Presentation 10.

1
OMICRON electronics GmbH 2010 Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis for Assessing Transformer Condition after an Incident
H.I. Septyani / H. Maryono

/ A.P. Purnomoadi

/ U. Sutisna, PT. PLN (Persero) P3B Jawa Bali RJBR, Jl. M. Toha Km 04
Bandung, Indonesia
Sumaryadi,

PT. PLN (Persero) P3B Jawa Bali, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) is an
electrical test related to transformer mechanical and
electrical integrity. Sweep frequency response
measurement is apllied in the factory (for quality
assurance, baseline reference, relocation and
commissioning preparation) and in the field (validation
of relocation and commissioning, post incident such as
short circuit and seismic event. PLN P3B Jawa Bali has
used SFRA as one of the electrical test on routine
maintenance of power transformers. This paper
presents the application of SFRA in the field as a
supporting evidence of a damaged transformer after
incident.
Keywords
DGA, dissipation factor, winding movement, moisture in
paper by Dirana, furan.
Introduction
Transformer is a significant component in power
transmission system. High reliability and availability of
power transformer has to be maintained to ensure the
service continuity. Therefore, to prevent transformer
failure, PLN P3B Jawa Bali performs the transformer
maintenance periodically or based on the transformer
condition. Although the transformers are well
maintained, they remain under pressure and aging
process due to normal operation and experienced
disturbances.

Power transformers are designed to withstand the
mechanical forces that have emerged since the
beginning of the transformer shipping, installation on
the field, and event that occur during services such as
faults and lightning.

Some distribution transformers in PLN P3B Jawa Bali
are connected to feeders with high fault currents and
frequencies. This paper presents about the case of
Transformer #1 Fajar Surya Wisesa that was damaged
along with the fault occured on the distribution feeder.
The process illustrated in this paper is about the
transformer tests that were done before returning
transformer to the system and how the SFRA result
supports the conclusion that damage occured on the
transformer winding.
Field Experience
Transformer Data & Faults
Transformer #1 Fajar Surya Wisesa (FJWSA) 150/20
kV 30 MVA was operated since 1988 (the age of the
transformer is about 22 year old). The transformer
supplied seven distribution feeders. The average daily
loading was above 90%. On 15 March 2010, this
transformer tripped with the relay indication of sudden
pressure-trip and Bucholz-alarm along with the fault at
feeder of Jababeka 4 and Genteng 2. The active relay
on 20 kV side was OC moment. From year 2007 until
2010, the amount of feeders faults on the feedres
connected to Transformer #1 FJSWA are as follow:
- 2007: 24 times (2 trip)
- 2008: 110 times (5 trip)
- 2009: 162 times ( 5 trip)
- 2010: 18 times (until 15 March 2010)
The recorded feeder fault currents since January 2010
are shown in table 2 below.
Fault Investigation
The first step of the fault investigation was to check the
transformer visually on the parts of:
- Mechanical structure (main tank)
- Bushing
- Cooling system (radiator, fan)
- Internal relay (sudden pressure, Jansen, Bucholz)
- OLTC
- Silica gel & conservator
From the visual inspection result, there was no damage
on the transformer except there were some oil spill on
the top of transformer main tank that came out from the
sudden pressure relay.

The last two DGA results of the transformer are shown
in table 1.










Presentation 10.2
OMICRON electronics GmbH 2010 Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
GAS
Results
27-Nov-08 10-Nov-09
Hydrogen (H2) 21.59 31.74
Methane (CH4) 7.61 10.01
Carbon monoxide (CO) 1021.21 935.02
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 4464.11 4986.14
Ethylene (C2H4) 0.00 9.95
Ethane (C2H6) 0.00 3.45
Acetylene (C2H2) 0.00 0.00
TDCG 1050.41 990.17
Table 1: DGA Test Results


Table 2: Feeder Faults with Current > 1.2*Transformer
Nominal Current

Total Dissolved Combustible Gas from DGA results put
the transformer on condition 2 based on IEEE Std.
C57.104-1991. Based on the key gases analysis, the
key gas from these DGA results is carbon monoxide.
High content of carbon monoxide indicates that there
had been a light decomposition of transformer
insulation paper.
While the result of the tangen delta test are shown on
table 3. The values of the test results are below 0.5%.

HV, Secondary Pre Fault (7 June
2009)
After Fault (16
March 2010)
LV, Primary Tan D Cap.(nF) Tan D Cap.(nF)
UST A CLH 0.414 10.063 0.384 10.228
GST
A+B
CLG + CHL
+ CLT
0.476 18.654 0.409 18.855
GSTg A CHL + CLG 0.305 8.550 0.436 8.620
Table 3: Tangen Delta Test Results

The other test that was done on the transformer is the
winding resistance test.

Tap R () S () T () (%)
1 1.5460 1.5693 1.50712
2 1.5312 1.5535 1.45637
3 1.5158 1.5382 1.47777
4 1.4999 1.5225 1.50677
5 1.4822 1.5066 1.64620
6 1.4693 1.4913 1.49731
7 1.4541 1.4758 1.49233
8 1.4388 1.4603 1.49430
9 1.4197 1.4420 1.57075
10 1.4136 1.4353 1.53509
11 1.3983 1.4195 1.51613
12 1.3828 1.4039 1.52589
13 1.3673 1.3881 1.52125
14 1.3519 1.3727 1.53858
15 1.3367 1.3753 2.88771
16 1.3217 1.3416 1.50564
17 1.3028 1.3240 1.62726
Table 4: Winding Resistance Test Results

Based on the results above, the primary winding of S
phase could not be measured. The initial conclusion of
this result was that the winding was broken.

Another transformer test that leads to conclusion that
something happened on the S phase is the transformer
turn ratio test. The results are shown in table 5.

TapNameplate
Meas. Values (%)
R S T R S T
1 8.05 8.0573 265.29 8.0619 0.091 3195.528 0.148
2 7.9625 7.9693 270.25 7.973 0.085 3294.035 0.132
3 7.875 7.8817 269.04 7.8859 0.085 3316.381 0.138
4 7.7875 7.7951 275.23 7.798 0.098 3434.254 0.135
5 7.7 7.7067 280.62 7.7107 0.087 3544.416 0.139
6 7.6125 7.6189 281.02 7.6234 0.084 3591.560 0.143
7 7.525 7.5318 286.09 7.5362 0.09 3701.860 0.149
8 7.4375 7.4444 291.72 7.4482 0.093 3822.286 0.144
9 7.35 7.3565 299.02 7.3605 0.088 3968.299 0.143
10 7.2625 7.2685 304.37 7.2725 0.083 4090.981 0.138
11 7.175 7.1815 307.21 7.1852 0.091 4181.672 0.142
12 7.0875 7.094 314.43 7.0976 0.092 4336.402 0.143
13 7 7.0066 322.21 7.0106 0.094 4503.000 0.151
14 6.9125 6.9188 328.44 6.9218 0.091 4651.392 0.135
15 6.825 6.8307 328.84 6.8344 0.084 4718.168 0.138
16 6.7375 6.7438 342.19 6.7474 0.094 4978.887 0.147
17 6.65 6.6561 347.39 6.6603 0.092 5123.910 0.155
Table 5: Transformer Turn Ratio Test Results

The high value of S phase turn ratio indicates that the
condition of the winding is open.
SFRA Results
The test result on primary and secondary winding after
the fault is shown below.



Presentation 10.3
OMICRON electronics GmbH 2010 Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Figure 1: SFRA Test Results after Faults

There is a contrast curve form for the primary winding of
S phase (for open or shorted connection indicated by
red circle and red arrow); while on the secondary side,
the test result with secondary winding of S phase
shorted (blue circle) shows different response
compared with other phases. From those two different
responses of the S phase, it can be concluded that the
damage is located at the primary winding of S phase.

Low frequency responses are strongly influenced by the
core and the winding. The ideal curve form that moving
downward represents the inductive component of the
winding. While the curve response moves upward is
influenced by the capacitive component on the iron core
such as the core lamination.

The amplitude response (dB) at each frequency is
determined by the equation:
A = 20 log (V
out
/ V
in
) dB
In this case, the initial responses of the primary winding
R & T phase (good condition) shows the value of -45
dB. This value is very different from the initial amplitude
response of the S phase (-90 dB). The input voltage on
the above equation is a constant voltage, so the
difference of initial amplitude value shows that the
measured output voltage on the primary side of S
phase is much smaller than the R and T phase. This is
influenced by the great resistance value on the primary
side of S phase or the open circuit.

This analysis is supported by the former experience of
the SFRA result of the ex Arjawinangun substation
transformer. The following are the SFRA results of ex
GI Arjawinangun transformer.
Condition 1: injection on the primary neutral bushing,
measurement point on the primary bushings. All
secondary bushings are open.

Figure 2: SFRA Result Condition 1

- Condition 2: injection on the secondary neutral
bushing, measurement point on the secondary
bushings. All primary bushings are open.


Figure 3: SFRA Result Condition 1
Presentation 10.4
OMICRON electronics GmbH 2010 Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
The curve form of the disturbed phase in Figure 2 is
similar with the SFRA result of the S phase of
Transformer #1 FJSWA above. Substantial differences
in low frequency range indicate problem on the core or
main windings. After dismantling the transformer, it was
found that the winding was broken on the winding part
that led to the OLTC connector.


Figure 4: Broken Winding
Conclusions
- SFRA measurement is very useful for diagnosing
the condition of the transformer especially the
mechanical and electrical integrity
- SFRA result supports the evidence from tangen
delta, transformer turn ratio, and winding resistance
measurements
- The transformers that experienced high through
fault current frequently, should be checked using
SFRA measurement to know the effect of the fault
current against the mechanical and electrical
integrity of the transformer





















References
[1] Indera Arifianto, Ricardo Siregar, Jemjem Kurnaen
Rahardja, SFRA Application Optimization,
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
2009.
[2] OMICRON, FRAnalyzer Sweep Frequency
Response Analysis, February 2008
[3] Charles L. Sweetser, Doble Engineering, A Report
on Activities by IEEE WG PC57.149 and CIGRE
WG A2.26 on FRA Testing, 2005
[4] Doble Engineering, SFRA and Transformer
Diagnostics, February 2004


E-Mail:
H.I. Septyani
:

henny.ika@pln-jawa-bali.co.id