English

Text size: A

Alessandra De Petrillo ID: 3924535

Log Out

Help

Search Knowledge Base

Searc

Main Menu

My Proles

CE Credit Status

My Reports

Support

Main Menu Research Support Staff (Responsible Conduct of Research) Collaborative Research

Collaborative Research Activities

Module Contents

1. Introduction and Objectives 2. The Trend Toward More Collaborative Research 3. What is Collaborative Research? What is a Collaboration? What is Causing the Growth in Research Collaboration? 4. What Are Some of the Potential Problems with Collaborative Research? Difference in Style of Investigators Difference in Style of Research Across and Within Disciplines Differences Between Academic and Industrial Research with Respect to Sharing of Data and Results Ethical Considerations May Affect Research Across Institutions and Nations 5. Concluding or Continuing the Collaboration What About the Data 6. What Are Ways Collaborations Can Be Enhanced? Communication First, Second, and Throughout Discussing in Advance Who Will Do What, Understanding that the Research May Evolve Discussing Authorship in Advance Discussing Data and Material Management in Advance Discussing Intellectual Property Issues in Advance Managing Accountability 7. What is the Institutional Role in the Collaborative Process? Technology Transfer Ofces Research Services/Sponsored Research Ofces 8. 9. 10. 11. Conclusion Collaborative Research Tools Reference Notes Resources Annotated Primary Resources General Resources 12. Acknowledgements "The scale and complexity of today's ... research problems increasingly demand that scientists move beyond the connes of their own discipline and explore new organizational models for team science.... Many scientists will still continue to pursue individual research projects, but they too will be encouraged to make changes in the way they approach the scientic enterprise." - National Institutes of Health Road Map for Research
Introductory Video Case

Please review this 3 minute video case study before you begin reading the foundation text. It is extremely likely that the video will permit you to identify with the issues and provide some personal relevance to the topic.
The Case

George, Justin, Kristin, Esom, and Sean are collaborating on an NIH-funded project. Four of the ve investigators are having a conference call to discuss the progress on the grant. They are up against a deadline to submit the progress report to the NIH.

Sean has written a draft but the collaborators seem ill-prepared for the meeting and are having difculty agreeing on who should be doing what with respect to the collaboration. Communication between the investigators is breaking down. Watch the video to see how the dynamic plays out. The collaboration seems to be in trouble. What has gone wrong? What should they do now? How are they going to get the progress report done in time? What should Nikiko do now? What would YOU do?

This streaming video is best viewed with MS Media Player. It is also available in the QuickTime format. Download QuickTime Video Player or Real Player for this video. Top

1. Introduction and Objectives

A lone researcher struggling to answer the "big question" in his or her discipline tends to be the exception in academia these days. Researchers in many elds prefer to work with others both within and outside their elds, in order to benet from complementary expertise, save time, or reduce expenses. Other investigators enjoy collaborations with researchers in different elds as a way of nding innovative approaches to solving problems. Many factors are contributing to this increase in collaborations. Technology, such as e-mail, permits easy communication worldwide. Private and federal funding sources encourage collaborative and multidisciplinary projects. Yet although collaborative and multidisciplinary research is ourishing, problems do arise. This module examines the benets and potential problems that researchers face when engaging in collaborative and multidisciplinary research. At the end of this module, the learner should be able to: 1. Recognize the increased tendency toward collaborative research in many elds. 2. Identify the pitfalls that may occur in collaborative research. 3. Gain familiarity with ways to enhance good collaborative research. 4. Understand the institutional processes involved in collaborative research. 5. Examine some of the ethical considerations in collaborative research. 6. Appreciate the resources available to deal with collaborative research. Top
2. The Trend Toward More Collaborative Research

High-energy physics, the human-genome project, the social impact of computing, and telemedicine are new hot areas of investigation. As the questions that researchers ask become more complex, investigators have come together, bringing their unique expertise to nd the answers. More and more, researchers working in these elds and in all academic disciplines are collaborating in large groups, and in many cases will work with investigators who are educated and skilled in different subjects. Physicists throughout the world pool resources to understand the subatomic particles that compose matter. Molecular biologists, engineers, computer scientists, lawyers, and investment analysts work together to develop machines, methods, software, and new companies to mine the information contained within human genes to solve health problems. Physicians and computer scientists develop computerized systems that allow patients in rural areas to connect via the Internet for a virtual physical examination and telesurgery. Sociologists study how advances in computing technology change human interactions, relationships, and commerce. But as the trend towards more interdisciplinary research continues, researchers will be required to learn to speak languages beyond the boundaries of their own expertise. Such communication can take time and create conict. See Dr. Alan Berkman discuss "The Problems of The World"

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

See Dr. Kathy Neckerman discuss the "Benets of Collaborative Research"

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Top

3. What is Collaborative Research?

What is a Collaboration?

Collaboration has been intrinsic to the research process for the past 50 years, with collaboration traditionally occurring between researchers who work within the same discipline, either within an institution or in different institutions. When a biochemist identies the crystal structure of a protein for a molecular biologist working on the regulation of the protein that is collaboration within the biological sciences. Multidisciplinary research is a form of collaborative research that involves researchers working across disciplines, either within an institution or in different institutions. A physician working with an engineer to manufacture a new imaging device and an epidemiologist working with a political scientist on a tobacco-control initiative are examples of a cross-disciplinary research project. A pharmaceutical company working with a medical center to perform a clinical trial of a new drug is a collaboration between industry and academia. Each of these interactions creates different expectations and requires a variety of modes of communication to ensure that the collaboration is successful. Top
What is Causing the Growth in Research Collaboration?

1. Funding sources Governments and public and private granting agencies around the world now encourage researchers in different disciplines to work together. Universities increasingly support and encourage interdisciplinarity through the creation of cross-cutting undergraduate and graduate programs, and interdisciplinary research centres or hubs. 2. Researchers need complementary skills A chemist developing nano-tubules to deliver a drug that will regulate the expression of a gene to prevent the growth of cancer cells or to kill existing cells must solve many technical problems. A key challenge is creating the nanostructure that responds to the changes in the cellular milieu. That researcher may not have the expertise to understand the impact the technology he or she is developing will have on the recipient. If the government grant application says that special attention will be given to proposals that examine the social effects of medical nanotechnology, a multidisciplinary collaboration between the chemist and a social scientist might be substantially more competitive than a submission from the chemist alone. As new technologies, such as cloning, change the way human beings think about themselves, the public will become more interested in understanding the impact of new kinds of research on society. 3. Ease with new telecommunications technologies, e-mail E-mail and web-based technologies have changed the way people in research-oriented countries interact. Scientists are among the beneciaries of the new communications technology. While the wider use of fax machines in the 1980s allowed documents and data to be sent across phone lines, web-based technologies allow researchers to input and manipulate data in shared databases with ease. Web-based telecommunications systems also allow people from across the world to communicate in virtual meetings. 4. Technology transfer between academia and industry is increasingly prevalent and encouraged Industry-academia collaboration has been an accepted and common practice for several decades worldwide, spurred in part by government interests in increasing knowledge translation and innovation. 5. Evidence that such collaborations improve progress Research collaborations, according to Francis Macrina [1], allow researchers to ask questions they wouldn't be able to ask if they worked alone. In the life sciences, for example, researchers can test the same hypothesis using genetic and biochemical methods with data from both, validating the ndings. According to Macrina, the identication of the colon-cancer gene rst emerged from ndings by medical geneticists working with patients who had the disease. Repair mechanisms in yeast led to an understanding of how the gene was working in higher organisms. With the gene in hand, and with an understanding of its behavior, researchers have been developing new diagnostics and better treatments for the disease. Top
4. What Are Some of the Potential Problems with Collaborative Research?
Difference in Style of Investigators

As in any relationship, people have different styles of relating. Some are more formal, while others are more laid-back and relaxed. Likewise, in science some researchers participate in collaborations where a project is developed over a beer and a handshake at a conference and the tenor of the tie remains informal throughout. Others, require more documentation and rigorous enumeration of responsibilities. However, even if a researcher works easily with another researcher, shared grants, data, and materials require more formal written agreements involving grants-and-contracts ofces at their respective universities. Top
Difference in Style of Research Across and Within Disciplines

One collaborator may believe that peer-reviewed papers should be short and should provide a limited amount of data. Another believes that more data should be collected and the "story" of the research should be developed before anything gets published. Such differences in approach can appear among collaborators in the same eld or in different elds. The tradition of the discipline also can indicate who should be an author on a paper. In many elds, people who have not contributed substantially to the intellectual process of the research are not included while in other elds people get authorship if they participated in doing the research at any level. Different research disciplines also have varied approaches and work habits. For example:

Life science laboratories can run 24 hours a day because of the nature of performing experiments, but other disciplines may have more routine, 8-to-10-hour days. Different types of work may follow different timetables. Statisticians working on analyzing data may move faster than the social-science researchers collecting survey data from hundreds of people. Imaging a region of the brain involved in a drug addict's "high" may generate quicker results than elucidating the socioeconomic pathway the drug took to come into the addict's hands. Researchers also often speak different languages. Technical jargon exists within sub-specialties, within a discipline and across disciplines. It can be challenging for researchers to create a language understood across many disciplines. See Dr. Kathy Neckerman discuss " Several Kinds of Concerns"

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

The crucial point is to presume nothing and to put everything on the table for discussion as early in the relationship as possible. Top
Differences Between Academic and Industrial Research with Respect to Sharing of Data and Results

The free exchange of information at scientic meetings and in publications is the ethic and lifeblood of academia. However, in commercial enterprises the dissemination of research data can have profound nancial repercussions, so data are carefully vetted before they are published, if they are ever published. When academics and business researchers work together on projects, parties must agree on how the data and resultant materials will be shared. In many cases, there may be condentiality agreements in place that limit sharing of data and material, and delays in publication of the research in order to seek patent protection may be necessary. Top
Ethical Considerations May Affect Research Across Institutions and Nations

Universities worldwide often have different standards and/or policies for a variety of research practices, including those related to authorship and writing or the management of conicts of interest. While one academic center might not, for example, allow a researcher who developed a drug to be involved in the clinical trials of that drug, another institution might permit him or her to participate as long as safeguards were in place. International collaborations involving human research participants raise numerous concerns as outlined in the Human Subjects and Ethics and the Responsible Researcher modules. When conducting research with communities or cultures with different ethical or cultural norms or that differ in economic status, among the many complex issues that might arise are those relating to the informed consent process and the choice of therapeutic control in clinical trials. With respect to the latter, the question is sometimes whether the control group can ethically be given a placebo or a locally prevalent (but ineffective) therapy instead of an effective intervention as yet

unattainable in the developing world. Helpful guidelines on these and other issues have been developed by national and international bodies, such as The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) http://www.cioms.ch/publications/guidelines/guidelines_nov_2002_blurb.htm . Dr. Alan Berkman discusses "Overcoming Inequalities in Collaborations"

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Top
5. Concluding or Continuing the Collaboration

Completing a research effort does not necessarily signify the end of a collaborative relationship. Any one of a number of factors (or combination of factors) may inuence a collaborative group's decision to either conclude or continue the afliation. This decision should be considered in light of its impact on the responsible conduct of research. The likelihood of making a signicant contribution to a eld of study must be balanced by the desire of each collaborator to continue, as well as the rationale and cost for continuing the collaboration. The decision to conclude, continue, or modify a collaborative relationship can be made during various stages of the research process. For example: 1. During conceptualization. 2. During implementation. 3. Following implementation. The decision to continue or conclude may be predetermined by the end of the funding interval or stipulated in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). Sometimes the research simply "runs its course" and the investigators conclude that further work in the area would not be a good use of their time. Collaborators may lose interest in the project because they have discovered other opportunities or have changed their own research focus. Despite an agreement established in an MOU to conclude a collaborative relationship, circumstances may arise that cause researchers to reconsider their decision. Researchers may decide to continue the collaborative relationship if their research yields unanticipated ndings that could signicantly advance a particular eld of study. A new research direction could require re-conceptualizing the original project and revising the collaborative conguration by recruiting additional collaborators with a different set of research skills and expertise. The re-conceptualization could present new possibilities not previously considered. Top
What About the Data?

An important consequence of terminating a collaborative relationship is the need to clarify data ownership issues beyond the relationship. For example:

Which party or parties will be responsible for the data? How can the data be used for future investigations? What restrictions are placed on sharing the data? A related issue would be an understanding or policy between collaborators that describes the allocation of credit in subsequent publications. Collaborators may have reasonable expectations about contributing to one or more submissions following the conclusion of the research effort. These issues should be delineated in a collectively signed MOU to avoid misunderstandings and disagreements. This section was adapted from "Collaborative Research" produced by NIU. Follow the link to see the entire "Continuing or Concluding the Collaboration" module. Top
6. What Are Ways Collaborations Can Be Enhanced?

Macrina points out six key components of a successful collaboration. They are: Top
Communication First, Second, and Throughout

As Howard Gadlin wrote in "Preempting Discord: Prenuptial Agreements for Scientists", nothing should be taken for granted when researchers decide to collaborate." No one in a collaboration should assume anything. In establishing, maintaining, and even terminating a collaboration, communication is important for the project to continue. If researchers are exchanging data, personnel, or materials without a formal collaboration in place, perhaps they should address whether one should be established to formally establish the boundaries of the collaboration and to protect their respective interests and the interests of their organizations. Once a collaboration is formally in place, discussion about data, ideas, and personnel issues can freely follow. Researchers must communicate effectively whether their collaborators are across the hall or on the other side of the globe. Communication is particularly important in collaborations between academia and industry. Special requirements may be imposed on the publication of material or on inventions and patents. Whether or not a graduate student participates in an academic-industrial project must be resolved early, especially if the publication restrictions are imposed by the company. Also, patent lawyers, technology-transfer administrators, and marketing personnel from industry and the university partner must establish a common ground for communications about the development and marketing of intellectual properties. See Dr. Kathy Neckerman discuss "Collaborative Relationships"

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Top

Discussing in Advance Who Will Do What, Understanding that the Research May Evolve

Parties in a collaboration should dene goals in such a way that they could not have been established without the collaboration. Setting goals leads to expectations and outcomes. Leadership of the collaboration also must be dened. As multiple laboratories or groups of researchers may be involved, coordinating the effort among the participants requires management and communication. When a research project changes direction, the potential impact on the participants needs to be addressed. It is likely that authors will be added or dropped. Finally, researchers need to have a mechanism in place to determine when a collaboration should be concluded and the "stopping rules" for the project. Top
Discussing Authorship in Advance

Different disciplines have varying standards for determining authorship. The criteria for authorship among collaborators must be agreed to early, so that all will know what to expect. But with authorship comes responsibility: collaborators must decide how they will deal with the differing levels of expertise of each author. Who will write the manuscript and be responsible for the input from collaborators has to be established. The evolution of a project has to be considered, because if the research changes direction, someone expecting authorship might be disappointed. Finally, who will be included in the acknowledgments rather than in the byline should be addressed as early as possible in the collaboration. Top
Discussing Data and Material Management in Advance

Macrina offers good examples of what can happen among researchers who share resources and data. Laboratory A, for example, has puried a protein and prepared antibodies to the protein. Laboratory B will screen an expression library to nd the clone. Laboratory B will get the monoclonal antibody and the clone will be shared. But will Laboratory B also get the cell line that makes the monoclonal antibody? How such a question is resolved affects the ability of the laboratories to replicate work and to perform independent work at the end of collaboration. If the research is funded by private sponsors, there may be restrictions on how the materials and data are managed and shared. The transfer of materials among collaborators can be subject to "Material Transfer Agreements," (MTA), developed by administration ofces. They may include: Limits on the use of the material, usually for non-commercial research purposes. Prohibitions on the redistribution of the material. Conditions of use, including prohibitions of use in animals or humans. Conditions for publication, sometimes with provisions that the manuscript must be seen by the donor before submission for publication. A hold-harmless cause, meaning that the donor has no liability resulting from the use of the material. The issue of the return of unused materials. Top
Discussing Intellectual Property Issues in Advance

All investigators want to be able to protect results that might have potential commercial application. Disclosing results early could prevent collaborators from being able to obtain patent protection. All parties should know institutional and sponsor policies regarding intellectual property and patent procedures. Top
Managing Accountability

Each institution must abide by certain regulations, policies, and laws. Researchers working with animals, humans, or hazardous substances must conform to the appropriate regulations, policies, and laws. Basic research scientists might have access to patient data from the clinical arm of a study and must be aware that they need to maintain the condentiality of patients and personal health information. Also, clinicians should inform bench researchers of the potential hazards of certain human tissue samples. Researchers also must inform one another of any potential conict of interest that they might have in the project. Want more? Follow the link to read "Identifying and Resolving Challenges" Top
7. What is the Institutional Role in the Collaborative Process?
Technology Transfer Ofces

Most universities have a Technology Transfer Ofce (TTO) or Industry Liaison Ofce (ILO), which is responsible for identifying and patenting new inventions and copyright materials, including software. The ofce helps inventors develop the necessary documentation for patents and other kinds of protection. Although the university usually owns the commercializable intellectual property generated in publicly-funded research, the TTO/ILO works with the principal investigator to develop the best possible deal to benet the university and the inventor, as both may receive licensing revenues. The TTO/ILO interacts with industry representatives to set up collaborative research agreements, to inform them of new inventions, and to negotiate license agreements. The TTO/ILO also advises venture-capital groups of new inventions and facilitates the start-up of new

companies. The TTO/ILO will help researchers develop a business plan that will be attractive to potential investors, and may have discretionary funding to support faculty who develop new patentable technologies. The TTO/ILO also will provide guidance to researchers on protecting their inventions. If results of research are made public without rst being protected -- with a condentiality agreement, materials-transfer agreement, or patent application -- the monetary value or potential for industry uptake of the invention will be substantially reduced. Top
Research Services/Sponsored Research Ofces

Research services or sponsored research ofces are responsible for the administration of grants and contracts awarded to the university. These ofces are permitted to submit sponsored project proposals to all funding agencies (whether governmental or private) and to negotiate and accept awards on behalf of the institution. Other functions of these ofces may include: Providing assistance in the research grant application process. Establishing research accounts. Ensuring compliance with government and granting agency requirements for the use of human subjects, animal subjects and biohazardous materials in research. Establishing arrangements for the transfer of funds to research collaborators at other institutions. Top
8. Conclusion

The challenge for the investigators engaged in collaboration is to understand the project's main goal, and what role each collaborator must play in order to achieve that goal. While collaborators may work independently at certain stages of the research, they should always be cognizant of the project's larger picture. Factors that can increase the likelihood of positive collaborative outcomes include: Communicating frequently and openly. Clearly delineating roles and responsibilities. Developing effective management plans and fostering a high level of cooperation. Developing trust, collegiality, and a profound sense of fairness and accountability. Lack of attention to these factors undermines the responsible conduct of research in the collaboration. Unless addressed proactively, a number of issues may compromise the integrity of research. A partial listing of issues could include: A poorly delineated policy on authorship. Lack of compliance to research protocols. Improper attribution of credit. Disagreement regarding sharing time, work, data and resources. Disputes over disseminating ndings. Top
9. Collaborative Research Tools

An exercise for novice and experienced Collaborative Researchers Click on the image to go to a simulation of a Collaborative Research problem. See the materials at the Collaborative Research NIU RCR site.

Overcoming Barriers to Collaborative Research: Report of a Workshop.

Top
10. Reference Notes:

1. Macrina, F. Scientic Integrity: An Introductory Text with Cases. Second Edition. American Society for Microbiology Press. 2000. Top
11. Resources
Annotated Primary Resources

Gadlin H. Preempting Discord: Prenuptial Agreements for Scientists, RCR Instructional resources. A good checklist for researchers about to engage in collaborative and interdisciplinary research. Kalichman M. Scientic Integrity: Online Course in Responsible Conduct of Research: Collaboration and Mentoring, http://ethics.ucsd.edu/courses/integrity/assignments/collaboration.html. An excellent overview of all the issues involved in collaborative research. Macrina FL, 2000. Chapter 8, Collaborative Research. Scientic Integrity: An Introductory Text with Cases, 2nd ed: pp 157-178. Washington DC: ASM Press. An outstanding synopsis of all the issues involved in collaborative research. NAS, 1999, Overcoming Barriers to Collaborative Research, http://books.nap.edu/books/0309067847/html/index.html. The report focuses mostly on the collaborations between industry and academia, highlighting the differences in each culture and offering recommendations for how both sectors of the economy can best work together. Top
General Resources

Aldhous P, 2002. Harvard's Melting Pot. Nature, Vol. 416: 256-257. Cohen J, 1995. The Culture of Credit. Science, Vol. 268, No. 5218: 1706-1711. Cohen J, 1995. Share and Share Alike Isn't Always the Rule in Science. Science, Vol. 268, No. 5218: 1715-1718. Gadlin H. Preempting Discord: Prenuptial Agreements for Scientists, RCR Instructional Resources. http://ori.dhhs.gov/education/preempt_discord.shtml Hybrid Vigor Institute, Collaboration and Sensemaking http://hybridvigor.net/topics/collaboration-and-sensemaking/. Korenman SG, Berk R, Wenger NS, Lew V, 1998. Evaluation of the Research Norms of Scientists and Administrators Responsible for Academic Research Integrity. JAMA, Vol. 279, No. 1: 41-47. Locke J, 1999. No Talking in the Corridors of Science. American Scientist, Vol. 87, Iss. 1: 8-9. Macrina FL, 2000. Chapter 8, Collaborative Research. Scientic Integrity: An Introductory Text with Cases, 2nd ed: pp 157-178. Washington DC: ASM Press. Macrina FL, 1995. Dynamic Issues in Scientic Integrity: Collaborative Research. Washington, DC: American Academy of Microbiology. Metzger N, Zare RN, 1999. Interdisciplinary Research: From Belief to Reality. Science, Vol. 283, Iss. 5402: 642-643. Mowery DC, 1998. Collaborative R&D: How Effective Is It? Issues in Science and Technology, Fall 1998. NAS, 1999, Research Teams and Partnerships: Trends in the Chemical Sciences. Report of a Workshop. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309068274/html/ NIH, The NIH Roadmap. http://commonfund.nih.gov/aboutroadmap.aspx Prabhakar A, 1996. Making the R&D Connection: A Perspective on the University Role. Science Next Wave, 7 June 1996. Rhoten D, 2003. Final Report. A Multi-method Analysis of the Social and Technical Conditions for Interdisciplinary Collaboration. http://www.hybridvigor.net/interdis/pubs/hv_pub_interdis-2003.09.29.pdf Roessner D, 1996. Choose the Right Metric! Science Next Wave, 7 June 1996. Schwartz JP. Science Is Not Golden: Making Collaborations Work http://ori.hhs.gov/education/science_not_golden.shtml. Smalheiser NR, Perkins GA, Jones, S. 2005. Guidelines for Negotiating Scientic Collaboration, PLoS Biol 3(6): e217 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030217 Steneck NH. Collaborative Research in http://ori.dhhs.gov/documents/rcrintro.pdf the Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research, ORI.

Top
12. Acknowledgements

The CITI-Canada RCR Course is an adaptation of the CITI-U.S. RCR Course, originally developed by The Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) founded by Paul Braunschweiger, The University of Miami and Karen Hansen, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. This tutorial is adapted in part from an Ofce of Research Integrity RCR online Instructional Resource Tutorial on Collaborative Science (2003) authored by Robin Eisner and Daniel Vasgird ( Original Materials ) and in part, with permission, from "Collaborative Science" developed for ORI by Murali Krishnamurthy Ph.D. at Northern Illinios University (See the original materials). It was adapted for CITICanada by Susan Porter (UBC). Editing assistance for the nal CITI version was appreciatively rendered by Paul Branschweiger, Ph,D. James DuBois, Ph.D., Melody Lin Ph.D., James Appleyard, MD and Anthony Mullings MD. The preparation of this tutorial was funded in part by a contract to the Universiy of Miami and CITI from ORI, DHHS. In partnering with CITI, Network of Networks (N2) further developed CITI's existing Responsible Conduct of Research Course. Adaptation for CITI-Canada was made by Susan Porter. N2 would like to thank the N2 Education Committee and CITI and all of their constituents for their time, dedication and the support they have provided in authoring, reviewing, and editing the RCR modules. Without their seless efforts these modules would not have been made possible to our Canadian institutions and researchers. Top Last reviewed 18-July-11
Take the quiz for Collaborative Research Return to the module list for this course

Conditions of Use

Copyright and Disclaimer

Privacy Notice

Site Accessibility

Site Index

Contact Us