x=0

piping & insulation material

L pipe length
D1 pipe inside diameter
D2 pipe outside diameter
(D2-D1)/2 pipe thickness
D3 pipe with insulation diameter
(D3-D2)/2 insulation tic thickness

1000
207.3
219.1
5.9
269.9
25.4

thermal conductivity pipe

k1
thermal conductivity insulation
k2
Emittance cladding or pipe material

m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

45 w/(m.k)
0.0355 w/(m.k)
0.2

fluid properties

tin

cp

nature
temperature
density
Heat capacity
thermal conduct.
viscosity

Qv
M
v
G

flow rate
mass flow
velocity
v*

inside
pipe
emulsion
176
1000
4180
0.64
5.00E-03

outside
pipe
air
C
kg/m3
J/Kg K
w/(m.k)
Pa.s

tamb

500 m3/h
500000 kg/h
4.115087 m/s

-15
1.388
1004.46
0.02285
1.70918E-05

5
24984

calculation
Pr
Re
f
Nu
1)

3.266E+01
1.71E+05
0.016116
1.823E+03

Pr

7.513E-01

Gnielinski
hi

5628.887 w/m2 K

hc0

26.4361506

18.6788
hypothesis
ts

-6.6 c

hr= **(Tsurf^4-Tamb^4)/(Tsurf-Tamb)
hr

ho

27.26 w/m2 K

U= 1/(r3/(r1*hi)+r3*ln(r2/r1)/k1+r3*ln(r3/r2)/k2+1/ho)
U

Q loss
Tout
2)

1.205154 w/m2 K

195177 W
175.6638 C

Dittus Boetler
Nu = 0.023 *Re ^0.8*Pr^0.3
Nu

1.00E+03

hi
U

3098.169 w/m2 K
1.20488 w/m2 K

Q loss

conduction
heat transfer

1.951E+05 W

Tout

175.664 C

tin-ts
ts

182.5013 C
-6.501319 C

0.82

basic thermal equations

R3
Heat gain or loss
Q=M*Cp*(Tin x=0 - Tin x=L)
Q=U*A0*(Tin-Tamb)

R1
R2

with
x=L

U= 1/(r3/(r1*hi)+r3*ln(r2/r1)/k1)+r3*ln(r3/r2)/k2+1/ho
A0=*D3*L
hi = convective heat transfer inside the pipe
ho = convective heat transfer outside the pipe + radiati
ho=hco+hr

hr= **(Tsurf^4-Tamb^4)/(Tsurf-Tamb)
3280.84
0.680118
0.718832
0.019357
0.885499
0.083333

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft

stefan bolzman constant

1.714E-09
5.6704E-08

Gnielinski correlation
Gnielinski is a correlation for turbulent flow in tubes:

where f is the Darcy friction factor that can either be obtained from the Moody char

C
kg/m3
J/Kg K
w/(m.k)
Pa.s

0.08665 lb/ft3
0.239911 BTU/lb F

The Gnielinski Correlation is valid for

**
m/s
kg/h m2

59055.09 ft/h
5117.113 lb/h ft2

Nu = 0.023 *Re ^0.8*Pr^0.3

***

w/m2 K

4.655678

BTU/ Ft2/h F

Dittus Boetler correlation

3*

Correlation outside pipe

( specific to air)

0.11*c*G^0.6/D^0.4

h
c

BTU/ Ft2/h F
BTU/lb F

w/m2 K

*(Tsurf^4-Tamb^4)/(Tsurf-Tamb)
w/m2 K

16.0609 kcal/m2c h

4*

iteration

G
D

lb/h ft2
ft

3/(r1*hi)+r3*ln(r2/r1)/k1)+r3*ln(r3/r2)/k2+1/ho)

vective heat transfer inside the pipe

nvective heat transfer outside the pipe + radiation heat transfer

Btu/(h*ft2*R4)
W/(m2*K4)

hat can either be obtained from the Moody chart or for smooth tubes from correlation developed by Petukhov[2]:

****

Correlation outside pipe

( specific to air)

0.0156*c*G^0.8/D^0.2

h
c

kcal/m2 C*h
kcal/kg

G
D

kg/h m2
m

Common properties for air at atmospheric pressure are indicated the table below
Temperature
Density

Specific heat capacity

Thermal conductivity
Kinematic viscosity
Expansion coefficient
Prandtl's number

(oC)
-150
-100
-50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400

(kJ/kg.K)
1.026
1.009
1.005
1.005
1.005
1.005
1.009
1.009
1.009
1.013
1.013
1.017
1.022
1.026
1.034
1.047
1.055
1.068

(kg/m3)
2.793
1.98
1.534
1.293
1.205
1.127
1.067
1
0.946
0.898
0.854
0.815
0.779
0.746
0.675
0.616
0.566
0.524

(W/m.K)
0.0116
0.016
0.0204
0.0243
0.0257
0.0271
0.0285
0.0299
0.0314
0.0328
0.0343
0.0358
0.0372
0.0386
0.0421
0.0454
0.0485
0.0515

x 10-6 (m2/s) x 10-3 (1/K)

3.08
8.21
5.95
5.82
9.55
4.51
13.3
3.67
15.11
3.43
16.97
3.2
18.9
3
20.94
2.83
23.06
2.68
25.23
2.55
27.55
2.43
29.85
2.32
32.29
2.21
34.63
2.11
41.17
1.91
47.85
1.75
55.05
1.61
62.53
1.49

0.76
0.74
0.725
0.715
0.713
0.711
0.709
0.708
0.703
0.7
0.695
0.69
0.69
0.685
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68

density vs temperature
3
2.5

y = -3E-08x3 + 2E-05x2 - 0.0056x + 1.2996

R = 0.9913

2
1.5

Series1
Poly. (Series1)

1
0.5
0
-200

-100

100

specific heat versus temperature

200

300

400

1.08
1.07
1.06

y = -7E-10x3 + 7E-07x2 - 7E-06x + 1.0042

R = 0.9924

1.05

Series2

1.04

Poly. (Series2)

1.03
1.02
1.01
1
-200

-100

100

200

300

400

500

thermal conductivity versus temperature

0.06
y = 7E-05x + 0.0239
R = 0.9971

0.05
0.04

Series3

0.03

Linear (Series3)
0.02
0.01
0
-200

-100

100

200

300

400

500

cinematic viscosity versus temperature

70
60

y = 9E-05x2 + 0.0859x + 13.583

R = 0.9999

50
40
Series4
30

Poly. (Series4)

30

Poly. (Series4)

20
10
0
-200

-100

100

200

300

400

500

randtl's number

056x + 1.2996

Series1
Poly. (Series1)

500

(SI)
-15 1.388201

t
06x + 1.0042

cp (SI) *1000
-15 1.004465

Series2
Poly. (Series2)

t
-15

(SI)
0.02285

Series3
Linear (Series3)

Series4
Poly. (Series4)

*1E-06 m2/s
-15 12.31475

Poly. (Series4)

Pr

0.751496

Temperature

Thermal
Conductivity

( o F)

(Btu/(hr o F ft))

68

64

68
200

118
124

400

144

Aluminum
Bronze

68

44

Antimony

68

Metal

Admiralty
Brass
Aluminum
, pure

Material Emittance (~80 F)

All Service Jacket 0.9
Aluminum paint 0.5
Aluminum, anodized 0.8
Aluminum, commercial sheet 0.1
Aluminum, embossed 0.2
Aluminum, oxidized 0.1-0.2

Aluminum, polished 0.04

10.7
Aluminum-zinc coated steel 0.06

Beryllium

68

126

Beryllium
Copper

68

38

Bismuth

68

4.9

Cadmium

68

54

Carbon
Steel, max
0.5% C

68

31

Colored mastic 0.9

Copper, highly polished 0.03
Copper, oxidized 0.8

Elastomeric or Polyisobutylene 0.9

68

Carbon
Steel, max
1.5% C

Canvas 0.7-0.9

21
Galvanized steel, dipped or dull 0.3

752

19

2192

17

Galvanized steel, new, bright 0.1

Iron or steel 0.8

Cartridge
brass
(UNS
C26000)

68

69.4
Painted metal 0.8

Cast Iron,
gray

70

Chromium

68

27 - 46
Plastic pipe or jacket (PVC, PVDC, or PET) 0.9
52
Roofing felt and black mastic 0.9

Cobalt

Copper,
pure

68

40

68

223

572

213

1112

204

Copper
bronze
(75% Cu,
25% Sn)

68

15

Copper
brass
(70% Cu,
30% Zi)

68

64

Cupronick
el

68

17

Gold

68

182

Hastelloy
B

Hastelloy
C

70

Inconel

70 - 212

8.4

Incoloy

32 - 212

6.8

Iridium

68

85

Iron,
nodular
pearlitic

212

18

68

42

572

32

Iron, pure

Rubber 0.9
Silicon impregnated fiberglass fabric 0.9
Stainless steel, new, cleaned 0.2

Iron, pure

1832

20

68

34

68

20

572

17.2

68

61

68

91.9

68

4.85

68

81

Monel

32 - 212

15

Nickel

68

52

Nickel
Wrought

32 - 212

35 - 52

Niobium
(Columbiu
m)

68

30

Osmium

68

35

Phosphor
bronze
(10% Sn,
UNS
C52400)

68

28.9

Platinum

68

42

Plutonium

68

4.6

Potassium

68

57.8

Red Brass

68

92

Rhodium

68

86.7

Iron,
wrought
Lead

Manganes
e Bronze
Magnesiu
m
Mercury
Molybden
um

Selenium

68

0.3

Silicon

68

48.3

Silver,
pure

68

235

Sodium
Stainless
Steel

68

77.5

68

"7-26

Tantalum

68

31

Thorium

68

24

Tin

32

36 - 39

Titanium

68

"11-13

Tungsten

68

94 - 100

Uranium

68

14

Vanadium

68

35

32

34

68

67

Zinc

67

Zirconium

145

Wrought
Carbon
Steel
Yellow
Brass

T( o C) = 5/9[T( o F) - 32]

mittance (~80 F)

1W/(m.K) = 1 W/(m. o C) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr.m. o C) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft.hr. o F

Thermal Conductivity - k - W/(m.K)

anodized 0.8
commercial sheet 0.1
embossed 0.2
oxidized 0.1-0.2

Material/S Temperature - o C
ubstance
25
125
Acetone
0.16
Acetylene
0.018
(gas)
Acrylic

225

0.2

polished 0.04

zinc coated steel 0.06

ghly polished 0.03

Air,
athmosph
ere (gas)

0.024

Alcohol

0.17

Aluminum

205

Aluminum
Oxide
Ammonia
(gas)

30
0.022

Antimony

18.5

Apple
(85.6%
moisture)

0.39

c or Polyisobutylene 0.9

steel, dipped or dull 0.3

steel, new, bright 0.1

Argon
(gas)
Asbestoscement
board
Asbestoscement
sheets

0.016
0.744

0.166

215

250

e or jacket (PVC, PVDC, or PET) 0.9

t and black mastic 0.9

regnated fiberglass fabric 0.9

eel, new, cleaned 0.2

Asbestoscement

2.07

Asbestos,
loosely
packed

0.15

Asbestos
mill board

0.14

Asphalt
Balsa
wood
Bitumen

0.75
0.048
0.17

Bitumen/f
elt layers

0.5

Beef, lean
(78.9 %
0.43 - 0.48
moisture)
Benzene

0.16

Beryllium

218

Bitumen

0.17

Blast
furnace
gas (gas)
Brass
Breeze
block
Brick
dense

0.02
109
0.10 - 0.20
1.31

Brickwork,
0.6 -1.0
common
Brickwork,
dense
Butter
(15%
moisture
content)

1.6

0.2

Cadmium
Calcium
silicate
Carbon
Carbon
dioxide
(gas)

92
0.05
1.7
0.0146

Cement,
portland
Cement,
mortar
Chalk
Chlorine
(gas)
Chrome
Nickel
Steel (18%
Cr, 8 % Ni)
Clay, dry
to moist

0.29
1.73
0. 09
0.0081

16.3

0.15 - 1.8

Clay,
0.6 - 2.5
saturated
Cobalt
Cod (83%
moisture
content)

69

0.54

Concrete,
lightweigh 0.1 - 0.3
t
Concrete,
0.4 - 0.7
medium
Concrete,
1.0 - 1.8
dense
Concrete,
1.7
stone
Constanta
22
n
Copper
401

400

398

Corian
(ceramic
filled)
Corkboard
Cork,
regranulat
ed
Cork
Cotton
wool
Carbon
Steel

1.06
0.043
0.044
0.07
0.029
54

Cotton
Wool
insulation

0.029

Diatomac
eous
earth (Silo-cel)

0.06

Diatomite

0.12

Earth, dry

1.5

Engine Oil

0.15

Ether

0.14

Ethylene
(gas)

0.017

Epoxy

0.35

Ethylene
glycol

0.25

Felt
insulation

0.04

Fibreglass

0.04

Fibre
insulating
board

0.048

51

47

Fibre
hardboard
Fireclay
brick
500oC
Foam
glass
Freon 12
(gas)
Freon
(liquid)
Gasoline
Glass

0.2

1.4
0.045
0.073
0.07
0.15
1.05

Glass,
Pearls, dry

0.18

Glass,
Pearls,
saturated

0.76

Glass,
window

0.96

Glass,
wool
Insulation

0.04

Glycerol
0.28
Gold
310
Granite
1.7 - 4.0
Gravel
0.7
Gypsum
0.17
board
Hairfelt
0.05
Hardboar
d high
0.15
density
Hardwood
s (oak,
0.16
maple..)
Helium
0.142
(gas)
Honey
(12.6%
0.5
moisture
content)

312

310

Hydrochlo
r acid
(gas)
Hydrogen
(gas)
Hydrogen
sulfide
(gas)
Ice (0oC,
32oF)

0.013
0.168
0.013
2.18

Insulation 0.035 materials 0.16

Iridium
Iron
Iron,
wrought
Iron, cast

147
80
59
55

Kapok
insulation

0.034

Kerosene

0.15

Krypton
(gas)
Lead Pb
Leather,
dry

0.0088
35
0.14

Limestone 1.26 - 1.33

Magnesia
insulation
(85%)

0.07

Magnesite

4.15

Magnesiu
m

156

Marble
Mercury
Methane
(gas)

2.08 - 2.94
8
0.03

Methanol

0.21

Mica

0.71

68

60

Milk

0.53

Mineral
wool
insulation
materials,
wool
blankets ..

0.04

Molybden
um
Monel
Neon
(gas)
Nickel
Nitrogen
(gas)
Nylon 6
Oil,
machine
lubricating
SAE 50
Olive oil
Oxygen
(gas)
Paper
Paraffin
Wax
Perlite,
atmosphe
ric
pressure
Perlite,
vacuum
Plaster
light

138
26
0.046
91
0.024
0.25

0.15

0.17
0.024
0.05
0.25

0.031

0.00137
0.2

Plaster,
metal lath

0.47

Plaster,
sand

0.71

Plaster,
wood lath

0.28

Plastics,
foamed
(insulation
materials)

0.03

Platinum
70
Plywood
0.13
Polyethyle
0.42 - 0.51
ne HD
Polypropyl
0.1 - 0.22
ene
Polystyren
e,
expanded

0.03

Polystyrol

0.043

Polyureth
ane foam

0.03

Porcelain

1.5

Potato,
raw flesh
Propane
(gas)
PTFE
PVC
Pyrex
glass
Quartz
mineral
Rock, solid
Rock,
porous
volcanic
(Tuff)
Rock
Wool
insulation
Rubber,
natural

0.55
0.015
0.25
0.19
1.005
3
7-Feb

0.5 - 2.5

0.045

0.13

71

72

Salmon
(73%
moisture
content)

0.5

Sand, dry 0.15 - 0.25

Sand,
moist

0.25 - 2

Sand,
"2-4
saturated
Sandstone
Sawdust
Sheeps
wool
Silica
aerogel

1.7
0.08
0.039
0.02

Silicone oil

0.1

Silver

429

Slag wool

0.042

Slate
2.01
Snow
(temp < 0.05 - 0.25
0oC)
Sodium
84
Softwoods
(fir, pine
0.12
..)
Soil, with
organic
0.15 - 2
matter
Soil,
0.6 - 4
saturated
Steel,
Carbon
1%
Stainless
Steel

43
16

17

19

Straw slab
insulation,
compress
ed

0.09

Styrofoam

0.033

Sulfur
dioxide
(gas)
Sugars
Timber
Tin Sn
Zinc Zn
Urethane
foam
Vermiculit
e

0.0086
0.087 0.22
0.14
67
116
0.021
0.058

Vinyl ester

0.25

Water
Water,
vapor
(steam)
Wheat
flour

0.58
0.016
0.45

Wood
across the
grain,
white pine

0.12

Wood
across the
grain,
balsa

0.055

Wood
across the
grain,
yellow
pine,
timber

0.147

Wood,
oak

0.17

Wool, felt

0.07

Wood
0.1 - 0.15
wool, slab
Xenon
(gas)

0.0051
o

1 W/(m.K) = 1 W/(m. C) = 0.85984 kcal/(h.m. C) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft.h. F)

m. o C) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft.hr. o F)

m. C) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft.h. F) = 0.048 Btu/(in.h. F)

piping material
L pipe length
D1 pipe inside diameter
D2 pipe outside diameter
(D2-D1)/2 pipe thickness

thermal conductivity pipe

1000
207.3
219.1
5.9

k1

m
mm
mm
mm

45 w/(m.k)

Emittance pipe material

0.8

fluid properties

tin

cp

nature
temperature
density
Heat capacity
thermal conduct.
viscosity

Qv
M
v
G

flow rate
mass flow
velocity
v*

inside
pipe
emulsion
176
1000
4180
0.64
5.00E-03

outside
pipe
air
C
kg/m3
J/Kg K
w/(m.k)
Pa.s

tamb

500 m3/h
500000 kg/h
4.115087 m/s

-15
1.388
1004.46
0.02285
1.70918E-05

5
24984

calculation
Pr
Re
f

3.266E+01
1.71E+05
0.016116

Pr

7.513E-01

Nu
1)

1.823E+03

Gnielinski
hi
hypothesis
ts
ho

5628.887 w/m2 K

175.84 c

hc0

28.73574229
18.6788

hr= **(Tsurf^4-Tamb^4)/(Tsurf-Tamb)
hr
8.60

37.34 w/m2 K

U^-1=( hi* D1/D2) ^-1+((D2-D1)*D2)/(k1*(D1+D2))+ho^-1

2)

6.191362 w/m2 K

Q loss

813976.3 W

Tout

174.5979 C

Dittus Boetler
Nu = 0.023 *Re ^0.8*Pr^0.3
Nu

1.00E+03

hi
U

3098.169 w/m2 K
6.191515 w/m2 K

Q loss

conduction heat
transfer

8.140E+05 W

Tout

174.598 C

tin-ts
ts

0.159377 C
175.8406 C

basic thermal equations

R2
R1

Heat gain or loss

Q=M*Cp*(Tin x=0 - Tin x=L)
Q=U*A0*(Tin-Tamb)
with

U^-1=1/( hi* D1/D2) +((D2-D1)*D2)/(k1*(D1+D2))+

A0=*D2*L
hi = convective heat transfer inside the pipe
ho = convective heat transfer outside the pipe + ra
ho=hco+hr

hr= **(Tsurf^4-Tamb^4)/(Tsurf-Tamb)
3280.84
0.680118
0.718832
0.019357

ft
ft
ft
ft

stefan bolzman constant

1.714E-09
5.6704E-08

Gnielinski correlation
Gnielinski is a correlation for turbulent flow in tubes:

where f is the Darcy friction factor that can either be obtained from the Moody

C
kg/m3
J/Kg K
w/(m.k)
Pa.s

0.08665 lb/ft3
0.239911 BTU/lb F

The Gnielinski Correlation is valid for

**
m/s
kg/h m2

59055.09 ft/h
5117.113 lb/h ft2

Dittus Boetler correlation

Nu = 0.023 *Re ^0.8*Pr^0.3

***

Correlation outside pipe

h

( specific to air)

0.11*c*G^0.6/D^0.4

w/m2 K
w/m2 K

5.06066 BTU/ Ft2/h F 3*

16.74488 kcal/m2c h 4*

^4-Tamb^4)/(Tsurf-Tamb)
w/m2 K

iteration

h
c
G
D

BTU/ Ft2/h F
BTU/lb F
lb/h ft2
ft

1/D2) +((D2-D1)*D2)/(k1*(D1+D2))+1/ho)

heat transfer inside the pipe

heat transfer outside the pipe + radiation heat transfer

Btu/(h*ft2*R4)
W/(m2*K4)

either be obtained from the Moody chart or for smooth tubes from correlation developed by Petukhov [2]:

****

Correlation outside pipe

h

( specific to air)

0.0156*c*G^0.8/D^0.2

h
c
G
D

kcal/m2 C*h
kcal/kg
kg/h m2
m