Buckling onset load prediction based on skin strains

V02
B. Romano 04-Apr-2013

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Introduction

Most methods are based on displacements of the nodes in a skin pocket For these methods the rigid body motion of the whole structure has to be removed For the TAPAS evaluation, since no local displacement field was available during the test and only strain gauge data is available, a method was used to predict the buckling onset load based on back-to-back strains The method seems to be efficient and give good results

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Introduction

A non buckled skin shows almost no bending. This means that the strains at the top and the bottom of the skin are equal.
etop ebottom etop ebottom etop = ebottom

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Introduction

Bending shows a difference in strains at the top and bottom of the skin.
etop ebottom etop ebottom etop > ebottom

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Introduction

A skin loaded in compression will show almost no bending up to a certain load level. After this load (i.e. Buckling onset load) it starts bending locally in one or more half waves. etop ebottom etop ebottom etop ebottom etop = ebottom

Applied Compressive load

Non-buckled state

Post-buckling state
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etop

= ebottom

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Strain chart

Plotting both the top and bottom strains (for one element) in a chart gives the following:

etop

= ebottom

etop

= ebottom
Buckling

No buckling

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Membrane & Bending strains

Since these strain are back-to-back (i.e. from the same FEM element), it is possible to split the strains into a membrane and bending component. Membrane strain is the strain caused independently of the bending (i.e. at the neutral axis):
emembrane = (etop+ebottom)/2 (= average of top and bottom)

Bending strain is the strain caused only by the bending of the skin:
ebending = (etop emembrane) (Chosing etop or ebottom only changes the sign of the bending component)

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Membrane & Bending chart

Plotting these strains in a chart give:

Start bending

Skin less effective in carrying load

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Conclusions

During the evaluation of the test the following is noticed:

The bending graph stays constant at more or less zero during the non-buckling phase. As soon as buckling starts, the bending curve shows a steep start and after it, the curve becomes less steep. This can be observed in all elements in the skin pocket, no matter the location on the buckled shape. The membrane curve starts to flatten to almost horizontal in the post buckling zone for the elements close to the middle of the buckle. For the elements at the edge of the skin pocket the membrane curve may get steeper. (This sounds valid as these regions have to carry more load). The membrane strain is hence location (on the buckled shape) dependant.

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First & Second derivatives

Based on the previous the following is assumed:

The Buckling onset load can be caught by taking the second derivative of the bending curve, as this shows a large spike at the buckling onset point. The (element) location of the buckle top can be selected by using the first derivative of the membrane curve, as this tends to go to 0 (or even change sign) in the middle of the buckle. This may also be used to give a feeling of the location of a strain gauge on the buckling pattern during a test.

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First and Second derivatives chart

Plotting the first and second derivatives shows:

Membrane 1st derivative passing 0 (=horizontal membrane curve)

Bending 2nd derivative: Spike at buckling onset

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Pros & Cons

Pros: Not much user input. E.g. the user doesnt have to define the 3 or 4 nodes per pocket to remove the rigid body motion (relative displ.) Simple formulas to check/reproduce Fast calculation, no need to recalculate the relative displacements for each load step. For the displacement method, the user has to define nodes in order to remove the relative displacement. (Which nodes have been selected?). This can influence the results. Relative displacement tool in Patran uses 3 nodes for the definition of the reference plane. This does not take the twisting of the panel into account and influences the results. Note: this has been taken into account in the SMS buckling tool (4 nodes). Direct correlation with test data, as the same calculation can be done with the strain gauge data as long as they are back-to-back. The method also works for shear-buckling, at least for the determination of the buckling onset (x, y and xy components works, but xy is preferable). The membrane strain needs some more investigation as for the few elements used in this analysis no much change was seen. The method could also be used live during the test, to visually monitor when buckling occurs.

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Pros & Cons

Cons: At least the strains at Z1 & Z2 are needed for each load step. This may result in very large XDB files. The 1st derivative of membrane and especially the 2nd derivative of bending are sensitive to changes in load level per load step. For example for loadsteps 10%,20%,30%,35%,40%,45%, the change of load increase between 30% and 35% will give a little spike in the curve. The same is also occurring in the displacement method. For the automatic detection of the buckling onset, the user probably has to give a threshold value for the 2nd derivative of bending. The same is also occurring in the displacement method.

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Backup Slides

BACKUP SLIDES

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Backup Slides

All curves in one chart:

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Backup Slides

Curves near stringer (membrane graph gets steeper):

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Backup Slides

Shear buckling curves (xy-component):

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Backup Slides

Strains: test results (dots) and FEM prediction (lines):

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Backup Slides

All curves in one chart of the test results:

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