Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A. William Ruff
Consultant
15.4
15.1
Introduction
Tribology is a critical science that has a key role in U.S. technology and competitiveness. Increased knowledge in tribology attained through research, both fundamental and applied, can lead to improved system reliability and durability, as well as decreased energy and material losses, throughout industrial technology. Transfer of tribology research results into general engineering practice is essential and can be assisted through the dissemination and use of critical tribological data. Tribology encompasses crossdisciplinary research and practice in materials, lubricants, and design (Zum Gahr, 1987). As a result, tribology research results are published in a number of specialized journals. This fact coupled with the diversity of tribology conditions of interest makes it difcult for researchers and engineers who work in different elds to locate pertinent information. As a result, advances in tribology have sometimes only slowly been incorporated into engineering practice. One approach to reduce this problem is the creation of tribological data and information banks. Many equipment manufacturing companies have taken steps to create proprietary data banks for their own use in design and material selection. In the public sector, the National Institute of Standards and Technology began in 1985 to develop a computerized tribology information system that would be widely available (Jahanmir et al., 1988). That system, termed ACTIS, was planned in accordance with recommendations from the international tribology community. The system was constructed to be computer-based and suitable for PCs generally available at that time. Within the limits of available funding, a total of 11 individual modules of code and data were developed and marketed. Recently, seven modules of the system, including databases and design codes, have been made available to the public without charge (see Further Information). The data included in this publication are drawn from those databases.
15.2
Sources of Data
Data generation in tribology involves a wide variety of experimental systems. In a compilation of 157 different wear test systems used to report data at the ASME Wear of Materials Conferences over the
STEEL
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
1.0
roughened disks
Mirror-smooth disks
0
FIGURE 15.1 Variation in coefcient of friction with sliding velocity for unlubricated steelsteel combinations.
period 1977 to 1985 (Glaeser et al., 1986) found that predominant systems were pin/disk (32%), pin/at (29%), and block/ring (17%). Since each of these test geometries has different mechanical and thermal contact characteristics, it should be expected that measured tribological data will reect those differences. Interlaboratory comparisons in fact show signicant differences in wear results using basically similar pin/disk systems (Czichos et al., 1987) and even larger differences using dissimilar pin/disk systems (Almond et al., 1987). There is not yet any known way to adjust data from any test geometry to some reference measurement condition. Since results from laboratory tribology measurements are determined by the properties and conditions of the specic test system (Czichos, 1978), it is essential that the conditions used are appropriate to the nal application intended. This requirement has been well stated (Barwell et al., 1983): For experiment to have meaning, it must reproduce the circumstances surrounding the occurrence of the phenomena under study. Otherwise the results will be irrelevant to the purpose of the investigation. Ashby and co-workers (Lim et al., 1987) have gathered friction data and wear rate data from the literature pertaining to pin/disk test systems involving steel/steel contacts. The results for system friction are shown in Figure 15.1, plotted vs. sliding velocity. Clearly there is a signicant spread of friction values at any velocity. A simple functional relationship is difcult to justify using these data, and it is impossible to determine a single representative friction value. The authors discuss possible reasons for the wide variation. Similar difculties were found in handling wear data collected from the literature. The scatter inherent in tribology data has been noted by many authors (Rabinowicz, 1981; Ruff, 1989). Figure 15.2 summarizes ndings reported from a laboratory study of sliding UHMW polyethylene against stainless steel (Walbridge et al., 1987). By repeatedly interrupting a long-term test, the investigators were able to follow the progression of the wear coefcient as a function of time. The statistical distribution of those wear
FIGURE 15.2 The distribution of calculated wear coefcient values of measured wear loss for UHMW polyethylene sliding against type 316L stainless steel.
coefcients was found to be a lognormal distribution. In most of the cases, there was signicant difference between the most frequent value and the mean value. That suggests that descriptions of wear data by mean value and standard deviation analysis, while customary, may not always be suitable. This particular point needs to be more widely examined as tribological data are evaluated and added to data banks. Two specic examples of data gathering and evaluation for quite different tribological situations will be discussed. Two different modes of wear, mild and severe, are involved. Example 1. Mild Sliding Wear Mild wear situations are commonly experienced in service. This mode of damage might be considered as an extreme upper limit to tolerable behavior in many tribological systems. Ashby and co-workers have published wear rate results gathered from the literature on selected material combinations. Figure 15.3 shows their ndings for pin/disk unlubricated sliding wear of low carbon steel against itself (Lim et al., 1987). In order to simplify the gure, contour lines have been drawn here guided by the actual data values that were in the original plot. In this graph the variables, normalized pressure and normalized velocity, cover a wide range of 4 decades and 6 decades, respectively, while the wear rates cover 6 decades. This clearly represents a physical situation of extremely large range in design and use conditions. For example, in certain regions of the plot, a change by a factor of 2 in pressure or velocity can produce a change by a factor of 10 in wear rate. This may be due to changes in the controlling wear mechanisms, or due to inherent sensitivity of wear to conditions in that region. In order to examine data from a more systematic, controlled perspective, consider two carefully controlled interlaboratory studies that have been reported. The VAMAS studies (Czichos et al., 1987) reported the wear constant for steel sliding against steel, as summarized in Figure 15.4. Results for six U.S. laboratories are individually indicated along with, separately, the average for the U.S. and for the world laboratories. The individual number of measurements is indicated in each case. It is seen that while the average values for the U.S. and world groups agree very well, there is considerable variation among the individual U.S. labs, up to a factor of 6 times in the average values reported. A similar situation is seen in a second set of interlaboratory data developed by a U.K. effort (Almond et al., 1987) and summarized in Figure 15.5. Both single-pin/disk tests, carried out with conditions similar to the VAMAS tests, and tri-pin/disk tests were done. Looking at the single- pin test results, one sees a large difference in average wear constant value among the individual labs, up to a factor of 4 times. The comparison between the single-pin test average and the tri-pin test average disagrees by a factor of about 2 times. The large individual differences in average wear constant shown, in spite of the care taken to control test specimen and test condition uniformity, suggest that both bias and precision of the data must be substantial concerns in any effort to construct data banks.
10
-2
10
~ NORMALIZED PRESSURE F
-4
10
-1
-5 -4 -5
10
-3
-6 -7 -6 -7 -9 -6 -7 -9 -10 -8
-6 -8
10
-5
FIGURE 15.3 Contours of constant wear rate order-of-magnitude values (mm3/m) for steelsteel unlubricated sliding conditions vs. normalized pressure and velocity. (Adapted from Lim, S.C. and Ashby, M.F. (1987), Wearmechanism maps, Acta Metallurgica, 35, 1-24.)
FIGURE 15.4 Wear constant results from VAMAS interlaboratory measurements of steelsteel combinations in unlubricated sliding. Each bar is a mean value topped by one standard deviation. The number of individual measurements is shown above each bar.
Example 2. Severe Abrasive Wear The second example involves a comparison of laboratory abrasive wear data obtained using two different test methods. Figure 15.6 shows a comparison (Moore et al., 1983) between two laboratory methods, pin/abrasive disk sliding, and dry sand abrasion, for a high hardness steel. The data for the rounded Ottawa sand follow a 1:1 relation comparing measurements from the two tests. However, the results using crushed quartz abrasive deviate signicantly from that relationship, up to about 50%. The authors interpreted this spread to show the signicance of different abrasive shape and composition characteristics on wear.
FIGURE 15.5 Wear constant results from U.K. interlaboratory measurements of steelsteel combinations in unlubricated sliding. Each bar is a mean value topped by one standard deviation. The number of individual measurements is shown above each bar.
FIGURE 15.6 Comparison of relative wear resistances between two abrasion test methods using two types of abrasive.
One can conclude from these and other examples that extreme care must be used in selecting test results for data bank construction, so that substantial bias and variability are not introduced into the data collection.
15.3
A brief discussion of the material types found in the database, Table 15.1, is in order.
the load supported on a full oil lm, the coefcient of friction commonly lies in the 0.001 range and is determined by characteristics of the oil lm rather than by the bearing material. With a boundary lm, both dynamic friction and wear rates will attain intermediate levels between dry and full oil lm values. The softest material capable of meeting the load and temperature requirements is the common choice for optimum embedding of foreign particles and tolerating misalignment. Even where fatigue load capacity is inadequate with a soft material such as babbitt, the material can be used when it is applied as a thin layer on a backing of either steel or a stronger bearing material. Note carefully the conditions used when the data were obtained since most materials are sensitive to changes in conditions.
15.3.3 Plastics
Plastic materials are used for dry (unlubricated) or boundary lubricated, slow speed sliding and intermittent operation within the tabulated limits of temperature, P, V, and PV values, where P is unit loading on the projected bearing area in N/m2, V is surface velocity in m/s, and their product PV gives some measure of the temperature rise and wear severity for the contact. For acceptable wear performance in long-term operation, PV values should be held to about 10 to 20% of the maximum PV value listed, which is for short-time running under a most severe condition. The limiting PV given here was usually determined at approximately V = 0.5 m/s (100 ft./min.) in a short-time laboratory bench test. Tabulated P, V, and PV limits are either for dry operation on steel or for operation with the lubricants originally incorporated (where possible) in the plastic. With a supplementary supply of lubrication, much more demanding requirements may be accommodated. Friction and wear data for the plastics are for sliding against carbon steel surfaces. Manufacturers can often supply further guidelines for running against aluminum or various plastics. Note carefully the conditions used when the data were obtained, since most materials are sensitive to changes in conditions.
15.3.4 CarbonGraphites
These materials are widely used for dry operation at high temperature, and also for bearings and seals running with low-viscosity uids such as water, solvents, and fuels; such uids are inadequate for lubrication of uid (oil) lm bearing metals. These hard and brittle carbongraphites require hardened mating surfaces and tolerate dirt contamination poorly. P, V, and PV data are given for application of carbongraphites in dry operation. When used with water, fuels, solvents, and many process uids, the carbongraphites are excellent uid-lm bearing materials. In such cases, operating limits are commonly much higher than those given here, and performance characteristics depend largely on the nature of the uid lm involved in the bearing. Note carefully the conditions used when the data were obtained, since most materials are sensitive to changes in conditions.
15.4
The database, Table 15.1, contains data records of two types: materials data and tribological data.
Contact environment: Contact geometry: Counterface description: Counterface material: Data source: Density: Distance: Expansion coefcient: Form: Fracture toughness (Mode I, plane strain): Friction coefcient: Grade: Hardness: Heat capacity: Load: Maximum operating temperature: Maximum pressure: Maximum velocity: Melting point: P(ressure) V(elocity) limit: Principal component: Processing conditions: Processing and treatment: Resistivity: Second component: Specication: Specimen shape: Standard test: Sub-class: Temperature: Tensile strength: Thermal conductivity: Velocity: Wear coefcient: Wear constant: Wear rate:
Terms describing the local environment at the contact, e.g., atmosphere, lubricant, abrasive, etc. Terms describing the geometry such as pin/disk, etc. Further identication of the counterface. Identication of the opposing surface material, e.g., rubber, steel. Source of data for this record (consult data sources at end of table). Mass per unit volume, in kilograms per cubic meter. Sliding distance used in the test, in meters. Increase in dimensions of a body due to change in temperature, in micrometers per meter per degree C. The material form, e.g., rod, sheet, cast, etc. Resistance to extension of a crack, given here by KIC, the critical stress intensity factor for plane strain, linearelastic conditions, in MPa m1/2. Dimensionless ratio of the force resisting motion to the normal force pressing two moving bodies together. Designation given a material by a manufacturer. Resistance of a material to indentation. The usual methods for hardness determinations include Rockwell C, Vickers, etc. Amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of unit mass by one degree, in kilojoules per kilogram per degree C. Normal contact load used in the test, in Newtons. Maximum permitted contact temperature, in degrees C. Maximum permitted contact pressure, in MPa. The maximum permitted sliding velocity, in m/s. Temperature at which a solid changes to liquid state at one standard atmosphere, in degrees C. Maximum permitted value of the product contact pressure times sliding velocity, in MPa m/s. The principal component (element) designation. Specic process conditions used, e.g., 200C temperature. A descriptive phrase on the process method, e.g., cast. Electrical resistance measured between opposite faces of a centimeter cube of material, in units of micro-ohm cm. The second component (element) present. A precise statement of a set of requirements to be satised by a material, promulgated by an organization, e.g., ASTM-###, SAE-###, etc. The shape of the test specimen, e.g., block, pin. Test designation, i.e., ASTM, SAE, etc. Subdivisions of a class, e.g., ferrous, boride, etc. Test temperature, in degrees C. Maximum amount of tensile load per unit original cross-section area that a material attains when tested to rupture, in MPa. Time rate of steady heat ow through unit area per unit temperature gradient, in watts per meter per degree C. Relative speed of motion between the two contacting surfaces, in m/s. Dimensionless coefcient calculated by the relationship: (wear volume)(hardness)/(load)/(sliding distance). Volume rate of material removal per unit sliding distance per unit load, in cubic millimeters per Newton-millimeter. Volume rate of material removal per unit sliding distance, in cubic millimeters per meter.
Wear type:
Youngs modulus:
Five possible types are considered: abrasive, adhesive, fatigue, fretting, or lubricated, dened as: (1) abrasive wear being caused by the action of hard particles or protuberances between the contacting surfaces; (2) adhesive wear caused by surface interactions usually involving deformation; (3) fatigue wear due to time-dependent, accumulative fatigue processes at or beneath the contacting surfaces; (4) fretting wear under oscillating conditions at small sliding amplitudes; (5) lubricated wear under conditions in which a lubricant is present. Ratio of tensile or compressive stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit of the material, in MPa.
References
Almond, E.A. and Gee, M.G. (1987), Results from a U.K. interlaboratory project on dry sliding wear, Wear, 120, 101-116. Barwell, F.T. and Jones, M.H. (1983), Role of laboratory test machines, in Industrial Tribology, Jones, M.H. and Scott, D. (Eds.), Elsevier, NY. Czichos, H. (1978), Tribology: A Systems Approach to the Science and Technology of Friction, Lubrication, and Wear, Elsevier, NY. Czichos, H., Becker, S., and Lexow, J. (1987), Multilaboratory tribotesting: results from the VAMAS program on wear test methods, Wear, 114, 109-130. Glaeser, W. and Ruff, A.W. (1986), private communication. Jahanmir, S., Ruff, A.W., and Hsu, S.M. (1988), A computerized tribology information system, in Proceedings ASM Conference on Engineered Materials for Advanced Friction and Wear Applications, ASM International, OH, 243-247. Lim, S.C. and Ashby, M.F. (1987), Wear-mechanism maps, Acta Metallurgica, 35, 1-24. Moore, M.A. and Swanson, P.A. (1983), The effect of particle shape on abrasive wear: a comparison of theory and experiment, in Proceedings of Wear of Materials Conference 1983, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY, 1-11. Peterson, M.B. and Winer, W.O. (1980) (Eds.), Wear Control Handbook, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY. Rabinowicz, E. (1981), The wear coefcient magnitude, scatter, uses, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 103, 188-194. Ruff, A.W. (1989), Comparison of standard test methods for non-lubricated sliding wear, in Proceedings of Wear of Materials Conference 1989, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY, 717-721. Walbridge, N.C. and Dowson, D. (1987), Distribution of wear rate data and a statistical approach to sliding wear theory, in Proceedings of Wear of Materials Conference 1987, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY, 101-110. Zum Gahr, K.-H. (1987), Microstructure and Wear of Materials, Elsevier, NY.
TABLE 15.1
NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
HOT PRESSED K 162B 2690 P-5AG S-95 T-0054 P-9 G-1 P-03 P-2W P-5 P-15 CU SIO2 LIF AG
AG
OIL TA PTFE TiC CO CO NI CR SI NI CR C C CU CU C CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR PM-103 H-46 K-714 NI-RESIST 1 NI-HARD 4 DURIRON NI-HARD HC250 MEEHANITE
440CM 304HN 316 440C 440C 17-4PH 304 316 347 17-4 PH 316 316 17-4 PH 410 15-5PH 410 21-55N 310 52100 52100 52100
TABLE 15.1
SELF BOND
MOULDED
MOULDED COATING ON STEEL PLATE CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST POROUS, 8% ELECTROLYTIC POROUS, 20% POROUS, 20% POROUS, 20%
ANNEALED
ANNEALED
SAE 863; ASTM B-439-70, GR4; MIL-B-5687C, 2B SAE 862; ASTM B-439-70, GR3; MIL-B-5687C, 2B SAE 850; ASTM B-439-70, GR1; MIL-B-5687C, 2A1
COLD ROLLED ANNEALED HT WROUGHT, H900 ANNEALED ANNEALED HOT WORKED, ANNEALED HT ANNEALED ANNEALED HT ANNEALED WROUGHT, H900 HT ANNEALED ANNEALED HT HT HT
600F TEMPER
1000 TEMPER
TABLE 15.1
NUMBER 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
TABLE 15.1
TABLE 15.1
NUMBER 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232
C93200
TABLE 15.1
CAST
400F TEMPER
BAR
ANNEALED ANNEALED CARBURIZED, HT HT CARBURIZED, HT ANNEALED CARBURIZED, HT HT PH PH,NITRIDED HT ANNEALED HT ANNEALED ANNEALED HT HT HT ANNEALED HT HT HT HT ANNEALED
300F TEMPER 350F TEMPER 300F TEMPER 300F TEMPER 260C TEMPER
BAR
BAR
25min.1875F, 2 TEMPER 1100F,2h 600F TEMPER 1850F, TEMPER 400F, 1 h 500F TEMPER
SAE 783 POROUS, 19% CAST CAST CAST ANNEALED AGE HARDENED ANNEALED ANNEALED
SAE 660
TABLE 15.1
NUMBER 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310
C 718
SB SB SB SB SN SN SN ZN TI CU SN NI NI SN SN SN SI CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR AL AL
15 13 7 8
C86300 0.5 TI K500 16-25-6 16-25-6 C51100 C87200 S1016 1 6 F STAR J S1016 S1016 6
SB SB SB SB MO MO MO NI NI CR CR SN AL AL SN
23 12 27 2
5600
1832 6 TF
TABLE 15.1
SAE 64 SAE 841; ASTM b-438-73, GR1 TYPE II; MIL-B-5678C, 1A ASTM B-612-70, GR3
ANNEALED SAE 770 CAST ANNEALED SAE 480 PLATED PLATED SAE 62, CDA 902 CAST CAST ANNEALED AGED ANNEALED ANNEALED SAE 15 SAE 13 ASTM 7 ASTM B23/8 SAE 63, CDA 927 SAE 40, CDA 836 CDA943 CAST CAST CAST CAST HEATED TO 400C AS DEPOSITED ANNEALED
ANNEALED
HOT ROLLED, HARDENED HOT ROLLED, ANNEALED SAE 64, SAE 792; SAE 797, CDA 937 COLD WORKED SAE 67, CDA 938 CAST BAR CAST CAST CAST CAST BAR BAR CAST CAST ANNEALED ANNEALED WELD
OXY/ACETY
OXY/ACETY OXY/ACETY
CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST PM CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST CAST
ASTM B-669-82
ANNEALED
TABLE 15.1
NUMBER 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368
ELASTOMER FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED FILLED RUBBER RUBBER RUBBER RUBBER RUBBER RUBBER WOVEN
PTFE
LD R4 SP1 SP21
TABLE 15.1
MOULDED
MOULDED SINTERED
2,800
C C, Ag
3,652
1.0
43 42 87 87 40 1.0 17
C,Si,Ni,Cu,Cr,Fe C,Si,Mn,Ni,Cr,Fe C,Si,Mn,P,S,Fe C,Si,Ni,Cr,Fe C,Cr,Fe C,Mn,Si,Cu,Ni,Mo,Fe C, Fe C,Fe Cu, Fe Cu, Fe Fe C,Mn,Si,Cr,Ni,Mo,Ti,Va,Fe C,Mn,P,S,Si,Cr,Ni,N,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Mo,Fe C,Mn,Si,P,S,Cr,Mo,Fe C,Mn,Si,P,S,Cr,Mo,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Cu,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Mo,Fe C,Mn,Si,Cr,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Cu,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Mo,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Mo,Fe C,Cr,Ni,Cu,Fe C,Mn,Si,Cr,Fe C,Mn,P,S,Si,Cr,Ni,Cu,Cb,Fe C,Mn,P,S,Si,Cr,Ni,Cb&Ta C,Mn,Si,Cr,Ni,N,Fe C,Mn,Si,Cr,Ni,Fe C,Cr,Mn,Si C,Cr,Mn,Si C,Cr,Mn,Si
1,269
0.0 54 29 28 50 16 16 29 29 18 16 16 21 16 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1,537
.08,1,.6,15,26,1,2,.3,54 .08,2,.045,.03,1,18,8,.2,70.6 .1,18,14,3,65 1,1.25,1,.04,.04,18,.75,78 1,1.25,1,.04,.04,18,.75,78 .05,16.5,4.0,4.0,75.5 .08,19,10,71 .1,18,14,3,65 .15,1.0,.5,12,86.5 .07,17,4,4,74 .08,18,14,3,64 .08,18,14,3,64 .07,17,4,4,74 .15,1.0,.5,12,86.5 .07,1.0,.04,.03,1,14.5,4,3,.3,76 .08,2,.045,.03,1,18,11,.1 .52,9,.15,21,3.85,.45,65 .25,2,1.5,25,20,47 1.0,1.5,.5,.3 1.0,1.5,.5,.3 1.0,1.5,.5,.3
12 12 16 16 12 12 12
25 18 25 16 43 43 43
100 100
172 262 103 896 345 896 41 69 97 59 28 21 38 28 41 41 62 62 52 48 59 69 12 110 524 262 545 103 1,172 276 689 172 1,020 103 52 8 69 1,034 1,100 1,103 207 620 110 379 689 310 138 276 221 207 83 414 689 758 862 1,379 1,379 586 586 620 1,379 760 680 1,379 517 1,379 758 862 654 1,640 1,640 1,640
1,650
12
3.0E-06 649 260 371 650 288 204 538 288 316 316 190 260 649 260 260 260 425 1,650 1,480 1,760
9.5E-07
4 3 2 5 4
6.1E-05
2.4E-04
1 1 4 4 5 7 10 9 10 9 1 3
60
1,370 1,370 1,480 2,400 71 400 204 649 3.0E-05 538 538 816 816 427 399 135 135 135 135 538 4.5E-04
675 HV 330 HV 85 HRA 90 HRA 150 HV 560 HV 530 HV 655 HV 530 HV 196 HV 30 HB 45 HV 83 HB 50 HB 150 HB 72 74 60 60 77 74 72 77 74 74 77 57 77 57 78 20 20 20 200 HV 200 HV 257 HV 650 HV 400 HV 160 HV 150 HV 150 HV 44 HRC 97 HRB 97 HRB 44 HRC 135 HV 420 HV 257 HV 264 HV 150 HV 62 HRC 62 HRC 62 HRC
71
98
10
200,000 200,000 200,000 196,000 200,000 200,000 196,000 193,000 196,000 193,000 196,000 196,000 196,000 196,000 196,000 196,000 196,000 193,000 200,000 199,000 199,000 199,000
140
3.0E-05 7.6E-06
6.0E-05 1.7E-03
48
48
48
2.0E-03 9.0E-04 4.0E-04 3.0E-03 649 649 538 927 200 200 200
81 60
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
1,475 1,475
1,475
47 43 43 45 47 47 43 47
1,482 649
15 13 16 12 12 12 15 15 12 12 12 15 11 11 12 10 11 11 16 10 16 40 24 11 22 18 18 16 18
38 45 43 52 52 38 38 28 52 52 43 38 50 51 43 38
0.0
29
23 9 17 17 10
0.0 0.0
20 20 28 18 20 18
260 260
38
260
30 28 20 14 14 30 30 28 28 20 30 19 19
607 641 1,379 1,640 758 448 1,296 1,723 689 1,420
77 77
8.0E-08
200
9.5E-07
33
260
18
4.0E-09
20 55
200 260
5.9E-08
8.0E-03 3.1E-05 4.0E-04 260 538 427 427 2.0E-03 3.0E-05 4.0E-04 8.0E-04 538
8 5 3 12 12 23 10
1,930 1,930 2,068 296 52 310 90 448 358 621 414 179 179 110 103 10 1,380 483 276
60 275
538
149 150 260 1.0E-04 260 260 260 150 150 150 150 135 427 427 149 1.1E-03
70 5
6.1E-05
6.1E-05
2.0E-04
3.0E-03
925 1,038
0.0
321
0.0
0.0
1,064 975 1,304 1,370 179 327 281 240 240 975
12 12 14 20 13 13 25 29 25 12 18 18 19 22 15 14 18 16 16 19 18 19 17 19
82.5,15,1,1,.6 83,10,6,.25,.5 75,15,10,.5,.5 80,15,5,.5,.5 88, 10, 2 85, 5, 5, 5 70, 5, 25 5,63,3,3,25 .02,.5,99.4 65,3,2,1.5,.25,1.0,.5,27 88, 8, 4 .12,2,1,16,25,6,49.9 .12,2,1,16,25,6,49.9 80, 10, 10 95.6,4.2,.2 78, 6, 16 87,4,1,4,2,1,1
923
1,316 975
47 84 52 28 415
1,275 14
176
C,Si,Fe,Ni,Cr,W,Co C,Al,V,Ti C,Al,V,Ti SN Sn,Sb,Cu Sn,Sb,Cu Sn,Sb,Cu Sn, Sb, Cu Co,Mo,Cr,Si,C Co,Mo,Cr,Si,C Ni,Mo,Cr,Si,C Ni,Cu,W Si,Zn,Cu,Fe,Ti,Mn,Ni,Mg,Va C,Mn,Si,Cr,Ni,Mo,Co,Ti,Al,Zr C,Mn,Si,Cr,Ni,Mo,Co,Ti,Al,Zr Ni,Pb,Sn,Zn,Mn Zn Zn,Al,Cu,Mg Zn,Al,Cu,Mg Sn,Fe,Cr,Ni,Zr
8,304 4,429 4,429 7,307 7,470 7,473 7,473 8,664 9,134 8,857 17,000 2,768 8,138 8,138 8,857 7,141 6,089 4,982 6,700 1,410 1,050 1,900 2,140 1,661 1,130 1,107 1,140 1,384 1,200 1,310 940 1,430
1,600 231 420 241 273 1,288 1,288 1,243 3,410 538
14 9 9 24
7 7 64
84,8,8 89,7.5,3.5 91,4.5,4.5 86, 7.5, 6.5 52,28,17,3,.08 62,28,8,2,.08 50,32,15,3,.08 7,3,90 22,.1,1.5,.75,.15,.1,2.2,1,.1 .1,.5,.75,20,57,4,13,3,1,.1 .1,.5,.75,20,57,4,13,3,1,.1 80,4,8,7,1 88.2,11,.75,.02 70.8,27,2.2,.015 1.5,.1,.1,.05,98.4
23
52 54.0
19 18 7 16 14 14 5 31 28 12 7 85 90 18 180 22 80 81 29 67 95 110 49
1.0
1.0 0.0
2.0
PTFE-40 % ceramic bre lled uorinated ethylene propylene polyphenylene sulde resin, brelled polyamide polyamide polyamide
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
258 104
1.0 1.0
90 90 2 140 13 9 24
200,000 200,000 74,500 103,000 197,000 200,000 11,000 13,800 29,000 29,000 29,000 29,000 130,560 64,764 62,204 131,068 324,000 179,000 96,500 197,000 197,000 64,744 110,000 129,744 103,000 71,000
96
204 232 232 232 260 232 204 538 538 260 649 649 232 232 4.0E-03 2.0E-04 6.1E-05 1.0E-03 1.5E-05 649 2.0E-04 1.0E-04 400 400 3.8E-03 3.4E-03 204 2.4E-01 4.4E-03 9.8E-04 1.1E-03 9.7E-04
50
4 9
91
834 517
171 171 12
689 896 15 81 81 81 117 689 689 276 827 1,280 586 103 296 414 517 61 55 18 21 69 80 55 81 62 62 59 28 90
207,000 110,000 110,000 41,400 51,000 64,688 64,764 241,000 269,000 214,000 276,000 93,000 211,000 211,000 159,000 130,340 82,940 129,528 129,528 2,550 2,760 13,800 689 11,000 3,700 2,070 2,830 6,890 2,280 2,340 965 3,170
71
220 238 221 150 704 704 649 260 871 871 649
6 28 30 74
5.0E-02 121 149 400 93 82 260 204 204 85 60 88 121 116 149 82 316
2.3E+00
21 21
5.48E+11
160
12, 3, 85
carbon ber, acetal glass ber, acetal PTFE, acetal silicone, acetal PTFE, ABS cellulose carbon ber, nylon 6/6 glass ber, nylon 6/6 PTFE, nylon 6/6 silicone, nylon 6/6 polyetheretherketone cotton laminate wood our carbon ber, polycarbonate glass ber, polycarbonate PTFE, polycarbonate carbon ber, polyester glass ber, polyester PTFE, polyester silicone, polyester PTFE, polyethylene glass ber, polyimide graphite, polyimide glass ber, polyphenylene oxide PTFE, polyphenylene oxide carbon ber, polyphenylene sulde glass ber, polyphenylene sulde PTFE, polyphenylene sulde PTFE, polypropylene carbon ber, polysulfone glass ber, polysulfone PTFE, polysulfone glass ber, polyurethane PTFE, polyurethane fabric, PTFE glass ber, PTFE graphite, PTFE mineral lled PTFE polyphenylene sulde resin graphite, polyimide polyimide, graphite Isobutylene-isoprene chloroprene butadiene-acrylonitrile polysiloxane disocyanate polyester vinylidene uoride-hexauoropropylene PTFE - Glass woven fabric
0.0 0.0
30, 70 30, 70 15, 85 30, 70 30, 70 20, 80 2, 98 20, 80 15, 85 30, 70 15, 85 30, 70 40, 60 20, 80 20, 80 30, 70 30, 70 15, 85 30, 70 15, 85 15, 85 15, 85
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
121 126
15, 85 40, 60
63 23 10 32 16 25 125 23
1.0
2.0
95 HRR
60 SHORE D 40 HV 50 HV 65 SHORE A
118 HRR
93 149 138 138 88 88 220 138 138 116 116 116 204 204 149 149 82 316 316 127 116 188 188 188 77 171 171 171 110 110 204 260 260 260 371 371 149 116 149 316 116 232 204
95 HRM
100 HRM
5.56E+14
123 HRR
20 131 83 62 21 21 21 7 34 14
1.40E+14 1.00E+12
5068 HV 35 HV 2 HV 2 HV 2 HV 3 HV 6 HV 3 HV
2.0E-10
PIN-ON-RING
3.9
1.8
1.0E+04
PIN
0.25
37
2.7
1.1E+07
6.0E-10 4.0E-09
0.16
2.5
0.012
0.17
0.42
13.8
1.75
41 4.0E-09
4.0E-09 2.0E-09
BLOCK-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING
9.8 657
1 0.05
3.6E+06 1.2
BLOCK BLOCK
45 45 45 130
24 24 24 24
657 60 60 60
50 50 50
AIR
AIR
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
ADHESIVE
AIR AIR
ADHESIVE ADHESIVE
CAST IRON CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL
AIR
AIR
CARBON STEEL
ADHESIVE
AIR
CARBON STEEL
ADHESIVE ABRASIVE
Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material AIR
CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL
AIR AIR
ADHESIVE ADHESIVE
AFS 50/70 sand; 435 g/min AFS 50/70 sand; 471 g/min AFS 50/70 sand; 234 g/min AFS 50/70 sand; 329 g/min; 49% RH
A57 SHORE HARDNESS A59 SHORE HARDNESS A62 SHORE HARDNESS A60 SHORE HARDNESS
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 2.4 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.47 0.47 0.58 0.58 0.47 0.56 0.56 0.47 0.56 0.56
2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 4310 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 1680 1680 2100 2100 1680 2010 2010 1680 2010 2010
ASTM G65-D
ASTM G65-D
1.0E-11
FOUR BALL
60
50
0.47
1680
BALL
5.0E-13
FOUR BALL
60
50
0.58
2100
BALL
1.8 1 2.4
24
24 24
34.5
1.0E-07 3.0E-07
BLOCK-ON-RING 0.46
9.8
3.6E+06
BLOCK
1.75
17
3.0E-07
BLOCK-ON-RING
9.8
3.6E+06
BLOCK
STEEL
52100 STEEL
LUBRICATED
AIR
Paraf.Oil;16.2cSt@37.8C;Addit:Phosphonate;Stearyl,H;4 mmol/100g
STEEL
52100 STEEL
LUBRICATED
ASTM G65-A
AFS 50/70 sand; 324 g/min; 51% RH AIR AFS 50/70 sand; 300 g/min AIR
AIR
CARBON STEEL
AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material AIR
MILD STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL HARD STEEL
ADHESIVE ADHESIVE
LUBRICATED ADHESIVE
AIR
ADHESIVE
PIN-ON-RING
19.6
0.13
9.7E+03
PIN
27.6
2.0E-07
0.18
27.6
27.6 20.7 34.5 2.0E-07 1.0E-05 4.0E-08 7.0E-09 8.0E-09 2.0E-09 3.0E-08 3.0E-08 0.21 PIN-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING BLOCK-ON-RING 19.6 124 134 137 402 130 124 24 24 1.9 2.4 0.15 0.15 0.15 2.4 2.4 6.7E+04 4.3E+03 220 220 220 4310 4360 PIN BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK
24
1.0E-04 1
PIN-ON-RING
19.6
1.9
6.7E+04
PIN
0.12 1.052
6.89
1.0E-09 7.0E-08
BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT
24 24
0.5 0.5
BUSHING BUSHING
24 24 24 24 24
AIR Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material Boundary lubricated, oil-lled material AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR
MILD STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL MILD STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL
AIR
ADHESIVE
AIR
CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL SILVER CHLOROBUTYL 4620 CARBURIZED STEEL 4620 CARBURIZED STEEL 4620 CARBURIZED STEEL ASTM G65-A CHLOROBUTYL CHLOROBUTYL A60 SHORE HARDNESS A62 SHORE HARDNESS
ADHESIVE
AIR AIR AIR AFS 50/70 sand; 471 g/min AIR AIR AIR AFS 50/70 sand; 239 g/min AFS 50/70 sand; 197 g/min
CARBON STEEL 4620 CARBURIZED STEEL 4620 CARBURIZED STEEL 4620 CARBURIZED STEEL
AIR
ZINC
ADHESIVE
AIR AIR
CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL CARBON STEEL
ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE
COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin
3.45 7 0.3
0.25
24 24 24 24 24 24
0.7 0.44 0.32 0.14 0.88 0.35 0.61 0.21 13.8 13.8
0.14 0.34 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.31 0.18 0.09 0.2 0.26 0.17 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.27 0.17 0.16 0.13
4.1
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
50 41.4 2.0E-09 3.0E-09 2.0E-09 5.0E-10 2.0E-09 3.0E-10 1.0E-09 9.0E-10 6.0E-10 5.0E-09 2.0E-09 3.0E-09 5.0E-09 1.0E-09 7.0E-10 2.0E-09 3.0E-09 9.0E-10 3.0E-09 1.0E-09 4.0E-11 1.0E-10 6.0E-11
BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT BUSHING-SHAFT
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING BUSHING
8.1 0.27 0.16 0.2 0.29 0.1 0.11 0.14 0.22 0.14 0.34 0.32 0.09 0.07 1 5.1 5.1
0.3 0.24
0.877
414
0.03
Notes: 1. This Table is a row/column array of size 368 rows by 43 columns. Each row is a database record (the results of one or more tests); each column is a database eld (a signicant test or material parameter). In printed form, it is necessary to subdivide the array to suit the printed page size. This was accomplished by division of the array into 6 parts (A, B, C,F) each containing 6 or more columns, and further dividing each part into 5 pages, resulting in 30 pagesized sub-arrays. The rst sub-array is set of columns and rows starting at the upper left corner of the array. The next sub-array ts below the rst, etc. Each page contains appropriate headings and seventy to eighty records that are numbered in the left-most column so that they can be followed across the array. Every tenth record is followed by a solid line to facilitate reading. 2. The data records are sorted alphabetically by class, sub-class, and common name in that order. The common name eld is shown rst. 3. Each record contains material description data and many but not all records have tribological test data. 4. All records that contain tribological data result from sliding test conditions. All records refer to air environment testing unless special evironmental conditions were established at the tribological contact and are so stated. 5. The user is cautioned about use of any record where important test parameters are not given. This results from lack of reporting by the original source of data. The signicance of an incomplete description of test conditions or material description, and any resulting effect on the reported data, must be judged by the individual user. Data Sources: Alloy Digest, (Alloy Digest, Inc, Orange, N.J.). Ashby, M. F. and Jones, D. R. H., Engineering Materials, Pergammon, Oxford, (1980). ASM, International, Metals Handbooks, 8th edition (ASM Intern., Metals Park, OH 44073). ASM, International, Aluminum-Properties, Physical Metallurgy, Phase Diagrams, Vol.1(1967).
COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin
AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR
COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin
ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE
AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR AIR
COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin COLD-ROLLED, 20 HRC, 16uin
ADHESIVE ADHESIVE
CARBON STEEL
ADHESIVE
ASME, Wear of Materials, Conference Proceedings, (ASME, NY, 1977-1987). ASTM, unpublished data in ASTM Research Report relative to Standard G-65, (ASTM, W. Conshohocken, PA) ASME, Metals Properties, ASME Handbook (1954). Battelle Tribology Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio., private communication of unpublished data. Booser, E. R., ed. Handbook of Lubrication, Vol. I (1983) and Vol. II (1984) (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 33431). CRC Publ. Co., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th Edition, (1988). Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Vols. 3,4,16,18,23. Glaeser, W., pp. 313-326, in Wear Control Handbook, Peterson, M. B. and Winer, W. O., eds., ASME, New York, NY, 1980. Hertzberg, R. W., Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 3rd ed., Wiley, NY, (1989). Lynch, C. T., Engineering Properties of Ceramics, AFML Report TR-66-52, WPAFB, (1966). Modern Plastics Encyclopedia-88 (McGraw Hill, NY, 1988). Morey, C. Properties of Glass, (1938). National Center of Tribology, Polymer Materials for Bearing Surfaces, (Risley, UK, 1983). NIST-Thermo-Physical Data Center, Thermophysical Properties of Matter; Data Series, Vols, 1,4 (1970). Rowe, C. N., pp. 143-160 in Wear Control Handbook, Peterson, M. B. and Winer, W. O., eds., ASME, New York, NY, 1980. Shah, Vishu, ed. Handbook of Plastics Testing Technology, (Wiley, 1984). Smithells Metal Reference Book, (Butterworths, London, 1955). Smithsonian Physical Tables, 9th Edition, (1964). Standards Handbook: Copper Brass Bronze, Alloy Data/7 and Alloy Data/2 (Copper Development Association Inc, 1985). Touloukin, Y. S. et al., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, (IFI Plenum, NY, 1972).