Annotated Bibliography

Adoption-Orphan Trains by Judith Land | Adoption Detective | A Novel By Judith Land. N.d. Photograph. Adoption Detective A Novel By Judith Land. 02 Aug. 2012. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.

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This picture shows nine younger children waiting on what looks like a platform. They all have a tired look on their face, maybe the had been waiting there for quite a while. I used this photo for the slideshow in "The Aftermath.

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Bigger, Marie. "Alice Bullis Ayler." National Orphan Train Complex. N.p., Fall 1993. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. This article tells Alice Bullis-Ayler's story, her experience on the Orphan Trains, and what she pursued after the trains. It shows a truly personal experience and gives the reader an in-depth look at the trains. This helps me gain insight about how the trains worked in the end of their time. It also helps me understand just how it affected the rider's life.

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Bird Bee and Bloom: O Is for Orphan Train. N.d. Photograph. Bird Bee and Bloom: O Is for Orphan Train. 28 Aug. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. This is a photo of another wanted sign, advertising that the children will be in town at the opera house on September 15. I used this photo for my slideshow in "Finding New Families. Brooksbank, Ben. "File:Walton with Leicester - Peterborough East Train Geograph-2791492-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons, 2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.

This picture shows a train from Peterborough. It drew me in because of the steam coming out, and the angle the picture was taken on. I used this photo for the cover of my website.

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The Childrens Aid Society. N.d. Photograph. National Orphan Train Complex. National Orphan Train Complex. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. This photograph shows two agents with many boy orphans. I used this photo on my tab "Children's Aid Society". It shows how much of age difference some of the boys were. Children's Aid Society Placement Card. 1902. Photograph. Kansas Collection Articles. Kansas Collection Articles. By Connie Dipasquale. Kansas Collection Articles. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. This photograph shows a placement card for a child in 1902. It shows readers at least one of the documents needed for the child to be taken in by new parents. I used this piece on my "Beginning the Trains" tab.

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Foundling Hospital. Playroom. N.d. Photograph. Vintage Photos. 8 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. This photograph shows babies and toddlers playing on a slide with an employee, and everyone seems happy. I used this photo in my ending slideshow under "The Aftermath. Grimes County Orphan Train Children. N.d. Photograph. Grimes County Orphan Train Children. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. This picture advertising children in need of a home was very useful to my project. the drawing of the child above the heading gives the readers a sense that the children are looking for loving homes. It amazed me that there were ads placed in the newspapers of towns; i feel like it was a bit demeaning to the children.

Hart, Hastings H. N.d. Photograph. Social Welfare History Project. 2013. Web. 19 Feb. 2014.

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This is a photo of Hastings H. Hart's profile. He looks stern. I used this photo for the section "Controversy" under "A New Life. Hart, Reverend Hastings H. "Adoption History: Reverend Hastings H. Hart, "Placing Out Children in the West," 1884." Adoption History: Reverend Hastings H. Hart, "Placing Out Children in the West," 1884. University of Oregon, 2 Feb. 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. This excerpt talks about the claim that the orphans had been getting put into homes without really checking out the house, or the people looking into adopting the orphans. It gives a rather negative look on the trains, although the author does state positive things in his writing. This really helps me see what some people thought about the Orphan Trains, and how they reacted. It also helps me understand who began to become involved in the movement.

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History. 1881. Photograph. New York. The New York Foundling. By New York Foundling Hospital. 2012. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. This photo shows the first big building of the New York Foundling Hospital, after the state granted the sisters $100,000. I used this photo under the tab "New York Foundling Hospital. History. N.d. Photograph. New York City. The Children's Aid Society. By Children's Aid Society. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. This is a photograph of six young boys at the Children's Aid Society. They all seem happy. I used this photo for the tab "Children's Aid Society. Howard Engert, with His Adoptive Family, Taken Shortly after Arrival in Nebraska. 1925. Photograph. Howard & Fred Engert's Photo Album. Howard & Fred Engert Photos: Orphan Train NEGenWeb. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.

This photograph shows a small boy, Howard, with his new family, shortly after he arrived in Nebraska. He seems content with his family, and he was continually happy with them. I used this photo under the tab " A New Life.

Jennings, Clifton. "Clifton and Myrtle Jennings." National Orphan Train Complex. National Orphan Train Complex, June 1997. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. This article describes the experience of two siblings and how their lives were affected. The story has a sad twist because of the brother/ sister relationship. This helps me to understand how siblings were treated. It tells me how their family reacted after years of not seeing them.

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Lost Children: Riders on the Orphan Train. N.d. Photograph. National Endowment for the Humanities. Nov. 2007. Web. 05 Nov. 2013. This photograph shows many orphans standing around and on top of a huge steam engine train. The image is a very powerful one. It shows me that these kids are just a fraction of those who rode the trains, and how big of an impact the movement had on their lives.

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Map 1. 1910. Photograph. Orphan Train Riders of New York (Midwest). Web. 19 Feb. 2014. This is a photo of a map showing the amount of children in each state who had ridden the Orphan Trains by 1910. I used this photo for a slideshow on "The Aftermath. Monthly Archives: September 2010. N.d. Photograph. Poking Around with Mary. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. This photo shows 7 young children, and it almost looks like a family portrait, minus the parents. I used this photo under "Controversy" in "A New Life.

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Nyhs_nyfh_v-67_001s. N.d. Photograph. New York City. Flickr. Yahoo!, 02 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. This photo shows two letters that were left with children at the New York Foundling Hospital. It is portrayed by what is written in the letters that the caregivers of the children were very upset to give them up, but had no other choice. This photograph helps me realize how and what was said when a child was given up for adoption to the New York Foundling Hospital.

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Orphan Boys. 1915. Photograph. Texas. Rootsweb. Ancestry.com, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. This photograph shows some riders actually on the train, maybe right before they left. The children seem confused, and even a little bit upset because of their current situation. Even though there are no words, and it is only facial expressions, it helps me see how they felt about it, and how packed in the trains really were.

! The Orphan Trains: Lee's Story. Vimeo. N.p., 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. !

After searching multiple different keywords, I finally came across this small clip from the American Experience documentary on Orphan Trains. It tells about one boy's father talking to him before he boards the train. I used this piece on my home page, as a foreshadow. I found it very moving, and really makes the listener think about the children's lives before they boarded.

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Orphan Trains. N.d. Photograph. Ancestry.com. 25 May 2010. Web. 05 Jan. 2014. This picture is of a family that would soon be separated by the trains. The look on their faces is easy to read; no siblings were ever

happy about the idea of separation.This photograph shows me what it was like to be an Orphan Train rider with siblings on board as well.

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The Orphan Trains. N.d. Photograph. New York. The Children's Aid Society. The Children's Aid Society. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. This photo shows many children popping their head out of the windows on the train, maybe right before they left. I used this photo under my tab "Preparation and boarding. The Orphan Trains: USA 1853-1930. 1910. Photograph. Troy, MO. : The Orphan Trains: USA 1853-1930. 23 Feb. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. This photograph shows one of the many wanted signs placed all over when an Orphan Train was coming into town. I used this photo for a slideshow under "Finding New Families. Tag Archives: Sisters of Charity of New York. N.d. Photograph. Daughters of Charity Provincial Archives. 4 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. This photo shows Sister Mary Irene Fitzgibbon, the founder of the New York Foundling Hospital. I used this photo on the 'Beginning the Trains" tab, for the section "Another Solution. Torigoe, John. "He Rode the 'Orphan Train' across the Country." CNN. Cable News Network, 24 Dec. 2008. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This article talks about Stanley Cornell's experience on the Orphan Trains. From the article, it is noted that not all orphans were truly orphans from the beginning; some were abandoned or could no longer be taken care of. It helps me realize what it was like once a child was taken in, and how hard it was to adjust to the new lifestyle.

Wanted Sign. 1892. Photograph. Schuyler. The Adoption History Project. University of Oregon, 08 Aug. 2003. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.

This source is an advertisement for the orphans, so that people knew when they were coming to town. The bold print for "Wanted" catches the eye of whoever happened to read the poster. This helps me understand what happened efore the Orphan Train even got to town. It tells me how they adopted the kids and tried to get people to start thinking ahead of time about taking in the orphans.

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Secondary Sources

Acierno, Cherie. "Guide to the Records of the New York Foundling Hospital 1869-2009 MS 347." Guide to the Records of the New York Foundling Hospital 1869-2009 MS 347. New York Historical Society, 2010. Web. 07 Dec. 2013. This website talks about the New York Foundling Hospital's place with the trains. The records go into great detail, and show how many people were connected with the trains. It helps me understand what the hospital did with the children and how ( if it did) helped the child.

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Crann, Tom. "Union Depot Performance Recalls the 'Orphan Trains'" Minnesota Public Radio News. Minnesota Public Radio News, 03 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. This article talks about how the children came to be with their new families. This is unique information because I did not come another site with exactly the same information as this one. It helps me understand why certain families took certain kids, and how the kids felt in that situation.

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Kidder, Clark. "Wisconsin Magazine of History: Volume 87, Number 2, Winter 2003-2004." :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives. Wisconsin Historical Society, 2007. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.

This article talks about how the children were picked to go on the trains, and how their journey went. It really shows a different side by putting how the children were picked into perspective. It helps me really see what preparation went in to getting the children ready to go on the trains.

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"Orphan Trains." Orphan Trains. Nebraska State Historical Society, 2009. Web. 05 Dec. 2013. This source talks about what people thought of the Orphan Trains and how they acted on them. It shows me a new side that I haven't seen before in my research on the Trains. This helps me understand just what people thought, and why the trains are so rarely known of today.

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Staff, NPR. "After Tragedy, Young Girl Shipped West On 'Orphan Train'" NPR. NPR, 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 04 Dec. 2013. This interview article is about an author, Christina Baker Kline, and her research and thoughts on the Orphan Trains. Because while doing research for her books she interviewed real riders of the Trains, it helps me to further understand what the riders thought of their situation.

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Scheurman, Dan. "Lost Children: Riders on the Orphan Train." National Endowment for the Humanities. HUMANITIES, Nov. 2007. Web. 05 Nov. 2013. This article talks more in depth about what happened when the trains arrived at their destinations. This shows the ugly truth of what happened before the children were placed. It helps me to see how the people reacted when they saw the orphans on stage, and what they did to get them.

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O'Connor, Stephen. Preface. Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. N. pag. Print.

This resource tells me what happened in the beginning of the trains. In the preface, the author describes in detail how Brace felt about New York's Orphans, which helps me gain a better understanding of how Brace came up with his idea, and how many children were really helped.

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Dipasquale, Connie. "A History of the Orphan Trains." A History of the Orphan Trains. The Kansas Collection, 1996. Web. 05 Nov. 2013. This source explains why the children were orphans, as well as the start of the Orphan Trains. It also gives a detailed background. This helps me understand more about the orphans, and why there so many. It also shows me the ideas and thoughts that went into the making of the trains.

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Baker Kline, Christina. "Orphan Train Historical Background." Christina Baker Kline RSS. Sra Design Studios, 2013. Web. 05 Dec. 2013. This source talks about what the kids went through when the families took them in. The author really did her research.This post helps me to understand how the children were treated and what that did to them mentally and emotionally.

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Golden, Jane. "The Orphan Trains." The Children's Aid Society. The Children's Aid Society, 2011. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. This source explains the beginnings of the orphan trains, and how they impacted society. It gives the years the Orphan Trains were in business, how many kids went on the rides, and many more statistics. The article gives accurate information about the founder of the Children's Aid Society. It helps me understand why the kids needed to go on the trains, and just how big the movement really was.