THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~A New Power Emerges~

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1) Why did people settle in Italy [Rome]. 2) What various people made up the Roman people?

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=Questions

=People

LEGENDARY BEGINNINGS
Long before Rome was a village, the Greeks fought against the city of Troy Among the Trojan warriors was Aeneas, a poor shepherd Aeneas fought bravely against the Greeks, but ultimately Troy fell On the last night of the battle, Hector appeared to Aeneas and told him to ee

LEGENDARY BEGINNINGS
Aeneas took his family and left Troy. He lost his wife. He wandered for many years in search of a new place to call home He had many adventures and was ultimately led by Athena to Italy Eventually he found the Tiber River and landed near Rome He married a new wife, founded a new city called Alba Longa

LEGENDARY BEGINNINGS
Legend holds that Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus on April 21, 753 BC These were the two sons of Rhea and Mars Rhea, a princess of Alba Longa was raped by Mars Rheas husband told her to drown the boys They were rescued and raised by a she-wolf As they grew older they quarreled over who should rule their new land Romulus named the city

HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS

LAND AND PEOPLE

Italy is a peninsula extending about 750 miles north to south Width averages about 120 miles Italy is rather isolated, being bordered on the north by the Alps It also has the Apennines running north to south dividing the nation in half

LAND AND PEOPLE

People were interested in Italy due to its central location It is positioned where they could trade with Asia, Europe and Africa Italy also has great natural borders The soil is much more rich than Greece and better for farming Much of this is due to the Apennines which brings silt to the lowlands

LAND AND PEOPLE

While this silt created good farmland it also blocked the mouths of rivers Vast swamplands formed at leading to disease Italy also lacks natural harbors The early inhabitants were tied to the land Dominance at sea came later

LAND AND PEOPLE

The neolithic people were the rst to settle in Italy around 5000 BC They built villages in the hills and formed many tribes New waves of people came and settled from 2000 BC to 1000 BC The Etruscans settled in the North while the Umbrians and Latins settled in central Italy

LAND AND PEOPLE

Greeks settlers arrived later around 900 BC The traders sailed up the Peninsula and traded olives and grapes They also introduced the Greek alphabet Many Greeks settled in Sicily and Southwest Italy

HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS
The Etruscans in the north remain a great enigma to historians They did not speak a IndoEuropean language Their alphabet is similar to the Greeks but only a few words have been deciphered Wall paintings and remains tell us a great deal The Etruscans were great innovators

LAND AND PEOPLE

The Latin tribe settled to the south of the Etruscans Their city, Rome, is located in central Italy It is nestled in the mountains along the Tiber River Rome was good for farming, trade, and defensible The Tiber was inland, far enough to allow trade, but also safe against intruders and pirates

HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS
In 620 BC, the Etruscans gained control of Rome The powerful Tarquin family ruled over them They taught the Latin tribe how to build with bricks and roof with tile They also taught the Latins art, paved streets, and how to build with arches

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~Early Rome~

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) The Story of Horatius at the Bridge taught the Romans what important value?

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=People

EARLY ROME
According to Myth, Rome had a major problem in its early days Romulus was only able to attract men to his new city In order to preserve its livelihood, he needed women Fearing the growth of Rome, the neighboring Sabines refused to allow their women to marry Roman men Romulus negotiated for change, but the Sabines refused

EARLY ROME
Romulus planned a celebration of Neptune and invited the Sabines During the celebration, the Roman men grabbed the Sabine women and fought off the Sabine men The Romans convinced the women to stay, promising them property, equal rights and freedom The women stayed, the Sabines prepared for revenge

THE RAPE OF THE SABINES

EARLY ROME
As sides were drawn and the men from both groups threatened to destroy one another, the women stepped in They plead their new husbands not kill their fathers and their fathers their husbands If the ght were to continue, they plead they be killed rst rather than suffer the deaths of their loved ones The ghting stopped and the Sabines and Romans joined Romulus dream of Rome was coming true

EARLY ROME
Yet, Rome was not built in a day In 620 BC, the Etruscans seized control of Rome In 534, Tarquin the Proud ruled over Rome with violence The Kings sons one day argued over whom had the most virtuous wife Unable to reach a convincing argument, the men decided to look in on what their wives were doing

EARLY ROME
The Kings son, Sextus found Lucretia, the wife of his cousin, a Roman, spinning late into the night He was so taken by her beauty and her virtue that he returned the following night and took her The act was reported and proved the nal straw of Etruscan tyranny The Romans rose up and overthrew the king and his son The began to lay the foundation of their own city under their own rule

EARLY ROME
Despite the gains of autonomy [self rule] Rome was still young When the Romans overthrew Tarquin the Proud, he returned to Etruria He convinced the Etruscans to raise and army and put him back in power Leading the Etruscan Army was Lars Porsena, King of all the Etruscans

EARLY ROME
The Roman army was undisciplined and unwilling to ght a larger foe In the rst ghts, the Romans were put to ight The Etruscans marched to the wall of Rome Between Romes walls was the Tiber River 3 Men decided to hold the bridge while the citizens of Rome tore down the bridge behind them

EARLY ROME
Two of the men, Spurius and Herminius were leaders in the army The third was a junior ofcer name Horatius who rst agreed to hold the bridge The three stood in front of the bridge with the duty of keeping the Etruscans at bay A group of three vs 1000s of soldiers We will now read of this legendary battle

HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE

By Thomas Macaulay

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~Birth of the Republic~

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

3) How did Rome develop into a Republic? 4) How does a Republic differ from a direct Democracy?

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=People

A NEW GOVERNMENT
The Republic was inuenced by Etruscan rule Under the king, people were called as advisors Many were likely family members and were called Patres or fathers Other advisors were called senators after Senex old men After the king was removed, these powerful advisors held control

A NEW GOVERNMENT
Most of Rome was made up of farmers and craftsman The Romans called them Plebeians [commoners] Both the Patricians fathers and the Plebeians commoners had voting rights At rst only the Patricians held public ofces and created laws Later power was divided between legislative and executive branches

A NEW GOVERNMENT
The executive branch was headed by two consuls These two men were also elected into ofce and served a one year term They had to both agree upon any action for it to be put into effect One could veto I forbid the other The consuls were meant to keep power in check

A NEW GOVERNMENT
In 494 BC, many plebeians were angered at their government They represented the majority but had little voice in government affairs They refused to ght in the Roman army unless there was change The Patricians agreed to reforms They allowed the plebeians the right to veto and make laws

A NEW GOVERNMENT
The plebeians slowly moved Rome towards democracy The greatest plebeian victory was the creation of written law Previous laws beneted the rich and powerful Now the laws were equal They were engraved on bronze tablets and set in the Roman forum for all to see It worked in similar fashion as our constitution

A NEW GOVERNMENT
One of the major setbacks of the Roman Republic was the slow speed by which laws were passed How would the government respond to crisis? In times of war or need the Republic would assign a temporary dictator He would be given total power for a limited period of time The best example of a great dictator was Cincinnatus

CINCINNATUS

Highlight Write = A gist at the end of each page Color = Anything that needs clarication Detail = At the end what valuable lesson this story taught the Roman people

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~Life in Early Rome~

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

?) What was life like in Ancient Rome?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

RELIGION
In early Roman history, the Romans worshipped spirits of nature They had priests called soothsayers who would foretell the future They did this by observing the ight of birds and animal intestines Then the Romans began to be inuenced by Greek culture Their spirits began to be called Gods and Goddesses

RELIGION
They borrowed Greek Gods and Goddesses and gave them Roman names Ares = Mars, Aphrodite = Venus and Zeus = Jupiter Some aspects however were distinctly Roman They worshiped ancestral spirits They also worshipped Vesta, the Goddess of the hearth

RELIGION
Vesta was the goddess of home and family At her shrines res were burned representing life and the spirit of creation The res were kept alight and watched over by Rome's only priest class, the vestal virgins They tended the res and made a 30 year vow of chastity Without them, it was believed Rome would not exist and it would lose contact with the Gods They enjoyed great freedom and privileges but breaking their oaths was severe

FAMILY
Family was a core component of Roman life Families were large in size and included unmarried children, married sons, relatives and slaves The father was the head of all decisions, religion and education He had the power to sell family members into slavery or even kill them Fathers however had a deep responsibility to provide for their family members

SLAVERY
As the Roman Empire expanded, they captured more and more slaves Slave traders followed the armies and bought captured enemies They were taken back to Rome, stripped naked and paraded around with a placard on their necks and sold Most slaves were used as cleaners, cooks, waiters, body guards and gardeners Most were paid, and could earn their freedom

FAMILY
Roman women had few rights, but more than Greek women They hosted parties and cared for the family Many had slaves who helped with household work Some spent their time learning Greek and running shops Roman values surrounded the ideas of thrift, discipline, self sacrice, and devotion to family and the republic

FOOD/HYGIENE
Wealthy Romans reclined on their couches while slaves fed them Favored meals were: Boiled stingray garnished with hot raisins, boiled crane with turnips, roasted rabbit, boar leg, wood pigeon baked pie, roasted amingo with dates honey and wine Garum and Defrutum were used as condiments In later years, many Romans practiced binge eating They also had odd oral hygiene practices

FOOD/HYGIENE
c. 600 BC, Romes nal Etruscan King laid the foundations of the Cloaca Maxima This provided Rome with a way to eliminate its public waste Going to the bathroom in ancient Rome was an interesting affair The wealthy had access to private toilets While it seems primitive to us today, it was an amazingly advanced technology for its time

FOOD/HYGIENE
Cleanliness was very important to the Romans Even the poor were known to bathe every day First the Romans would strip down and do a quick workout followed by a hot bath Second they would visit the sauna Third, an attendant would dry them, rub them down with oil and give them a shave Then they would take a cold bath Last of all, they would visit the main pool to socialize

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~Roman Expansion~

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

?) Why did the Romans expand outward from Rome? ?) What do the phrases: Vae Victus and Pyrrhic Victory mean?

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MILITARY REFORM
c. 390 BC, the Gauls crossed the Alps into Rome The Gauls, also called the Celts, inhabited the region of France The territory was erce and composed of many ghting tribes At times, Germanic tribes would cross the Rhine and displace the Gauls

MILITARY REFORM
The displaced Gauls rst made agreements to settle with the Etruscans A dispute lead the Gauls and Etruscans to war The Romans were pulled in to assist A massive battle was fought at Allia in 390BC

MILITARY REFORM
The Romans fought in the Greek Phalanx formation They fought from a massive square they called a legion They placed their worst warriors on the outer rim and best in the center The fast attacking and physically superior Gaul quickly routed the Roman army

MILITARY REFORM
The Romans ed back to Rome and left the gate open The Gauls poured in and plundered the city The remaining Romans made a stand atop the Capitoline Hill The Gauls agreed to leave if they would pay a ransom in gold The Romans came up short Vae Victus

MILITARY REFORM
Following the defeat, the Romans made massive changes The built a better wall around Rome Servian Wall They reformed the military The broke the phalanx into 3 lines of soldiers

MILITARY REFORM
Front: Hasati, poor, lightly armored, spear throwers Middle: Principes, better armored, carried full body shield, wealthy Back: best armor and shields, the most wealthy and often the best warriors The new military was called the Roman Maniple or phalanx with joints It was the second phase of the development of the Roman military

EXPANSION
Following defeat to the Gauls, the Romans became more aggressive To protect the new Republic, Rome started to conquest Italy The most difcult challenge that faced the Roman were the Greeks in Southern Italy The King of Macedon, Pyrrhus, came to help the Greek colonies Each time the Romans attacked, the Greek armies threw them back

EXPANSION
At the battle of Heraclea in 280 BC the Greeks prevailed though lost many of their best warriors Pyrrhus offered a peace treaty to Rome which they rejected He then attacked Sicily and won, but lost more men When he returned to Italy, the Romans had built up another army Pyrrhus won that battle in 275 but his army was so depleted he withdrew Winning through defeat is called a Pyrrhic Victory

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~Roman Expansion~

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

5) How did Rome develop into an Empire? 6) What conict ushered in the Roman Golden Age?

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=Questions

=People

EXPANSION
Rome had taken Southern Italy from the Greeks but were quickly threatened by another power An incredible sea power, Carthage, controlled the islands of Sicily and Sardinia As Rome moved to claim the islands, Carthage stood in front of them Carthage had existed for generations They were kings of the Mediterranean No one could challenge their power at sea

EXPANSION
Their capital was situated in N. Africa They controlled many of the islands that bordered Italy and Rome War with Carthage would continue for many years Today we see the conict as 3 distinct wars They have been referred to as the Punic Wars Punici is Latin for Phoenician

EXPANSION
Rome had a difcult time with Carthage in the 1st Punic War Rome was a land power, not good at sea When the Carthaginians defeated the Roman eet, Rome built another They created new tactics and invented the Corvus or crow The crow locked ships together and allowed the Roman to board their ships This put Rome at an advantage

A ROMAN SEA BATTLE FROM BEN HUR

A ROMAN SEA BATTLE FROM BEN HUR

EXPANSION
With the Corvus and a new eet, Rome defeated Carthage Rome added its rst of many provinces, Sicily Carthage however vowed revenge They took control of Spain, and began constructing a land army This army would come to be lead by one of the greatest generals of the ancient world, Hannibal

EXPANSION
The 2nd Punic War began when Hannibal led his army over the frosty Alps He had 46,000 men in his army, along with 37 war elephants Most of his elephants died crossing the Alps but this did not deter Hannibal He met the Romans at several battles and won victory after victory The Romans combined all their legions into one great army to defeat Hannibal The Battle of Cannae was one of the worlds greatest ancient battles

THE BATTLE OF CANNAE

THE BATTLE OF CANNAE

Strength: Carthaginians = 35,000 Roman = 86,400

THE BATTLE OF CANNAE

THE BATTLE OF CANNAE

Losses: Carthage = 6,000 Rome= 76,000

EXPANSION
After defeating the Romans at Cannae, Hannibal led his army to the gates of Rome He feared being surrounded and his men were low on supplies Instead, Hannibal decided to attack surrounding villages, and get Romes enemies to ght along side him This permitted the Roman army time to re-group

EXPANSION
The Roman army was then placed in the hands of Scipio Scipio was a brilliant general He decided not to attack Hannibal in Italy, but to ravage his homeland Carthage as the army was away As Scipio marched on Carthage Hannibal had to leave quickly to protect his homeland Scipio and Hannibal met at the Battle of Zama

EXPANSION
Amazingly, Scipio used the same battle tactics Hannibal used at Cannae Hannibal was later pursued, when on the brink of capture, he took poison Years later, Carthage and Rome went to war again, urged by the Roman senator Cato This time Rome had had enough The 3rd Punic War involved Scipio burning Carthage to the ground With the defeat of Carthage, Rome gained Sicily, Corsica and N. Africa Empire building had begun

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~The Roman Military~

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

7) How was the Roman military able to dominate Europe? 8) What problems did the Roman Republic have that led to its fall?

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=Questions

=People

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

For the next 50 years Rome would continue to expand its reign over the Mediterranean Sea Shortly after defeating Carthage, Rome began a war against Greece First, it took Greek colonies Then, it marched on Macedonia itself The Macedonian Wars pitted the worlds two best armies against one another They were some of the bloodiest affairs in world history

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

The Macedonians had changed the formation of the Greek Phalanx They fought with a longer spear, Sarisa, and increased the depth to 16 men While deadly in head to head combat, this formation had its weaknesses which the Romans exploited Long spears made it only effective in a headlong charge Shields were tied to arms, could be defeated by swords The phalanx was also vulnerable to inltration

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

After the Punic Wars, the Romans had adopted the versatile Gladius as their favored weapon Their legions, composed of maniples employed lines of spear throwers who tossed heavy pilia spears The major showdown between the armies of Macedon and Rome took place at Pydna in Northern Greece At rst, the Romans could not break the phalanx and began to despair

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Then the Macedonians traversed rough ground and the phalanxes opened gaps in their ranks The Romans threw spears to break the ranks further Then the sent War Elephants from Africa to disperse the troops The Romans divided their legions into small groups and exploited the gaps that appeared Once the Romans got in close hand to hand combat, the Gladius proved a superior weapon

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

The Romans defeated the Greeks because their units were more exible Resolving the great difculty of the age, how to defeat a Greek Phalanx, the Romans entered into an age of Empire Building The Romans annexed all of Greece and even extended itself into Asia minor By 126 BC Rome and conquered all the Mediterranean They renamed the Sea, Mare Nostrum

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Romes rapid expansion did not always mean progress Wealthy Romans pounced on the newly added territories They used them for their own prot By 100 BC, 30% of the Roman population consisted of slaves There was little need for farmers as the wealthy took the land and worked it through slave labor The streets of Rome began to ll with the landless poor

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

The gap between the rich and poor widened as did the peoples patience Revolts became common place, Rome had to use its legions to keep the revolts down In 73 BC, a slave named Spartacus led a massive slave uprising 70,000 slaves united and ravished the Italian countryside The army of Spartacus was defeated and 6,000 were crucied along the Appian Way

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Tiberius Grachus, a Roman tribune proposed land be taken from the rich and redistributed to the poor He was killed for his beliefs Years later his brother Gaius gained ground ghting for the same thing and was assassinated With all of the political corruption, many people turned to the army for help The Roman Consul Marius was soon regarded as a savior

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

In 113 BC, a series of Germanic tribes threatened Rome Marius took control and made massive changes to the Roman Army He recruited the landless poor into the army, he paid them in salt and land He also made changes to the formation of the Roman army and made sure all soldiers were equipped by the state The army would train all year round, it became a full time profession rather than being put together only in time of war

THE ROMAN MILITARY

For many years the Romans fought in phalanxs They expanded and elongated the size of the phalanx creating a legion The typical Roman legion was composed of 5 to 6,000 soldiers A smaller legion, consisting of 500 soldiers was called a Cohort The smallest units, like those employed at Pynda, were called Centuries and were led by centurions They consisted of 100 soldiers, like small ngers in a battle

THE ROMAN MILITARY

The Roman legions were great at adaptation They constantly improved upon weaponry and tactics Better armor was created, it was called Lorica was was segmented They adopted the shield from the Greeks and elongated it to protect the entire body [Scutum] They also improved the Macedonian siege machines

THE ROMAN MILITARY

Roman persistence, pride, discipline and adaptation was paramount to their success Many of the early legions were named They carried the banner of their legion and the standard of Rome, The Eagle SPQR stood for: Senatus Populusque Romanus The Senate and People of Rome If a legion was defeated and lost its Eagle standard it incurred great shame With this elite ghting unit there was little that could stand in their way from total conquest of Europe

THE ROMAN MILITARY

After making massive changes to the military, Marius headed out with a new Roman army to stop the Germanic tribes In previous battles against Germania, the Romans had failed This army was different, it was well drilled, equipped, and dedicated They threw back the Germanic tribes on the Roman side of the Alps Then they engaged them at a place called Aqua Sextae

Romans under Marius Forest Hill R o m a n s R o m a n s Forest

Teutones Gauls

Romans = 40,000

Germans = 110,000

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Marius led the Roman legions to victory against the Germanic invasions He became a hero to the people of Rome His military reforms made the Romans the greatest ghting force the world had seen Also, as a result of the Marian reforms, soldiers came to honor the general of the Roman army, not the senate Fearing Mariuss power, the senate appointed Cornelius Sulla as dictator and had him lead an army against him

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Marius was defeated and had to live in exile With Marius gone, the people of Rome turned to another general, Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was born into the Partician Julia family His ancestry was traced all the way back to Aenaes himself His mother had complications giving birth to him and he had to be cut out Thus the word Caesarian was born He would transform the Roman world

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

From Conquest to Crisis

THE ROMAN MILITARY

Romes had a strong military due to several reasons Every male citizen had to serve in the army Roman soldiers were well trained, deserters were punished by death They were kept busy building roads and creating forts and garrisons. Many were paid in salt. Rome was both cruel and merciful Those who surrendered were annexed into Rome as citizens and enjoyed Roman rights and protection Those who resisted were put to the sword

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

From Conquest to Crisis

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1) What problems did the Republic have that led to its downfall? 2) How and why did Julius Caesar overthrow the Roman Republic?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

For the next 50 years Rome would continue to expand its reign over the Mediterranean Sea Shortly after defeating Carthage, Rome began a war against Greece First it took Greek colonies Then it marched on Macedonia itself Later it annexed all of Greece and even extended itself into Asia minor By 126 BC Rome and conquered all the Mediterranean It renamed the Sea, Mare Nostrum

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Romes rapid expansion did not always mean progress Wealthy Romans pounced on the newly added territories They used them for their own prot By 100 BC, 30% of the Roman population consisted of slaves There was little need for farmers as the wealthy took the land and worked it through slave labor The streets of Rome began to ll with the landless poor

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

The gap between the rich and poor widened as did the peoples patience Revolts became common place, Rome had to use its legions to keep the revolts down In 73 BC, a slave named Spartacus led a massive slave uprising 70,000 slaves united and ravished the Italian countryside The army of Spartacus was defeated and 6000 were crucied along the Appian Way

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Tiberius Grachus, a Roman tribune proposed land be taken from the rich and redistributed to the poor He was killed for his beliefs Years later his brother Gaius gained ground ghting for the same thing and was assassinated With all of the political corruption, many people turned to the army for help The Roman Consul Marius was soon regarded as a savior

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

In 113 BC, a series of Germanic tribes threatened Rome Marius reorganized the army and hired the landless poor by offering them land and wages Marius led the Roman legions to victory during the crisis and became a hero As a result of Mariuss reforms, soldiers came to honor the general of the Roman army, not the senate Fearing Mariuss power, the senate appointed Cornelius Sulla as dictator and had him lead an army against Marius

CONQUEST AND CRISIS

Marius was defeated and had to live in exile With Marius gone, the people of Rome turned to another general, Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was born into the Partician Julia family His ancestry was traced all the way back to Aenaes himself His mother had complications giving birth to him and he had to be cut out Thus the word Caesarian was born

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

~Julius Caesar~

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

9) How and why did Julius Caesar overthrow the Roman Republic?

=Terms/Events

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=People

EXPANSION
Caesar early childhood was fraught with danger Sulla made attempts to end his life however his mother however saved it Caesar joined the army and served well as a soldier Later he returned home to nd that most of his inheritance had been destroyed or taken by Sulla Caesar returned to the military and while at duty in Spain came across a statue of Alexander the Great He was distraught at how little he had accomplished in life

THE LIFE OF CAESAR

Highlight/Label Primary or Secondary Resource? Authors Bias/Point of View? Write = A gist next to each paragraph Color = Things that need more clarication What did you nd most interesting?

EXPANSION
Caesars popularity as a soldier soon had him rising through the ranks Eventually, his success earned him election as Consul His stint as Consul did not go over well Returning home to nothing, Caesar entered back into the service of the military Caesar had planned to march his legions into Illyricum Instead, he was pulled into Gaul

INVASION OF GAUL
A group of Gauls were on the move towards Rome [Invasion of Gaul] Caesar marched to stop them whereupon he learned the Germanic tribes were moving into Gaul Caesar therefore marched on several German tribes and eventually crossed the Rhine More revolts in Gaul occurred as he left, leading him to intervene time and time again and divert more Roman legions to Gaul

CAESARS MARCH TO GAUL

CAESARS MARCH TO GAUL

INVASION OF GAUL
In Gaul, Caesar fought Germans and several other Gaulic tribes The uprisings lead him to cross the English Channel for the rst time and into Britania Because Caesars army was defeating the Gauls and placing a Roman presence therein, the Gauls unied against the Romans A huge conict ensued between Caesars Roman legions and the Gaulic Armies under Vercingetorix

INVASION OF GAUL
Caesars conquest of Gaul is a point of controversy Did he do it for fame and fortune or to protect Rome? Vercingetorix proved a huge problem for Caesar A unied Gaulic army posed a major threat to Rome Caesars brilliant battle tactics sent the Gauls reeling to a mountain retreat called Alesia

INVASION OF GAUL
Julius Caesar devised an incredible plan First he laid siege to the mountain lair Hearing more Gauls were coming, Caesar had to construct a second wall for protection Thus, one wall was used to assault Vercingetorix and another to defend their position This is the only time in history that a doughnut shaped defense has ever been used Caesar had around 60,000 soldiers to Vercingetorixs 50,000 + 250,000

VERCINGETORIX

VERCINGETORIX

EMPIRE
Caesars fame grew immense in all of Rome 1 Million conquered, 1 Million enslaved Nearly doubled the size of Rome Caesar was a bold, brave, and lovable The senate did not enjoy that so many adored him In fear, they called him to the city, told him to leave his army behind Caesar feared assassination/exile He knew how corrupt senators could be

EMPIRE
Caesar had to make a critical choice He decided to march to Rome with his army He crossed the Rubicon, leading to the modern phrase As Rome saw Caesar, they feared he was going to try and take power, they sent out an army to attack him The result was a Civil War that pitted Caesar against Pompey Julius Caesar emerged victorious He stripped the Senate of power and proclaimed himself Dictator for Life

EMPIRE
Caesar began many reforms, he redistributed land to the poor He brought back the Senate but assured the majority of power resided with him Not approving of the loss of power, the senate grew angry A plot was hatched to assassinate Caesar The Roman Republic held that when a single person attempted to seize power the people of Rome were to put him to death Caesars good friend, Marc Antony, learned of the plot and ran to inform him

EMPIRE
He was captured and detained Caesar was also informed to beware of the Ides of March [15th] On that day, as he was gathered to meet with senators the trap was sprung One senator approached Caesar from behind and stabbed him in the neck As he tried to ee he tripped and fell and was stabbed an additional 23 times The Senates hope was to regain control What they caused was another Civil War

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

From Republic to Empire

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1) What form of government did Rome adopt under Octavian [Augustus] 2) What kinds of problems emerged under the Pax Romana? 3) How did leaders like Caligula preclude Romes fall?

=Terms/Events

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EMPIRE
Two gures arose in the wake of Julius Caesars death His nephew Octavian and his cousin Marcus Antonius Julius made Octavian his legal heir in his will With riots breaking out in Rome over the death of Caesar, Octavian and Marc Antony schemed for control The two divided the Empire, Antony over the east, Octavian over the west While this ordeal worked for awhile, eventually they both clashed

EMPIRE
Antony fell for Caesars old lover, Cleopatra of Egypt Octavian convinced the Romans that Antony and Cleopatra were conspiring for Rome He went to war with Antony and defeated him at the Battle of Actium Antony committed suicide and died in the arms of Cleopatra Cleopatra also committed suicide Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome

EMPIRE
Octavian was declared Augustus, or revered one Octavian then became imperator, or emperor of Rome The Republic was no more, it became an Empire Augustus Caesar then instituted many reforms and transformed Rome from wood to marble He ushered in the Pax Romana, 200 years of peace and prosperity

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Octavian wanted prestige like his uncle Julius He decided to send the Roman armies into Germania As the Roman legions entered the wet Tuetoburg Forest they were surrounded The German tribes annihilated the Roman army [20,000 killed] The defeat would later be avenged by a promising young general named Germanicus Julius Caesar

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
As Augustus neared death, he proclaimed Tiberius Julius Caesar emperor Tiberius was another general but of no relation to Augustus Tiberius was never comfortable being emperor Many favored Germanicus, the great war hero Tiberius enjoyed power and saw Germanicus as a threat

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Tiberius sent Germanicus to Egypt Away from Romes watchful eye he struck Germanicus mysteriously died Many suspected that Tiberius had him secretly killed The wife of Germanicus and his eldest son were exiled and they committed suicide His other son was put in prison and starved to death

THE DEATH OF GERMANICUS

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Germanicus youngest son was named Gaius Germanicus As Germanicus traveled amongst his soldiers with his young son in tow, soldiers began to call the child Caligula, little boots Caligula was spared death by Tiberius He was raised by Tiberius when the emperor was living at his retreat on the Island of Capri Here Caligula was subject to all kinds of terrible things, his mind twisted

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
As Tiberius grew old, Caligula struck and killed him in secret, seizing power In his rst two years he was immensely popular, riding on the prestige of his father In the 3rd year of his reign, Caligula fell deathly ill When he came back he was a different person He killed scores of people he believed were plotting to kill him; close relatives and members of the Praetorian guard

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Soon, Caligula began to live in extravagance Eating and drinking, wasting the publics money His wealthy lifestyle soon bankrupted Rome, which in turn caused him to tax everything and everyone for money He taxed food, prostitutes, poor and even killed wealthy citizens to acquire their property When the public turned on him, he built two massive oating ships on lake Nemi as a retreat

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Soon Caligula began claiming that he was a God He started to dress as Hercules, Apollo and even Venus Other scandals surrounded Caligulas life, scandals such as: raping the wives of other men, then bragging about it. Killing for amusement. Erecting a statue of himself in Jerusalem for worship. Making his horse a consul Eventually Caligula was assassinated by his own guard Poor leadership such as this brought Rome to its knees

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Nero and the Great Persecution

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) How did Rome treat early Christians? Why?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Following the death of Caligula, the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius as Emperor He was the brother of Tiberius Claudius was not well received by the people of Rome He walked with a limp and was partially deaf He proved a great leader however, conquering Britain and building two great aqueducts

THE ROMAN MILITARY

Rome entered England in 43AD Britain was full of several warring tribes One of the largest was the Iceni tribe When the Romans hunted down and slaughtered the druids, the Iceni declared war They Iceni destroyed a Roman legion and burned London to the ground They were led by Boudicca The greatest showdown took place at Watling Street where 230,000 Iceni stood against 10,000 Romans

BOUDICCAS REBELLION

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Nero and the Great Persecution

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) How did Rome treat early Christians? Why?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Claudius had a wife named Agrippina He frequently quarreled with her and vowed to adopt another child as his son Some sources say that she poisoned his food with mushrooms so her son could become Caesar Upon the death of Claudius, Nero became emperor of Rome Nero was young, only 17, and thus his mother often made decisions for him Many felt Rome was in the hands of Agrippina

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Nero began to exercise his own authority and pushed his mother aside She threatened to put his brother into power so Nero had him put to death Later, after other attempts to wrench away control, Nero had his mother killed Some sources indicate that he killed his pregnant wife He later decided to build a luxurious palace for himself

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
The problem with his desire was there was nowhere in Rome where it could be built He decided to set re to the city It was said that as people ed, he stood atop the the walls and played his lyre He blamed the re on Christians and thus commenced the Great Persecution To re-build Rome, he raised taxes which led to his unpopularity Rather than be removed he committed suicide

AN EMPIRE OF MADNESS
Leaders like Caligula and Nero began Romes demise The city would look outward to the military for good leadership Rome would be lead by militaristic men who did not always have Romes interests in mind The switch from a Republic led by the people to an Empire led by one man was proving catastrophic

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Augustus Caesar, relied heavily upon religion Saw Romes success was based upon its worship of the Gods Romans worshipped the same Gods as the Greeks, only under different names Their chief Gods and Goddesses were: Jupiter, Mars, Juno and Minerva The Romans were tolerant to all religions

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
As Rome conquered the Middle East, other religions came to Rome Many Roman citizens were quick to adopt these new religions, because they provided answers to the afterlife Christianity would have the greatest affect of all the religions upon Rome Christianity arose out of Judaism, which is the Jewish faith It originated in Jerusalem, in modern day Israel

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
In 6 AD, Jerusalem fell under the control of Rome Under the bondage of Roman rule, many Jews adhered to the teachings of the Old Testament in the Bible On such scripture told of the coming of a Messiah, or anointed one, who would come and save them Jesus Christ proclaimed himself this person The Jews were split over him, many believed in his teachings, others rejected him because he was not a military man

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Jesus taught the people to love one another, not to hate and kill This was not seen in good light by all Soon, many rallied and desired that Jesus be put to death He was given a Roman trial, and despite a valid trial, he was put to death by crucixion His followers proclaimed he had risen from the dead after the 3rd day, conquering death His teachings continued to be taught and many would be converted

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Jesus, upon his resurrection, told his disciples to continue to preach his word They then went out and taught all over the world Their story is found, as well as the teachings of Jesus, in the New Testament of the Bible Peter, went to Rome, experienced success but was ultimately put to death James went to Spain and he was killed as well as many others Christianity would not be stopped

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
In 70 AD, Jerusalem was completely destroyed by Titus Over 1 million people were killed The last remnants were killed atop the fortied city of Masada Many committed suicide rather than Roman Capture Those who survived were taken captive back to Jerusalem The Jewish temple was destroyed, its riches carried back to Rome The slaves and captured goods would fund the construction of the Coliseum in Rome

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
In 70 AD, Jerusalem was completely destroyed by Titus Over 1 million people were killed The last remnants were killed atop the fortied city of Masada Many committed suicide rather than Roman Capture Those who survived were taken captive back to Jerusalem The Jewish temple was destroyed, its riches carried back to Rome The slaves and captured goods would fund the construction of the Coliseum in Rome

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
The site where Christ was crucied was transformed into a Roman temple Christs tomb was allegedly buried by the Romans to make them forget Upon the tomb was constructed a Roman temple to Venus Temples to Venus were essentially houses of prostitution The actual site however, is still heavily debated

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Over time, many in Rome would convert This eventually became a major problem to Roman authority As early as 54 AD, Christians began to be persecuted in Rome Nero blamed them for the re that had burned the city Later, as Roman power began to decline, many Romans blamed Christians for their fall and defeats

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Under Diocletian, Rome underwent a recovery project to protect the Empire All citizens were told to worship the Emperors Gods When Christians refused, they were severely persecuted, an event known as the Great Persecution 1000s were put to death Co-Emperor Galerius would feed Christians to the lions for entertainment while he ate lunch Competitions were held to see who could persecute and kill a Christian in the most horrible way

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Despite the persecutions, Christians would adhere to their beliefs Their church meetings would be held underground in tunnels beneath Rome Here we nd the earliest of Christian art called the Orans Christianity would ultimately win supreme victory over Rome

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Despite the persecutions, Christians would adhere to their beliefs Their church meetings would be held underground in tunnels beneath Rome Here we nd the earliest of Christian art called the Orans Christianity would ultimately win supreme victory over Rome

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Despite the persecutions, Christians would adhere to their beliefs Their church meetings would be held underground in tunnels beneath Rome Here we nd the earliest of Christian art called the Orans Christianity would ultimately win supreme victory over Rome

EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Despite the persecutions, Christians would adhere to their beliefs Their church meetings would be held underground in tunnels beneath Rome Here we nd the earliest of Christian art called the Orans Christianity would ultimately win supreme victory over Rome

THE GREAT PERSECUTION

Highlight/Label Primary or Secondary Resource? Authors Bias/Point of View? Write = A gist next to each paragraph Color = Things that need more clarication What did you nd most interesting?

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Virtual Tour

The Seven Hills of Rome

Via Appia

Aurelian Wall

Porta Appia

Baths of Caracalla

Baths of Caracalla

Circus Maximus

Circus Maximus

Flavian Obelisk

Imperial Palace

Domus Aurea

Domus Aurea

The Roman Coliseum

Hypogeum

Colossus of Nero

Capitoline Hill

Temple to Jupiter

The Forum

Trajans Forum

Arch of Constantine

Aqua Claudia

Pantheon

Pantheon

Theater of Marcellus

Theater of Marcellus

Mausoleum of Hadrian

Castel St. Angelo

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Conversion and Decline

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) What impact did Constantine have on Rome and Western Civilization? 2) Explain the basis of the Roman economic system. What was barter?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

CONVERSION & DECLINE

The Emperor Marcus Aurelius died in 180 AD He was considered the last of the great Roman Emperors The years that followed would become embroiled in chaos and Civil War From the years 235 to 284, twenty two people were named Emperor Most were powerful military leaders, seizing power, only to be assassinated

CONVERSION & DECLINE

While turmoil and decay persisted inside of Rome, enemies took advantage In Persia, the Sassanid Empire retook many Roman lands Germanic tribes began to win victories in Gaul, Spain, and the Balkans Also the 3rd century experienced a massive plague Trade reduced dramatically, in many areas money was reduced to barter Things got so bad that Rome began to recruit German mercenaries to ght for them

CONVERSION & DECLINE

A last effort was put forth by the Emperor Diocletian to stop the downward spiral He formed the Tetrarchy, composed of 4 emperors He repaired and restored the economy He rebuilt and fortied the Roman borders He also unied Rome in religion, beginning the great persecution In all, he restored Rome to a sense of normalcy

CONVERSION & DECLINE

One of the tetrarchs was Constantius Constantius reigned in Gaul and Britannia His son Constantine was born in Illiyricum Constantius was a good man, did not persecute the Christians Galerius took the initiative to raise Constantine Purpose was to keep his power in check

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Many times, Galerius secretly tried to kill Constantine by putting him in impossible battles Time and again Constantine would win In time, as Constantine grew, his father became ill in Britannia Called for his son to return In a drunken stupor, Galerius permitted Constantine to leave Constantine found and lived with his father for one year in Britannia

CONVERSION & DECLINE

When Constantius died, Constantine was made his replacement In Rome, the people protested a new tax and selected Maxentius to become Caesar Maxentius, declared war on Constantine in order to take his position Efforts were made to attack Maxentius but no one could assault the Aurelian Wall Thus it was left to the young and undefeated Constantine to remove the usurper

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Constantine took his army into Italy to attack and rescue Rome He rst had to attack a small town just inside the Alps, Torino Burned the cities gates, the city surrendered The next city, terried, welcomed him with open arms Later he fought the Roman Heavy Calvary, beat them by creating iron clubs Finally, he fought and laid siege to Verona, secured his rear

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Next objective was to assault Rome No one in over 1000 years had defeated the capital city Aurilian Wall was seen as impregnable Constantine knew he was outnumbered and the battle seemed almost hopeless In his march to Rome, he went out and prayed Prayed to the highest God for assistance He received an answer

CONVERSION & DECLINE

As Constantine prayed he saw in the sky the Christian Chi Rho He then heard the words, En hoc singo vinces by this sign you shall conquer Constantine took this as an answer to his prayers Marked all of his mens shields, armor and ags with the Christian Chi Rho Began his march onward to Rome

CONVERSION & DECLINE

As Constantine prayed he saw in the sky the Christian Chi Rho He then heard the words, En hoc singo vinces by this sign you shall conquer Constantine took this as an answer to his prayers Marked all of his mens shields, armor and ags with the Christian Chi Rho Began his march onward to Rome

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Maxentius too had consulted the sages for wisdom Received a prophecy that foretold his victory He marched out to ght Constantine in pitched battle, leaving the city walls The battle took place near the Mulvian Bridge Maxentius had a deceptive plan

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Maxentius believed he could lure Constantine across a makeshift bridge near the Mulvian Bridge Then, when Constantine was atop the bridge, they would pull the pins and drown him In the battle, Constantine was so ferocious that Maxentius men were pushed into the Tiber River As Maxentius retreated, luring Constantine across the bridge, he himself fell in and drown The body was found and decapitated

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Constantines army then marched into Rome bearing the Christian symbols With the victory Constantine converted to Christianity As Constantine converted, and people heard of his victory over Rome, they assumed his God to be true Constantine then had to learn what it was to be a Christian Went to great efforts to restore what had been lost

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Constantine would lead in a new age of progress for Rome He would set the foundations of the Roman Catholic Church He called the council of Nicaea in attempt to unify all Christians under one doctrine Many religions see this act as a separation from truth In any case, what Constantine did was raise Christianity to prominence Without Constantine, Christianity may not have survived

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

The Fall of the Roman Empire

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Why did Constantine build a new city in the east? 2) Why did Rome fall? What did it mean for western civilization?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

CONVERSION & DECLINE

Sick of Rome and its politics, Constantine decided to build a new capital in modern day Turkey He named it Constantinople It was chosen for it impressive natural defense Also for its easy trade access to the east Another reason was to create a Christian capital, untainted by pagan beliefs Some historians consider this event the end of the Roman Empire

CONVERSION & DECLINE

After Constantines death, civil war rocked the Empire Theodosius became emperor In 395AD he formally divided the empire in half Focus turned to the east and the west was left vulnerable Germanic tribes: Goths, Saxons, Franks, Angles and Vandals all began to push into Roman lands Roman territories were warmer and had better soil

THE FALL OF ROME

Then came the Hun, led by Attila The Hun came from China In China, the Han Dynasty had nished the Great Wall The Hun had nowhere to go, they turned to Europe They were bloodthirsty, killing men women and children, destroying all in sight They used swift moving horses and better bows than Europeans

THE FALL OF ROME

The Hun began to pressure the German tribes, who began to pressure Rome One German tribe, the Visigoths, sought Roman protection against the Hun Rome allowed them to cross the Danube But Rome was not kind to the Goths They promised them land and food but did not hold true to their deal Rome did not have enough food for itself, they starved and enslaved the Goths

THE FALL OF ROME

Eventually the Goths rebelled Motivated by hunger, the Goths burned and destroyed many weakened Roman garrisons In 378, Rome lost a major battle at Adrianople, Emperor Valens was killed Door was open to attack Rome 410, the Goths led by Alaric, attacked and destroyed Rome The Goths then moved on to Gaul and Spain

THE FALL OF ROME

Rome lived on but most Romans had ed to the East, to the city of Constantinople The Goths and Romans combined forces to defeat Attila in 453 After the Hun receded, the Slavs moved into Roman lands In 455 Rome was sacked again by the Germanic Vandals In 476 a German leader proclaimed himself king of Rome This date is viewed as the end of the Roman Empire

THE FALL OF ROME

The Western Roman Empire was over In the east, Constantinople stood strong and did not fall They would remain a dim light in the darkness This empire would last another 1000 years They did not mingle with the world, they were content behind their walls
Walls of Constantinople

THE FALL OF ROME

In time, the people of Constantinople began speaking Greek They became known as the Byzantines In 527, Emperor Justinian attempted to re-conquer what Rome had lost Conquered, North Africa, Persia and even Italy It did not last and Justinian started to focus only on his city and the east Justinian also built Hagia Sophia

THE FALL OF ROME

What are the reasons then that Rome fell Historians offer many explanations, most are still heavily debated Reasons include: Borders too great to defend Plague weakened the Empire Poor leaders, bad decisions Christianity weakened morals Corrupt political system Lead poisoning in pipes

THE FALL OF ROME

Following Romes defeat, western culture fell into an age of darkness All of Romes accomplishments were forgotten Many Christians abandoned Rome and accused its fall on paganism In a centurys time, the achievements of Rome, its technology, was lost Western culture moved backwards People became increasingly illiterate and more barbaric and brutal The Dark Ages had begun