POWER SUPPLY UNIT-EMBDDED BLOCK DIAGRAM : Bridge Rectifier Positive Charge Capacitor Positive Voltage Regulator IC 78 !

+5

Step Down Volts Transformer

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POWER SUPPLY UNIT (SPLIT MODE) BLOCK DIAGRAM : (!V Regulator Bridge Rectifier Positive Charge Capacitor "P# Positive Voltage Regulator IC 78$% +5 Volts

Step Down Volts Transformer

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+ !

&egative Charge Capacitor ! Volts

&egative Voltage Regulator IC 7'$%

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PIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

*nalog Power Suppl/

Digital Power Suppl/

Cr/stal +scillator

PIC $0#877*

12ternal 3S*RT
"ogic I-+ Connector

C P 3

S/nchronous Switch

*nalog Ref Voltage !V

8 channel *nalog Input

POWER SUPPLY DI)IT*" *&*"+) PARTS: "St#$ Do%& T'(&s)o'*#': It is used for isolation and reduces the voltage, !"R#+t,),#': It is used to convert *C to DC current, The o-p fre.uenc/ of #ull

4ave Bridge Rectifier is $ 56 and i-p fre.uenc/ is ! 56,#ull 4ave Bridge Rectifier efficienc/ is 807 and for 5alf 4ave Bridge 8%7, -".,lt#': It is used to 8/pass the unwanted *C signal, It allows *C and 8loc9s the DC, /"Volt(0# R#01l(to': It avoids the incoming voltage fluctuation on electrical lines and :eeps the output voltage ;!V< as constant for em8edded controller, The entire output is fed 8ac9 to the input, This is a special techni.ue Called as #old Bac9 Techni.ue, This is made up of *luminium, 5"No,s# .,lt#': It contains "ow=Pass filter and sta8ilit/ capacitor, The "ow=Pass filter is used to allow the low fre.uenc/ signal and 8/pass the high fre.uenc/ signal, &oise #ilter is used to remove the radio fre.uenc/ interferences> electromagnetic interferences> harmonics> etc,

EMBEDDED: I&t'o21+t,o& to E*3#22#2 Co&t'oll#' : To perform the various operations and conversions re.uired to switch> control and monitor the devices a processor is needed, The processor ma/ 8e a microprocessor> micro controller or em8edded controller, In this pro?ect an em8edded controller has 8een preferred 8ecause of its industrial advantages in power electronics li9e 8uilt in *DC> R*@> R+@> ports> 3S*RT> D*C, This leads to lesser space occupation 8/ the circuit and also the speed of em8edded controllers are more compared to other processors, The em8edded controller selected for this pro?ect is PIC$0#877* due to its various features .EATURES O. PIC 4.566A :

5igh=performance RISC ;Reduced Instruction Set Controller< CP3 +nl/ A! single word instructions to learn

*ll single c/cle instructions e2cept for program 8ranches which are two c/cle +perating speedB DC = % @56 cloc9 input and DC = % c/cle C: 2 $C words of Program @emor/ ;1PR+@< %!0 2 8 8/tes of Data @emor/ ;R*@< Interrupt capa8ilit/ ;up to $C internal-e2ternal interrupt sources< 1ight level deep hardware stac9 Direct> indirect> and relative addressing modes ns instruction

$%=8it multi=channel *nalog=to=Digital converter +n=chip a8solute 8and gap voltage reference generator 3niversal S/nchronous *s/nchronous Receiver Transmitter> supports high-low speeds and '=8it address mode ;3S*RT-SCI<

INDUSTRIAL .EATURES: Built in *DC of multi channel with $ =8it accurac/= used to ac.uire voltage> current> temperature> and power, Built in reference facilit/ and e2ternal reference provision= to fi2 a 8andwidth of reference voltage, Built = in ports=to drive the rela/s and getting feed8ac9 from the rela/s,

RE7UIREMENTS O. PIC 4.566A : * separate power suppl/ for digital and analog supplies must 8e provided to prevent affecting the .ualit/ of analog measurement due to digital current fluctuations, Dou8le regulated completel/ filtered analog reference suppl/, &eeds e2ternal power on reset and CP3 s/nchroni6ation switch, 12ternal .uart6 cr/stal to 8e used for fre.uenc/ sta8ilit/, $ @56 for '0 8aud rate

% @56 for $'%

8aud rate

RS%A% converter is used to lin9 it with the computer, #or all the analog inputs voltage should not e2ceed !V, #or digital outputs we should not consume current 8e/ond %!m*, *ll the logical inputs must reach PIC$0#877* as a perfect s.uare waveform,

DESIGN CONSIDERATION O. PIC 4.566A : Separate analog and digital power supplies to 8e made Dou8le regulated perfectl/ filtered varia8le reference source is needed for analog reference Power on reset and e2ternal host s/nchronous switch are needed 3S*RT and signal converter are needed *ll digital inputs needs Schmitt trigger for 8etter logic signal

So)t%('# (28(&t(0#s o) PIC $, Reduced Instruction set commuting DRISCE orientation, %, +nl/ A! single word instructions to learn, Reduces design and learning time, A, RS %A% interface is possi8le for C+@P+RT serial port, C, This em8edded can 8e interfaced with all old and latest computing languages, Basic> C> C((> VB> VC((> F*V*, !, 5ost CP3 can 8e varieties of operating fre.uenc/ as well as different 8its, PIC MICROCONTROLLER Peripheral Interface Controller ;PIC< is enhanced version of microcontrollers, It is an em8edded controller, PIC microcontroller contains several families, The/ are classified as three categories, $, "ow 1nd #amil/B It has AA instructions, #or e2ample> PIC $%GGG %, @id Range #amil/B It has A! instructions, #or e2ample> PIC $0GGG

A, 5igh 1nd #amil/B It has 77 instructions, #or e2ample> PIC $7GGG and PIC $8GGG, A'+9,t#+t1'#: Two t/pes of *rchitecture are followed, I<, Van=&uman *rchitectureB The width of address and data 8us is same, II<, 5award *rchitectureB The 8us width of address and data ma/ not 8e same, Pipelining is possi8le here, @icrocontrollers have 8uilt=in peripherals> the/ areB $, @emor/ a, Program @emor/ ;1g, PR+@> #lash memor/< 8, Data @emor/ ;1g, R*@> 11R+@< %, I-+ Ports A, *DC C, Timers !, 3S*RT 0, Interrupt Controllers 7, P4@ - Capture

P@

D@ I-+

CP3

Ports

Port * Port B Port C Port D Port 1

Timer Counter

P4@Capture

*DC 3S*RT +SC 4DT

P#',$9#'(l .#(t1'#s: The PIC $0#877* has five serial ports namel/ *> B> C> D and 1, It has five parallel ports namel/B $, PSP ;Parallel Slave Port 8 8it wide< %, SSP ;Serial S/nchronous Port< A, @SP ;@aster Serial S/nchronous Port< C, I%C ;Inter Integrated Circuit< !, SPI ;Serial Peripheral Interface<

%!0 H 8 8/tes data memor/ C9 H $C words program memor/ It has three timers o Timer I 8 8it timer o Timer $ I $0 8it timer o Timer % I 8 8it timer $% 8it $ channel o $% 8it accurac/ o &o e2ternal hardware multiple2er is needed Sleep mode processor o &o power will 8e consumed during ideal condition Built in temperature sensor Built in R*@ and 1PR+@ R*@ is used to control *DC, @SB is stored in R*@ when "SB is

outputted, P4@B Two captures compare P4@ module, P4@ is used as D*C, Programma8le "ow voltage detection Circuitr/, 3S*RTB 3niversal S/nchronous *s/nchronous Receiver *nd Transmitter It converts serial data into parallel and vice versa, #or instrumentation standard @*G=C8! data converter should 8e used, This e2ternal data converter amplifies the incoming !V ;from PIC< 8/ four times and gives % V output i,e, =$ V to ($ V, Similarl/> incoming % V ;from PC< is reduced as !V 8/ the same @*G C8! converter, @*G C8! can 8e replaced 8/ @*G %A% for computer standard, This is 9nown as Juader I Puller action, G#&#'(l .#(t1'#s: 5igh Performance RISC CP3 +nl/ A! instructions are availa8le> hence eas/ programming is possi8le which increase the processing speed, +perating Speed '0 =8aud rate Power +n Reset 4henever the PIC is reset> the program counter reaches the 9nown address, 4atch Dog Timer

It is used to find Communication 1rror with its own +n chip RC oscillator for relia8le operation, "ow Power Consumption 5igh Sin9 - Source Current The output of the 1m8edded Controller can 8e used to drive printer> rela/s> solenoid valves etc, &o need of driver circuit, Compati8le to all computer language &o need of D"" ;D/namic "in9 "i8rar/< Design #eaturesB Individual power suppl/ for *nalog and Digital circuits is re.uired to avoid drift on analog portion, Dou8le regulated filtered reference source is needed to ensure safest *DC operation, 12ternal cloc9 source must 8e used which ena8les the user to design the re.uired speed, 12ternal CP3 S/nchronous circuit must 8e designed incase of PC re.uirement, Switch is used to s/nchroni6e the 1m8edded Controller with the PC to get C+@+: signal" RS=%A% should 12ternal 8e used for data conversion, @emor/ +rgani6ationB There are two memor/ 8loc9s in PIC microcontroller, 1ach 8loc9 has its own 8us so that concurrent access can occur, $, Program @emor/ %, Data @emor/ P'o0'(* M#*o': O'0(&,;(t,o&: PIC 77G has a $A=8it program counter capa8le of addressing 89 H $C=program memor/ space, 1ach device has C9 H $C words of program space, The reset vector is at 5 Receiving Interrupt vector is at C5

PIC has hardware stac9 with 8=8it width, It needs ?ump instruction to access su8routines, Push and Pop instructions cannot 8e used since there is no software stac9 is availa8le, Program memor/ is organi6ed as page > page$ up to pageA each having %: memories, Page address should 8e mentioned in PC latch for e2ecuting the instructions availa8le in some other pages,

P'o0'(* M#*o': O'0(&,;(t,o&

55

Reset Vector

Program Counter

C5 !5 7##5 8 5

Interrupt Vector Page Page $ Page % Page A

Stac9 "evel $

Stac9 "evel % +n=Chip Program memor/ Stac9 "evel 8

###5 $ 5

A###5

D(t( M#*o': O'0(&,;(t,o&:

The data memor/ is partitioned into multiple 8an9s> which contain general=purpose registers> and special function registers,

Bits RP$ and RP are 8an9 select 8its, RP$ RP Ban9 no $ $ % $ $ A 1ach 8an9 e2tends up to 7#5 ;$%8 8/tes<, The lower locations of each 8an9 are reserved for the special function register, *8ove the special function registers are )eneral=purpose registers> implemented as Static R*@, In all 8an9s the 8ottom most $0 8its are called access 8an9s, The datas stored in these locations can 8e accessed irrespective of the 8an9 num8er" $

D(t( M#*o': O'0(&,;(t,o&

$# %

)PR

$# %

)PR

$# %

)PR

$# %

)PR

S#R
7 7$ 7 7$

S#R
7 7$

S#R
7 7$

S#R *ccess Ban9

7#

*ccess Ban9
7# 7#

*ccess Ban9
7#

*ccess Ban9

BANK<

BANK

BANK!

BANK-

M,+'o+o&t'oll#' Co'# .#(t1'#s:

L 5igh=performance RISC CP3 L +nl/ A! single word instructions to learn L *ll single c/cle instructions e2cept for program 8ranches> which are two c/cle L +perating speedB DC = % @56 cloc9 input DC = % ns instruction c/cle

L C: 2 $C words of Program @emor/> %!0 2 8 8/tes of Data @emor/ ;R*@< L Interrupt capa8ilit/ ;up to $C internal-e2ternal interrupt sources< L 1ight level deep hardware stac9 L Direct> indirect> and relative addressing modes L Power=on Reset ;P+R< L Power=up Timer ;P4RT< and +scillator Start=up Timer ;+ST< L 4atchdog Timer ;4DT< with its own on=chip RC oscillator for relia8le operation L Programma8le code=protection L Power saving S"11P mode L Selecta8le oscillator options L "ow=power> high=speed C@+S 1PR+@ technolog/ L #ull/ static design L In=Circuit Serial Programming M ;ISCII< N L 4ide operating voltage rangeB %,!V to !,!V L 5igh Sin9-Source Current %!-%! m* L Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges L "ow=power consumptionB = O % m* P !V> C @56 = %%,! m* t/pical P AV> A% 956 =O $ m* t/pical stand8/ current

P#',$9#'(l .#(t1'#s: L Timer B 8=8it timer-counter with 8=8it prescaler L Timer$B $0=8it timer-counter with prescaler can 8e incremented during sleep via e2ternal Cr/stal-cloc9 L Timer%B 8=8it timer-counter with 8=8it period register> prescaler and postscaler L Two Capture> Compare> P4@ modules L Capture is $0=8it> ma2, Resolution is $%,! ns> Compare is $0=8it> ma2, Resolution is % ns> P4@ ma2, Resolution is $ =8it L $%=8it multi=channel *nalog=to=Digital converter L +n=chip a8solute 8and gap voltage reference generator L S/nchronous Serial Port ;SSP< with SPI M;@aster @ode< and I % C L 3niversal S/nchronous *s/nchronous Receiver Transmitter supports high-low speeds and '=8it *ddress mode ;3S*RT-SCI< L Parallel Slave Port ;PSP< 8=8its wide> with e2ternal RD> 4R and CS controls L Programma8le Brown=out detection circuitr/ for Brown=out Reset ;B+R< L Programma8le "ow=voltage detection circuitr/ DESIGN O. SYSTEM =ARDWARE

INTRODUCTION This chapter gives all the integrating concepts of micro controller architecture> software> and interfacing to accomplish the re.uired s/stem,

=ARDWARE DESIGN The single 8oard is designed around the PIC @icro controller to accomplish the a8ove mentioned s/stem re.uirements, The hardware section is divided into three su8sections as followsB ;$< PIC @icro controller ;%< @a2 %A% ;A< Power suppl/ unit PIC MICROCONTROLLER The PIC @icro controllers are supported with a full range of hardware and software development tools, The used PIC$0#877* device comes in C =pin pac9age To communicate with the PIC we are using RS%A% port of the computer, So we

have to initiali6e the port 8efore using it, To initiali6e and to communicate with the PIC> the file C+@,C defines and uses several functions, The functions and their definitions are given 8elow,

MA> !-!
The @a2 %A% is a dual RS=%A% receiver - transmitter that meets all 1I* RS%A%C specifications while using onl/ a (!V power suppl/, It has % on8oard charge pump voltage converters which generate ($ V and I$ V power supplies from a single !V power suppl/, It has four level translators> two of which are RS%A% transmitters that convert TT"Q C@+S input levels into ( 'V RS%A% outputs, The other two level translators are RS%A% receivers that convert RS%A% inputs to !V TT"QC@+S output level, These receivers have a nominal threshold of $,AV> a t/pical h/sterisis of ,!V and can operate upto ( A V input,

$, Suita8le for all RS%A% communications, %, ($%V power supplies re.uired, A, Voltage .uadrapular for input voltage upto !,!V ;used in power suppl/ Section of computers> peripherals> and modems<,

Three main sections of @*G%A% are $, * dual transmitter %, * dual receiver A, (!V to ( $ V dual charge pump voltage converter"

Po%#' s1$$l: s#+t,o&

The @*G%A% power suppl/ section has % charge pumps the first uses e2ternal capacitors C$ to dou8le the (!V input to ($ V with input impedance of appro2imatel/ % , The second charge pump uses e2ternal capacitor to invert

($ V to I$ V with an overall output impedance of C!, The 8est circuit uses %%# capacitors for C$ and CC 8ut the value is not critical, &ormall/ these capacitors are low cost aluminium electrol/te capacitors or tantalum if si6e is critical, Increasing the value of C$ and C% to C7# will lower the output impedance of (!V to($ V dou8ler 8/ a8out ! and ($ V to =$ V inverter 8/ a8out $ , Increasing the value of CA and CC lowers the ripple on the power supplies there8/ lowering the $0:56 ripple on the RS%A% output, The value of C$ and CC can 8e lowered to $# in s/stems where si6e is critical at the e2pense of an additional % impedance ($ V output and C additional impedance at I$ V input,

#rom the circuit it can 8e seen that the reference analog suppl/ after 8eing regulated 8/ the 'v regulator enters the Rener diode through the resistance RC where it is again regulated to !v since the Rener diode used here has a cut off of !v, Thus we have a dou8le regulated completel/ filtered analog reference source, R0 is a potential divider used for setting the d/namic response range of the reference suppl/, This means that the reference !v can 8e used as it is or it can 8e made into a fraction of the !v for e2ample $v so that readings in this range can 8e read with more precision, This is 8ecause the *DC has $ 8it resolution which can 8e totall/ used for representing the $v rather than !v, The pins %=!> 7=$ > A! and A0 are used as the $ channels of the *DC, To these pins the analog inputs to 8e processed 8/ the *DC are given, S$ is the cr/stal oscillator

used, It is of $ @56 and gives a 8aud rate of '0

8its-s, The capacitors C% and CA are

used as decoupling capacitors to remove the high fre.uenc/ noise signals, The capacitor C$ is in the off condition when power is switched off, 4hen the power is switched on or reset then this capacitor gets charged through the resistor R% and then through R$ this appears at the @C"R pin of the PIC, This is the memor/ clear pin and thus the memor/ is cleared and is read/ for use as soon as power is switched on, S$ is the s/nchronous switch which is also used for the same operation and for PC and PIC s/nchronous operation,

POWER SUPPLY UNIT: *s we all 9now an/ invention of latest technolog/ cannot 8e activated without the source of power, So it this fast moving world we deli8eratel/ need a proper power source which will 8e apt for a particular re.uirement, *ll the electronic components starting from diode to Intel ICTs onl/ wor9 with a DC suppl/ ranging from =(!v to =($%v, 4e are utili6ing for the same> the cheapest and commonl/ availa8le energ/ source of %A v= ! 56 and stepping down> rectif/ing> filtering and regulating the voltage, This will 8e dealt 8riefl/ in the forth=coming sections, STEP DOWN TRANS.ORMER: 4hen *C is applied to the primar/ winding of the power transformer it can either 8e stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed, In our circuit the transformer of %A v-$!= =$!v is used to perform the step down operation where a %A V *C appears as $!V *C across the secondar/ winding, +ne alteration of input causes the top of the transformer to 8e positive and the 8ottom negative, The ne2t alteration will temporaril/ cause the reverse, The current rating of the transformer used in our pro?ect is

%*, *part from stepping down *C voltages> it gives isolation 8etween the power source and power suppl/ circuitries,

RECTI.IER UNIT: In the power suppl/ unit> rectification is normall/ achieved using a solid state diode, Diode has the propert/ that will let the electron flow easil/ in one direction at proper 8iasing condition, *s *C is applied to the diode> electrons onl/ flow when the anode and cathode is negative, Reversing the polarit/ of voltage will not permit electron flow, * commonl/ used circuit for suppl/ing large amounts of DC power is the 8ridge rectifier, * 8ridge rectifier of four diodes ;CUI&C 7< are used to achieve full wave rectification, Two diodes will conduct during the negative c/cle and the other two will conduct during the positive half c/cle, The DC voltage appearing across the output terminals of the 8ridge rectifier will 8e somewhat lass than ' 7 of the applied rms value, &ormall/ one alteration of the input voltage will reverse the polarities, +pposite ends of the transformer will therefore alwa/s 8e $8 deg out of phase with each other, #or a positive c/cle> two diodes are connected to the positive voltage at the top winding and onl/ one diode conducts, *t the same time one of the other two diodes conducts for the negative voltage that is applied from the 8ottom winding due to the forward 8ias for that diode, In this circuit due to positive half c/cleD$ V D% will conduct to give $ ,8v pulsating DC, The DC output has a ripple fre.uenc/ of $ 56, Since each altercation produces a resulting output pulse> fre.uenc/ W %U! 56, The output o8tained is not a pure DC and therefore filtration has to 8e done, .ILTERING UNIT: #ilter circuits which are usuall/ capacitors acting as a surge arrester alwa/s follow the rectifier unit, This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a 8/passing capacitor> is used not onl/ to XshortT the ripple with fre.uenc/ of $% 56 to ground 8ut also to leave the fre.uenc/ of the DC to appear at the output, * load resistor R$ is connected so that a reference to the ground is maintained, C$R$ is for 8/passing ripples, C%R% is used as a low pass filter> i,e, it passes onl/ low fre.uenc/ signals and 8/passes high fre.uenc/ signals, The load resistor should 8e $7 to %,!7 of the load, $ f-%!v B for the reduction of ripples from the pulsating, B for maintaining the sta8ilit/ of the voltage at the load side, B for 8/passing the high fre.uenc/ distur8ances,

$ f-%!v +> $f

VOLTAGE REGULATORS: The voltage regulators pla/ an important role in an/ power suppl/ unit, The primar/ purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device, Power supplies without regulators have an inherent pro8lem of changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the *C liner voltage, 4ith a regulator connected to the DC output> the voltage can 8e maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired output, IC78$% and 7'$% is used in this pro?ect for providing ($%v and I$%v DC suppl/, EMBEDDED PROTOCOLS:

P'oto+ols S#t o) R1l#s Co&2,t,o&s

$, Data should 8e enclosed 8/ YK, %, Data Z1ach character-Digit of Data[ should 8e String t/pe,

EMBEDDED PROTOCOLS
$, Digital Initiali6ation %, *nalog Initiali6ation A, Digital Read Transmission< C, *nalog Read !, Digital 4rite P+RT * 0;! *nalog> $ Digital< P+RT B 8;Digital< P+RT C 8;0 Digital> % P+RT D 8;Digital< P+RT 1 A;*nalog<

" D,0,t(l I&,t,(l,;(t,o&

DYProtocolno Portname DataKE +utput E0 : $ Input ?@ D..AB RD7 0 ! C A % $ RD

%, A&(lo0 I&,t,(l,;(t,o&
DYProtocolno &o,ofChKE E0 : ?@!/AB

A, D,0,t(l R#(2

DYProtocolno PortnameKE E0 : ?@-DAB

/" A&(lo0 R#(2

DYProtocolno Channel&oKE E0 : ?@/<AB

5" D,0,t(l W',t#

DYProtocolno Portname DataKE

Rela/s
< O.. ON E0 : ?@5C AAB