalaft, Alexcetera, Alexinc9, AlexiusHoratius, Alexwcovington, Algarb, Alihadji,
Alison, AliveFreeHappy, Aliyevramin, Allstar86, Alvarolima, Alvaroludolf, Amakuru, Amarao, Amazonien, Amdsweb, American In Brazil, Amgreg, AmigoDoPaulo, Ammon86, Amnesia the
dark descent 2010, Anakay, Anarchist92, Andre Engels, Andrecury, AndrewWTaylor, Andrewpmk, Andrewudstraw, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Angela, Angelo De La Paz, Angie Y., Angr,
Angusmclellan, Anis93, Anonymous from the 21st century, Antandrus, Anthony, Anthonyd3ca, Antiochus the Great, Antipodean Contributor, Antonio Basto, Antt296, ApS Camper,
Aquintero82, Aramaicus, Arbor to SJ, Ard77, Arendedwinter, Arialblack, Ariedartin, Armpit1999, Arpingstone, Art LaPella, Arthur Rubin, Arthur to, Arthurhenriquemsm, Artur 55,
Asabovesobellow, Asdfghjklasdfjk, Assab, Astronautics, Asyndeton, Atick22, AuburnPilot, Aude, Augusto f. arruda fontes, Aurola, Australia boy, Autocracy, Autoerrant, Autolykos2, Avala,
Aventinus, Avenue, Avicennasis, Awien, Axeman89, Azips, BD2412, BGManofID, BSTIMELESS, Bagunceiro, Baliok, Banana04131, Barek, Barfooz, Baristarim, BarkerJr, Barneca, BarretB,
Barryob, Bart133, Barticus88, Basalisk, BatmanArkhamOriginsV3, Bazonka, Bcnviajero, Bcoverson, Beatrijs9, Beeblebrox, Beelzebubs, Behemoth, Bein04, Belache, Bellerophon, Ben Ben,
Bender235, Bendono, BenettonHuhera, Bensci54, Benson85, Bepp, Betacommand, Beyond My Ken, Beyond silence, Bgwhite, Bgwwlm, Bidabadi, Bility, Bill Thayer, Bill37212, Billgunyon,
Billscottbob, Billybobdoodle, Birdmessenger, Biruitorul, Bishop^, Bj the pimp, Bjarki S, Bkell, Blackable2323, Blake24, Blamed, Blaxthos, Blessthishouse, Bletch, Blethering Scot,
Blizzardstep0, Blondeguynative, Bloodshedder, Blue520, Blueyez941, Bmil, Bob bobato, Bobblewik, Bobbyring96, Bobo192, Bogdan, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bomac, Bombs Bombs Away!,
Bomfim, Boneyard90, Bookandcoffee, Boomshadow, Bowei Huang, Bownser, Bpiereck, Br'er Rabbit, BradBeattie, Brasilturismo, Brazil4Linux, BrazilBoy1996, Brazilian101, Brazillianideas,
Brazzer, Brazzillover, Bremen, BrendelSignature, Brian0918, Brianski, Brion VIBBER, Brisvegas, Brother Officer, Broux, Browni1992, Brunobusato98, Brutaldeluxe, Bryan Derksen,
BryanWhite5858, Btball, Buaidh, Bubka42, Buchanan-Hermit, Bucksburg, BuddyX, Bull Market, Bulldog73, Bumm13, Burbridge92, Burgaqueen14, Buttered Bread, Butwhatdoiknow, Bwabes,
CALR, CEBR, CGBoas, CMoosey, Cactus.man, Cadiomals, Cadr, Caesar, Califate123!, Calmer Waters, Caltas, Calton, Cambalachero, CambridgeBayWeather, Camenzind, Can't sleep, clown
will eat me, Canadian Eclat, CanadianLinuxUser, Canderson7, Caniago, CanisRufus, Cantus, Capmo, Caribbean H.Q., Cariello, Carioca, Carlon, Carlosguitar, Carnildo, CasanovaUnlimited,
Catstamford, Cchow2, Ccmfarias, Cdc, Ceilican, Celestra, Centrx, Ceres1251, Cesar Moura, CesarB, Ceyockey, Chafis, Challisrussia, Chamdarae, Chan Han Xiang, Chanting Fox, Charlesblack,
CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chaser, Che829, Cheiro de lysoform, Chensiyuan, ChiPHeaD, Chicchick, Chicocvenancio, Chinneeb, Chipmunkdavis, Chipperdude15,
Chowhotin, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisTheDude, Chrislk02, Christoff2k7, Chromega, Chronus, Chubberi, Ciacchi, Ciao 90, CieloEstrellado, Cillmore, Civil Engineer III, CjGenius,
Ck3001, Ckatz, ClaudioMB, Claviola, Claygate, Cloretti, Cloretti2, Cmaster360, Cmdrbond, Cmdrjameson, Cnilep, Cnwilliams, Codex Sinaiticus, Coleecer, Colipon, Colofac, Colonel Tom,
Colonies Chris, Coltsfan, CommonsDelinker, Confiteordeo, Connormah, Conscious, Constihill, Conversion script, Cool Stuff Is Cool, Cool boy 96, CordeliaNaismith, Coreworld, Corvus13,
CrazySlyHawk, Crazypersonbb, Credema, Creedence, Cripipper, Crisco 1492, Cristhian.9876, Cristiano Toms, Cromag, Crownjewel82, Crum375, Crnica, Cs-wolves, CsDix, Cup22, Curps,
CutlerB, Cvalente, Cwebb4000, Cyapt81, Cyberanto, Cybershore, D6, DCGeist, DDerby, DE MAGIC PICKLE, DH85868993, DLITE25, DMac, DMeyering, DMorpheus, DNewhall, DO'Neil,
DTC, DadaNeem, Daffy100, Daftpunker88, Dalillama, Damirgraffiti, Danga, Daniel Callegaro, Daniel G Rego, Daniel J. Leivick, DanielCD, DanielGSouza, DanielTM, DanielVonEhren, Danny,
Dannyha2007, Danrok, Dantadd, Darkwind, Darry2385, David Johnson, David Kernow, David Liuzzo, David O. Johnson, Davidprior, Dawei20, Dazcue, Dbaker22, Dburgoszarazo, Dc
freethinker, Dcandeto, De Boni 2007, DeJuanio, DeadEyeArrow, Deborahhosen, Debresser, Deckchair, Deflective, Dekimasu, Delbadger2, Delirium, Delldot, DeltaQuad, Dendodge, Dennis
Brown, Der Falke, Der Knstler, DerBorg, DerHexer, Derek.cashman, DesmondW, Deus Ex, Deviathan, Dewet, Dewritech, Deyyaz, Dfdc, Dfrg.msc, Dheerajrao, Dhp1080, Diana Prallon, Diego
UFCG, Diegowarrior, Dina, Dinosaur puppy, Dinosaurdarrell, Diogo sfreitas, Diogotnd, Dipper2, Diptanshu.D, Discospinster, Dispenser, Distal24, Djheini, Djibouti,Djibouti, Dkamouflage,
Dlohcierekim, Doc Tropics, DocRocks1, Doctorage, Doctorcasey, Docu, Dogaroon, Dogfacebob, Doidimais Brasil, Dolovis, Dominictimms, Dominik78, Domino theory, Doorwerth,
DopefishJustin, DorisH, Doseiai2, Doubleodd, Doubleplusunbig, Doug Johnson, Download, Dpecego, Dpmelo, Dppowell, Dqndqnlol, Dr Aaij, Dr Nascimento, Dr. Miasma, Dr. Zaret, Dr.K.,
Dragonflysixtynine, Dragonitedude09, Dralwik, Dravecky, Drbug, Dreaded Walrus, Drewrau, Drhou, Drilnoth, Drmies, Drn8, Drumguy8800, Dsloan, Dsvyas, Dtrielli, Dub8lad1, Dude112887,
Dumb13d0r3, Duncachinno, Durnthalerk, Durrus, Dusty777, Dwcsite, Dwrcan, Dwscomet, DylanW, Dynamicknowledge28, Dysmorodrepanis, Dzeanis, Dzianis, Dlmata, Dnadan, Drlegur, E
Pluribus Anthony, ERcheck, ESkog, Eagle4000, Eallik, Eamaral, EamonnPKeane, Earthlyreason, Eastjame, Eastlaw, EatAlbertaBeef, Echou, EconomistBR, Ed g2s, Eddabed, Eddie6705,
Edelmar Schneider, Edgeweb, Edisoncm, Editore99, Edivorce, Edson Rosa, Eduardo Sellan III, Edward, Effisk, Egel, Egil, Eiler7, Eisnel, Ejk81, El C, Eldunayz, Electionworld, Elekhh, Elektrik
Shoos, Elium2, Ella Plantagenet, Elockid, ElockidAlternate, Eltl 312, Elvenearth, Emblazoned, Emc2, Emefaush, Emmster, Emperorbma, Emsox, Emyne, EncycloPetey, English rosy, Enoma14,
Epbr123, Epicadam, Epolk, Equilibrial, EricSerge, Erinfish, Eroica, Esas, Escape Orbit, Escoria, Eskimoinsane, Esn, EternamenteAprendiz, Etxrge, Euchiasmus, EugeneZelenko, Eurosong,
Evanh2008, Evenfiel, Everyking, Everytime, Evil Monkey, Excelsior Deo, Excirial, Exert, Exlibris, Exukvera, Eyeintheskye, Eyesnore, Ezadarque, Ezeu, FF2010, Fabiorosa, Falcon8765,
Falsedef, Fastestdogever, FatTux, FayssalF, Feddhicks, Fel Arthur, Felipaudi, Felipe Menegaz, Felipepiresdias, Fenice, Fermion, Fernandoe, FiP, Fieldday-sunday, Filhodapuc, FilipeS,
Finneganw, Finngall, FireOcean, Fireaxe888, Firstorm, FisherQueen, Fitnr, Fito, FlamingSilmaril, Flatterworld, FloNight, Flobthelog, Floorwalker, Flyer1994, Flyguy649, Flyingidiot, Flvio
Paiva F1, Footballfan190, Fourthords, Foxcloud, Franz weber, Freakified, Freakofnurture, Freakfed, Freddiem, Fredrik, Frenchifri, FreplySpang, Frietjes, Fry1989, Frymaster, Fsolda,
Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Furries, FurrySings, Fuzheado, Fvasconcellos, GAVINkeddie11, GHe, GSoledade, GabrielTC, Gabrielsouza15, Gaf.arq, Gaff, Gaius Cornelius, Galoveri, Ganunu, Gareth
E Kegg, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Garima661, Gary King, Garzo, Gasheadsteve, Gaybobrando, Gazen 91, Gazpacho, Gbmaizol, Gbuch, Gdavidp, Geni, Geniac, GeoffreyVS, Gfoley4, Gggh, Ghaly,
Giampersa, Giftlite, Giggy, Gilliam, Gimferrer, Ginkgo100, Giorgioz, Giraffedata, Giro720, Gjrvarginha, Glauberfc, Glenn, Gnarlyjim, Gogo Dodo, Gohan341, GoingBatty, Golbez, Good
Olfactory, Goodbyebean, GorillaWarfare, Goro87, Gotrl, Gpak360, Grace E. Dougle, Gracenotes, GraemeL, Grafen, Graham, Graham87, GrahamTM, GreatWhiteNortherner, Green Giant,
Gregjwarren, Grendelkhan, Grenzer22, Greyhood, Grick, Gringojack, Grosplant, Ground Zero, Grsz11, Grunt, Gryffindor, Guanaco, Guanaco152003, Guff Brooking, Guiestevam, Guilherme
Paula, Gunnar Larsson, Gurch, Gustavo Siqueira, Guy1890, Gwguffey, Gzkn, Gzornenplatz, H0ttamale2, HIDECCHI001, HP465, Haakon, Haaqfun, Hadal, Hadi Payami, Haham hanuka, Hairy
Dude, Hajor, Hanike, Harburg, Harrisles, Harryboyles, Harrypotter90, Hasek is the best, Hayden120, Hchasestevens, Hdante, Hdt83, Hector.C.Jorge, Heelmijnlevenlang, Heezy, HeikoEvermann,
Hektor, Helloguy123, Hempfel, Henning Makholm, HenryLi, Hentzer, HerFariasP, Hibernian, Highvale, Higorspario, HisSpaceResearch, Hmains, Hmdwgf, Hoary, Hobbityflobbit, Holden 2,
Homerjay, Honbicot, Honeyhucket, HoriaG, Hornymanatee, Hoshie, Hu12, Hughcharlesparker, Hugoreis, Huhsunqu, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, IANVS, ILHI, IOUANAME666, Ian6650, Ibrox,
IceBrotherhood, IceDragon64, Idaltu, Idontknow610, Ief, Igorgonzola, Ikh, Ilikemilktoo, Illegitimate Barrister, Illexsquid, Ilunga Shibinda, Imastraightg, Improv, InShaneee, Indech, Infocidal,
Infrogmation, InglesIngles, InspectorTiger, Interestingstuffadder, Ionutzmovie, Iqbaal, Iridescent, Irrypride, Isak11, IsamaraCruciol, Isinbill, Italiano111, Italo Svevo, Itanesco, Iudaeus, Iv1607,
IveGotTV, Ixfd64, J Crow, J Di, J.P.Rallizgard, J.Wright, J04n, JERRKOWA, JForget, JG-Guilherme12, JJJJust, JLogan, JStewart, Jaburc, Jack Thundercliffe, Jack10, JackoAUS, JackofOz,
Jagged 85, Jajafe, JakeNichols, Jalada, JamesR, Jamespenido, Jameston, Jamirabastos, Janiovj, Jaranda, Jarble, Jarjarbinks10, Jasonjmartin, Jasperdiablo, Jb849, Jbley, Jbob360, Jbribeiro1, Jcra,
Jdc360, Jean.artegui, JeanKorte, Jebba, JedOs, Jeeny, Jeff G., Jeff3000, Jeffhoy, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jeffreymcmanus, Jenmen, Jerbbson, JeremyA, Jeronimo, Jerry1234567890, JerryFriedman,
Jerrygarciuh, Jerryseinfeld, JesseW, Jesusmariajalisco, Jetekus, Jgk168421, Jh51681, Jhendin, Jhowcs, Jiang, JimWae, Jimmy Slade, Jimtaip, Jindanbo, Jjm9090, Jk2q3jrklse, Jlpspinto,
Jmartinezot, Jmlk17, Jmorrison230582, JoSePh, JoanneB, Joao, Joaopais, Joaosac, Joelalvarado, Joevicentini, Johanneum, John, John Cline, John of Reading, John254, Johnluisocasio, Johnny
Jane, Johnpseudo, Jojhutton, Jomig, Jon33, Jonas Mur, Jonathan Fernando, Jonildosb, Jorge Stolfi, JorgeGG, JorgePeixoto, Jorunn, Jose.armando.jeronymo, Josep01, Joseph Solis in Australia,
JoshuaD1991, Jossi, Jos Henrique Campos, Jpeob, Jsferreira, Jsnruf, Jsydave, Jtir, Ju98 5, Juan A. Malo de Molina, Judicial89, Jughead28773, Julinho, Jumentodonordeste, Juniorpetjua, Jurema
Oliveira, Jusdafax, JustAGal, Justice for All, Jvatoledo, Jvhertum, K a r n a, K50 Dude, KNM, KTo288, KVDP, Kaasje, Kaihoku1, Kairos, Kaiserble, Kakofonous, Kalemguzeli, Kanatonian,
Kardrak, Karl Dickman, Karolvs, Kataanglover1, Katalla, Katefan0, Katydidit, KaylendraDawn, Keegan, Keelm, Keilana, Keitei, Kelisi, Kelvinc, Kemm@ig.com.br, Kenmcfa, Kevinkor2,
Khajidha, Kharker, Khazar2, Khoikhoi, Khukri, Kiensvay, Kievz, Killer1587, Kimon, King Toadsworth, King of Hearts, KingTT, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, Kinu, Kkm010, Klop79, Km905,
Kman543210, Kmusser, Kneuronak, Knoowii, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knutux, Ko'oy, Koavf, Koolx, Korath, Korean alpha for knowledge, Kosunen, Kotakkasut, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kozuch,
Kozushi, Kr1st1deejay97, KramerNL, Krich, Kross, Kukini, KumfyKittyKlub, Kungfuadam, Kurogawa, Kurt is nutz, Kuru, Kurykh, Kusb, Kusma, Kuzaar, Kwamikagami, L Kensington, LA2,
Lacarids, Lacobrigo, Lahuwm, Lampman, Lankiveil, Lapaz, Larkosh, Laubz83, Laurens-af, Lcawte, Leandrod, Lecen, Lefterispapi, Leo Stedile, Leoadec, Leonardi, Leonardo Alves,
Leonardomio, Lesfer, Leszek Jaczuk, Leuko, Levineps, Lewiscb, Lexi Marie, Lguipontes, LibLord, Libertariandude, Licor, Liftarn, Lifung, Lightmouse, Lights, Limongi, Lincmad, Lindodawki,
Ling.Nut, Ling.Nut3, Linkspamremover, Little Mountain 5, LittleWink, Localzuk, Lockesdonkey, Lokodd, LonerXL, Looxix, Lord Dandy, LordLancaster, Los rios, Losangeleslive, Loserjay10,
Losttiiee, Lotje, Lp crn, Lssilva, LucasEllerNYC, Luckyj, Ludger1961, Luizdl, Lukeprizer, Lulu Margarida, Luna Santin, Lunarboy, Lunkwill, Lusci, Lussier, Lyricmac, MCBastos, MER-C,
MFago, MIT Trekkie, MJ Soquerata, MJCdetroit, MSGJ, MZMcBride, MaGioZal, Macgreco, MackSalmon, MadCrazyMaster, Madden, Madjohnflint, Maelnuneb, Maester mensch, Magafuzula,
Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Mahanga, Majorly, Malerin, Malhonen, Malleus Fatuorum, Malo, Man vyi, Mandolinface, Manoel.canova, Maokart444, Maor X, Marcio.gregory, Marco
Neves, Marco.natalino, Marcos Elias de Oliveira Jnior, MarcosPassos, Mareeah, Mareino, Marek69, Mareklug, Marekzp, Marianocecowski, Mario Profaca, Mario777Zelda, Mariordo, Mark
Arsten, Mark Schierbecker, MarkGallagher, MarkSutton, MarshalN20, Martarius, Martimsaintive, MartinHarper, Martinwilke1980, Marx Gomes, Massari, Master Bigode, Master of Puppets,
Maszanchi, Materialscientist, Mateus RM, Mateuszica, Mattbr, Matthew Desjardins, Matthew Yeager, Mattiecat, Maurice07, Maximus Rex, Maxtremus, Maxwell's Daemon, Maxxicum,
Mayakovsky5, Mazca, Mbakkel2, Mbello82, Mberbert, Mboverload, McDogm, McSly, Mchasewhittemore, Mdob, Mecanismo, Meegs, Meesham, Melonkelon, Mendoncacruz, Mephiston999,
Mermaid from the Baltic Sea, Merovingian, Mesgul82, Mesoso2, Metallion, Methcub, Methnor, MetroPlayer, Mets501, Meursault2004, Mfa fariz, Mhsb, Mic, Michael Greiner, Michaelmas1957,
Michaelrccurtis, Mickey gfss2007, Mickeykozzi, Midgrid, Mightymights, MigraineBigBoy, Mike Rosoft, MikeAllen, MikeBruski, Mikep2008a, Mikespedia, Mild Bill Hiccup,
MinnesotanConfederacy, Missionary, Missspencer06, MisterJ88, Mitsuhirato, Mjpieters, Mlepori, Mm40, Mocu, ModelFish, ModestMouse2, Modi mode, Moeron, Mogism, Mohmoe, Momo
san, Moncrief, MontseBL, Moofinluvr, Mopcwiki, Mori Riyo, Moriori, Morrad, MosheA, Moswento, Mouramoor, Moxy, Mp2171998, Mr Adequate, Mr Stephen, Mr. Ajax, Mr. Anon515, Mr.
Lefty, Mr.StateOfShock, Mr.Z-man, Mr666, MrBojanglesNY, MrPMonday, MrRhythm, Mrcometpar, Mrkarate, Mrt3366, Mschel, Mschiffler, Msikma, Mtmelendez, Mulad, Mulder416, Munci,
Mushroom, MusicGeek101, Mwanner, Mxcatania, Mxn, Myanw, Myleslong, MysteryDog, Mrio, Mtys, N5iln, NHRHS2010, NJOrlando, NYDCSP, Nabla, Nahallac Silverwinds, Nakon,
Nate1481, Nathan Johnson, Naveenbm, NawlinWiki, Neko-chan, Neptune's Trident, Netknowle, Netoholic, Neutrality, Nhgill, Nicdb, Nichalp, Nick Taylor, Nicksss93, Nickst, Night w,

36

Article Sources and Contributors

Nightmarelh, Nightstallion, Nihiltres, Nihonjoe, Nikai, Nikkimaria, Nilderson, Nillanilla3ee, Ningum, Nivisec, Nivix, Nk, Nmiwil, NoahLevitt, NormanEinstein, Northamerica1000, Norway1,
Nosbig, Notchcode, Notheruser, Novaguy1968, Novowalace, NuclearVacuum, Nurg, Nyttend, OOODDD, Obonicus, Octane, Oda Mari, Odilamaria, Odin's Eye, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie,
Oleg Alexandrov, Oli1944, Olivier, Ollie carlo, Omicronpersei8, Omnibus, Omnipotentjefe, OneGuy, OneWorld22, Oneearth, Onlim, Onopearls, Onorem, Opelio, OpininCiudad, Opinoso,
Optimist on the run, Oreo Priest, OrgasGirl, Ospalh, Owess, Oxymoron83, Ozzyprv, P3navy04, PDH, PMLF, Pablosaraiva, Packtsardines, Page Up, Paine Ellsworth, Palapa, Paleorthid,
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Pedrovitorh2, Peer V, Pekaje, Pepper, Pepperfield69, Peter Horn, Peter Winnberg, PeterisP, Pgk, Pgunn, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phil5329, Philbuck222, Phileas, Philip Trueman, Phillip J,
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Quiensabe, Quintote, Quissam, Quite vivid blur, Qutezuce, Qxz, R Lee E, R'n'B, R-Joe, R9tgokunks, RG2, RHB, RJHigginson, RVD, RaCha'ar, Rabindra Baral, Radiant!, RadiantRay,
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Robertgreer, Robertomalancini, Robocoder, RockerTux, Rockford1963, Rockinthisjoint, Rockmysock, Rockslave, RodC, Rodak1, Rodrigo123456, RodrigoBr, Rodrigogomesonetwo,
Rodrigogomespaixao, Roke, Romanm, Ron Thompson, RonaldoBr, Ronark, Rooozter, RoscoeDK, Roxanna samii, RoyBoy, Royalguard11, Rreagan007, Rsabbatini, Ruby Murray, Rubywhite,
Rudjek, Rui Gabriel Correia, RunOrDie, Russell Brown, Rwickss, Ryan Roos, Ryanjunk, Rydra Wong, Ryulong, S, SJP, STGM, SWAdair, Sade, Sahirshah, Salmar, Sam Hocevar, SamEV,
Samiamhapyfeet, Sammocool, Samohad, Sampi, Samwb123, Sanbeg, Sandhuswarn, Sandstein, Sango123, Sanmartin, Sardanaphalus, Savant13, Sayden, Sbalfour, Scarface1991, Schepop,
Scheridon, Schieese, Schoen, Schzmo, Scipius, Sciurin, Scoelho86, Scott14, Scuppers1, Sdornan, Seansinc, Seaphoto, Seatonsk8r, Seb az86556, Sebastiankessel, Secfan, Secretlondon, Sectori,
Segho, Sekwanele 2, Selerz, Sematz, Sentinel, SephyXIII, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Serblood, Sevenlee, Sfan00 IMG, SgtFlem, Shadow Scythe of Strongbadia?!, Shaggorama, Shakam, Shakko
(usurped), Shanel, Shanes, Shangrilaista, Shantetrey, Sheppa28, Shinobi078, Shiva0x007, Shoeofdeath, Shredder2012, Shroudan, SidP, Sidasta, Siddhant, SieberNewsAt7, Sietse Snel,
Silivrenion, SilkTork, Silly rabbit, Silvafilho, Silverclaw12, SimonP, Simonmatt1100, Simulcra, SiobhanHansa, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Sir Vicious, Siroxo, Sirwhiteout, Sitenl, Sj,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Flag of Brazil.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Coat of arms of Brazil.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Brazilian Government
File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:National_Seal_of_Brazil_(color).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Tonyjeff, based on
national symbol.
File:BRA orthographic.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BRA_orthographic.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Addicted04
File:Braso do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braso_do_Distrito_Federal_(Brasil).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Tonyjeff,
based on civic symbol.
File:Braso da cidade de So Paulo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Braso_da_cidade_de_So_Paulo.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5
Contributors: Srfortes
File:Decrease Positive.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Decrease_Positive.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Decrease2.svg: Sarang derivative work:
Dodoste (talk)
File:Increase2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sarang
file:speakerlink-new.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink-new.svg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: User:Kelvinsong
File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Frank C. Mller, Gmaxwell, Gnosygnu, Husky,
Iamunknown, Mirithing, Myself488, Nethac DIU, Nixn, Omegatron, Rocket000, Shanmugamp7, Snow Blizzard, The Evil IP address, Trelio, Wouterhagens, 28 anonymous edits
File:Equarissage Thevet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Equarissage_Thevet.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Pancrat
File:Tiradentes Esquartejado (Pedro Amrico, 1893).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tiradentes_Esquartejado_(Pedro_Amrico,_1893).jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: Dornicke, Ecummenic, Fredou, Pedro Aguiar, Quissam, Servitiu, Tonyjeff, Whooligan, 1 anonymous edits
File:Independence of Brazil 1888.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Independence_of_Brazil_1888.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AFBorchert, Centpacrr,
Dornicke, Lecen, 3 anonymous edits
File:Americo-ava.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Americo-ava.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Dornicke, Emeritus, Lecen, Picture Master,
Pikolas, Tetraktys, Vearthy, 3 anonymous edits
File:Revoluo de 1930.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Revoluo_de_1930.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Claro Jansson (1877-1954)
File:Lula - foto oficial05012007 edit.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lula_-_foto_oficial05012007_edit.jpg License: Agncia Brasil Contributors: Ricardo Stuckert
(Presidency of the Republic).
File:Pronunciamento da presidenta Dilma Rousseff.ogv Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pronunciamento_da_presidenta_Dilma_Rousseff.ogv License: Agncia Brasil
Contributors: Arthur to, Chronus

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Brazil topo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brazil_topo.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Captain Blood at
en.wikipedia
file:Morro Dois Irmos - Fernando de Noronha.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Morro_Dois_Irmos_-_Fernando_de_Noronha.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Chronus, FlickreviewR
file:Neve Caxias do Sul (3).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neve_Caxias_do_Sul_(3).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Chronus,
FlickreviewR
file:Amazon CIAT (5).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amazon_CIAT_(5).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Chronus,
FlickreviewR, Leoboudv
file:Jaguar head shot-edit2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jaguar_head_shot-edit2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: en:User:Cburnett
File:Posse Dilma 2010 8.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Posse_Dilma_2010_8.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Fabio Rodrigues
Pozzebom/ABr
File:Brasilia Congresso Nacional 05 2007 221.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz
File:Supremo Brasil.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Supremo_Brasil.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Chronus, FlickreviewR, Jacopo
Werther, Jonny84, Russavia
File:Diplomatic missions of Brazil.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Brazil.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Aquintero82
File:US Navy 100316-N-9116F-001 A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper walks with Haitian children during a patrol in Cite Soleil.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_100316-N-9116F-001_A_Brazilian_U.N._peacekeeper_walks_with_Haitian_children_during_a_patrol_in_Cite_Soleil.jpg License:
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File:Brazil Labelled Map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Felipe Menegaz, Giro720, Guilherme Paula,
Nyttend, TZ master, Ulamm
file:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil)-2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oil_platform_P-51_(Brazil)-2.jpg License: Agncia Brasil Contributors: Divulgao Petrobras /
ABr
file:Embraer 190.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Embraer_190.jpg License: Agncia Brasil Contributors: Antnio Milena/ABr
file:Soja exportacao.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Soja_exportacao.jpg License: Agncia Brasil Contributors: Roosewelt Pinheiro/Abr
file:Laranja (Avar) REFON 1.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Laranja_(Avar)_REFON_1.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Jos Reynaldo da Fonseca
file:Iguazu Dcembre 2007 - Panorama 3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iguazu_Dcembre_2007_-_Panorama_3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Contributors: Martin St-Amant (S23678)
file:Jericoacoara-beach-dune.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jericoacoara-beach-dune.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Nolispanmo at
de.wikipedia
Image:Bonito scan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bonito_scan.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Steve Taylor
File:Panorama of Rio de Janeiro.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panorama_of_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0
Contributors: Erik Ogan from San Francisco, CA, USA
File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24
File:Vista Aerea Itaipu.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vista_Aerea_Itaipu.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Chronus, FlickreviewR,
Hahc21
File:Lnls.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lnls.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Onbox
File:Metropolis - Linha 5.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Metropolis_-_Linha_5.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Gabriel
Da Sobreira
File:Vitria, Esprito Santo, Brazil-12July2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vitria,_Esprito_Santo,_Brazil-12July2009.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Vitor Hugo Campos
File:Hospital Albert Einstein.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hospital_Albert_Einstein.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Lukaaz Marcelo
File:Universidade Federal do Parana 3 Curitiba Parana.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Universidade_Federal_do_Parana_3_Curitiba_Parana.jpg License: GNU
Free Documentation License Contributors: Morio
File:Tvglobo sp.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tvglobo_sp.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ano1111
File:Brazilian States by Population.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brazilian_States_by_Population.svg License: unknown Contributors: Felipe Menegaz,
Guilherme Paula
File:Cristo Redentor Rio de Janeiro 4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cristo_Redentor_Rio_de_Janeiro_4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Jcsalmon
File:MPL 066.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MPL_066.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: user:Indech
File:Carnival in Rio de Janeiro.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carnival_in_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Biantez,
Dantadd, Felipe Menegaz, FlickreviewR, Kuebi, Quintinense,
file:Paoca.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paoca.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Leonardo "Leguas" Carvalho
file:Brigadeiro2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brigadeiro2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dantadd, Krinkle, Zephynelsson Von, 2 anonymous edits
File:Brazil national volleyball team 2012.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brazil_national_volleyball_team_2012.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
Contributors: Piotr Drabik from Poland
File:Confed.Cup2013Champions.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Confed.Cup2013Champions.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors:
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