ELGON VIEW COLLEGE The Computer & Personal Computer Hardware Support Notes Lecturer : Mr.

Nyandika

1-1

COMPUTER LITERACY

The vocabulary of computin i! all aroun" you# $efore the a"vent of computer!% memory &a! the mental ability to recall previou! e'perience!( !tora e &a! an area &here you )ept out*of*!ea!on clothin ( an" communication &a! the act of e'chan in opinion! an" information throu h &ritin % !pea)in % or !i n!# In to"ay+! &orl"% the!e &or"! an" countle!! other! have ta)en on ne& meanin ! a! part of the common terminolo y u!e" to "e!cribe computer! an" their u!e# ,hen you hear the &or" computer% initially you may thin) of tho!e foun" in the &or)place * the computer! u!e" to create bu!ine!! letter!% memo!% an" other corre!pon"ence( calculate payroll( trac) inventory( or enerate invoice!# In the cour!e of a "ay or &ee)% ho&ever% you encounter many other computer!# Your home% for in!tance% may contain a myria" of electronic "evice!% !uch a! cor"le!! telephone!% -CR!% han"hel" vi"eo ame!% camera!% an" !tereo !y!tem!% that inclu"e !mall computer!# Computer! help you &ith your ban)in in the form of automatic teller machine! .ATM!/ u!e" to "epo!it or &ith"ra& fun"!# ,hen you buy rocerie!% a computer trac)! your purcha!e! an" calculate! the amount of money you o&e( an" !ometime! enerate! coupon! cu!tomi0e" to your buyin pattern!# Even your car i! e1uippe" &ith computer! that operate the electrical !y!tem% control the temperature% an" run !ophi!ticate" antitheft "evice!# Computer! are valuable tool!# A! technolo y a"vance! an" computer! e'ten" into every facet of "aily livin % it i! e!!ential you ain !ome level of computer literacy. To be !ucce!!ful in to"ay+! &orl"% you mu!t have a )no&le" e an" un"er!tan"in of computer! an" their u!e!# 1#2# ,3AT I4 A COMPUTER A56 ,3AT 6OE4 IT 6O7 A computer i! an electronic machine% operatin un"er the control of in!truction! !tore" in it! o&n memory% that can accept "ata .input/% manipulate the "ata accor"in to !pecifie" rule! .proce!!/% pro"uce re!ult! .output/% an" !tore the re!ult! for future u!e# Data i! a collection of un*or ani0e" fact!% &hich can inclu"e &or"!% number!# ima e!% an" !oun"!# Computer! manipulate an" proce!! "ata to create information# Information i! "ata that i! or ani0e"% ha! meanin % an" i! u!eful# E'ample! are report!% ne&!letter!% a receipt% a picture% an invoice% or a chec)# 6ata i! proce!!e" an" manipulate" to create a chec)# 6ata entere" into a computer i! calle" input# The proce!!e" re!ult! are calle" output# Thu!% a computer proce!!e! input to create output# A computer al!o can hol" "ata an" information for future u!e in an area calle" !tora e# Thi! cycle of input% proce!!% output% an" !tora e i! calle" the information processing cycle# A per!on that communicate! &ith a computer or u!e! the information it enerate! i! calle" a u!er# The electric% electronic% an" mechanical e1uipment that ma)e! up a computer i! calle" hardware# Software i! the !erie! of in!truction that tell! the har"&are ho& to perform ta!)!# ,ithout !oft&are% har"&are i! u!ele!!( har"&are#

1-2

1#8

T3E COMPO5E5T4 O9 A COMPUTER A computer con!i!t! of a variety of har"&are component! that &or) to ether &ith !oft&are to perform calculation!% or ani0e "ata% an" communicate &ith other computer!# The!e har"&are component! inclu"e input "evice!% output "evice!% a !y!tem unit% !tora e "evice!% an" communication! "evice!# 9i ure 1*1 !ho&! !ome common computer har"&are component!# 1.3.1 Input Devices An input "evice allo&! a u!er to enter "ata an" comman"! into the memory of a computer# 9our commonly u!e" input "evice! are the )eyboar"% the mou!e% a microphone% an" a PC camera# A computer )eyboar" contain! )ey! that allo& you to type letter! of the alphabet% number!% !pace!% punctuation mar)!% an" other !ymbol!# A computer )eyboar" al!o contain! !pecial )ey! that allo& you to perform !pecific function! on the computer# A mou!e i! a !mall han"hel" "evice that contain! at lea!t one button# The mou!e control! the movement of a !ymbol on the !creen calle" a pointer# 9or e'ample% movin the mou!e acro!! a flat !urface allo&! you to move the pointer on the !creen# You al!o can ma)e choice! an" initiate proce!!in on the computer by u!in a mou!e# A microphone allo&! you to !pea) to the computer in or"er to enter "ata an" control the action! of the computer# A PC camera allo&! other! to !ee you &hile communicatin &ith you% a! &ell a! allo&in you to e"it vi"eo!% create a movie% an" ta)e "i ital photo raph!# 1.3.2. Output Devices An output "evice i! u!e" to convey the information enerate" by a computer to a u!er# Three commonly u!e" output "evice! are a printer% a monitor% an" !pea)er!# A printer pro"uce! te't an" raphic!% !uch a! photo raph!% on paper or other har"copy me"ium# A monitor% &hich loo)! li)e a televi!ion !creen% i! u!e" to "i!play te't an" raphic!# 4pea)er! allo& you to hear mu!ic% voice% an" other !oun"! enerate" by the computer# 1.3.3 System Unit The !y!tem unit i! a bo'*li)e ca!e ma"e from metal or pla!tic that hou!e! the computer electronic circuitry# The circuitry in the !y!tem unit u!ually i! part of or i! connecte" to a circuit boar" calle" the motherboar"# T&o main component! on the motherboar" are the central proce!!in unit .CPU/ an" memory# The central proce!!in unit .CPU/% al!o calle" a proce!!or% i! the electronic "evice that interpret! an" carrie! out the in!truction! that operate the computer#

1-3

Memory i! a !erie! of electronic element! that temporarily hol"! "ata an" in!truction! &hile they are bein * proce!!e" by the CPU# $oth the proce!!or an" memory are chip!# A chip i! an electronic "evice that contain! many micro!copic path&ay! "e!i ne" to carry electrical current# Chip!% &hich u!ually are no bi er than one*half inch !1uare% are pac)a e" !o they can be connecte" to a motherboar" or other circuit boar"!# 4ome computer component!% !uch a! the proce!!or an" memory re!i"e" in!i"e the !y!tem unit( that i!% they are internal# Other component!% li)e )eyboar"%# mou!e% microphone% monitor% PC camera% an" printer% often are !y!tem unit# The!e "evice! are con!i"ere" e'ternal# Any e'ternal "evice that attache! to the !y!tem unit i! calle" a peripheral "evice# 1.3.4 Storage Devices 4tora e hol"! "ata% in!truction!% an" information for future u!e# 4tora e "iffer! from memory% in that it can hol" the!e item! permanently% &herea! memory hol"! the!e item! only temporarily &hile they are bein proce!!e"# A !tora e me"ium .me"ia i! the plural/ i! the phy!ical material on &hich "ata# in!truction!% an" information are !tore"# One commonly u!e" !tora e me"ium i! a "i!)% &hich i! a roun"% flat piece of pla!tic or metal on &hich item! can be enco"e"% or &ritten# A !tora e "evice i! u!e" to recor" an" retrieve "ata% in!truction!% an" information to an" from a !tora e me"ium# 4tora e "evice! often function a! a !ource of input becau!e they tran!fer item! from !tora e into memory# 9our common !tora e "evice! are a floppy "i!) "rive% a har" "i!) "rive% a C6*ROM "rive% an" a 6-6*ROM "rive# A "i!) "rive i! a "evice that rea"! from an" ma'+ &rite onto a "i!)# A floppy "i!) con!i!t! of a thin% circular# fle'ible "i!) enclo!e" in a pla!tic !hell# A floppy "i!) !tore! "ata% in!truction!% an" information u!in ma netic pattern! an" can be in!erte" into an" remove" from a floppy "i!) "rive. A :ip; "i!) i! a hi her capacity floppy "i!) that can !tore the e1uivalent of about <= !tan"ar" floppy "i!)!# A har" "i!) provi"e! much reater !tora e capacity than a floppy "i!)# A har" "i!) u!ually con!i!t! of !everal circular "i!)! on &hich "ata% in!truction!% an" information > are !tore" ma netically# The!e "i!)! are enclo!e" in an airti ht% !eale" ca!e# &hich often i! hou!e" in!i"e the !y!tem unit# 4ome har" "i!)! are removable# &hich mean! they can be in!erte" an" remove" from a har" "i!) "rive% much li)e a floppy "i!)# Removable "i!)! are enclo!e" in pla!tic or metal cartri" e! !o that they can be remove" from the "rive# The a"vanta e of removable me"ia !uch a! a floppy "i!) an" removable har" "i!) i! it can be ta)en out of the computer an" tran!porte" or !ecure"# Another type of "i!) u!e" to !tore "ata i! the compact "i!c# A compact "i!c !tore! "ata u!in micro!copic pit!% &hich are create" by a la!er li ht# One type of compact "i!c i! a CD- !"# &hich i! acce!!e" or playe" u!in a C6*ROM "rive# A variation of the !tan"ar" C6*ROM i! the re&riteable C6% al!o calle" a C6*R,# ,herea! you only can acce!! "ata on a C6* ROM% you al!o can era!e an" !tore "ata on a C6*R,# A ne&er type of
1-4

compact "i!c i! a D$D- !"# &hich ha! tremen"ou! !tora e capacitie! * enou h for a full*len th movie# To u!e a 6-6*ROM% you nee" a 6-6* ROM "rive# 1.3.% Communications Devices Communication! "evice! enable computer u!er! to communicate an" to e'chan e item! !uch a! "ata% in!truction!% an" information &ith another computer# Communication! "evice! tran!mit the!e item! over tran!mi!!ion me"ia% !uch a! cable!% telephone line!% or other mean!% u!e" to e!tabli!h a connection bet&een t&o computer!# A mo"em i! a communication! "evice that enable! computer! to communicate via telephone line! or other mean!# Althou h mo"ern! are available a! both e'ternal an" internal "evice!% mo!t are internal( that i!% containe" &ithin the !y!tem unit# 1#?# ,hy I! a Computer a Po&erful Tool7
A computer+! po&er i! "erive" from it! capability of performin the information proce!!in cycle operation! &ith !pee"% reliability% an" accuracy( it! capacity to !tore hu e amount! of "ata% in!truction!% an" information( an" it! ability to communicate &ith other computer!# 1.4.1 Speed In!i"e the !y!tem unit% operation! occur throu h electronic circuit!# ,hen "ata% in!truction!% an" information flo& alon the!e circuit!% they travel at clo!e to the !pee" of li ht# Thi! allo&! billion! of operation! to be carrie" out in a !in le !econ"# 1.4.& elia'ility The electronic component! in mo"ern computer! are "epen"able becau!e they have a lo& failure rate# The hi h reliability of component! enable! the computer to pro"uce con!i!tent re!ult!# 1.4.3 (ccuracy Computer! can proce!! lar e amount! of "ata an" enerate error*free re!ult!% provi"e" the "ata i! entere" correctly# If inaccurate "ata i! entere"% the re!ultin output &ill be incorrect# Thi! computin principle * )no&n a! arba e in% arba e out .@I@O/% point out that the accuracy of a computer+! output "epen"! on the accuracy of the input# 1.4.4 Storage Many computer! can !tore enormou! amount! of "ata an" ma)e thi! "ata available for proce!!in any time it i! nee"e"# U!in current !tora e "evice!% the "ata can be tran!ferre" 1uic)ly from !tora e to memory% proce!!e"% an" then !tore" a ain for future u!e#

1-5

1.4.% Communications Mo!t computer! to"ay have the capability of communicatin &ith other computer!# Computer! &ith thi! capability can !hare any+ of the four information proce!!in cycle operation! * input% proce!!% output% an" !tora e * &ith another computer# 9or e'ample% t&o computer! connecte" by a communication! "evice !uch a! a mo"em can !hare !tore" "ata% in!truction!% an" information# ,hen t&o or more computer! are connecte" to ether via communication! me"ia an" "evice!% they compri!e a net&or)# The mo!t &i"ely )no&n net&or) i! the Internet# a &orl"&i"e collection of net&or)! that lin)! to ether million! of bu!ine!!e!% overnment in!tallation!% e"ucational in!titution!% an" in"ivi"ual!#
1#A# COMPUTER 4O9T,ARE

4oft&are% al!o calle" a computer pro ram or !imply a pro ram% i! a !erie! of in!truction! that tell! the har"&are of a computer &hat to "o# 9or e'ample% !ome in!truction! "irect the computer to allo& you to input "ata from the )eyboar" an" !tore it in memory# Other in!truction! cau!e "ata !tore" in memory to be u!e" in calculation! !uch a! a""in a !erie! of number! to obtain a total# 4ome in!truction! compare t&o value! !tore" in memory an" "irect the computer to perform alternative operation! ba!e" on the re!ult! of the compari!on( an" !ome in!truction! "irect the computer to print a report% "i!play information on the monitor% "ra& a color raph on the monitor% or !tore information on a "i!)# $efore a computer can perform% or e'ecute% a pro ram% the in!truction! in the pro ram mu!t be place"% or loa"e"% into the memory of the computer# U!ually% they are loa"e" into memory from !tora e# 9or e'ample% a pro ram mi ht be loa"e" from the har" "i!) of a computer into memory for e'ecution# ,hen you purcha!e a pro ram% !uch a! one that contain! le al "ocument!% you &ill receive one or more floppy "i!)!% one or more C6*ROM!% or a !in le 6-6* ROM on &hich the !oft&are i! !tore"# To u!e thi! !oft&are% you often mu!t in!tall the !oft&are on the computer+! har" "i!)# 4ometime!% a pro ram can be loa"e" in memory "irectly from a floppy "i!)% C6* ROM% or 6-6*ROM !o you "o not have to in!tall it on a har" "i!) fir!t# ,hen computer# it u!ually ha! !ome !oft&are alrea"y in!talle" on it! har" "i!)# Thu!% you can u!e the computer a! !oon a! you receive it# 4oft&are i! the )ey to pro"uctive u!e of computer!# ,ith the correct !oft&are% a computer can become a valuable tool# 4oft&are can be cate ori0e" into t&o type!B !y!tem !oft&are an" application !oft&are# The follo&in !ection! "e!cribe the!e cate orie! of !oft&are# 1.%.1 System Software 4y!tem !oft&are% &hich con!i!t! of pro ram! that control the operation! of the computer an" it! "evice!% !erve! a! the interface bet&een a u!er an" the computer+! har"&are# T&o type! of !y!tem !oft&are are the operatin !y!tem an" utility pro ram!#

1-6

!)* (+I,- S.S+*" The operatin !y!tem contain! in!truction! that coor"inate all of the activitie! of har"&are "evice!# The operatin !y!tem al!o contain! in!truction! that allo& you to run application !oft&are# Micro!oft ,in"o&! i! the name of a popular operatin !y!tem that i! u!e" on many of to"ay+! computer!# ,hen you !tart a computer% the operatin !y!tem i! loa"e"% or copie"% into memory from the computer+! har" "i!)# It remain! in memory &hile the computer i! runnin an" allo&! you to communicate &ith the computer an" other !oft&are#

U+I/I+. ) !- ("S A utility pro ram i! a type of !y!tem !oft&are that perform! a !pecific ta!)# u!ually relate" to mana in a computer# it! "evice!% or it! pro ram!# An e'ample of a utility pro ram i! an unin!taller% &hich remove! a pro ram that ha! been in!talle" on a computer# Mo!t operatin !y!tem! inclu"e !everal utility pro ram! for mana in "i!) "rive!% printer!% an" other "evice!# You al!o can buy !tan"*alone utility pro ram! to perform a""itional computer mana ement function!#

US* I,+* 0(C* All !oft&are ha! a u!er interface that i! the part of the !oft&are &ith &hich you interact# The u!er interface control! ho& "ata an" in!truction! are entere" an" ho& information i! pre!ente" on the !creen# Many of to"ay+! !oft&are pro ram! have a raphical u!er interface% or @UI .pronounce" ooey/% &hich allo&! you to interact &ith the !oft&are u!in vi!ual ima e! !uch a! icon!# An icon i! a !mall ima e that repre!ent! a pro ram% an in!truction% or !ome other ob>ect# 1.%.& (pplication Software Application !oft&are con!i!t! of pro ram! "e!i ne" to perform !pecific ta!)! for u!er!# Popular application !oft&are inclu"e! &or" proce!!in !oft&are% !prea"!heet !oft&are% "ataba!e !oft&are% an" pre!entation raphic! !oft&are memo!# 4prea"!heet !oft&are allo&! you to calculate number! arran e" in ro&! an" column! an" often i! u!e" for bu" etin % foreca!tin % an" other financial ta!)!# 6ataba!e !oft&are i! u!e" to !tore "ata in an or ani0e" fa!hion% a! &ell a! to retrieve% manipulate% an" "i!play that "ata in a meanin ful form# Pre!entation raphic! !oft&are allo&! you to create "ocument! calle" !li"e! that are u!e" in ma)in pre!entation!# The!e four application! often are !ol" to ether a! a !in le unit% calle" a !uite% in &hich in"ivi"ual application! are pac)a e" in the !ame bo' an" !ol" for a price that i! !i nificantly le!! than buyin the application! in"ivi"ually#

1-7

Many other type! of application !oft&are e'i!t% thu! enablin u!er! to perform a variety of ta!)!# 4ome &i"ely u!e" !oft&are application! inclu"eB reference e"ucation% an" entertainment( "e!)top publi!hin ( photo an" vi"eo e"itin B multime"ia authorin B net&or)% communication!% electronic mail% an" ,eb bro&!er!( accountin B pro>ect mana ement( an" per!onal information mana ement#
Application !oft&are i! available a! pac)a e" !oft&are% cu!tom !oft&are% !hare&are% free&are% an" public*"omain !oft&are#

)(C1(-*D S!0+2( * Pac)a e" !oft&are i! "e!i ne" to meet the nee"! of a &i"e variety of u!er!% not >u!t a !in le u!er or company# Pac)a e" !oft&are !ometime! i! calle" commercial off*the*!helf !oft&are becau!e you can purcha!e the!e pro ram! off the !helf from !oft&are ven"or! or !tore! that !ell computer pro"uct!# You al!o can purcha!e pac)a e" !oft&are on the Internet# 4ome companie! to"ay offer pro"uct! on the Internet( that i!% in!tea" of in!tallin the !oft&are onto your computer% you run the pro ram! on the Internet#

CUS+!" S!0+2( * 4ometime! a u!er or or ani0ation &ith uni1ue !oft&are re1uirement! cannot fin" pac)a e" !oft&are that meet! all of it! nee"!# In thi! ca!e% the u!er or or ani0ation can u!e cu!tom !oft&are% &hich i! a pro ram or pro ram! "evelope" at a u!er+! re1ue!t to perform !pecific function!#

S3( *2( * 4hare&are i! !oft&are that i! "i!tribute" free for a trial perio"# If you &ant to u!e a !hare&are pro ram beyon" that perio" of time% you are e'pecte" to !en" a payment to the per!on or company that "evelope" the pro ram# Upon !en"in thi! !mall fee% the "eveloper re i!ter! you to receive !ervice a!!i!tance an" up"ate!#

0 ** 2( * (,D )U4/IC-D!"(I, S!0+2( * 9ree&are i! !oft&are that i! provi"e" at no co!t to a u!er by an in"ivi"ual or company# Althou h free% free&are i! copyri hte"% meanin you cannot re!ell it a! your o&n# Public*"omain !oft&are i! free !oft&are that ha! been "onate" for public u!e an" ha! no copyri ht re!triction!# E'ample! of !hare&are% free&are% an" public*"omain !oft&are inclu"e utility pro ram!% raphic! pro ram!% an" ame!# Thou!an"! of the!e pro ram! are available on the Internet( you al!o can obtain copie! of the pro ram from the "eveloper% a co* &or)er% or a frien"#

1-8

1#C

5ET,ORD4 A56 T3E I5TER5ET

A net&or) i! a collection of computer! an" "evice! connecte" to ether via communication! me"ia an" "evice! !uch a! cable! telephone line!% mo"em!% or other mean!# 4ometime! a net&or) i! &irele!!( that i!% u!e! no phy!ical line! or &ire!# ,hen your computer i! connecte" to a Computer! are net&or)e" to ether !o u!er! can !hare re!ource!% !uch a! har"&are "evice!% !oft&are pro ram!% "ata% an" information# 4harin re!ource! !ave! time an" money# 9or e'ample% in!tea" of purcha!in one printer for every computer in a company or in a home% you can connect a !in le printer an" all computer! via a net&or) .9i ure 1*2/( the net&or) enable! all of the computer! to acce!! the !ame printer# Mo!t bu!ine!! computer! are net&or)e" to ether# The!e net&or)! can be relatively !mall or 1uite e'ten!ive# A net&or) that connect! computer! in a limite" eo raphic area% !uch a! a !chool computer laboratory% office% or roup of buil"in !% i! calle" a local area net&or) .LA5/# A net&or) that cover! a lar e eo raphical area% !uch a! one that connect! the "i!trict office! of a national corporation% i! calle" a &i"e area net&or) .,A5/. The &orl"+! lar e!t net&or) i! the Internet% &hich i! a &orl"&i"e collection of net&or)! that lin)! to ether million! of computer! by mean! of mo"em!% telephone line!% &irele!! technolo y% an" other communication! "evice! an" me"ia# ,ith an abun"ance of re!ource! an" "ata acce!!ible via the Internet% more than 1&% million u!er! aroun" the &orl" are ma)in u!e of the Internet for a variety of rea!on!% !ome of &hich inclu"e the follo&in B 4en"in me!!a e! to other connecte" u!er! .e*mail/ Acce!!in a &ealth of information% !uch a! ne&!% map!% airline !che"ule!% an" !toc) mar)et "ata 4hoppin for oo"! an" !ervice! Meetin or conver!in &ith people aroun" the &orl" Acce!!in !ource! of entertainment an" lei!ure% !uch a! online ame!% ma a0ine!% an" vacation plannin ui"e!

One of the more popular !e ment! of the Internet i! the ,orl" ,i"e ,eb% al!o calle" the ,eb% &hich contain! billion! of "ocument! calle" ,eb pa e!# A ,eb pa e i! a "ocument that contain! te't% raphic!% !oun"% or vi"eo% an" ha! built*in connection!% or lin)!% to other ,eb "ocument!# ,eb pa e! are !tore" on computer! throu hout the &orl"# A ,eb !ite i! a relate" collection of ,eb pa e!# You acce!! an" vie& ,eb pa e! u!in a !oft&are pro ram calle" a ,eb bro&!er# The t&o mo!t popular ,eb bro&!er! are Micro!oft Internet E'plorer an" 5et!cape 5avi ator#
1#< CATE@ORIE4 O9 COMPUTER4

The four ma>or cate orie! of computer! are per!onal computer!% minicomputer!% mainframe computer!% an" !upercomputer!# The!e cate orie! are ba!e" on the "ifference! in the !i0e% !pee"% proce!!in capabilitie!% an" price of computer!# 6ue to rapi"ly chan in technolo y% the cate orie! cannot be "efine" preci!ely# 9or e'ample% the !pee" u!e" to "efine a mainframe to"ay may be u!e" to "efine a minicomputer ne't year# 4ome characteri!tic! may overlap cate orie!# 4till% they fre1uently are u!e" an" !houl" be un"er!too"#

1-9

1.5.1 )* S!,(/ C!")U+* S A per!onal computer .PC/ i! a computer that can perform all of it! input% proce!!in % output% an" !tora e activitie! by it!elf( that i!# it contain! at lea!t one input "evice% one output "evice% one !tora e "evice% memory% an" a proce!!or# The proce!!or% !ometime! calle" a microproce!!or% i! a central proce!!in unit .CPU/ on a !in le chip an" i! the ba!ic buil"in bloc) of a PC# T&o popular !erie! of per!onal computer! are the PC an" the Apple Macinto!h# The!e t&o type! of computer! have "ifferent proce!!or! an" u!e "ifferent operatin !y!tem!# The PC an" compatible! u!e the ,in"o&! operatin !y!tem% &herea! the Apple Macinto!h u!e! the Macinto!h operatin !y!tem# To"ay% the term! PC an" compatible are u!e" to refer to any per!onal computer that i! ba!e" on !pecification! of the ori inal I$M PC computer# Companie! !uch a! @ate&ay% Compa1% 6ell% an" To!hiba all !ell PC*compatible computer!# T&o ma>or cate orie! of per!onal computer! are "e!)top computer! an" portable computer!# The!e type! of per!onal computer! are "i!cu!!e" in the ne't t&o !ection!#

Des6top Computers A "e!)top computer i! "e!i ne" !o the !y!tem unit% input "evice!% output "evice!% an" any other "evice! fit entirely on or un"er a "e!) or table# In !ome "e!)top mo"el!% the !y!tem unit i! place" hori0ontally on top of a "e!) alon &ith the other "evice!# A to&er mo"el% in contra!t% ha! a tall an" narro& !y!tem unit that i! "e!i ne" to be place" on the floor vertically# To&er mo"el "e!)top computer! are available in a variety of hei ht!B a full to&er i! at lea!t 21 inche! tall% a mi"*to&er i! about 1C inche! tall% an" a mini* to&er i! u!ually 18 inche! tall# The mo"el of "e!)top computer you u!e often i! "etermine" by the "e!i n of your &or)!pace# 1.5.& "I,IC!")U+* S A minicomputer% i! more po&erful an" lar er than a &or)!tation computer# Minicomputer! often can !upport up to ?%=== connecte" u!er! at the !ame time# U!er! often acce!! a minicomputer via a terminal% &hich i! a "evice &ith a monitor an" )eyboar"# 4uch terminal! * !ometime! calle" "umb terminal! becau!e they have no proce!!in po&er * cannot act a! !tan"* alone computer! an" mu!t be connecte" to the minicomputer to operate# A minicomputer al!o can act a! a !erver in a net&or) environment# In thi! ca!e% per!onal computer! acce!! the minicomputer# 1.5.3 "(I,0 ("* C!")U+* S A mainframe i! a lar e% e'pen!ive% very po&erful computer that can han"le hun"re"! or thou!an"! of connecte" u!er! !imultaneou!ly# Li)e minicomputer!% mainframe! al!o can act a! a !erver in a net&or) environment# Mainframe! can !tore tremen"ou! amount! of "ata% in!truction!% an" information% &hich u!er! can acce!! &ith terminal! or per!onal computer!#

1 - 10

1.5.4 SU)* C!")U+* S A !uper*computer i! the fa!te!t% mo!t po&erful computer * an" the mo!t e'pen!ive# Capable of proce!!in more than C? billion in!truction! in a !in le !econ"% !upercomputer! are u!e" for application! re1uirin comple'% !ophi!ticate" mathematical calculation!# 9or e'ample% a !upercomputer &oul" be u!e" for &eather foreca!tin % nuclear ener y re!earch% an" petroleum e'ploration#
1#E EFAMPLE4 O9 COMPUTER4 U4A@E Every "ay% people "epen" on "ifferent type! of computer! for a variety of application!#

1.7.1 3ome Users 3ome u!er! rely on their computer! for entertainment( communication!( re!earch an" e"ucation( ,eb acce!!( !hoppin ( per!onal finance( an" pro"uctivity application! !uch a! &or" proce!!in an" !prea"!heet!# 1.7.& Small 4usiness Users 4mall bu!ine!! u!er! utili0e pro"uctivity !oft&are a! &ell a! communication! !oft&are% ,eb bro&!er!% e*mail% an" !peciali0e" !oft&are# 1.7.3 "o'ile Users Mobile u!er! have laptop computer! !o they can &or) on the roa"# They often u!e pre!entation !oft&are# 1.7.4 /arge 4usiness Users Lar e bu!ine!! u!er! u!e computer! to run their bu!ine!!e! by u!in pro"uctivity !oft&are% communication! !oft&are% automate" !y!tem! for mo!t "epartment! in the company% an" lar e net&or)!# 1.7.% )ower Users Po&er u!er! re1uire the capabilitie! of &or)!tation! or other po&erful computer! to "e!i n plan!% pro"uce publication!% create raphic art% an" &or) &ith multime"ia that inclu"e! te't% raphic!% !oun"% vi"eo% an" other me"ia element!#

1 - 11

1#

The System Un t

The !y!tem unit i! a bo'*li)e ca!e hou!in the electronic component! of a computer that are u!e" to proce!! "ata# 4y!tem unit component! inclu"e the proce!!or% memory mo"ule% e'pan!ion car"!% an" port! an" connector!# Many component! re!i"e on a circuit boar" calle" the motherboar" or !y!tem boar"# The motherboar" contain! "ifferent type! of chip!% or !mall piece! of !emicon"uctin material on &hich one or more inte rate" circuit! .IC/ are etche"# One of the more important chip! i! the central proce!!in unit#
2#2 Central Proce!!in Unit

The central proce!!in unit .CPU/! !ometime! referre" to a! the proce!!or% interpret! an" carrie! out the ba!ic in!truction! that operate a computer# That i!% mo!t of the "evice! connecte" to the computer communicate &ith the CPU in or"er to carry out a ta!) .9i ure 2*1/# The CPU contain! the control unit an" the arithmeticGlo ic unit# &.&.1 +he Control Unit The control unit% one component of the CPU% "irect! an" coor"inate! mo!t of the operation! in the computer# 9or every in!truction% the control unit repeat! a !et of four ba!ic operation! calle" the machine cycle .9i ure 2*2/" .1/ fetchin the in!truction or "ata item from memory% .2/ "eco"in the in!truction into comman"! the computer un"er!tan"!% .8/ e'ecutin the comman"!% an"% if nece!!ary% .?/ !torin ! or &ritin % the re!ult to memory# &.&.& (rithmetic8/ogic unit The arithmeticGlo ic unit% another component of the CPU% perform! the arithmetic% compari!on% an" lo ical operation!# Arithmetic operation! inclu"e a""ition% !ubtraction% multiplication% an" "ivi!ion# Compari!on operation! involve comparin one "ata item to another to "etermine if the fir!t item i! reater than% e1ual to% or le!! than the other item# Lo ical operation! &or) &ith con"ition! an" lo ical operator! !uch a! A56% OR% an" 5OT &.&.3 egisters
The CPU u!e! temporary !tora e location! calle" re i!ter!% to hol" "ata an" in!truction!# The function inclu"e !torin location of &here in!truction &a! fetche" !torin an in!truction &hile it i! bein "eco"e"% !torin "ata &hile the ALU proce!!e! it% an" !torin the re!ult! of a calculation# 2#8# Microproce!!or! Compari!on

A per!onal computer+! CPU u!ually i! containe" on a !in le chip calle" a microproce!!or# Early Intel microproce!!or! &ere i"entifie" &ith number!% but a more recent !erie! i! )no&n a! Pentium; proce!!or!# Intel proce!!or! &ith MMFH technolo y have a built*in !et of in!truction! that can be u!e" to manipulate an" proce!! multime"ia "ata more efficiently# Intel*compatible microproce!!or! have the !ame internal "e!i n a! Intel proce!!or! an" perform the !ame function!% but are ma"e by other companie! an" often are le!! e'pen!ive# The Motorola microproce!!or i! an alternative to the Intel*!tyle microproce!!or an" i! foun" in Apple Macinto!h an" Po&er Macinto!h !y!tem!# The Alpha microproce!!or% from 6i ital E1uipment Corporation% i! u!e" primarily in &or)!tation! an" hi h*en" !erver!#

2#?

Type! of Microproce!!or!

&.4.1 )arallel )rocessing 4ome computer! u!e more than one proce!!or to !pee" proce!!in time!# Dno&n a! parallel proce!!in % thi! metho" u!e multiple proce!!or! !imultaneou!ly to e'ecute a pro ram .9i ure 2* 8/ Re1uire! !pecial !oft&are "e!i ne" to reco ni0e ho& to "ivi"e up the problem an" then brin the re!ult! bac) to ether a ain# &.4.& Coprocessors Another &ay to increa!e the performance of a computer i! throu h the u!e of a coproce!!or% &hich i! a !pecial proce!!or chip or circuit boar" "e!i ne" to a!!i!t the proce!!or in performin !pecific ta!)!# U!er runnin en ineerin % !cientific% or raphic! application!% for in!tance% &ill notice a "ramatic increa!e in !pee" &ith a floatin *point coproce!!or
2#A# 6ata Repre!entation

Mo!t computer! are "i ital! meanin they un"er!tan" only t&o "i!crete !tate!B on an" off# The!e !tate! are repre!ente" u!in t&o "i it!% = i! u!e" to repre!ent the electronic !tate of off .ab!ence of an electronic char e/ an" 1 i! u!e" to repre!ent the electronic !tate of on .pre!ence of an electronic char e/ .9i ure 2*?/# Each on or off value i! calle" a bit .!hort for binary "i it/% &hich i! the !malle!t unit of "ata a computer can han"le# Ei ht bit! roupe" to ether a! a unit are calle" a byte# A byte can repre!ent 2AC in"ivi"ual character! inclu"in number!% letter! of the alphabet% punctuation mar)!% an" other character!# Combination! of =! an" 1! u!e" to repre!ent "ata are "efine" by pattern! calle" co"in !cheme!% the number 1 i! repre!ente" a! ==11===1% the number a! ==11==1=% an" the capital letter M a! =1==11=1 .9i ure 2*A/# Popular co"in !cheme! are A4CII! E$C6IC% an" Unico"e#

&.%.1

(SCII

The American 4tan"ar" Co"e for Information Interchan e% i! the mo!t &i"ely u!e" co"in !y!tem to repre!ent "ata# I! u!e" on many per!onal computer! an" minicomputer!#
&.%.& *4CDIC

The E'ten"e" $inary Co"e 6ecimal Interchan e Co"e% i! u!e" primarily on mainframe computer! &.%.3 Unicode I! co"in !cheme capable of repre!entin all the &orl"+! current lan ua e!#

Co"in !cheme! !uch a! A4CII ma)e it po!!ible for human! to interact &ith ! "i ital computer that reco ni0e! only bit!# ,hen you pre!! a )ey on a )eyboar"% the electronic !i nal i! converte" into a binary firm the computer un"er!tan"! an" i! !tore" in memory# That i!% every character i! converte" to it! corre!pon"in byte# The computer then proce!!e! that "ata in term! of byte!% &hich actually i! a !erie! of onGoff electrical !tate!# ,hen proce!!in i! fini!he"% the byte! are converte" bac) into number!% letter! of the alphabet% or !pecial character! to be "i!playe" on a !creen or be printe" .9i ure 2*C/# All of the!e conver!ion! ta)e place !o 1uic)ly that you "o not reali0e they are occurrin #
2#C# 6ifferent Type! of Memory

In the !y!tem unit% a computer+! memory !tore! "ata% in!truction!% an" information# Memory !tore! three ba!ic item!B The operatin !y!tem an" other !y!tem !oft&are that control the u!a e of the computer e1uipment( Application pro ram! "e!i ne" to carry out a !pecific ta!) !uch a! &or" proce!!in ( an" The "ata bein proce!!e" by application pro ram!# The number of byte! it can !tore mea!ure! memory !i0e a )ilobyte .D$/ i! appro'imately one thou!an" byte!% an" a me abyte .M$/ i! appro'imately one million byte!# &.9.1 (" RAM .ran"om acce!! memory/ i! a memory chip that the proce!!or can rea" from an" &rite to# RAM i! volatile memory% meanin that it! content! are lo!t &hen the computer+! po&er i! turne" off# .9i ure 2*</ Multiple pro ram! can be loa"e" into RAM !imultaneou!ly% provi"e" you have enou h RAM to accommo"ate all the pro ram!# The pro ram &ith &hich you are &or)in currently "i!play! on the !creen# T&o ba!ic type! of RAM e'i!tB "ynamic RAM an" !tatic RAM# ,hen "i!cu!!in RAM% u!er! normally are referrin to "ynamic RAM% al!o calle" 6RAM% a type of memory that mu!t be re*ener i0e" con!tantly or it lo!e! it content!# One type of 6RAM% calle" 4ynchronou! 6RAM .46RAM/% i! much fa!ter than 6RAM becau!e it i! !ynchroni0e" to !y!tem cloc)# R6RAM .Rambu! 6RAM/ i! a ne&er type of 6RAM that i! even fa!ter than 46RAM# 6ouble*"ata rate .66R 46RAM/% al!o calle" 46RAM II% al!o fa!ter than 46RAM# Mo!t computer! to"ay u!e !ome type of 46RAM an" R6RAM# 4tatic RAM% al!o calle" 4RAM% i! fa!ter an" more reliable than any form of 6RAM# The term !tatic refer! to the fact that it "oe! not have to be re*ener i0e" a! often a! 6RAM# 46RAM% ho&ever% i! u!e" for !pecial purpo!e! becau!e it i! much more e'pen!ive than 6RAM# &.9.& !" ROM .rea"*only memory/ i! a memory chip that only can be rea" an" u!e"( that i!% it cannot be mo"ifie"# ROM i! nonvolatile memory% meanin that it! content! are not lo!t &hen the computer+! po&er i! turne" off#
Commonly u!e" for !torin of pro ram in!truction! that are not !ub>ecte" to chan e# @enerally provi"e" by manufacturer# RO5 clip! that contain permanently &ritten "ata% in!truction% or information are calle" firm&are# Another type of ROM clip% calle" pro rammable rea" only memory .PROM/ clip% i! a blan) ROM chip on &hich you can permanently place item!# The in!truction! u!e" to pro ram a PROM clip are calle" micro*co"e# Once the micro*co"e i! pro ramme" into the PROM clip% it function! li)e a re ular ROM clip an" cannot be era!e" or chan e"#

&.9.3 0lash memory

Another type of nonvolatile memory i! calle" fla!h memory or fla!h ROM# Unli)e a PROM clip that can be pro ramme" only once% fla!h memory can be era!e" electronically an" repro ramme"# 9la!h memory i! u!e" to !tore pro ram! on per!onal computer!% a! &ell a! cellular telephone!% printer!% "i ital camera!% pa er!% an" per!onal "i ital a!!i!tant# 9la!h memory i! available in !i0e! ran in from 1 to ?= M$#

&.9.4 C"!S Another of memory clip in the memory unit i! complementary metal*o'i"e !emicon"uctor .CMO4/# CMO4 memory i! nonvolatile memory u!e" to !tore confi uration information about the computer% !uch a! the type of "i!) "rive!% )eyboar"% an" monitor( the current "ate an" time( an" other !tartup information nee"e" &hen the computer i! turne" off# CMO4 u!e battery po&er to retain information even &hen the po&er to the computer i! turn off# $attery*bac)e" CMO4 memory thu! )eep! the calen"ar% "ate% an" time current even &hen the computer po&er i! off# Unli)e ROM% information !tore" in CMO4 memory can be chan e"% !uch a! &hen you chan e from !tan"ar" time to "ayli ht !avin time# &.9.% "emory (ccess +imes

2#<#

The !pee" at &hich the proce!!or can acce!! "ata from memory "irectly affect! ho& fa!t the computer proce!! "ata# Thi! !pee" often i! "efine" a! acce!! time# Acce!! time i! mea!ure" in fraction! of a !econ"# 9or memory% acce!! time! are mea!ure" in term! of a nano!econ"% &hich i! one billionth of a !econ"# E'pan!ion 4lot! an" E'pan!ion $oar"!

An e'pan!ion !lot i! an openin % or !oc)et% &here a circuit boar" can be in!erte" into the motherboar"# The!e circuit boar"!% !ometime! referre" to a! e'pan!ion boar"! or e'pan!ion car"!% a"" ne& "evice! or capabilitie! to the computer% !uch a! a mo"em or more memory# Plu an" Play refer! to a computer+! capability to automatically confi ure e'pan!ion boar"! an" other "evice! a! they are in!talle"#
2#E Port

A cable often attache! e'ternal "evice! to the !y!tem unit# The interface% or point of attachment% to the !y!tem unit i! calle" a port# Port! have "ifferent type! of connector! u!e" to >oin a cable to a "evice# &.7.1 3ow Is a Serial )ort Different from a )arallel )ort:

Serial )ort A !erial port i! one type! of interface u!e" to connect a "evice! to the !y!tem unit# $ecau!e a !erial port tran!mit! only one bit of "ata at a time% it u!ually i! u!e" to connect "evice! that "o not re1uire fa!t "ata tran!mi!!ion rate!% !uch a! a mou!e% )eyboar"% or mo"em .fi ure 2*</# A mo"em% &hich connect! the !y!tem unit to a telephone line% u!e! a !erial port becau!e the telephone line e'pect! the "ata in a !erial form# 4erial port! conform to either the R4*282 or R4?22 !tan"% &hich !pecifie! the number of pin! u!e" on the port+! connector# To& common connector! for !erial port! are a male 2A*pin connector or a male I*pin connector# )arallel )ort Unli)e !erial port% a parallel port i! an interface u!e" to connect "evice! that are capable of tran!ferrin more than one bit at a time# Parallel port! ori inally &ere "evelope" a! an alternative to the !lo&er !pee" !erial port!# Many printer! connect to the !y!tem unit u!in a parallel port &ith a 2A*pin female

connector# Thi! parallel port can tran!fer ei ht bit! of "ata !imultaneou!ly throu h ei ht !eparate line! in a !in le cable .9i ure 2*E/# A parallel port !ometime! i! calle" a Centronic! interface% after the company that fir!t "efine" the !tan"ar" for communication bet&een the !y!tem unit an" a printer# T&o ne&er type! of parallel port!% the EPP .Enhance" Parallel Port/ an" the ECP .E'ten"e" Capabilitie! Port/% u!e the !ame connector! a! the Centronic! port% but are more than ten time! fa!ter#

#1

,hat i! Input7 Input i! any "ata or in!truction! you enter into the memory of a computer# Once input i! in memory% the CPU can acce!! it an" proce!! the input into output# 9our type! of input are "ata% pro ram!% comman"!% an" u!er re!pon!e!B

6ata i! a collection of unor ani0e" fact! that can inclu"e &or"!% number!% picture!% !oun"!% an" vi"eo!# A computer manipulate! an" proce!!e! "ata into information% &hich i! u!eful# Althou h technically !pea)in % a !in le item of "ata !houl" be calle" a "atum% the term "ata commonly i! u!e" an" accepte" a! both the !in ular an" plural form of the &or"# A pro ram i! a !erie! of in!truction! that tell! a computer ho& to perform the ta!)! nece!!ary to proce!! "ata into information Pro ram! are )ept on !tora e me"ia !uch a! a floppy "i!)% har" "i!)% C6*ROM% or 6-6*ROM# Pro ram! re!pon" to comman"! i!!ue" by a u!er# A comman" i! an in!truction iven to a computer pro ram# Comman"! can be i!!ue" by typin )ey&or"! or pre!!in !pecial )ey! on the )eyboar"# A )ey&or" i! a !pecific &or"% phra!e% or co"e that a pro ram un"er!tan"! a! an in!truction# 4ome )eyboar"! inclu"e )ey! that !en" comman" to a pro ram &hen you pre!! them#

In!tea" of re1uirin you to remember )ey&or"! or !pecial )ey!% many pro ram! allo& you to i!!ue comman"! by !electin menu choice! or raphical ob>ect!# 9or e'ample% pro ram! that are menu*"riven provi"e menu! a! a mean! of enterin comman"!# To"ay% mo!t pro ram! have a raphical u!er interface that u!e icon!% button!% an" other raphical ob>ect! to i!!ue comman"!# Of all of the!e metho"!% a raphical u!er interface i! the mo!t u!er* frien"ly &ay to i!!ue comman"!# A u!er re!pon!e i! an in!truction you i!!ue to the computer by replyin to a 1ue!tion po!e" by a computer pro ram% !uch a! Do you want to save the changes you made: $a!e" on your re!pon!e% the pro ram perform! certain action!# 9or e'ample% if you an!&er% Ye!% to thi! 1ue!tion% the pro ram !ave! your chan e" file on a !tora e "evice# 8#2 ,3AT ARE I5PUT 6E-ICE47 An input "evice i! any har"&are component that allo&! you to enter "ata% pro ram!% comman"!% an" u!er re!pon!e! into a computer# Input "evice! inclu"e the )eyboar"% pointin "evice!% !canner! an" rea"in "evice!% "i ital camera!% au"io an" vi"eo input "evice!% an" input "evice! for phy!ically challen e" u!er!# Each of the!e input "evice! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in pa e!#
8#8# T3E DEY$OAR6

One of the primary input "evice! on a computer i! the )eyboar"# You enter "ata into a computer by pre!!in the )ey! on the )eyboar"# 6e!)top computer )eyboar"! u!ually have from 1=1 to 1=A )ey!% &hile )eyboar"! for !maller computer! !uch a! laptop! contain fe&er )ey!# A computer )eyboar"

inclu"e! )ey! that allo& you to type letter! of the alphabet% number!% !pace!% punctuation mar)!% an" other !ymbol! !uch a! the "ollar !i n .J/ an" a!teri!) .K/# A )eyboar" al!o contain! !pecial )ey! that allo& you to enter "ata an" in!truction! into the computer# All computer )eyboar"! have a typin area that inclu"e! the letter! of the alphabet% number!% punctuation mar)!% an" other ba!ic )ey!# Many "e!)top computer )eyboar"! al!o have a numeric )eypa" locate" on the ri ht !i"e of the )eyboar"# A numeric )eypa" i! a calculator*!tyle arran ement of )ey! repre!entin number!% a "ecimal point% an" !ome ba!ic mathematical operator!# The numeric )eypa" i! "e!i ne" to ma)e it ea!ier to enter number!# Acro!! the top% mo!t )eyboar"! contain function )ey!% &hich are labele" &ith the letter 9 follo&e" by a number# $un%t on )ey! are !pecial )ey! pro ramme" to i!!ue comman"! an" accompli!h certain ta!)!# The comman" a!!ociate" &ith a function )ey "epen"! on the pro ram you are u!in # 9or e'ample% in many pro ram!% pre!!in the function )ey 9l "i!play! a 3elp &in"o&# ,hen in!tructe" to pre!! a function )ey !uch a! 9l% "o not pre!! the letter 9 follo&e" by the number 1( in!tea" pre!! the )ey labelle" 9l# 9unction )ey! often are u!e" in combination &ith other !pecial )ey! .43I9T% CTRL% ALT% an" other!/ to i!!ue comman"!# Many pro ram! let you u!e a !hortcut menu% a button% a menu% or a function )ey to obtain the !ame re!ult# Deyboar"! al!o contain )ey! that can be u!e" to po!ition the in!ertion point on the !creen# The in!ertion point i! a !ymbol that in"icate! &here on the !creen the ne't character you type &ill "i!play# 6epen"in on the pro ram% the !ymbol may be a vertical bar% a rectan le% or an un"erline. Arro& )ey! allo& you to move the in!ertion point left% ri ht% up% or "o&n# Mo!t )eyboar"! al!o contain )ey! !uch a! 3OME% E56% PA@E UP% an" PA@E 6O,5% that you can pre!! to move the in!ertion point to the be innin or en" of a line% pa e% or "ocument# Mo!t )eyboar"! al!o inclu"e to le )ey!% &hich can be !&itche" bet&een t&o "ifferent !tate!# The 5UM LOCD )ey% for e'ample% i! a to le )ey# ,hen you pre!! it once% it loc)! the numeric )eypa" !o you can u!e it to type number!# ,hen you pre!! the 5UM LOCD )ey a ain% the numeric )eypa" i! unloc)e" !o the !ame )ey! !erve a! arro& )ey! that move the in!ertion point# Many )eyboar"! have !tatu! li ht! in the upper*ri ht corner that li ht up to in"icate that a to le )ey i! activate"# Many of the ne&er )eyboar"! inclu"e button! that allo& you to acce!! your C6G6-6 "rive an" a">u!t !pea)er volume# 3.3.1 1ey'oard +ypes A !tan"ar" computer )eyboar" !ometime! i! calle" a L,ERTY )eyboar" becau!e of the layout of it! typin area# Pronounce" D,ER*tee% thi! )eyboar" layout i! name" after the fir!t !i' leftmo!t letter! on the top alphabetic line of the )eyboar"# $ecau!e of the &ay the )ey! are or ani0e"% a L,ERTY )eyboar" mi ht limit your typin !pee"# A )eyboar" &ith an alternative layout &a! "e!i ne" to improve typin !pee"# Calle" the 6vora) )eyboar" .pronounce" "e*-OR*0ha)/% thi! type of )eyboar" place! the mo!t fre1uently type" letter! in the mi""le of the typin area# 6e!pite the more lo ical "e!i n of the 6vora) )eyboar"% the L,ERTY )eyboar" i! more &i"ely u!e"# Mo!t of to"ay+! "e!)top computer )eyboar"! are enhance" )eyboar"!% &hich mean! they have t&elve function )ey! alon the top% t&o CTRL )ey!% t&o ALT )ey!% an" a !et of arro& an" a""itional )ey! bet&een the typin area an" the numeric )eypa"# Althou h mo!t )eyboar"! attach to a !erial port on the !y!tem unit via a cable% !ome )eyboar"! * calle" &irele!! )eyboar"! * tran!mit "ata via infrare" li ht &ave!# 9or a &irele!! )eyboar" to tran!mit !i nal! to a computer% both the computer an" the &irele!! )eyboar" mu!t have an Mr6A

port# The!e Ir6A port! mu!t be ali ne" !o that nothin ob!truct! the path of the infrare" li ht &ave# On laptop! an" many han"hel" computer!% the )eyboar" i! built into the top of the !y!tem unit# To fit in the!e !maller computer!% the )eyboar"! u!ually are !maller an" have fe&er )ey!# A typical laptop computer )eyboar"% for e'ample% ha! only EA )ey!% compare" to the 1=A )ey! on mo!t "e!)top computer )eyboar"!# To provi"e all of the functionality of a "e!)top computer )eyboar"% manufacturer! "e!i n many of the )ey! to !erve t&o or three "ifferent purpo!e!#
8#? POI5TI5@ 6E-ICE4

A pointin "evice i! an input "evice that allo&! you to control a pointer on the !creen# In a raphical u!er interface% a pointer i! a !mall !ymbol on the "i!play !creen. A pointer often ta)e! the !hape of a bloc) arro&% an I*beam .T/ or a pointin han"# U!in a pointin "evice% you can po!ition the pointer to move or !elect item! on the !creen# 9or e'ample% you can u!e a pointin "evice to move the in!ertion point( !elect te't% raphic!% an" other ob>ect!( an" clic) button!% icon!% lin)!% an" menu comman"!# Common pointin "evice! inclu"e the mou!e% trac)ball% touchpa"% pointin !tic)% >oy!tic)% touch !creen% li ht pen% an" raphic! tablet# Each of the!e "evice! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!# 3.4.1 "ouse The mou!e i! the mo!t &i"ely u!e" pointin "evice on "e!)top computer! becau!e it ta)e! full a"vanta e of a raphical u!er interface# 6e!i ne" to fit comfortably un"er the palm of your han"% a mou!e i! an input "evice that i! u!e" to control the movement of the pointer% often calle" a mou!e pointer% on the !creen an" to ma)e !election! from the !creen# The top of the mou!e ha! one to four button!( !ome al!o have a !mall &heel# The bottom of a mou!e i! flat an" contain! a multi*"irectional mechani!m% u!ually either a !mall ball or an optical !en!or% &hich "etect! movement of the mou!e# Mou!e "evice! that contain a !mall ball often re!t on a mou!e pa"! &hich u!ually i! a rectan ular rubber or foam pa" that provi"e! better traction for the mou!e than the top of a "e!)# The mou!e pa" al!o protect! the ball mechani!m from a buil" up of "u!t an" "irt% &hich coul" cau!e it to malfunction#

USING A MOUSE A! you move the mou!e acro!! a flat !urface !uch a! a "e!)top% the pointer on the !creen al!o move!# 9or e'ample% &hen you move the mou!e to the ri ht% the pointer move! ri ht on the !creen## ,hen you move the mou!e to the left% the pointer move! left on the !creen% an" !o on# If you have never &or)e" &ith a mou!e% you mi ht fin" it a little a&)&ar" at fir!t( &ith a little practice% ho&ever% you &ill "i!cover that a mou!e i! 1uite ea!y to u!e# @enerally% you u!e the mou!e to move the pointer on the !creen to an ob>ect !uch a! a button% a menu% an icon% a lin)% or te't an" then pre!! one of the mou!e button! to perform a certain action on that ob>ect# In ,in"o&! IE% for e'ample% if you point to the 4tart button on the ta!)bar an" then pre!!% or %l %&! the primary mou!e button% the 4tart menu "i!play! on the !creen# 3.4.& +rac6'all
4ome u!er! opt for alternative pointin "evice! other than a mou!e% !uch a! a trac)ball# ,herea! a mechanical mou!e ha! a ball mechani!m on the bottom% a trac)ball i! a !tationary pointin "evice &ith a ball mechani!m on it! top# The ball mechani!m in a lar er trac)ball i! about the !i0e of a Pin *Pon ball( !ome mou!e "evice! al!o have a !mall trac)ball about the !i0e of a marble#

To move the pointer u!in a trac)ball% you rotate the ball mechani!m &ith your thumb% fin er!%

or the palm of your han"# Aroun" the ball mechani!m% u!ually a trac)*ball al!o ha! one or more button! that &or) >u!t li)e mou!e button!# Althou h it !hare! characteri!tic! &ith a mou!e% a trac)ball i! not a! accurate a! a mou!e# A trac)ball+! ball mechani!m al!o re1uire! fre1uent cleanin becau!e it pic)! up oil! from your fin er! an" "u!t from the environment# If you have limite" "e!) !pace% ho&ever% a trac)ball i! a oo" alternative to a mou!e becau!e you "o not have to move the entire "evice# 3.4.3 +ouchpad A touchpa" or trac)pa" i! a !mall% flat% rectan ular pointin "evice that i! !en!itive to pre!!ure an" motion# To move the pointer u!in a touchpa"% you !li"e your fin ertip acro!! the !urface of the pa"# 4ome touchpa"! have one or more button! aroun" the e" e of the pa" that &or) li)e mou!e button!( on other!% you tap the pa"+! !urface to !imulate mou!e operation! !uch a! clic)in # Althou h you can attach a !tan"*alone touchpa" to any per!onal computer% touchpa"! are foun" more often on laptop computer!# 3.4.4 Stic6 A pointin !tic) i! a pre!!ure*!en!itive pointin "evice !hape" li)e a pencil era!er that &a! fir!t "evelope" by I$M for it! laptop computer!# $ecau!e of it! !mall !i0e% the pointin !tic) i! po!itione" bet&een )ey! on the )eyboar"# To move the pointer u!in a pointin !tic)% you pu!h the pointin !tic) &ith your fin er# The pointer on the !creen move! in the "irection that you pu!h the pointin !tic)# One a"vanta e of u!in a pointin !tic) i! that it "oe! not re1uire any a""itional "e!) !pace# Another a"vanta e i! that it "oe! not re1uire cleanin li)e a mechanical mou!e or trac)ball# ,hether you !elect a laptop that ha! a trac)ball% touchpa"% or pointin !tic) i! a matter of per!onal preference# 3.4.% ;oystic6 U!er! runnin ame !oft&are !uch a! a "rivin or fli ht !imulator may prefer to u!e a >oy!tic) a! their pointin "evice# A >oy!tic) i! a vertical lever mounte" on a ba!e# You move the lever in "ifferent "irection! to control the action! of a vehicle or player# The lever u!ually inclu"e! button! calle" triggers that you can pre!! to activate certain event!# 4ome >oy!tic)! al!o have a""itional button! that you can !et to perform other action!# 3.4.9 +ouch Screen A monitor that ha! a touch*!en!itive panel on the !creen i! calle" a touch !creen# You interact &ith the computer by touchin area! of the !creen &ith your fin er% &hich act! a! an input "evice# $ecau!e they re1uire a lot of arm movement!% touch !creen! are not u!e" to enter lar e amount! of "ata# In!tea" you touch &or"!% picture!% number!% or location! i"entifie" on the !creen# 3.4.5 )en Input
Many input "evice! u!e an electronic pen in!tea" of a )eyboar" or mou!e for input# 4ome of the!e "evice! re1uire you to point to on!creen ob>ect! &ith the pen( other! allo& you to input "ata u!in "ra&in !% han"&ritin % an" other !ymbol! that are &ritten &ith the pen on a !urface#

3.4.7

/I-3+ )*,

A li ht pen i! a han"hel" input "evice that contain! a li ht !ource or can "etect li ht# 4ome li ht pen! re1uire a !pecially "e!i ne" monitor% &hile other! &or) &ith a !tan"ar" monitor# In!tea" of touchin the !creen &ith your fin er to interact &ith the computer% you pre!! the li ht pen a ain!t the !urface of the !creen or point the li ht pen at the !creen an" then pre!! a button on the pen# Li ht pen! are u!e" in application! &here "e!)top !pace i! limite" !uch a! in the health*care fiel" or &hen a &i"e variety of people u!e the application% !uch a! electronic votin # 3.4.< )*, C!")U+I,Many han"hel" computer! al!o allo& you to input "ata u!in an electronic pen# The pen .al!o calle" a !tylu!/ loo)! li)e a ballpoint pen but u!e! an electronic hea" in!tea" of in)# Pen computer! u!e han"&ritin reco nition !oft&are that tran!late! the letter! an" !ymbol! u!e" in han"&ritin into character "ata that the computer can u!e# Althou h mo!t han"&ritin reco nition !oft&are reco ni0e! printe" letter! an" can be traine" to "i!tin ui!h &ritin !tyle!% pen*computin technolo y continue! to be refine"# 3.4.1= - ()3ICS +(4/*+ A raphic! tablet% al!o calle" a "i iti0er or "i iti0in tablet% con!i!t! of a flat% rectan ular% electronic pla!tic boar" u!e" to input "ra&in !% !)etche!% or other raphical "ata# Each location on the raphic! tablet corre!pon"! to a !pecific location on the !creen# ,hen you "ra& on the tablet &ith either an electronic pen or a puc)% the tablet "etect! an" convert! the movement! into "i ital !i nal! that are !ent into the computer# A puc) i! a "evice that loo)! !imilar to a mou!e% e'cept that i! ha! a &in"o& &ith cro!! hair! !o the u!er can !ee throu h to the tablet# U!er! &ith preci!e pointin re1uirement! !uch a! mapma)er! an" architect! u!e a puc)#
8#A 4CA55ER4 A56 REA6I5@ 6E-ICE4

4ome "evice! ma)e the input proce!! more efficient by eliminatin the manual entry of "ata# In!tea" of a per!on enterin "ata u!in a )eyboar" or pointin "evice% the!e "evice! capture "ata from a !ource "ocument% &hich i! the ori inal form of the "ata# ,hen u!in a )eyboar" or pointin "evice to enter "ata% the !ource "ocument mi ht be a timecar"% or"er blan)% invoice% or any other "ocument that contain! "ata to be proce!!e"# 6evice! that capture "ata "irectly from !ource "ocument! inclu"e optical !canner!% optical character reco nition "evice!% optical mar) reco nition "evice!% bar co"e !canner!% an" ma netic*in) character reco nition rea"er!# E'ample! of !ource "ocument! u!e" &ith the!e "evice! inclu"e a"verti!ement!% brochure!% photo raph!% inventory ta !% or chec)!# Each of the!e "evice! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in pa e!# 3.%.1 !ptical Scanner An optical !canner% u!ually !imply calle" a !canner% i! a li ht*!en!in input "evice that rea"! printe" te't an" raphic! an" then tran!late! the re!ult! into a form the computer can u!e .9i ure 8*1/# A !canner i! !imilar to a copy machine e'cept that it create! a file of the "ocument in!tea" of a paper copy# The file that contain! the !canne" ob>ect then can be !tore" on a "i!)% "i!playe" on the !creen% printe"% fa'e"% !ent via electronic mail% or inclu"e" in another "ocument# 9or e'ample% you can !can a picture an" then incorporate the picture into a brochure u!in a "e!)top publi!hin pro ram# ,hen a "ocument i! !canne"% the re!ult! are !tore" in ro&! an" column! of "ot! calle" a bitmap# Each "ot on a bitmap con!i!t! of one or more bit! of "ata# The more bit! u!e" to repre!ent a "ot% the more color! an" !ha"e! of ray that can be repre!ente"# 9or in!tance% one bit per "ot i! enou h to repre!ent !imple one*color ima e!% but for color! an" !ha"e! of ray% each "ot re1uire! more than one bit of "ata# To"ay+! !canner! ran e from 8= bit to ?E bit% &ith the latter bein a

hi her 1uality% but more e'pen!ive# The "en!ity of the "ot!% )no&n a! the re!olution% "etermine! !harpne!! an" clearne!! of the re!ultin ima e. Re!olution typically i! mea!ure" in "ot! per inch ."pi/% an" i! !tate" a! the number of column! an" ro&! of "ot!# 9or e'ample% a C== ' 12== .pronounce" C== by 12==/ "pi !canner ha! C== column! an" 12== ro&! of "ot!# If >u!t one number i! !tate"% !uch a! 12== "pi% that number refer! to both the number of ro&! an" the number of column!# The more "ot!% the better the re!olution% an" the re!ultin ima e i! of hi her 1uality# 4ome manufacturer! refer to the actual !canne" re!olution a! the optical resolution# "ifferentiatin it from enhanced or interpolated resolution. The enhance" re!olution u!ually i! hi her becau!e it u!e! a !pecial formula to a"" "ot! bet&een tho!e enerate" by the optical re!olution# Mo!t of to"ay+! affor"able color "e!)top !canner! for the home or !mall bu!ine!! u!er have an optical re!olution ran in from C== to 2=== "pi# Commercial !canner! "e!i ne" for po&er u!er! ran e from ?=== to E=== "pi# Or ani0ation! u!e many type! of !canner! for ima e proce!!in % or ima in % &hich con!i!t! of capturin % !torin % analy0in % "i!playin % printin % an" manipulatin ima e! .bitmap!/# Ima e proce!!in enable! or ani0ation! to convert paper "ocument! !uch a! report!% memo!% an" proce"ure manual! into an electronic form# Once !ave" electronically% the routin of the!e "ocument! can be automate"# They al!o can be !tore" an" in"e'e" u!in an ima e proce!!in !y!tem% &hich !erve! a! an electronic filin cabinet that provi"e! acce!! to e'act repro"uction! of the ori inal "ocument!# The overnment% for e'ample% u!e! an ima e proce!!in !y!tem to !tore property "ee"! an" title! to provi"e 1uic) acce!! to the public% la&yer!% an" loan officer!# 3.%.& !ptical eaders An optical rea"er i! a "evice that u!e! a li ht !ource to rea" character!% mar)!% an" co"e! an" then convert! them into "i ital "ata that can be proce!!e" by a computer# The follo&in !ection! "i!cu!! three type! of optical rea"er!B optical character reco nition% optical mar) reco nition% an" bar co"e# !)+IC(/ C3( (C+* *C!-,I+I!,

Optical character reco nition .OCR/ i! a technolo y that involve! rea"in type&ritten% computer*printe"% or han"&ritten character! from*or"inary "ocument! an" tran!latin the ima e! into a form that the computer can un"er!tan"# Mo!t OCR "evice! inclu"e a !mall optical !canner for rea"in character! an" !ophi!ticate" !oft&are for analy0in &hat i! rea"# OCR "evice! ran e from lar e machine! that can rea" thou!an"! of "ocument! per minute to han"hel" &an"! that rea" one "ocument at a time# OCR "evice! are u!e" to rea" character! printe" u!in an OCR font# Althou h other! e'i!t% the !tan"ar" OCR font i! calle" OCR*A# 6urin the !can of a "ocument% an OCR "evice "etermine! the !hape! of character! by "etectin pattern! of li ht an" "ar)# Optical character reco nition .OCR/ !oft&are then compare! the!e !hape! &ith pre"efine" !hape! !tore" in memory an" convert! the !hape! into character! the computer can un"er!tan"# OCR !oft&are al!o i! u!e" &ith optical !canner! !uch a! flatbe"% !heet*fe"% an" pen !canner!# 9or e'ample% !uppo!e you nee" to mo"ify a bu!ine!! report% but "o not have the ori inal &or" proce!!in file# You coul" u!e a flatbe" !canner to !can the "ocument% but you !till &oul" not be able to e"it the report# The !canner% &hich "oe! not "ifferentiate bet&een te't an" raphic!% &ill !ave the report a! a bitmap ima e% &hich cannot be e"ite" "irectly in a &or" proce!!in pro ram# To convert it into an e"itable te't file that can be e"ite"% you mu!t have optical character reco nition .OCR/ !oft&are that &or)! &ith the

!canner# The re!ultin output can be !tore" in a variety of file format!% inclu"in tho!e reco ni0e" by &or" proce!!in !oft&are# !ptical "ar6 ecognition >!" ? Optical mar) reco nition .OMR/ "evice! rea" han"*"ra&n mar)! !uch a! !mall circle! or rectan le!# A per!on place! the!e mar)! on a form% !uch a! te!t% !urvey% or 1ue!tionnaire an!&er !heet .9i ure 8*8/# The OMR "evice fir!t rea"! a ma!ter "ocument% !uch a! an an!&er )ey !heet for a te!t% to recor" correct an!&er! ba!e" on pattern! of li ht( the remainin "ocument! then are pa!!e" throu h the OMR "evice an" pattern! of li ht are matche" a ain!t the ma!ter "ocument# 4ar Code Scanners A bar co"e !canner u!e! lea!er beam! to rea" bar co"e! .9i ure 8*?/# A bar co"e !canner! i! an i"entification co"e that con!i!t! of a !et of vertical line! an" !pace! of "ifferent &i"th!# The bar co"e% &hich repre!ent! !ome "ata that i"entifie! the item% i! printe" on a pro"uct+! pac)a e or on a label that i! affi'e" to a pro"uct !o it can be rea" by a bar co"e !canner# The bar co"e !canner u!e! li ht pattern! form the bar co"e line! to i"entify the item# $ar co"e! are u!e" on a variety of pro"uct! !uch a! rocerie!% pharmacy !upplie!% vehicle!% mail% an" boo)!# Each in"u!try u!e! it! o&n type of bar co"e# 9or e'ample% the U#4# Po!tal 4ervice u!e! a PO4T5ET bar co"e% &hile retail an" rocery !tore! u!e the Univer!al Pro"uct Co"e% or UPC .9i ure 8*A/# The table in 9i ure 8*C !ummari0e! !ome of the more &i"ely% u!e" type! of bar co"e!# 3.%.3 "agnetic In6 Character ecognition eader A ma netic*in) character reco nition .MICR/ rea"er i! u!e" to rea" te't printe" &ith ma neti0e" in)# MICR i! u!e" almo!t e'clu!ively by the ban)in in"u!try for chec) proce!!in # Each chec) in your chec)boo) ha! preco"e" MICR character! on the lo&er*left e" e( the!e character! repre!ent the ban) number% your account number% an" the chec) number# ,hen a chec) i! pre!ente" for payment% the ban) u!e! an MICR in!criber to print the amount of the chec) in MICR character! in the lo&er*ri ht corner .9i ure 8*</# The chec) then i! !orte" or route" to the cu!tomer+! ban)% alon &ith thou!an"! of other!# Each chec) i! in!erte" into an MICR rea"er% &hich !en"! the chec) information * inclu"in the amount of the chec) * to a computer for proce!!in # ,hen you balance your chec)boo)% you !houl" verify that the amount printe" in the lo&er*ri ht corner i! the !ame a! the amount &ritten on the chec)( other&i!e% your !tatement &ill not balance#

0igure 3-4 +he "IC characters printed on the chec6 represent the 'an6 num'er# your account num'er# and the chec6 num'er. +he amount of the chec6 in the lower-right corer is added after you write the chec6. The ban)in in"u!try ha! e!tabli!he" an international !tan"ar" not only for ban) number!% but al!o for the font of the MICR character!# Thi! !tan"ar"i0ation ma)e! it po!!ible for you to &rite chec)! in another country

3.%.4 Data Collection Devices In!tea" of rea"in or !cannin "ata from a !ource "ocument% "ata collection "evice! are "e!i ne" an" u!e" to obtain "ata "irectly at the location &here the tran!action or event ta)e! place# 6ata collection "evice! are u!e" in factorie!% &arehou!e!% or other location! &here heat% humi"ity% an" cleanline!! are "ifficult to control# An e'ample of thi! type of environment i! a re!earcher &ho mu!t be out!i"e in the element! &hen collectin the "ata .point!% line!% an" area feature!/ for a eo raphic information !y!tem .@I4/# The "ata collection "evice! u!e" to ather "ata for a @I4 thu! are ru e" an" "urable% allo&in re!earcher! to create map!% analy0e an" interpret "ata for the map!% an" capture ima e! from the air or the roun"#

8#C 6I@ITAL CAMERA4 A "i ital camera allo&! you to ta)e picture! an" !tore the photo raphe" ima e! "i itally in!tea" of on tra"itional film# ,ith !ome "i ital camera!% you "o&nloa"% or tran!fer a copy of% the !tore" picture! to your computer by connectin a cable bet&een the "i ital camera an" your computer an" u!in !pecial !oft&are inclu"e" &ith the camera# ,ith other "i ital camera!% the picture! are !tore" "irectly on !tora e me"ia !uch a! a floppy "i!)% PC Car"% or fla!h car"# You then copy the picture! to your computer by in!ertin the floppy "i!) into a "i!) "rive or the car" into a car" !lot or rea"er# Once the picture! are on your computer% they can be e"ite" &ith photo*e"itin !oft&are% printe"% fa'e"% !ent via electronic mail%
inclu"e" in another "ocument% or po!te" to a ,eb !ite for everyone to !ee# In!tea" of copyin the ima e! to your computer% many of to"ay+! "i ital camera! allo& you to revie& an" e"it the ima e! "irectly in the camera% a! &ell a! connect the camera to a televi!ion or printer#

8#<

AU6IO A56 -I6EO I5PUT Althou h character! .te't an" number!/ are !till the primary form of input into a computer% the u!e of other type! of input !uch a! ima e!% au"io% an" vi"eo i! increa!in # In the previou! !ection!% you learne" about a variety of &ay! to enter ima e "ata# The ne't !ection! "i!cu!! metho"! u!e" to enter au"io an" vi"eo "ata into a computer# 3.5.1 (udio Input Au"io input i! the proce!! of enterin .recor"in / mu!ic% !peech% or !oun" effect!# To recor" hi h 1uality !oun"% your per!onal computer mu!t have a !oun" car"# .Mo!t ne& computer! to"ay come e1uippe" &ith a !oun" car"#/ 4oun" i! entere" via a "evice !uch a! a microphone% tape player% or au"io C6 player% each of &hich plu ! into a port on the !oun" car"# E'ternal MI6I "evice! !uch a! an electric piano )eyboar" al!o can connect to the !oun" car" for au"io input# Recall that% in a""ition to bein a port% MI6I .mu!ical in!trument "i ital interface/ i! the electronic mu!ic in"u!try+! !tan"ar" that "efine! ho& !oun"! are repre!ente" electronically by "i ital mu!ical "evice!# 4oft&are pro ram! that conform to the MI6I !tan"ar" allo& you to compo!e an" e"it mu!ic an" other !oun"!# 9or e'ample% you can chan e the !pee"% a"" note!% or rearran e the !core to pro"uce an entirely ne& !oun"#

3.5.& Speech ecognition Another u!e for a microphone i! !peech reco nition# 4peech reco nition% al!o calle" voice reco nition% i! the computer+! capability of "i!tin ui!hin !po)en &or"!# 4peech reco nition pro ram! "o not un"er!tan" !peech( they only reco ni0e a vocabulary of certain &or"!# The vocabulary of !peech reco nition pro ram! can ran e from t&o &or"! .!uch a! Ye! an" 5o/ to more than !i'ty thou!an" &or"!# 4peech reco nition pro ram! are either !pea)er "epen"ent or !pea)er in"epen"ent# ,ith !pea)er* "epen"ent !oft&are! the computer ma)e! a profile of your voice% &hich mean! you have to train the computer to reco ni0e your voice# To train the computer% you mu!t !pea) each of the &or"! in the vocabulary into the computer repeate"ly# After hearing the !po)en &or" repeate"ly% the pro ram "evelop! an" !tore! a "i ital pattern for the &or"# ,hen you later !pea) a &or"% the pro ram compare! the !po)en &or" to tho!e !tore"# 4pea)er*in"epen"ent !oft&are ha! a built*in !et of &or" pattern!% !o you "o not have to train a computer to reco ni0e your voice# 4ome !peech reco nition !oft&are re1uire! "i!crete !peech% &hich mean! you have to !pea) !lo&ly an" !eparate each &or" &ith a !hort pau!e# 3i her*1uality !peech reco nition !oft&are allo&! you to !pea) in a flo&in conver!ational tone% calle" continuou! !peech# 4everal continuou!*!peech !y!tem! are available for per!onal computer!% an" a"vance! in !peech reco nition continue to be ma"e# 3.5.3 $ideo Input -i"eo input or vi"eo capture i! the proce!! of enterin a full*motion recor"in into a computer an" !torin the vi"eo on a har" "i!) or !ome other me"ium# To capture vi"eo% you plu a vi"eo camera% -CR% or other vi"eo "evice into a vi"eo capture car"! &hich i! an e'pan!ion car" that convert! the analo vi"eo !i nal into a "i ital !i nal that a computer can un"er!tan"# .Mo!t ne& computer! are not e1uippe" &ith a vi"eo capture car"#/ Once the vi"eo "evice i! connecte" to the vi"eo capture car"% you can be in recor"in # After you !ave the vi"eo on a har" "i!)% you can play it or e"it it u!in vi"eo*e"itin !oft&are# Mu!t a! &ith au"io file!% vi"eo file! can re1uire tremen"ou! amount! of !tora e !pace# A three* minute !e ment% or clip% of hi h*1uality vi"eo% for e'ample% can ta)e an entire i abyte of !tora e .e1ual to appro'imately %= million pa e! of te't/# To "ecrea!e the !i0e of the file!% vi"eo often i! compre!!e"# A popular vi"eo compre!!ion !tan"ar" i! "efine" by the Movin Picture E'pert! @roup .MPE@/# 6-6*ROM! u!e the MPE@ !tan"ar" to compre!! vi"eo "ata# 3.5.4 $ideoconferencing A vi"eoconference i! a meetin bet&een t&o or more eo raphically !eparate" in"ivi"ual! &ho u!e a net&or) or the Internet to tran!mit au"io an" vi"eo "ata# To participate in a vi"eoconference% you mu!t have a microphone% !pea)er!% an" a vi"eo camera mounte" on your computer# A! you !pea)% member! of the meetin hear your voice on their !pea)er!# Any ima e in front of the vi"eo camera% !uch a! a per!on+! face% "i!play! in a &in"o& on each participant+! !creen# Another &in"o& on the !creen that "i!play! note! an" "ra&in ! !imultaneou!ly on all the participant!+ !creen!% calle" a &hiteboar"% provi"e! multiple u!er! &ith an area on &hich they can &rite or "ra&# A! the co!t! of vi"eoconferencin har"&are an" !oft&are continue to "ecrea!e% more people an" companie! are ta)in a"vanta e of thi! co!t*effective &ay to con"uct bu!ine!! meetin !% corporate trainin % an" e"ucational cla!!e!#

8#E

I5PUT 6E-ICE4 9OR P3Y4ICALLY C3ALLE5@E6 U4ER4 The ro&in pre!ence of computer! in everyone+! live! ha! enerate" an a&arene!! of the nee" to a""re!! computin re1uirement! for tho!e &ith phy!ical limitation!# To"ay% the American! &ith 6i!abilitie! Act .A6A' re1uire! that any company &ith 1A or more employee! ma)e rea!onable attempt! to accommo"ate the nee"! of phy!ically challen e" &or)er!# ,hether at &or) or at home% you may fin" it nece!!ary to obtain input "evice! that a""re!! phy!ical limitation!# $e!i"e! !peech reco nition% &hich i! i"eal for blin" or vi!ually impaire" u!er!% !everal other input "evice! are available# U!er! &ith limite" han" mobility that &i!h to u!e a )eyboar" have !everal option!# A )ey uar"! &hich i! place" over the )eyboar"% allo&! you to re!t your han" on the )eyboar" &ithout acci"entally pre!!in any )ey!( a )ey uar" al!o ui"e! your fin er or pointin "evice !o you pre!! only one )ey at a time# Deyboar"! &ith lar er )ey! al!o are available# 4till another option i! the !creen*"i!playe" )eyboar"% in &hich a raphic of a !tan"ar" )eyboar" "i!play! on the u!er+! !creen# U!in a pointin "evice% the in"ivi"ual pre!!e! the )ey! on the !creen*"i!playe" )eyboar"#

(#) What s Output*

Output i! "ata that ha! been proce!!e" into a u!eful form calle" information# That i!% a computer proce!!e! input into output# Computer! enerate !everal type! of output% "epen"in on the har"&are an" !oft&are bein u!e" an" the re1uirement! of the u!er# You may choo!e to "i!play or vie& thi! output on a monitor% print it on a printer% or li!ten to it throu h !pea)er! or a hea"!et# 9our common type! of output are te't% raphic!% au"io% an" vi"eo#

Te't con!i!t! of character! that are u!e" to create &or"!% !entence!% an" para raph!# A character i! a letter% number% punctuation mar)% or any other !ymbol that re1uire! one byte of computer !tora e !pace#

@raphic! are "i ital repre!entation! of nonte't information !uch a! "ra&in !% chart!% an" photo raph!# @raphic! al!o can be animate"% ivin them the illu!ion of motion# Animation i! create" by "i!playin a !erie! of !till ima e! in rapi" !e1uence#

Many of to"ay+! !oft&are pro ram! !upport raphic!# 9or e'ample% you can inclu"e a photo raph in a &or" proce!!in "ocument or create a chart of "ata in a !prea"!heet pro ram# 4ome !oft&are pac)a e! are "e!i ne" !pecifically to create an" e"it raphic!# Paint pro ram!% for in!tance% allo& you to create raphic! that can be u!e" in brochure!% ne&!letter!% an" ,eb pa e!# Ima e e"itin !oft&are allo&! you to alter raphic! by inclu"in enhancement! !uch a! blen"e" color!% animation% an" other !pecial effect!# Au"io i! mu!ic% !peech% or any other !oun"# Recall that !oun" &ave!% !uch a! the human voice or mu!ic% are analo # To !tore !uch !oun"!% a computer convert! the !oun"! from a continuou! analo !i nal into a "i ital format# Mo!t output "evice! re1uire that the

computer convert the "i ital format bac) into analo !i nal!# -i"eo con!i!t! of ima e! that are playe" bac) at !pee"! that provi"e the appearance of full motion# -i"eo often i! capture" &ith a vi"eo input "evice !uch a! a vi"eo camera or -CR# Mo!t vi"eo !i nal! are analo ( ho&ever% !ome vi"eo "evice! recor" the vi"eo ima e! "i itally#
A vi"eo capture car" convert! an analo vi"eo !i nal into a "i ital !i nal that a computer can un"er!tan"# The "i ital !i nal then i! !tore" on the computer+! har" "i!)# 4ome output "evice! accept the "i ital !i nal% &hile other! re1uire that the computer convert the "i ital !i nal! bac) into analo !i nal!#

?#2

,3AT ARE OUTPUT 6E-ICE47 An output "evice i! any computer component capable of conveyin information to a u!er# Commonly u!e" output "evice! inclu"e "i!play "evice!% printer!% !pea)er!% hea"!et!% "ata pro>ector!% fac!imile machine!% an" multifunction "evice!# Each of the!e output "evice! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in pa e!#

?#8

6I4PLAY 6E-ICE4

A "i!play "evice i! an output "evice that vi!ually convey! te't% raphic!% an" vi"eo information# Information !ho&n on a "i!play "evice often i! calle" !oft copy! becau!e the information e'i!t! electronically an" i! "i!playe" for a temporary perio" of time# 6i!play "evice! inclu"e CRT monitor!% flat*panel "i!play!% an" hi h*"efinition televi!ion!# 4.3.1 C + "onitors A CRT monitor% or monitor% i! a "i!play "evice that con!i!t! of a !creen hou!e" in a pla!tic or metal ca!e# A color monitor "i!play! te't% raphic!% an" vi"eo information in color. Color monitor! are u!e" &i"ely &ith all type! of computer! becau!e mo!t of to"ay+! !oft&are i! "e!i ne" to "i!play inforlnation in color# Monitor! that "i!play only one color are Con!i"ere" monochrome# A monochrome monitor "i!play! te't% raphic!% an" vi"eo information in one color .u!ually &hite% amber% or reen/ on a blac) bac) roun"# $ecau!e monochrome monitor! are le!! e'pen!ive than color monitor!% !ome or ani0ation! u!e them for application! that "o not re1uire color or "etaile" raphic!% !uch a! or"er entry# To enhance the 1uality of their raphic! "i!play% !ome monochrome monitor! u!e ray !calin % &hich involve! u!in many !ha"e! of ray from &hite to blac) to form the ima e!# Li)e a televi!ion !et% the core of a CRT monitor i! a lar e la!! tube calle" a catho"e ray tube .CRT/. The !creen% &hich i! the front of the tube% i! coate" &ith tiny "ot! of pho!phor material that lo& &hen electrically char e"# In!i"e the CRT% an electron beam move! bac) an" forth acro!! the bac) of the !creen% cau!in the "ot! to lo&% &hich pro"uce! an ima e on the !creen# Each "ot% calle" a pi'el .!hort for picture element/% i! a !in le point in an electronic ima e .9i ure ?*1?. Monitor! con!i!t of hun"re"!% thou!an"!% or million! of pi'el! arran e" in ro&! an" column! that can be u!e" to create ima e!# The pi'el! are !o clo!e to ether that they appear connecte"# 6eterminin &hat !i0e monitor to u!e "epen"! on your inten"e" u!e# A lar e monitor allo&! you to vie& more information on the !creen at once% but u!ually i! more e'pen!ive# If you &or) on

the ,eb or u!e multiple application! at one time% ho&ever% you may &ant to inve!t in at lea!t a 1I*inch monitor# If you u!e your computer for inten!e raphin application! !uch a! "e!)top publi!hin an" en ineerin % you may &ant an even lar er monitor# 4.3.& 0lat-)anel Displays A flat*panel "i!play i! a li ht&ei ht% thin !creen that con!ume! le!! po&er than a CR1 monitor# T&o common type! of flat*panel "i!play! are LC6 an" a! pla!ma#

/CD DIS)/(.S LC6 "i!play! commonly are u!e" in laptop computer!% han"hel" computer!% "i ital &atche!%+ an" calculator! becau!e they are thinner an" more li ht&ei ht than CRT monitor!# ,hile mo!t LC6 "i!play! are color% even tho!e on ne&er mo"el! of han"hel" computer!% !ome "evice! u!e monochrome LC6 "i!play! to !ave battery po&er Unli)e a CRT monitor% an LC6 "i!play "oe! not u!e a catho"e ray tube .CR1+/ to create ima e! on the !creen( it in!tea" u!e! a li1ui" cry!tal "i!play .LC6/# A li1ui" cry!tal "i!play .LC6/ ha! !pecial molecule! .calle" li1ui" cry!tal!/ "epo!ite" bet&een t&o !heet! of material# ,hen an electric current pa!!e! throu h them% the molecule! t&i!t% cau!in !ome li ht &ave! to be bloc)e" an" allo&in other! to pa!! throu h% &hich then create! the "e!ire" ima e! on the !creen# Li)e CRT monitor!% the LC6 "i!play! u!e" &ith laptop computer! are available in a variety of !i0e!% &ith the more common bein 1?#1% 1%.=# an" 1A#? inche!# LC6 "i!play! pro"uce color u!in either pa!!ive matri' or active matri' technolo y# An active-matri@ "i!play u!e! a !eparate tran!i!tor for each color pi'el an" thu! can "i!play hi h*1uality color that i! vie&able from all an le!# Active*matri' "i!play! !ometime! are calle" +0+ "i!play!% name" after the thin*film tran!i!tor .T9T/ technolo y they u!e# $ecau!e they u!e many tran!i!tor!% active*matri' "i!play!# re1uire a lot of po&er# A passive-matri@ "i!play u!e! fe&er tran!i!tor! an" re1uire! le!! po&er% but it! color "i!play often i! not a! bri ht a! an active*matri' "i!play# Ima e! on a pa!!ivematri' "i!play can be vie&e" be!t &hen you &or) "irectly in front of the "i!play# Pa!!ive*matri' "i!play! are le!! e'pen!ive than active*matri' "i!play!# ,hile LC6 "i!play! are u!e" mo!t often &ith laptop!% !tan"*alone LC6 monitor! al!o can be u!e" &ith "e!)top computer!. Li)e CRT monitor!% LC6 monitor! are available in a variety of !i0e!% &ith the more common bein 1A% 1E% an" 2= inche!# .The term monitor typically i! u!e" for "e!)top "i!play "evice!% &hile the term "i!play i! u!e" for "i!play "evice! on portable computer!#/ LC6 monitor! re1uire le!! po&er an" ta)e up le!! "e!) !pace than tra"itional CRT monitor!% ma)in them i"eal for u!er! &ith !pace limitation!# 4ome LC6 monitor! even can be mounte" on the &all for increa!e" !pace !avin !# 4tan"*alone LC6 monitor!% ho&ever% are more e'pen!ive than CRT monitor!#

-as )lasma "onitors

9or even lar er "i!play!% !ome lar e bu!ine!! or po&er u!er! prefer a! pla!ma monitor!% &hich can mea!ure more than ?2 inche! an" han "irectly on a &all @a! pla!ma monitor! u!e a! pla!ma technolo y% &hich !ub!titute! a layer of a! for the li1ui" cry!tal material in an LC6 monitor# ,hen volta e i! applie"% the a! lo&! an" pro"uce! the pi'el! that form an ima e# @a! pla!ma monitor! offer lar er !creen !i0e! an" hi her "i!play 1uality than LC6 monitor! but are much more e'pen!ive#

4.3.3 "onitor Auality The 1uality of a monitor+! "i!play "epen"! lar ely on it! re!olution% "ot pitch% an" refre!h rate# The re!olution% or !harpne!! an" clarity% of a monitor i! relate" "irectly to the number of pi'el! it can "i!play# Re!olution i! e'pre!!e" a! t&o !eparate number!B the number of column! of pi'el! an" the number of ro&! of pi'el! a monitor can "i!play# A !creen &ith a C?= ' ?E= .pronounce C?= by ?E=/ re!olution% for e'ample% can "i!play C?= column! an" ?E= ro&! of pi'el! .or a total of 8=<%2== pi'el!/# Mo!t mo"em monitor! can "i!play E== ' C== an" 1=2? ' <CE pi'el!( !ome hi h*en" can "i!play 12E= ' 1=2?% 1C== ' 12==% or eve 1I2= ' 1??= pi'el!# A monitor &ith a hi her re!olution "i!play! a reater number of pi'el!% &hich provi"e! a !moother ima e# A hi her re!olution% ho&ever% al!o cau!e! ima e! to "i!play !maller on the# 9or thi! rea!on% you &oul" not u!e a hi h re!olution on a !mall monitor% !uch a! a 1?*inch monitor% becau!e the !mall character! &oul" be "ifficult to rea"# In ,in"o&!% you can chan e the re!olution an" other monitor characteri!tic! u!in the 6i!play Propertie! "ialo bo'. The i"eal monitor re!olution to u!e i! a matter of preference# A hi her re!olution i! "e!irable for raphic! application!( a lo&er re!olution u!ually i! !ati!factory for application! !uch a! &or" proce!!in # Another factor that "etermine! monitor 1uality i! "ot pitch% &hich i! a mea!ure of ima e clarity# The "ot pitch i! the vertical "i!tance bet&een each pi'el on a monitor# The !maller the "i!tance bet&een the pi'el!% the !harper the "i!playe" ima e# Te't create" &ith a !maller "ot pitch i! ea!ier to rea"# To minimi0e eye fati ue% you !houl" u!e a monitor &ith a "ot pitch of #2E millimeter! or !maller# Recall that ima e! on a CRT monitor are "ra&n on the !creen a! an electron beam move! bac) an" forth acro!! the bac) of the !creen an" cau!e! pi'el! on the !creen to lo&# The!e pi'el!% ho&ever% lo& for only a fraction of a !econ" before be innin to fa"e# The monitor thu! mu!t re"ra& the picture many time! per !econ" !o the ima e "oe! not fa"e# The !pee" that the monitor re"ra&! ima e! on the !creen i! calle" the refre!h rate# I"eally% a monitor+! refre!h rate !houl" be fa!t enou h to maintain a con!tant% flic)er*free ima e# A !lo&er refre!h rate cau!e! the ima e to fa"e an" then flic)er a! it i! re"ra&n% &hich can cau!e hea"ache! for u!er!# Refre!h rate i! mea!ure" accor"in to hert0% &hich i! the number of time! per !econ" the !creen i! re"ra&n# Althou h mo!t people can tolerate a refre!h rate of C= hert0% a hi h*1uality monitor &ill provi"e a refre!h rate of at lea!t 5% hert0# 4ome ol"er monitor! refre!h ima e! u!in a techni1ue calle" interlacin # ,ith interlacin % the electron beam "ra&! only half the hori0ontal line! &ith each pa!! .for e'ample% all o""* numbere" line! on one pa!! an" all even*numbere" line! on the ne't pa!!/# $ecau!e it happen! !o 1uic)ly% your brain perceive! the t&o ima e! a! a !in le ima e# Interlacin ori inally &a! "evelope" for monitor! &ith !lo& refre!h rate!# Mo!t of to"ay+! monitor! are noninterlaced# an" they provi"e a much better% flic)er*free ima e than interlace" monitor!# 4.3.4 $ideo Cards To "i!play color% a color monitor &or)! in combination &ith a vi"eo car"% &hich i! inclu"e" &ith to"ay+! per!onal computer!# A vi"eo car"% al!o calle" a raphic! car" or vi"eo a"apter% convert! "i ital output into an analo vi"eo !i nal that i! !ent throu h a cable to the monitor# The monitor !eparate! the vi"eo !i nal into re"% reen% an" blue !i nal!# Electron un! then fire the three color !i nal! to the front of the monitor# The!e three "ot! * one re"% one reen% an" one blue are combine" to ma)e up each !in le pi'el#

The number of color! that a vi"eo car" can "i!play i! "etermine" by the number of bit! it u!e! to !tore information about each pi'el# 9or e'ample% an E*bit vi"eo car" .al!o calle" E*bit color/ u!e! E bit! to !tore information about each pi'el an" thu! can "i!play 2AC "ifferent color!% a 2?*bit vi"eo car" u!e! 2? bit! to !tore information about each pi'el an" can "i!play 1C#< million color!. In ,in"o&!% you can chan e the number of "i!playe" color! in the 6i!play Propertie! "ialo bo' . Over the year!% !everal vi"eo !tan"ar"! have been "evelope" to "efine the re!olution% number of color!% an" other propertie! for variou! type! of monitor!# To"ay% >u!t about every monitor !upport! the !uper vi"eo raphic! array .4-@A/ !tan"ar"% &hich al!o !upport! re!olution! an" color! in the -@A !tan"ar"# The table in 9i ure ?*2 outline! the !u e!te" re!olution an" number of "i!playe" color! in the M6A% -@A% F@A% an" 4-@A !tan"ar"!# ?#? PRI5TER4 + printer i! an output "evice that pro"uce! te't an" raphic! on a phy!ical me"ium !uch a! paper or tran!parency film# Printe" information i! calle" har" copy becau!e the information e'i!t! phy!ically an" i! a more permanent form of output than that pre!ente" on a "i!play "evice .!oft copy/# 3ar" copy% al!o calle" a printout% can be printe" in portrait or lan"!cape orientation# A pa e &ith portrait orientation i! taller than it i! &i"e% &ith information printe" acro!! the !horter &i"th of the paper( a pa e &ith lan"!cape orientation i! &i"er than it i! tall% &ith information printe" acro!! the &i"e!t part of the paper# Letter!% report!% an" boo)! typically are printe" in portrait orientation( !prea"!heet!% !li"e !ho&!% an" raphic! often are printe" in lan"!cape orientation# Printin re1uirement! vary reatly amon u!er!# 3ome computer u!er! mi ht print only a hun"re" pa e! or fe&er a &ee)# 4mall bu!ine!! computer u!er! mi ht print !everal hun"re" pa e! a "ay# U!er! of mainframe computer!% !uch a! lar e utility companie! that !en" printe" !tatement! to hun"re"! of thou!an"! of cu!tomer! each month% re1uire printer! that are capable of printin thou!an"! of pa e! per hour# The!e "ifferent nee"! have re!ulte" in the "evelopment of printer! &ith varyin !pee"!% capabilitie!% an" printin metho"!# @enerally% printer! can be roupe" into t&o cate orie!B impact an" nonimpact# Printer! in each of the!e cate orie! are "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!# 4.4.1 Impact )rinters An impact printer form! character! an" raphic! on a piece of paper by !tri)in a mechani!m a ain!t an in) ribbon that phy!ically contact! the paper# $ecau!e of the !tri)in activity% impact printer! enerally are noi!y# Many impact printer! "o not provi"e letter 1uality print# Letter 1uality .LL/ output i! a 1uality of print acceptable for bu!ine!! letter!# Many impact printer! pro"uce near letter 1uality .5LL/ print% &hich i! !li htly le!! clear than letter 1uality# 5LL impact printer! are u!e" for >ob! that re1uire only near letter 1uality% !uch a! printin mailin label!% envelope!% or invoice!# Impact printer! al!o are i"eal for printin multipart form! becau!e they ea!ily can print throu h many layer! of paper# 9inally% impact printer! are u!e" in many factorie! an" at retail counter! becau!e they can &ith!tan" "u!ty environment!% vibration!% an" e'treme temperature!# T&o commonly u!e" type! of impact printer! are "ot*matri' printer! an" line printer!# Each of the!e printer! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!#

D!+-"(+ IB ) I,+* S A "ot*matri' printer i! an impact printer that pro"uce! printe" ima e! &hen tiny &ire pin! on a print hea" mechani!m !tri)e an in)e" ribbon .9i ure 4-3?. ,hen the ribbon pre!!e! a ain!t the paper% it create! "ot! that form character! an" raphic!# Mo!t "ot*matri' printer! u!e continuou!,form paper% in &hich each !heet of paper i! connecte" to ether# The pa e! enerally have hole! punche" alon t&o oppo!ite !i"e! !o the paper can be fe" throu h the printer# Perforation! alon the in!i"e of the punche" hole! an" at each fol" allo& the !heet! to be !eparate" into !tan"ar"*!i0e" !heet! of paper% !uch a! E1G2 ' 11 inche!# One a"vanta e of continuou!*form paper i! that it "oe! not have to be chan e" very often becau!e thou!an"! of pa e! are connecte" to ether# Many "ot* matri' printer! al!o can be a">u!te" to print pa e! in either portrait or lan"!cape orientation# The print hea" mechani!m on a "ot*matri' printer can contain nine to t&enty*four pin!% "epen"in on the manufacturer an" the printer mo"el# A hi her number of pin! mean! more "ot! are printe"% &hich re!ult! in hi her print 1uality# The !pee" of a "ot*matri' printer i! mea!ure" by the number of character! per !econ" .cp!/ it can print# The !pee" of "ot*matri' printer! ran e! from A= to <== character! per !econ" .cp!/% "epen"in on the "e!ire" print 1uality#

/ine )rinter A line printer i! a hi h*!pee" impact printer that print! an entire line at a time# The !pee" of a line printer i! mea!ure" by the number of line! per minute .1pm/ it can print# Capable of printin up to 8%=== line! per minute .1pm/% the!e printer! often are u!e" &ith mainframe!% minicomputer!% or &ith a net&or) in application! !uch a! manufacturin % "i!tribution% or !hippin # Line printer! typically u!e 11 ' 1<*inch continuou!*form paper% !uch a! the reenbar paper u!e" to print report! from mainframe computer!# T&o popular type! of line printer! u!e" for hi h*volume output are ban" an" !huttle* matri'# A ban" printer print! fully*forme" character! &hen hammer! !tri)e a hori0ontal% rotatin ban" that contain! !hape! of number!% letter! of the alphabet% an" other character!# A !huttle*matri' printer &or)! more li)e a "ot*matri' printer( the "ifference i! the !huttle*matri' printer move! a !erie! of print hammer! bac) an" forth hori0ontally at incre"ibly hi h !pee"!# Unli)e a ban" printer% a !huttle*matri' printer can print character! in variou! font! an" font !i0e! 4.4.2 ,o impact )rinters A nonimpact printer form! character! an" raphic! on a piece of paper &ithout actually !tri)in the paper# 4ome !pray in)% &hile other! u!e heat an" pre!!ure to create ima e!# $ecau!e the!e printer! "o not !tri)e the paper% they are much 1uieter than the previou!ly "i!cu!!e" impact printer!# Three commonly u!e" type! of nonimpact printer! are in)*>et printer!% la!er printer!% an" thermal printer!# Each of the!e printer! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!#

I,1;*+ ) I,+* S An in)*>et printer i! a type of nonimpact printer that form! character! an" raphic! by !prayin tiny "rop! of li1ui" in) onto a piece of paper# In)*>et printer! u!ually u!e in"ivi"ual !heet! of paper !tore" in a removable or !tationary tray# The!e printer! can pro"uce letter*1uality te't an" raphic! in both blac)*an"*&hite an" color on variou! material! !uch a! envelope!% label!% tran!parencie!% an" iron*on t*!hirt tran!fer!% a! &ell a! a variety of paper type!# 4ome in)*>et printer! can print photo*1uality ima e! on any type of paper% &hile other in)*>et printer! re1uire a heavier &ei ht premium paper for better* loo)in color "ocument!# Many in)*>et printer! are !ol" &ith !oft&are for creatin reetin car"!% banner!% bu!ine!! car"!% letterhea"!% an" tran!parencie!# $ecau!e of their rea!onable co!t an" letter*1uality print% in)*>et printer! have become the mo!t popular type of color printer for u!e in the home# You can purcha!e an in)*>et printer of rea!onable 1uality for a fe& hun"re" "ollar!# One factor that "etermine! the 1uality c an in)*>et printer i! it! re!olution% or !harpne!! an" clarity# Printer re!olution i! mea!ure" by the number of "ot! per inch ."pi/ a printer can output# The hi her the "pi% the better the print 1uality# ,ith an in)*>et printer% a "ot i! a "rop of in)# A hi her "pi mean! the "rop! of in) are !maller% &hich provi"e! a hi her 1uality ima e Mo!t in)*>et printer! have a "pi that ran e! from 8== to 1%??= "pi# Typically% printer! &ith a hi her "pi are more e'pen!ive# The !pee" of an in)*>et printer i! mea!ure" by the number of pa e! per minute .ppm/ it can print# Mo!t in)*>et printer! print from one to t&elve pa e! per minute .ppm/# @raphic! an" color! print at the !lo&er rate# The print hea" mechani!m of an in)*>et printer contain! in)*fille" print cartri" e!% each &ith fifty to !everal hun"re" !mall in) hole!% or no00le!# The !tep! in 9i ure ?*? illu!trate ho& a "rop of in) appear! on a pa e# Each no00le in the print cartri" e i! !imilar to an in"ivi"ual pin on a "ot*matri' printer# Mu!t a! any combination of "ot*matri' pin! can be activate"% in) can be propelle" by heat or pre!!ure throu h any combination of the no00le! to form a character or ima e on the paper# ,hen the print cartri" e run! out of in)% you !imply replace the cartri" e# Mo!t in)*>et printer! have at lea!t t&o print cartri" e!B one containin blac) in) an" the other.!/ containin color!#

/(S* ) I,+* S A la!er printer i! a hi h*!pee"% hi h*1uality nonimpact printer. La!er printer! for per!onal computer! u!ually u!e in"ivi"ual !heet! of paper !tore" in a removable tray that !li"e! into the printer ca!e# 4ome la!er printer! have tray! that can accommo"ate "ifferent !i0e! of paper% &hile other! re1uire !eparate tray! for letter* an" le al*!i0e" paper# Mo!t la!er printer! have a manual fee" !lot &here you can in!ert in"ivi"ual !heet! an" envelope!# You al!o can print tran!parencie! on a la!er printer# La!er printer! can print te't an" raphic! in very hi h 1uality re!olution!% ran in from C== "pi to 1%2== "pi# ,hile la!er printer! typically co!t more than in)*>et printer!% they al!o are much fa!ter% printin te't at !pee"! of four to thirty pa e! per minute# 6epen"in on the 1uality an" !pee" of the printer% the co!t of a blac)*an"*&hite la!er printer ran e! from a fe& hun"re" to !everal thou!an" "ollar!# Althou h color la!er printer! are available% they are relatively e'pen!ive% &ith price! e'cee"in !everal thou!an" "ollar!# The hi her the re!olution an" !pee"% the more e'pen!ive the printer# 3i h*en" fa!t la!er printer! are u!e" &ith mainframe computer!#

,hen printin a "ocument% la!er printer! proce!! an" !tore the entire pa e before they actually print it# 9or thi! rea!on% la!er printer! !ometime! are calle" pa e printer!# 4torin a pa e before printin re1uire! la!er printer! to have a certain amount of memory# 6epen"in on the amount of raphic! you inten" to print% a la!er printer can have up to 2== M$ of memory# To print a full*pa e C==*"pi picture% for in!tance% you mi ht nee" E M$ of memory on the printer# If your Printer "oe! not have enou h memory to print the picture% it either &ill print a! much of the picture a! it! memory &ill allo& or it &ill "i!play an error me!!a e an" not print any of the picture# La!er printer! u!e !oft&are that enable! them to interpret a pa e "e!cription lan ua e .P6L/# A P6L tell! the printer ho& to layout the content! of a printe" pa e# ,hen you purcha!e a la!er printer% it come! &ith at lea!t one of t&o common pa e "e!cription lan ua e!B PCL or Po!t4cript# 6evelope" by 3e&lett*Pac)ar"% a lea"in printer manufacturer% PCL .Printer Control Lan ua e/ i! a !tan"ar" printer lan ua e "e!i ne" to !upport the font! an" layout u!e" in !tan"ar" office "ocument!# Po!t4cript commonly i! u!e" in fiel"! !uch a! "e!)top publi!hin an" raphic art becau!e it i! "e!i ne" for comple' "ocument! &ith inten!e raphic! an" color!#

+3* "(/ ) I,+* S A thermal printer enerate! ima e! by pu!hin electrically heate" pin! a ain!t heat* !en!itive paper# 4tan"ar" thermal printer! are ine'pen!ive% but the print 1uality i! lo& an" the ima e! ten" to fa"e over time# Thermal printer! are% ho&ever% i"eal for u!e in !mall "evice! !uch a! a""in machine!# T&o !pecial type! of thermal printer! have a much hi her print 1uality# A thermal &a'* tran!fer printer! al!o calle" a thermal tran!fer printer% enerate! rich% non*!mearin ima e! by u!in heat to melt color*&a' onto heat*!en!itive paper# Thermal &a'*tran!fer printer! are more e'pen!ive than in)*>et printer!% but le!! e'pen!ive than many color la!er printer!# A "ye*!ublimation printer% al!o calle" a thermal "ye tran!fer printer% u!e! heat to tran!fer colore" "ye to !pecially coate" paper# ,hile amon the more e'pen!ive type! of printer!% "ye*!ublimation printer! can create ima e! that are of photo raphic 1uality# 4ome manufacturer! offer a printer for a fe& thou!an" "ollar! that have both capabilitie!% that i!% thermal &a'*tran!fer an" "ye !ublimation#

)orta'le )rinters A portable printer i! a !mall% li ht&ei ht printer that allo&! a mobile u!er to print from a laptop or han"hel" computer &hile travellin # $arely &i"er than the paper on &hich they print% portable printer! ea!ily can fit in a briefca!e alon !i"e a laptop computer# 4ome portable printer! u!e in)*>et technolo y% &hile other! are thermal or thermal &a'* tran!fer# Portable in)*>et printer! provi"e better output 1uality than portable thermal printer!% but u!ually are lar er# Many of the!e printer! connect to a parallel port( other! have a built*in infrare" port throu h &hich they communicate &ith the computer#

)lotters and /arge-0ormat )rinters

Plotter! an" lar e*format printer! are !ophi!ticate" printer! u!e" to pro"uce hi h*1uality "ra&in ! !uch a! blueprint!% map!% circuit "ia ram!% an" !i n!. $ecau!e blueprint!% map!% an" other !uch "ra&in ! can be 1uite lar e% the!e printer! typically can han"le paper &ith &i"th! up to C= inche!# 4ome plotter! an" lar e*format printer! u!e in"ivi"ual !heet! of paper% &hile other! ta)e lar e roll!# The!e printer! are u!e" in !peciali0e" fiel"! !uch a! en ineerin % "raftin % an" raphic art an" u!ually are very co!tly# T&o ba!ic type! of plotter! are pen plotter! an" electro!tatic plotter!# A pen plotter u!e! one or more color pen li ht beam!% or a !cribin "evice to "ra& on paper or tran!parencie!# Pen plotter! "iffer from other printer! in that they pro"uce continuou! line!% &herea! mo!t printer! enerate line! by printin a clo!ely !pace" !erie! of "ot!# An electro!tatic plotter u!e! a ro& of char e" &ire! .calle" !tyli/ to "ra& an electro!tatic pattern on !pecially coate" paper an" then fu!e! toner to the pattern# The printe" ima e i! compo!e" of a !erie! of very !mall "ot!% &hich provi"e hi h*1uality output# Operatin li)e an in)*>et printer% but on a much lar er !cale% a lar e*format printer create! photo*reali!tic 1uality color print!# U!e" by raphic arti!t!% the!e hi h performance printer! are u!e" for !i n!% po!ter!% an" other "i!play!#

Special-)urpose )rinters In a""ition to the printer! >u!t "i!cu!!e"% other printer! have been "evelope" for !pecial purpo!e!. A photo printer i! a color printer "e!i ne" to pro"uce photo lab 1uality picture! "irectly from a "i ital camera# A label printer i! a !mall printer that print! on an a"he!ive* type material that can be place" on a variety of item! !uch a! envelope!% "i!)!% au"ioca!!ette!% photo raph!% an" toy!# Many label printer! are u!e" to print bar co"e!#

?%A

AU6IO OUTPUT Au"io i! mu!ic% !peech% or any other !oun"# Au"io output "evice! are the component! of a computer that pro"uce mu!ic% !peech% or other !oun"!% !uch a! beep!# T&o commonly u!e" au"io output "evice! are !pea)er! an" hea"!et!# Mo!t per!onal computer! have a !mall internal !pea)er that u!ually output! only lo&*1uality !oun"# 9or thi! rea!on% many per!onal computer u!er! a"" hi her*1uality !tereo !pea)er! to their computer! or purcha!e PC! &ith lar er !pea)er! built into the !i"e! of the monitor. To boo!t the lo& ba!! !oun"!% you can a"" a &oofer .al!o calle" a !ub&oofer/# The !tereo !pea)er! an" &oofer are connecte" to port! on the !oun" car"# Mo!t !pea)er! have tone an" volume control! !o you can a">u!t the!e !ettin !#

?#C

OT3ER OUTPUT 6E,CE4 Althou h monitor!% printer!% an" !pea)er! are the more &i"ely u!e" output "evice!% many other output "evice! are available for particular u!e! an" application!# The!e inclu"e "ata pro>ector!% fac!imile!% an" multifunction "evice!# Each of the!e "evice! i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!# 4.9.1 Data )roCectors A "ata pro>ector ta)e! the ima e that "i!play! on a computer !creen an" pro>ect! it onto a !creen !o that an au"ience of people can !ee the ima e clearly. 6ata pro>ector! can be lar e "evice! attache" to a ceilin or &all in an au"itorium% or they can be !mall portable "evice!# T&o type! of !maller% lo&er*co!t unit! are LC6 pro>ector! an" 6LP pro>ector!#

/CD proCector An LC6 pro>ector! &hich u!e! li1ui" cry!tal "i!play technolo y% attache! "irectly to a computer an" u!e! it! o&n li ht !ource to "i!play the information !ho&n on the computer !creen# $ecau!e LC6 pro>ector! ten" to pro"uce lo&er*1uality ima e!% !ome u!er! prefer to u!e a 6LP pro>ector for !harper% bri hter ima e!# A "i ital li ht proce!!in .6LP/ pro>ector u!e! tiny mirror! to reflect li ht% pro"ucin cri!p% bri ht% colorful ima e! that remain in focu! an" can be !een clearly even in a &ell* lit room#

0acsimile >0a@? "achine A fac!imile .fa'/ machine i! a "evice that tran!mit! an" receive! "ocument! over telephone line!# The "ocument! can contain te't% "ra&in !% or photo raph!% or can be han"&ritten# ,hen !ent or receive" via a fa' machine% the!e "ocument! are )no&n a! fa'e!# A !tan"*alone fa' machine !can! the ori inal "ocument% convert! the ima e into "i iti0e" "ata% an" tran!mit! the "i iti0e" ima e. A fa' machine at the receivin en" rea"! the incomin "ata% convert! the "i iti0e" "ata into an ima e% an" print! or !tore! a copy of the ori inal ima e# 9a' capability al!o can be a""e" to your computer u!in a fa' mo"em# A fa' mo"em i! a communication! "evice that allo&! you to !en" .an" !ometime! receive/ electronic "ocument! a! fa'e!. A fa' mo"em tran!mit! computer*prepare" "ocument!% !uch a! a &or" proce!!in letter% or "ocument! that have been "i iti0e" &ith a !canner or "i ital camera# A fa' mo"em i! li)e a re ular mo"em e'cept that it i! "e!i ne" to tran!mit "ocu* ment! to a fa' machine or to another fa' mo"em# A fa' mo"em can be an e'ternal peripheral that plu ! into a port on the bac) of the !y!tem unit or an internal car" that i! in!erte" into an e'pan!ion !lot on the motherboar"# In a""ition% mo!t fa' mo"em! function a! re ular mo"em!#

"ultifunction Devices A multifunction "evice .M96' i! a !in le piece of e1uipment that loo)! li)e a copy machine but provi"e! the functionality of a printer !canner% copy machine% an" perhap! a fa' machine. 4ometime! calle" a multifunction peripheral% the feature! of multifunction "evice! vary &i"ely# 9or e'ample% !ome u!e color in)*>et printer technolo y% &hile other! inclu"e a blac)*an"*&hite la!er printer# 4mall office! an" home office! u!e multifunction "evice! becau!e they ta)e up le!! !pace than havin a !eparate printer% !canner% copy machine% an" fa' machine# Another a"vanta e of an M96 i! that it i! !i nificantly le!! e'pen!ive than if you purcha!e" each "evice !eparately# The primary "i!a"vanta e of an M96 i! that if the machine brea)! "o&n you lo!e all four function!# @iven the a"vanta e!% ho&ever% increa!in ly more u!er! are brin in multifunction "evice! into their office! an" home!#

?#<

TERMI5AL4

A terminal i! a "evice that perform! both input an" output becau!e it con!i!t! of a monitor .output/% a )eyboar" .input/% an" a vi"eo car"# Terminal! fall into three ba!ic cate orie!B "umb terminal!% intelli ent terminal!% an" !pecial*purpo!e terminal!# A "umb terminal ha! no proce!!in po&er% an" thu!% cannot function a! an in"epen"ent "evice. A "umb terminal i! u!e" to enter an" tran!mit "ata to% or receive an" "i!play information from% a computer to

&hich it i! connecte"# 6umb terminal! are connecte" to a ho!t computer that perform! the proce!!in an" then !en"! the output bac) to the "umb terminal# The ho!t computer u!ually i! a minicomputer% mainframe computer% or !upercomputer# Other !pecial*purpo!e terminal! perform !pecific ta!)! an" contain feature! uni1uely "e!i ne" for u!e in a particular in"u!try. T&o of the!e !pecial*purpo!e terminal! are point*of*!ale terminal! an" automatic teller machine!# A point*of*!ale .PO4/ terminal i! u!e" to recor" purcha!e! at the point &here the con!umer purcha!e! the pro"uct or !ervice# The PO4 terminal u!e" in a rocery !tore% for e'ample% i! a combination of an electronic ca!h re i!ter an" bar co"e rea"er# ,hen the bar co"e on the foo" pro"uct i! !canne"% the price of the item "i!play! on the monitor% the name of the item an" it! price print on a receipt% an" the item bein !ol" i! recor"e" !o the inventory can be up"ate"# A! in"icate" by thi! e'ample% PO4 terminal! !erve a! input to other computer! to maintain !ale! recor"!% up"ate inventory% verify cre"it% an" perform other activitie! a!!ociate" &ith the !ale! tran!action! that are critical to runnin the bu!ine!!# An automatic teller machine .ATM/ i! a !elf*!ervice ban)in machine attache" to a ho!t computer throu h a telephone net&or)# You in!ert a pla!tic ban)car" &ith a ma netic !trip into the ATM an" enter your pa!!&or"% calle" a per!onal i"entification number .PI5/% to acce!! your ban) account# 4ome ATM! have touch !creen!% &hile other! have !pecial )eyboar"! for input# U!in an ATM% you can &ith"ra& ca!h% "epo!it money% tran!fer fun"!% or in1uire about an account balance#
?#E OUTPUT 6E,CE4 9OR P3Y4ICALLY C3ALLE5@E6 U4ER4

The ro&in pre!ence of computer! in everyone+! live! ha! enerate" an a&arene!! of the nee" to a""re!! computin re1uirement! for tho!e &ith phy!ical limitation!# 9or u!er! &ith mobility% hearin % or vi!ion "i!abilitie!% many "ifferent type! of output "evice! are available# 3earin *impaire" u!er!% for e'ample% can in!truct pro ram! to "i!play &or"! in!tea" of !oun"!# ,ith ,in"o&!% !uch u!er! al!o can !et option! in the Acce!!ibility Propertie! "ialo bo' to in!truct ,in"o&! to "i!play vi!ual !i nal! in !ituation! &here normally it &oul" ma)e a !oun" -i!ually impaire" u!er! can chan e ,in"o&! !ettin ! !uch a! increa!in the !i0e or chan in the color of the te't to ma)e the &or"! ea!ier to rea"# In!tea" of u!in a monitor% blin" u!er! can utili0e !peech output% &here the computer reads the information that "i!play! on the !creen# Another alternative i! a $raille printer! &hich output! information in $raille onto paper.
-emory

,hile performin a proce!!in operation% the CPU nee"! a place to temporarily hol" in!truction! to be e'ecute" an" "ata to be u!e" &ith tho!e in!truction!# Memory% &hich i! compo!e" of one or more chip! on the motherboar"% hol"! "ata an" in!truction! &hile they are bein proce!!e" by the CPU# The t&o ba!ic type! of memory are volatile an" non*volatile# The content! of volatile memory! !uch a! RAM% are lo!t .era!e"/ &hen the po&er to the computer i! turne" off# The content! of non-volatile memory! ho&ever% are not lo!t &hen po&er i! remove" from the computer# 9or e'ample% once in!truction! have been recor"e" onto a non*volatile ROM chip% they u!ually cannot be era!e" or chan e"% an" the content! of the chip are not era!e" &hen po&er i! turne" off#
A#2 4tora e

4tora e% al!o calle" !econ"ary !tora e% au'iliary !tora e% or ma!! !tora e% hol"! item! !uch a! "ata% in!truction!% an" information for future u!e# Thin) of !tora e a filin cabinet u!e" to hol" file fol"er!% an" memory a! the top of your "e!)# ,hen you nee" to &or) &ith a file% you remove it from the filin cabinet .!tora e/ an" place it on your "e!) .memory/# ,hen you are fini!he" &ith the file% you return it to the filin cabinet .!tora e/# 4tora e i! non*volatile% &hich mean! that item! in !tora e are retaine" even &hen po&er i! remove" from the computer# A !tora e me"ium .me"ia i! the plural/ i! the phy!ical material on &hich item! are )ept# One commonly u!e" !tora e me"ium i! a "i!)% &hich i! a roun"% flat piece of pla!tic or metal &ith a ma netic coatin on &hich item! can be &ritten# A !tora e "evice i! the mechani!m u!e" to recor" an" retrieve item! to an" from a !tora e me"ium# 4tora e "evice! can function a! !ource! of input an" output# 9or e'ample% each time a !tora e "evice tran!fer! "ata% in!truction!% an" information from a !tora e me"ium into memory * a proce!! calle" rea"in , it function! a! an input !ource# ,hen a !tora e "evice tran!fer! the!e item! from memory to a !tora e me"ium * a proce!! calle" &ritin * it function! a! an output !ource# The !pee" of a !tora e "evice i! "efine" by it! acce!! time% &hich i! the minimum time it ta)e! the "evice to locate a !in le item on a "i!)# Compare" to memory% !tora e "evice! are !lo&# The acce!! time of memory "evice! i! mea!ure" in nano!econ"! .billionth! of a !econ"/% &hile the acce!! time of !tora e "evice! i! mea!ure" in milli!econ"! .thou!an"th! of a !econ"/# The !i0e% or capacity! of a !tora e "evice% i! mea!ure" by the number of byte! .character!/ it can hol"# 9i ure A*1% li!t! the term! u!e" to "efine the capacity of !tora e "evice!# 9or e'ample% a typical floppy "i!) can !tore 1#?? M$ of "ata .appro'imately 1%??=%=== byte!/ an" a typical har" "i!) can !tore E @$ of "ata .appro'imately E%===%===%=== byte!/# A#8 9LOPPY 6I4D4 A floppy "i!)% or "i!)ette! i! a portable% ine'pen!ive !tora e me"ium that con!i!t! of a thin% circular% fle'ible pla!tic "i!) &ith a ma netic coatin enclo!e" in a !1uare*!hape" pla!tic !hell# In the early 1 I<=!% I$M intro"uce" the floppy "i!) a! a ne& type of !tora e# $ecau!e the!e early E*inch &i"e "i!)! ha" fle'ible pla!tic cover!% many u!er! referre" to them a! floppie!# The ne't eneration of floppie! loo)e" much the !ame% but &ere only A#2A*inche! &i"e# To"ay% the mo!t &i"ely u!e" floppy "i!) i! 8#A*inche! &i"e# The fle'ible cover of the earlier floppy "i!)! ha! been replace" &ith a ri i" pla!tic outer cover# Thu!% althou h to"ay+! 8#A*inch "i!)! are not at all floppy% the term floppy "i!) !till i! u!e"# A! note"% a floppy "i!) i! a portable !tora e me"ium# ,hen "i!cu!!in a !tora e me"ium% the term portable mean! you can remove the me"ium from one computer an" carry it to another computer# 9or e'ample% you can in!ert a floppy "i!) into an" remove it from a floppy "i!) "rive on many type! of computer!# A floppy "i!) "rive i! a "evice that can rea" from an" &rite to a floppy "i!)#
Characteristics

of "agnetic "edia

A floppy "i!) i! a type of ma netic me"ia% &hich mean! it u!e! ma netic pattern! to !tore item! !uch a! "ata% in!truction!% an" information on the "i!)+! !urface# Mo!t ma netic "i!)! are rea"G&rite !tora e me"ia( that i!% you can acce!! .rea"/ "ata from an" place .&rite/ "ata on a ma netic "i!) any number of time!% >u!t a! you can &ith an au"ioca!!ette tape# A ne&% blan) floppy "i!) ha! nothin !tore" on it# $efore you can &rite on a ne& floppy "i!)% it mu!t be formatte"# 9ormattin i! the proce!! of preparin a "i!) .floppy "i!) or har" "i!)/ for rea"in an" &ritin by or ani0in the "i!) into !tora e location! calle" trac)! an" !ector! .9i ure A*8/# A trac) i! a narro& recor"in ban" that form! a full circle on the !urface of the "i!)# The

"i!)+! !tora e location! then are "ivi"e" into pie*!hape" !ection!% &hich brea) the trac)! into !mall arc! calle" !ector!# A !ector i! capable of hol"in %1& byte! of "ata# A typical floppy "i!) !tore! "ata on both !i"e! an" ha! E= trac)! on each !i"e of the recor"in !urface &ith 1E !ector! per trac)# 4ometime!% a !ector i! "ama e" or ha! a fla& an" cannot !tore "ata# A !ector that cannot be u!e" "ue to a phy!ical fla& on the "i!) i! calle" a ba" !ector# ,hen you format a "i!)% the operatin !y!tem mar)! the!e ba" !ector! a! unu!able# If a !ector that contain! "ata i! "ama e"% you may be able to u!e !pecial !oft&are to recover the "ata# 9or rea"in an" &ritin purpo!e!% !ector! are roupe" into clu!ter!# A clu!ter con!i!t! of t&o to ei ht !ector! .the number varie! "epen"in on the operatin !y!tem/# A clu!ter i! the !malle!t unit of !pace u!e" to !tore "ata# Even if a file con!i!t! of only a fe& byte!% an entire clu!ter i! u!e" for !tora e# Althou h each clu!ter hol"! "ata from only one file% one file can be !tore" in many clu!ter!# A !tora e capacity are "etermine" the "en!ity of the "i!)# A hi her "en!ity mean! that the "i!) ha! a lar er !tora e capacity# 6i!) "en!ity i! compute" by multiplyin to ether the number of !i"e! on the "i!)% the number of trac)! on the "i!)% the number of !ector! per trac)% an" the number of byte! in a !ector# 9or e'ample% for a typical 8#A*inch floppy "i!)% "i!) "en!ity i! compute" a! follo&!B 2 .!i"e!/ ' E= .trac)!/ ' 1E .!ector! per trac)/ ' A12 .byte! per !ector/ N 1#454#%9= byte!% or appro'imately 1#?? M$# If you are u!in the ,in"o&! operatin !y!tem% the formattin proce!! al!o "efine! the file allocation table .9AT/% &hich i! a table of information u!e" to locate file! on a "i!)# The 9AT i! li)e a library car" catalo ue for your "i!) that contain! a li!tin of all file!% file type!% an" location!# If you format a "i!) that alrea"y contain! "ata% in!truction!% or information% the formattin proce!! era!e! the file location information an" re"efine! the file allocation table for the!e item!# The actual file! on the "i!)% ho&ever% are not era!e"# 9or thi! rea!on% if you acci"entally format a "i!)% you often can unformat it &ith !pecial !oft&are#

0I-U * %-3 a trac6 is a narrow recording 'and that forms a full circle on the surface of the dis6. +he dis6Ds storage locations then are divided into pie-shaped sections# which 'rea6 the trac6s into small arcs called sectors. ( sector is capa'le of holding %1& 'ytes of data.

Characteristics of a 0loppy Dis6 To protect them from acci"entally bein era!e"% floppy "i!)! have a &rite*protect notch# A &rite* protect notch i! a !mall openin in the corner of the floppy "i!) &ith a tab that you !li"e to cover

or e'po!e the notch# The &rite*protect notch &or)! much li)e the recor"in tab on a -34 tapeB if the recor"in tab i! remove"% a -CR cannot recor" onto the -34 tape#
On a floppy "i!)% if the &rite*protect notch i! e'po!e"% or open% the "rive cannot &rite on the floppy "i!)# If the &rite*protect notch i! covere"% or clo!e"% the "rive can &rite on the floppy "i!)# The &rite*protect notch only affect! the floppy "i!) "rive+! capability of &ritin on the "i!)( a floppy "i!) "rive can rea" from a floppy "i!) &hether the &rite*protect notch i! open or clo!e"# 4ome floppy "i!)! have a !econ" openin on the oppo!ite !i"e of the "i!) that "oe! not have the !mall tab( thi! openin i"entifie! the "i!) a! a hi h*"en!ity floppy "i!)#

Mo!t floppy "i!)! are pre*formatte" by the "i!)+! manufacturer# If you mu!t format a floppy "i!) your!elf% you "o !o by i!!uin a formattin comman" to the operatin !y!tem# $ecau!e PC* compatible computer! u!in the ,in"o&! operatin !y!tem format floppy "i!)! "ifferently than Macinto!h computer!% a Macinto!h computer cannot u!e a PC formatte" floppy "i!) &ithout !pecial e1uipment or !oft&are# A "i!) "rive !uch a! the Apple Macinto!h 4uper*6rive% ho&ever% can rea" from an" &rite on both Macinto!h an" PC formatte" floppy "i!)!#

0loppy Dis6 Drives

A! note"% a floppy "i!) "rive .966/ i! a "evice that can rea" from an" &rite on a floppy "i!)# 6e!)top per!onal computer! u!ually have a floppy "i!) "rive in!talle" in!i"e the !y!tem unit# Many laptop computer! have removable floppy "i!) "rive! that can be replace" &ith other type! of "rive! or "evice!% or they u!e an e'ternal floppy "i!) "rive that plu ! into the laptop# If a computer ha! one floppy "i!) "rive% the "rive u!ually i! "e!i nate" drive (E if the computer ha! t&o floppy "i!) "rive!% the !econ" one u!ually i! "e!i nate" drive 4. To rea" from or &rite on a floppy "i!)% a floppy "i!) "rive mu!t !upport that floppy "i!)+! "en!ity# That i!% to u!e a hi h*"en!ity floppy "i!)% you mu!t have a hi h*"en!ity floppy "i!) "rive# 9loppy "i!) "rive! are "o&n&ar" compatible% &hich mean! they reco ni0e an" can u!e earlier me"ia# 9loppy "i!) "rive! are not up&ar" compatible! ho&ever% &hich mean! they cannot reco ni0e ne&er me"ia# 9or e'ample% a lo&er*"en!ity floppy "i!) "rive cannot rea" from or &rite on a hi h*"en!ity floppy "i!)# On any 8#A*inch floppy "i!)% a piece of metal calle" the !hutter cover! an openin in the ri i" pla!tic !hell# ,hen you in!ert a floppy "i!) into a floppy "i!) "rive% the "rive !li"e! the !hutter to the !i"e to e'po!e a portion of both !i"e! of the floppy "i!)+! recor"in !urface# The rea"G&rite hea" i! the mechani!m that actually rea"! item! from or &rite! item! on the floppy "i!)# 9i ure A*? illu!trate! the !tep! for rea"in from an" &ritin on a floppy "i!)# The avera e acce!! time for current floppy "i!) "rive! to locate an item on the "i!) i! E? in!% or appro'imately 1G12 of a !econ"# On the front of mo!t floppy "i!) "rive! i! a li ht emittin "io"e .LE6/ that li ht! up &hen the "rive i! acce!!in the floppy "i!)# You !houl" not remove a floppy "i!) &hen the floppy "i!) "rive i! acce!!in the "i!)#

3ow

Do .ou Care for a 0loppy Dis6: ,ith rea!onable care% floppy "i!)! can la!t at lea!t !even year! * provi"in an ine'pen!ive an" reliable form of !tora e# ,hen han"lin a floppy "i!)% you !houl" avoi" e'po!in it to heat% col"% ma netic fiel"!% an" contaminant! !uch a! "u!t% !mo)e% or !alt air# E'po!ure to any of the!e element! coul" "ama e or "e!troy the "ata% in!truction!% an" information !tore" on the floppy "i!)#

A#?

3AR6 6I4D4

,hen per!onal computer! &ere intro"uce"% !oft&are pro ram! an" their relate" file! re1uire" !mall amount! of !tora e an" fit ea!ily on floppy "i!)!# A! !oft&are became more comple' an" inclu"e" raphical u!er interface! an" multime"ia% file !i0e! an" !tora e re1uirement! increa!e"# To"ay% har" "i!)! * &hich provi"e far lar er !tora e capacitie! an" much fa!ter acce!! time! than floppy "i!)! * are one of the primary me"ia for !torin !oft&are pro ram! an" file!# Current per!onal computer har" "i!)! can !tore from ? to A= @$ of "ata% in!truction!% an" information# A har" "i!) u!ually con!i!t! of !everal infle'ible% circular "i!)!% calle" platter!% on &hich item! are !tore" electronically# A platter in a har" "i!) i! ma"e of aluminum% la!!% or ceramic an" i! coate" &ith a material that allo&! item! to be ma netically recor"e" on it! !urface# On har" "i!)!% the platter!% the rea"G&rite hea"!% an" the mechani!m for movin the hea"! acro!! the !urface of the "i!) are enclo!e" in an airti ht% !eale" ca!e that protect! the platter! from contamination# The har" "i!) in mo!t "e!)top per!onal computer! i! hou!e" in!i"e the !y!tem unit# 4uch har" "i!)!% &hich are not portable% are con!i"ere" fi'e" "i!)!# 3ar" "i!)! al!o can be removable# Removable har" "i!)! are "i!cu!!e" later in thi! chapter#
Characteristics

of a 3ard Dis6

Li)e a floppy "i!)% a har" "i!) i! a type of ma netic me"ia that !tore! item! u!in ma netic pattern!# 3ar" "i!)! al!o are rea"G&rite !tora e me"ia( that i!% you can both rea" from an" &rite on a har" "i!) any number of time!# 3ar" "i!)! un"er o t&o formattin !tep!% an" po!!ibly a thir" proce!!% calle" partitionin # The fir!t format% calle" a lo&,level format! or ani0e! both !i"e! of each platter into trac)! an" !ector! to "efine &here item! &ill be !tore" on the "i!)# $ecau!e a har" "i!) often ha! !ome ba" !ector!% the har" "i!) manufacturer u!ually perform! the lo&*level format# After lo&*level formattin i! complete% the har" "i!) can be "ivi"e" into !eparate area! calle" partition! by i!!uin a !pecial operatin !y!tem comman"# Each partition function! a! if it &ere a !eparate har" "i!) "rive# Partitionin often i! performe" to ma)e har" "i!)! more efficient .fa!ter/ or to allo& you to in!tall multiple operatin !y!tem! on the !ame har" "i!)# If a har" "i!) ha! only one partition% the har" "i!) u!ually i! calle"% or "e!i nate"% "rive C# If the har" "i!) i! "ivi"e" into t&o partition!% the fir!t partition i! "e!i nate" "rive C an" the !econ" partition i! "e!i nate" "rive 6% an" !o on# Unle!! !pecifically re1ue!te" by the con!umer% mo!t manufacturer! "efine a !in le partition ."rive C/ on the har" "i!)# After lo&*level formattin an" partitionin % a hi h*level format comman" i! i!!ue" throu h the operatin !y!tem to "efine% amon other item!% the file allocation table .9AT/ for each partition# Recall that the 9AT i! a table of information u!e" to locate file! on a "i!)# A! &ith the lo&*level format% mo!t har" "i!) manufacturer! perform the hi h*level format for the con!umer# You can partition a har" "i!) your!elf u!in !pecial operatin !y!tem comman"!# You then mu!t i!!ue a hi h*level format comman" for each partition#
3ow

a 3ard Dis6 2or6s Mo!t har" "i!)! have multiple platter! !tac)e" on top of one another an" each platter ha! t&o rea"G&rite hea"!% one for each !i"e# The har" "i!) ha! arm! that move the rea"G&rite hea"! to the proper location on the platter .9i ure A*A/#
$ecau!e of the !tac)e" arran ement of the platter!% the location of the rea"*&rite hea" often i! referre" to by it cylin"er in!tea" of it! trac)#

0igure %-% how a hard

dis6 wor6s

A cylin"er i! the location of a !in le trac) throu h all platter! .9i ure A*C?. 9or e'ample% if a har" "i!) ha! four platter! .ei ht !i"e!/% each &ith 1%=== trac)!% then it &ill have 1%=== cylin"er! &ith each cylin"er con!i!tin of ei ht trac)! .t&o for each platter/# ,hile your computer i! runnin % the platter! in the har" "i!) rotate at a hi h rate of !pee"% u!ually A%?== to <%2== revolution! per minute# The platter! continue !pinnin until po&er i! remove" from the computer#

0igure %-9 a cylinder is the trac6 through all platters on a hard

location of a single dis6.

The !pinnin motion create! a cu!hion of air bet&een the platter an" it! rea"G&rite hea" !o the rea"G&rite hea" float! above the platter in!tea" of ma)in "irect contact &ith the platter !urface# The "i!tance bet&een the rea"G&rite hea" an" the platter i! appro'imately t&o millionth! of an inch# A! !ho&n in 9i ure A*<% thi! clo!e clearance leave! no room for any type of contamination# If contamination i! intro"uce"% t the har" "i!) can have a hea" cra!h# A hea" cra!h occur! &hen a rea"G&rite hea" touche! c the !urface of a platter% u!ually re!ultin in a lo!! of "ata or !ometime! lo!! of the entire "rive# To"ay+! har" "i!)! are built to &ith!tan" !hoc)! an" are !eale" ti htly to )eep out contaminant!% &hich mean! hea" cra!he! are le!! li)ely to occur# Acce!! time for to"ay+! har" "i!)! ran e! from five to eleven milli!econ"!# Acce!! time for a har" "i!) i! !i nificantly fa!ter than for a floppy "i!) for t&o rea!on!B .1/ a har" "i!) !pin! much fa!ter than a floppy "i!) an" .2/ a har" "i!) !pin! con!tantly% &hile a floppy "i!) !tart! !pinnin only &hen it receive! a rea" or &rite comman"# 4ome computer! are able to improve the har" "i!) acce!! time by u!in "i!) cachin # 6i!) cache i! a portion of memory that the CPU u!e! to !tore fre1uently acce!!e" item!# 6i!) cache &or)! !imilarly to memory cache# ,hen a pro ram nee"! "ata% in!truction!% or information% the CPU chec)! the "i!) cache# If the item i! locate" in "i!) cache% the CPU u!e! that item an" complete! the proce!!# If the CPU "oe! not fin" the re1ue!te" item in the "i!) cache% then the CPU mu!t

&ait for the har" "i!) "rive to locate an" tran!fer the item from the "i!) to the CPU# 4ome "i!) cachin !y!tem! al!o attempt to pre"ict &hat "ata% in!truction!% or information mi ht be nee"e" ne't an" place them into cache before they are re1ue!te"# $ecau!e "i!) cachin !i nificantly improve! "i!) acce!! time!% almo!t all ne& "i!) "rive! &or) &ith !ome amount of "i!) cache#
"aintaining

Data Stored on a 3ard Dis6 Mo!t manufacturer! uarantee their har" "i!)! to la!t !ome&here bet&een three an" five year!% althou h many la!t much lon er &ith proper care# To prevent the lo!! of item! !tore" on a har" "i!)% you !houl" perform preventative maintenance !uch a! "eframentin or !cannin the "i!) for error!# Operatin !y!tem! !uch a! ,in"o&! provi"e many maintenance an" monitorin utilitie!#

A#A

COMPACT 6I4C4

In the pa!t% &hen you purcha!e" off*the*!helf !oft&are% you receive" one or more floppy "i!)! that containe" the file! nee"e" to in!tall or run the !oft&are pro ram# A! !oft&are pro ram! became more an" more comple'% the number of floppy "i!)! re1uire" to !tore the pro ram! increa!e"% !ometime! e'cee"in thirty "i!)!# The!e more comple' pro ram! re1uire" a lar er !tora e me"ium% &hich i! &hy many of to"ay+! !oft&are pro ram! are "i!tribute" on compact "i!c!# A compact "i!c .C6/ i! a flat% roun"% portable% metal !tora e me"ium that u!ually i! 4.5% inche! in "iameter an" le!! than one*t&entieth of an inch thic) .9i ure A*E/# Compact "i!)! !tore item! !uch a! "ata% in!truction!% an" information by u!in micro!copic pit! .in"entation!/ an" lan" .flat area!/ that are in the mi""le layer of the "i!c# .Mo!t manufacturer! place a !il)*!creene" label on the top layer of the "i!c !o you can i"entify it#/ A hi h* po&ere" la!er li ht create! the pit!# A lo&er*po&ere" la!er li ht rea"! item! from the compact "i!c by reflectin li ht throu h the bottom of the "i!c% &hich u!ually i! either !oli" ol" or !ilver in color# The reflecte" li ht i! converte" into a !erie! of bit! that the computer can proce!!# Lan" cau!e! li ht to reflect% &hich i! rea" a! binary "i it 1# Pit! ab!orb the li ht( thi! ab!ence of li ht i! rea" a! binary "i it =# A compact "i!c !tore! item! in a !in le trac) that !piral! from the center of the "i!c to the e" e of the "i!c# A! &ith a har" "i!)% thi! !in le trac) i! "ivi"e" into evenly !i0e" !ector! in &hich item! are !tore"# %.%.1 Different +ypes of Compact Discs: T&o ba!ic type! of compact "i!c! "e!i ne" for u!e &ith computer! are a C6*ROM an" 6-6* ROM# Mu!t about every per!onal computer to"ay inclu"e! a C6*ROM or 6-6*ROM "rive% &hich are "evice! that can rea" compact "i!c!% inclu"in au"io C6!. A "e!)top per!onal computer typically ha! a C6*ROM or 6-6*ROM "rive in!talle" in a "rive bay( on many laptop computer!% the!e "rive! are removable !o they can be replace" &ith other type! of "rive! or "evice!# Recall that a floppy "i!) "rive i! "e!i nate" a! "rive A# The "rive "e!i nation of a C6*ROM or 6-6*ROM "rive u!ually follo&! alphabetically after that of the har" "i!)# 9or e'ample% if your har" "i!) i! "rive C% then the compact "i!c i! "rive 6# On mo!t of the!e "rive!% you pu!h a button to !li"e out a tray% in!ert your compact "i!c &ith the label !i"e up% an" then pu!h the !ame button to clo!e the tray# Other convenient feature! on mo!t of the!e "rive! inclu"e a volume control button an" a hea"phone >ac) !o you can u!e !tereo hea"phone! to li!ten to au"io#

CD- !"s
A C6*ROM .pronounce" 4EE*6EE*Rom% &hich i! an abbreviation for compact "i!c rea"*only memory/ i! a !ilver*colore" compact "i!c that u!e! the !ame la!er technolo y a! au"io C6! for recor"in mu!ic# Unli)e an au"io C6% a C6*ROM can contain te't% raphic!% an" vi"eo% a! &ell a! !oun"# The content! of !tan"ar" C6*ROM! are &ritten% or recor"e"% by the manufacturer an" only can be rea" an" u!e"# That i!% they cannot be
era!e" or mo"ifie"* hence% the name rea"*only#

9or a computer to rea" item! on a C6*ROM% you mu!t place it into a C6*ROM "rive or C6*ROM player# $ecau!e au"io C6! an" C6*ROM! u!e the !ame la!er technolo y% you al!o can u!e your C6*ROM "rive to li!ten to an au"io C6 &hile &or)in on your computer# A C6*ROM can hol" up to <== M$ of "ata% in!truction!% an" information% or about 4%= time! that &hich can be !tore" on a hi h*"en!ity 8#A*inch floppy "i!)# $ecau!e C6* ROM! have !uch hi h !tora e capacitie!% they are u!e" to !tore an" "i!tribute to"ay+! comple' !oft&are# 4ome pro ram! even re1uire that the "i!c be in the "rive each time you u!e the pro ram# C6*R .compact "i!c*recor"able/ I! a technolo y that allo&! you to &rite on a compact "i!c u!in your o&n computer! ,herea! the "i!c+! manufacturer recor"! the "ata% in!truction!% an" information on a !tan"ar" C6*ROM% you recor" your o&n item! !uch a! te't% raphic!% an" au"io% onto a C6*R .compact "i!c*recor"able/# You can &rite on the "i!c in !ta e! * &ritin on part of it one time an" &ritin on another part at a later time# You can% ho&ever% &rite on each part only once an" you cannot era!e it# Once you have recor"e" the C6*R% you can rea" from it a! many time! a! you &i!h# In or"er to &rite on a C6*R% you mu!t have C6*R !oft&are an" a C6*R "rive# A C6*R "rive can rea" an" &rite both au"io C6! an" !tan"ar" C6*ROM! &ith rea" !pee"! of up to 2?F an" &rite !pee"! of up to EF# Manufacturer! often li!t the &rite !pee" fir!t% for e'ample% a! EG2?# ,hile C6*R "rive! are !ome&hat more e'pen!ive than !tan"ar" C6* ROM "rive!% their price continue! to "rop an" many computer! to"ay are e1uippe" &ith C6*R "rive!#

C6*R, .compact "i!c*re&riteable/ I! an era!able "i!c that you can &rite on multiple time! C6*R, overcome! one of the "i!a"vanta e! of C6*R "i!)! * that you can &rite on them only once# ,ith C6*R,% the "i!c act! li)e a floppy or har" "i!)% allo&in you to &rite an" re&rite "ata% in!truction!% an" information onto it multiple time!# To &rite on a C6*R, "i!c% you mu!t have C6* R, !oft&are an" a C6*R, "rive# The rea" !pee" of the!e "rive! i! up to 82F% &rite !pee" up to EF% an"

D$D- !"s Althou h C6*ROM! have hu e !tora e capacitie!% even a C6*ROM i! not lar e enou h for many of to"ay+! comple' pro ram!# 4ome !oft&are% for e'ample% i! !ol" on five or more C6*ROM!# To meet the!e tremen"ou! !tora e re1uirement!% !ome !oft&are move" from C6*ROM! to the lar er 6-6*ROM format * a technolo y that can be u!e" to !tore vi"eo item!% !uch a! motion picture!# A 6-6*ROM ."i ital vi"eo "i!c*ROM' i! an e'tremely hi h capacity compact "i!c capable of !torin from ?#< @$ to 1< @$ * more than enou h to hol" a telephone boo) containin every re!i"ent in the Unite" 4tate!# 5ot

only i! the !tora e capacity of a 6-6*ROM reater than a C6*ROM% a 6-6*ROM+! 1uality al!o far !urpa!!e! that of a C6*ROM# In or"er to rea" a 6-6*ROM% you mu!t have a 6-6*ROM "rive or 6-6 player# The!e "rive! have !pee"! up to ?=F an" can rea" mo!t type! of C6*ROM!# At a lance% a 6-6*ROM loo)! >u!t li)e a C6*ROM# Althou h the !i0e an" !hape are !imilar% a 6-6*ROM !tore! "ata% in!truction!% an" information in a !li htly "ifferent manner an" thu! achieve! a hi her !tora e capacity# A 6-6*ROM u!e! one of three !tora e techni1ue!# The fir!t techni1ue involve! ma)in the "i!c more "en!e by pac)in the pit! clo!er to ether# A !econ" techni1ue involve! u!in t&o layer! of pit!# 9or thi! techni1ue to &or)% the lo&er layer of pit! i! !emitran!parent !o the la!er can rea" throu h it to the upper layer# Thi! techni1ue "ouble! the capacity of the "i!c# 9inally% !ome 6-6* ROM! are "ouble*!i"e"% &hich mean! you mu!t remove the 6-6*ROM an" turn it over to rea" the other !i"e# The !tora e capacitie! of variou! type! of 6-6*ROM! are !ho&n in the table in 9i ure A*I# A#C TAPE4 One of the fir!t !tora e me"ia u!e" &ith mainframe computer! &a! ma netic tape% a ma netically coate" ribbon of pla!tic capable of !torin lar e amount! of "ata an" information at a lo& co!t# Tape !tora e re1uire! !e1uential acce!!% &hich refer! to rea"in or &ritin "ata con!ecutively# Li)e a mu!ic tape% you mu!t for&ar" or re&in" the tape to a !pecific point to acce!! a !pecific piece of "ata# 9or e'ample% to acce!! item W% you mu!t pa!! !e1uentially throu h point! + throu h V# 9loppy "i!)!% har" "i!)!% an" compact "i!c! all u!e "irect access# or ran"om acce!!% &hich mean! you can locate a particular "ata item or file imme"iately% &ithout havin to move con!ecutively throu h item! !tore" in front of the "e!ire" "ata item or file# $ecau!e !e1uential acce!! i! much !lo&er than "irect acce!!% tape! are no lon er u!e" a! a primary metho" of !tora e# In!tea"% tape! are u!e" mo!t often for lon *term !tora e an" bac)up# 4imilar to a tape recor"er% a tape "rive i! u!e" to rea" from an" &rite "ata an" information onto a tape# Althou h ol"er computer! u!e" reel*to*reel tape "rive!% to"ay+! tape "rive! u!e tape cartri" e!# A tape cartri" e i! a !mall% rectan ular% pla!tic hou!in for tape# Tape cartri" e! containin one*1uarter*inch &i"e tape are !li htly lar er than au"ioca!!ette tape! an" fre1uently are u!e" for per!onal computer bac)up# 4ome per!onal computer! have permanently mounte" tape "rive!% &hile other! have e'ternal unit!# On lar er computer!% tape cartri" e! are mounte" in a !eparate cabinet# Three common type! of tape "rive! are LIC% 6AT% an" 6LT% &hich i! the fa!te!t an" mo!t e'pen!ive of the three# The table in 9i ure A*1= !ummari0e! each of the!e tape!#

A#<

PC CAR64 A PC Car" i! a thin% cre"it car"*!i0e" "evice that fit! into a PC Car" e'pan!ion !lot on a laptop or other per!onal computer# 6ifferent type! an" !i0e! of PC Car"! are u!e" to a"" !tora e% a""itional memory% communication!% an" !oun" capabilitie! to a computer# PC Car"! mo!t often are u!e" &ith laptop! an" other portable computer!# PC Car"! are available in three type!% &hich are "e!i nate" Type I% Type II% an" Type III# The thic)er Type III car"! are u!e" to hou!e har" "i!)! an" currently have !tora e capacitie! of more than A2= M$ .9i ure A*11/# The a"vanta e of a PC Car" har" "i!) i! portability( that i!% you ea!ily can tran!port lar e amount! of "ata% in!truction!% an" information from one machine to another# Type I an" Type II car"!% u!e" to a"" memory or communication! capabilitie! to a computer% are "i!cu!!e" in other chapter!#

4ome "i ital camera! al!o u!e a matchboo)*!i0e car"% !ometime! calle" a picture car" or compact fla!h car"% to !tore picture!% &hich are then tran!ferre" to a computer by in!ertin the car" into a car" rea"er or !lot# The!e compact fla!h car"! have !tora e capacitie! ran in from 2 M$ to &%9 M$# A#E OT3ER TYPE4 O9 4TORA@E Althou h the ma>ority of "ata% in!truction!% an" information are !tore" on floppy "i!)% har" "i!)% compact "i!c% tape% an" PC Car"!% other more !peciali0e" mean! for !torin the!e item! al!o are u!e"# The!e inclu"e !mart car"! an" microfilm an" microfiche# Each of the!e me"ia i! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!# %.7.1 Smart Cards A !mart car"! &hich i! !imilar in !i0e to a cre"it car" or ATM car"% !tore! "ata on a thin microproce!!or embe""e" in the car" .9i ure A*12/# T&o type! of !mart car"! e'i!tB intelli ent an" memory# An intelli ent !mart car" contain! a CPU an" ha! input% proce!!% output% an" !tora e capabilitie!# In contra!t% a memory car" ha! only !tora e capabilitie!# ,hen the !mart car" i! in!erte" into a !peciali0e" car" rea"er% the information on the !mart car" i! rea" an"% if nece!!ary% up"ate"#
One popular u!e of !mart car"! i! to !tore a prepai" "ollar amount% a! in a prepai" telephone callin car"# You receive the car" &ith a !pecific "ollar amount !tore" in the microproce!!or# Each time you u!e the car"% the available amount of money i! re"uce"# U!in the!e car"! provi"e! convenience to the caller% eliminate! the telephone company+! nee" to collect coin! from telephone!% an" re"uce! van"ali!m of pay telephone!# Other u!e! of !mart car"! inclu"e !torin patient recor"!% vaccination "ata% an" other health* care information( trac)in information !uch a! cu!tomer purcha!e! or employee atten"ance( an" !torin a prepai" amount% !uch a! electronic money

%.7.& "icrofilm and "icrofiche Microfilm an" microfiche are u!e" to !tore micro!copic ima e! of "ocument! on roll or !heet film# Microfilm u!e! a 1==* to 21A*foot roll of film# Microfiche u!e! a !mall !heet of film% u!ually about four inche! by !i' inche!# The ima e! are recor"e" onto the film u!in a "evice calle" a computer output microfilm .COM/ recor"er# The !tore" ima e! are !o !mall they can be rea" only &ith a microfilm or microfiche rea"er# Application! of microfilm an" microfiche are &i"e!prea"# Librarie! u!e the!e me"ia to !tore bac) i!!ue! of ne&!paper!% ma a0ine!% an" enealo y recor"!# Lar e or ani0ation! u!e microfilm an" microfiche to archive inactive file!# $an)!% for e'ample% u!e it to !tore tran!action! an" cancelle" chec)!% an" the U#4# Army u!e! it to !tore per!onnel recor"!# U!in microfilm an" microfiche provi"e! a number of a"vanta e!B it reatly re"uce! the amount of paper firm! mu!t han"le( it i! ine'pen!ive( an" it ha! the lon e!t life of any !tora e me"ium#

#1

S.STE- SO$TW+/E

O
C#2

4y!tem !oft&are con!i!t! of the pro ram! that control the operation! of the computer an" it! "evice!# 9unction! that !y!tem !oft&are perform! inclu"e !tartin up the computer( openin % e'ecutin % an" runnin application!( !torin % retrievin % an" copyin file!( formattin "i!)!( re"ucin file !i0e!( an" bac)in up the content! of a har" "i!)# 4y!tem !oft&are !erve! a! the interface bet&een you .the u!er/% your application !oft&are# an" your computer+! har"&are# The t&o type! of !y!tem !oft&are are operatin !y!tem! an" utility pro ram!#
OPERATI5@ 4Y4TEM4

An operatin !y!tem .O4/ i! a !et of pro ram! containin in!truction! that coor"inate all of the activitie! amon computer har"&are re!ource!# 9or e'ample% the operatin !y!tem reco ni0e! input from an input "evice !uch a! the )eyboar"% mou!e% or microphone( coor"inate! the "i!play of output on the monitor( in!truct! a printer ho& an" &hen to print information( an" mana e! "ata% in!truction!% an" information !tore" on "i!)# A computer cannot function &ithout an operatin !y!tem# An operatin !y!tem al!o contain! in!truction! that allo& you to run application !oft&are# Application !oft&are i! &ritten to run &ith particular operatin !y!tem!# Thu!% the operatin !y!tem in!talle" on your computer "irectly "etermine! &hich application !oft&are you can an" cannot run# The operatin !y!tem u!e" on a computer !ometime! i! calle" the software platform# ,hen you purcha!e application !oft&are% the pac)a e !tate! the !oft&are platform .operatin !y!tem/ on &hich it run!# Application! that run i"entically on l1ore than one operatin !y!tem are referre" to a! cro!!*platform# 9ileMa)er Pro% for e'ample% run! on !everal operatin !y!tem!% inclu"in !everal ver!ion! of Micro!oft ,in"o&! an" the Macinto!h operatin !y!tem# An operatin !y!tem u!ually i! !tore" on the computer+! har" "i!)# The core of an operatin !y!tem% calle" the )ernel% i! re!pon!ible for mana in memory% file!% an" "evice!( maintainin the computer+! cloc)% &hich contain! the current "ate an" time( !tartin application!( an" a!!i nin the computer+! re!ource!% !uch a! har"&are "evice!% !oft&are pro ram!% "ata% an" information# Each time you turn on the computer% the )ernel an" other fre1uently u!e" in!truction! in the operatin !y!tem are copie" from the har" "i!) .!tora e/ to the computer+! memory# Any pro ram or comman" that remain! in memory &hile the computer i! runnin i! calle" memory* re!i"ent Thi! inclu"e! the operatin !y!tem )ernel an" pro ram! !uch a! calen"ar! an" calculator! that you acce!! fre1uently or nee" to acce!! 1uic)ly# 9.&.1 User Interfaces A u!er interface i! the part of the !oft&are &ith &hich you interact( it control! ho& "ata an" in!truction! are entere" an" information i! pre!ente" on the !creen# T&o type! of u!er interface! are comman"*line an" raphical# Many operatin !y!tem! u!e a combination of the!e type! of u!er interface! to "efine ho& you interact &ith your computer# ,ith a command-line interface! you type )ey&or"! or pre!! !pecial )ey! on the )eyboar" to enter "ata an" in!truction!# Recall that a )ey&or" i! a !pecial &or"% phra!e% or co"e that a pro ram un"er!tan"! a! an in!truction# 4ome )eyboar"! al!o inclu"e )ey! that !en" a comman" to a pro ram &hen you pre!! them# ,hen &or)in &ith a comman"*line interface% the !et of comman"! you u!e to interact &ith the computer i! calle" the comman" language# A raphical u!er interface allo&! you to u!e menu! an" vi!ual ima e! !uch a! icon!% button!% an" other raphical ob>ect! to i!!ue comman"!# In!tea" of re1uirin you to remember )ey&or"! or !pecial )ey!% a menu "i!play! a !et of available comman"! or option! from &hich you choo!e one or more# You can u!e a )eyboar"% mou!e% or any other pointin "evice to !elect item! on the

menu# $ecau!e they "o not re1uire you to )no& a comman" lan ua e% menu! typically are ea!ier to learn an" u!e than comman"!# An icon i! a !mall ima e that repre!ent! an item !uch a! a pro ram% an in!truction% or a file# Althou h any input "evice can be u!e" &ith a raphical u!er interface% the mou!e an" other pointin "evice! are u!e" more commonly# Of all the interface!% a raphical u!er interface i! the ea!ie!t to learn an" &or) &ith% characteri!tic! "e!cribe" a! bein user-friendly# To"ay% many raphical u!er interface! incorporate ,eb bro&!er*li)e feature!% &hich increa!e their ea!e of u!e# In the!e bro&!er*li)e raphical u!er interface!% icon! function li)e ,eb lin)!% toolbar button! loo) li)e tho!e u!e" in ,eb bro&!er!% an" ,eb pa e! can be "elivere" automatically to your computer 6.&.& 0eatures of !perating Systems 6epen"in on it! inten"e" u!e% an operatin !y!tem &ill !upport >u!t one u!er runnin one pro ram or thou!an"! of u!er! runnin multiple pro ram!# The!e variou! capabilitie! of operatin !y!tem! are "e!cribe" a! !in le u!er% multiu!er% multiproce!!in % multita!)in # A !in le operatin !y!tem may !upport one or all of the!e capabilitie!# A !in le u!er% al!o calle" !in le ta!)in operatin !y!tem allo&! only one u!er to run one pro ram at a time# 4uppo!e% for e'ample% you are typin a memoran"um in a &or" proce!!in pro ram an" "eci"e to bro&!e the ,eb for more information# If you are &or)in &ith a !in le u!er operatin !y!tem% you mu!t 1uit the &or" proce!!in pro ram before you can run the ,eb bro&!er# You then mu!t clo!e the ,eb bro&!er before you re!tart the &or" proce!!in pro ram to fini!h the memoran"um# Early !y!tem! &ere !in le u!er( ho&ever% mo!t operatin !y!tem! to"ay are multita!)in an" multiu!er# A multita!)in operatin !y!tem allo&! a !in le u!er to &or) on t&o or more application! that re!i"e in memory at the !ame time# U!in the e'ample >u!t cite"% if you are &or)in &ith a multita!)in operatin !y!tem% you "o not have to 1uit the &or" proce!!in pro ram to run a ,eb bro&!er( that i!% both pro ram! can run concurrently# ,hen you are runnin multiple application!% the one that you currently are &or)in &ith i! in the tore roun"! an" the other! that are runnin hut not bein u!e" are in the bac) roun". A multiu!er operatin !y!tem enable! t&o or more u!er! to run a pro ram !imultaneou!ly# 5et&or)!% minicomputer!% mainframe!% an" !upercomputer! allo& hun"re"! to thou!an"! of u!er! to be connecte" at the !ame time% an" thu! are multiu!er# A multiprocessing operatin !y!tem can !upport t&o or more CPU! runnin pro ram! at the !ame time# Multiproce!!in &or)! much li)e parallel proce!!in % &hich &a! "i!cu!!e" in Chapter 8% an" involve! the coor"inate" proce!!in of pro ram! by more than one CPU# A! &ith parallel proce!!in % multiproce!!in increa!e! a computer+! proce!!in !pee"# A computer &ith !eparate CPU! al!o can !erve a! a fault*tolerant computer0 that i!% one that continue! to operate even if one of it! component! fail!# 9ault*tolerant computer! are built &ith "uplicate component! !uch a! CPU!% memory% an" "i!) "rive!# If any one of the!e component! fail!% the computer !&itche! to the "uplicate component an" continue! to operate# 9ault*tolerant computer! are u!e" for airline re!ervation !y!tem!% communication! net&or)!% ban) teller machine!# an" other !y!tem! that are of critical importance an" mu!t be operational at all time!#

9.1.3 0unctions of an !perating System

An operatin !y!tem perform! a number of ba!ic function! that enable you an" the application !oft&are to interact &ith the computerB mana in memory% !poolin print >ob!% confi urin "evice!% monitorin !y!tem performance# a"mini!terin !ecurity% an" mana in !tora e me"ia an" file!# The follo&in para raph! "e!cribe the!e activitie!# "*"! . "(,(-*"*,+ The purpo!e of memory mana ement i! to optimi0e u!e of ran"om acce!! memory .RAM/# Recall that RAM% often !imply calle" memory% i! one or more chip! on the motherboar" that temporarily hol" item! !uch a! "ata an" in!truction! &hile they are bein proce!!e" by the CPU# The operatin !y!tem ha! the re!pon!ibility to allocate% or a!!i n% the!e item! to an area of memory &hile they are bein proce!!e"( to monitor carefully the content! of the!e item! in memory( an" to clear the!e item! from memory &hen they are no lon er re1uire" by the CPU# 9or e'ample% the operatin !y!tem mana e! area! of memory or !tora e calle" buffer!# A 'uffer i! an area of memory or !tora e in &hich "ata an" information i! place" &hile &aitin to be tran!ferre" to or from an input or output "evice# The content! of the buffer! are mana e" by the operatin !y!tem# 4ome operatin !y!tem! u!e virtual memory to optimi0e RAM# ,ith virtual memory .-M/% the operatin !y!tem allocate! a portion of a !tora e me"ium% u!ually the har" "i!)% to function a! a""itional RAM# The area of the har" "i!) u!e" for virtual memory i! calle" a !&ap file becau!e it i! u!e" to !&ap .e'chan e/ "ata an" pro ram in!truction! bet&een memory an" !tora e# The amount of "ata an" pro ram in!truction! e'chan e" at a iven time i! calle" a pa e# Thu!% the techni1ue of !&appin item! bet&een memory an" !tora e often i! calle" pa in # ,hen an operatin !y!tem !pen"! much of it! time pa in % in!tea" of e'ecutin application !oft&are% it i! !ai" to be thra!hin # If application !oft&are% !uch a! a ,eb bro&!er% ha! !toppe" re!pon"in an" the LE6 for your har" "i!) i! blin)in repeate"ly% the operatin !y!tem probably i! thra!hin # To !top the thra!hin % you !houl" 1uit the application that !toppe" re!pon"in # If thra!hin occur! fre1uently% you may nee" to in!tall more RAM in your computer# S)!!/I,- ) I,+ ;!4S ,hen you in!truct an application to print a "ocument% !uch a! a memoran"um% ne&!letter% photo raph% or e*mail me!!a e% the "ocument you are printin i! calle" a print >ob# $ecau!e the CPU !en"! print >ob! to the printer at a rate much fa!ter than the printer can print% operatin !y!tem! typically u!e a techni1ue calle" !poolin to increa!e printer efficiency# ,ith !poolin ! the print >ob! are place" in a buffer in!tea" of bein !ent imme"iately to the printer# Recall that a buffer i! an area of memory or !tora e that hol"! "ata an" information &aitin to be tran!ferre" from one "evice to another# In the ca!e of print !poolin % the buffer hol"! the information &aitin to print &hile the printer print! from the buffer at it! o&n printin rate# A! !oon a! the print >ob i! place" in the buffer% the CPU i! available to proce!! the ne't in!truction% u!ually in le!! than a fe& !econ"!# Thu!% once the print >ob i! in the buffer% you can u!e your computer for other ta!)!# 4poolin allo&! you to !en" a !econ" >ob to the printer &ithout &aitin for the fir!t >ob to fini!h printin # Multiple print >ob! are 1ueue"# or line" up% in the buffer# The pro ram that mana e! an" intercept! print >ob! an" place! them in the 1ueue i! calle" the print !pooler# C!,0I-U I,- D*2C*S

To communicate &ith each "evice in the computer% the operatin !y!tem relie! on "evice "river!# A "evice "river i! a !mall pro ram that accept! comman"! from another pro ram an" then convert! the!e comman"! into comman"! that the "evice un"er!tan"!# Each "evice on a computer% !uch a! the mou!e% )eyboar"% monitor% an" printer% ha! it! o&n !peciali0e" !et of comman"! an" thu! re1uire! it! o&n "evice "river% al!o calle" a "river# The!e "evice! &ill not function unle!! the correct "evice "river i! in!talle" on the computer# In ,in"o&! environment!% mo!t "evice "river! have a #"rv e'ten!ion# If you a"" a ne& "evice to your computer% !uch a! a printer or !canner% it! "river mu!t be in!talle" before the "evice &ill be operational# ,in"o&! IE provi"e! a &i0ar" to ui"e you throu h the in!tallation !tep!# 9or many "evice!% your computer+! operatin !y!tem alrea"y may inclu"e the nece!!ary "evice "river!# If it "oe! not% you can in!tall the "river! from the "i!) inclu"e" &ith the "evice upon purcha!e# If% for !ome rea!on% you nee" a "river for your "evice an" "o not have the ori inal "i!)% you can obtain the "river by contactin the ven"or that !ol" you the "evice or contactin the manufacturer "irectly# Many manufacturer! al!o po!t "evice "river! on their ,eb !ite! for anyone to "o&nloa"# In the pa!t% in!tallin a ne& "evice often re1uire" !ettin !&itche! an" other element! on the motherboar"# In!tallation of current "evice! i! ea!ier becau!e mo!t "evice! an" operatin !y!tem! !upport Plu an" Play# A! previou!ly note"% )lug and )lay i! the computer+! capability of reco ni0in any ne& "evice an" a!!i!tin in the in!tallation of the "evice by loa"in the nece!!ary "river! automatically an" chec)in for conflict! &ith other "evice!# 3avin Plu an" Play !upport mean! a u!er can plu in a "evice% turn on the computer# an" then u!e% or play% the "evice &ithout havin to confi ure the !y!tem manually# ,hen in!tallin !ome component!% occa!ionally you have to )no& &hich interrupt re1ue!t the "evice !houl" u!e for communication!# An interrupt re1ue!t .IRL/ i! a communication! line bet&een a "evice an" the CPU# Mo!t computer! have 1A IRL! # ,ith Plu an" Play% the operatin !y!tem "etermine! the be!t IRL to u!e for the!e communication!# If your operatin !y!tem u!e! an IRL that alrea"y i! a!!i ne" to another "evice% an IRL conflict &ill occur an" the computer &ill not &or) properly# If an IRL conflict occur!% you &ill have to obtain the correct IRL for the "evice% &hich u!ually i! !pecifie" in the in!tallation "irection! that accompany the "evice# "!,I+! I,- S.S+*" )* 0! "(,C* Operatin !y!tem! typically contain a performance monitor! &hich i! a pro ram that a!!e!!e! an" report! information about variou! !y!tem re!ource! an" "evice!# 9or e'ample% you can monitor the CPU "i!)!% memory% an" net&or) u!a e% a! &ell a! the number of time! a file i! rea" or &ritten# The information in the!e report! can help you i"entify problem! &ith re!ource! !o you can attempt to re!olve the problem# 9or e'ample% if your computer i! runnin e'tremely !lo& an" you "etermine that the computer+! memory i! utili0e" to it! ma'imum% then you mi ht con!i"er in!tallin a""itional memory# (D"I,IS+* I,- S*CU I+. Mo!t multiu!er operatin !y!tem! allo& each u!er to lo on% &hich i! the proce!! of enterin a u!er name an" a pa!!&or" into the computer# A u!er name% or u!er I6! i! a uni1ue combination of character!% !uch a! letter! of the alphabet or number!% that i"entifie! one !pecific u!er# Many u!er! !elect a combination of their fir!t an" la!t name! a! their u!er name# A u!er name" Ric) ,illiam!% for e'ample% mi ht choo!e% r&illiam!% a! hi! u!er name# A pa!!&or" i! a combination of character! a!!ociate" &ith your u!er name that allo& you to acce!! certain computer re!ource!# To help prevent unauthori0e" u!er!

from acce!!in tho!e computer re!ource!% you !houl" )eep your pa!!&or" confi"ential# A! you enter your pa!!&or"% mo!t computer! hi"e the actual pa!!&or" character! by "i!playin !ome other character!% !uch a! a!teri!)! .K/# $efore you can u!e a computer that re1uire! a lo on proce"ure% you mu!t enter your u!er name an" pa!!&or" correctly# A! you enter the!e item!% a computer compare! your entrie! &ith a li!t of authori0e" u!er name! an" pa!!&or"!# If your entrie! match the u!er name an" pa!!&or" )ept on file# you are rante" acce!!B other&i!e# you are "enie" acce!!# $oth !ucce!!ful an" un!ucce!!ful lo on attempt! often are recor"e" in a file !o the !y!tem a"mini!trator can revie& &ho i! u!in or attemptin to u!e the computer# 4y!tem a"mini!trator! al!o u!e the!e file! to monitor computer u!a e# 4ome operatin !y!tem! al!o allo& you to a!!i n pa!!&or"! to file! !o that only authori0e" u!er! can open them# "(,(-I,- S+! (-* "*D" (,D 0I/*S Operatin !y!tem! al!o contain a type of pro ram calle" a file mana er! &hich perform! function! relate" to !tora e an" file mana ement# 4ome of the !tora e an" file mana ement function! performe" by a file mana er are formattin an" copyin "i!)!( "i!playin a li!t of file! on a !tora e me"ium( chec)in the amount of u!e" or free !pace on a !tora e me"ium( an" copyin % renamin % "eletin % movin % an" !ortin file!#
C#8 POPULAR OPERATI5@ 4Y4TEM4

Many of the fir!t operatin !y!tem! &ere "evice "epen"ent0 that i!% they &ere "evelope" by manufacturer! !pecifically for the computer! in their pro"uct line# 4oft&are that i! privately o&ne" an" limite" to a !pecific ven"or or computer mo"el i! calle" proprietary !oft&are# ,hen manufacturer! intro"uce" a ne& computer or mo"el# They often pro"uce" an improve" an" "ifferent proprietary operatin !y!tem# Problem! aro!e% ho&ever% &hen a u!er &ante" to !&itch computer mo"el! or manufacturer!# $ecau!e application! &ere "e!i ne" to &or) &ith a !pecific operatin !y!tem% the u!er+! application !oft&are often &oul" not &or) on the ne& computer# Althou h !ome operatin !y!tem! !till are "evice "epen"ent% the tren" to"ay i! to&ar" "evice* in"epen"ent operatin !y!tem! that &ill run on many manufacturer!+ computer!# The a"vanta e of "evice in"epen"ent operatin !y!tem! i! that% even if you chan e computer mo"el! or ven"or!% you can retain e'i!tin application !oft&are an" "ata file!% &hich enerally repre!ent a !i0able inve!tment in time an" money# 5e& ver!ion! of an operatin !y!tem u!ually are "o&n&ar" compatible# A "o&n&ar"*compatible operatin !y!tem i! one that reco ni0e! an" &or)! &ith application !oft&are that &a! &ritten for an earlier ver!ion of the operatin !y!tem# The application !oft&are% by contra!t% i! up&ar" compatible( meanin it &a! &ritten for an earlier ver!ion of the operatin !y!tem# $ut run! un"er the ne& ver!ion# The follo&in !ection! "i!cu!! !ome of the more popular operatin !y!tem!# 6.3.1 D!S The term 6O4 .6i!) Operatin 4y!tem/ refer! to !everal !in le u!er operatin !y!tem! that &ere "evelope" in the early 1IE=! for PC!# The t&o more &i"ely u!e" ver!ion! of 6O4 &ere PC*6O4 an" M4*6O4# Micro!oft Corporation "evelope" both PC*6O4 an" M4*6O4( the t&o operatin !y!tem! &ere e!!entially the !ame# Micro!oft "evelope" PC*6O4 .Per!onal Computer 6O4/ for I$M% an" I$M in!talle" an" !ol" PC*6O4 on it! computer!# At the !ame time% Micro!oft mar)ete" an" !ol" M4*6O4 .Micro!oft 6O4/ to ma)er! of I$M*compatible per!onal computer!# ,hen fir!t "evelope" by Micro!oft% 6O4 u!e" a comman"*line interface# Later ver!ion! of 6O4

inclu"e" both comman"*line an" menu*"riven u!er interface!% a! &ell a! improve" memory an" "i!) mana ement# At it! pea)% 6O4 &a! a &i"ely u!e" operatin !y!tem% &ith an e!timate" <= million computer! runnin it# To"ay% 6O4 no lon er i! &i"ely u!e" becau!e it "oe! not offer a raphical u!er interface an" it cannot ta)e full a"vanta e of mo"ern 82*bit microproce!!or!# Althou h it !till ha! !ome u!er!% many PC u!er! prefer to u!e the raphical u!er interface of ,in"o&! platform!# To meet the nee" for an operatin !y!tem that ha" a raphical u!er interface% Micro!oft "evelope" ,in"o&!# ,in"o&! 8#1 refer! to three early ver!ion! of Micro!oft ,in"o&!B ,in"o&! 8#=% ,in"o&! 8#1% an" ,in"o&! 8#11# The!e ,in"o&! 8#' ver!ion! &ere not operatin !y!tem!( in!tea" they &ere operatin environment!# An operatin environment i! a raphical u!er interface that &or)! in combination &ith an operatin !y!tem to !implify it! u!e# ,in"o&! 8#' &a! "e!i ne" to &or) a! an operatin environment for 6O4# 9.3.& 2indows <% ,ith ,in"o&! <%# al!o referre" to a! ,inIA% Micro!oft "evelope" a true multita!)in operatin !y!tem * not an operatin environment li)e early ver!ion! of ,in"o&!# ,in"o&! IA thu! "i" not re1uire 6O4 to run# althou h it inclu"e" !ome 6O4 an" ,in"o&! 8#' feature! to allo& for "o&n&ar" compatibility# One a"vanta e of ,in"o&! <% &a! it! improve" raphical u!er interface% &hich ma"e &or)in &ith file! an" pro ram! ea!ier than the earlier ver!ion!# In a""ition% mo!t pro ram! ran fa!ter un"er ,in"o&! <% becau!e it &a! &ritten to ta)e a"vanta e of 82*bit proce!!or! .ver!u! 1C*bit proce!!or!/ an" !upporte" a more efficient form of multita!)in # ,in"o&! <% al!o inclu"e" !upport for net&or)in % Plu an" Play technolo y% lon er file name!% an" e*mail#

6.&.3 2indows ,+
Micro!oft ,in"o&! 5T% al!o referre" to a! 5T% &a! an operatin !y!tem "e!i ne" for client* !erver net&or)!# The !erver u!e" ,in"o&! 5T 4erver% an" the client! connecte" to the !erver u!e" ,in"o&! 5T ,or)!tation% &hich ha" a ,in"o&! <% interface# 6.&.4 2indows <7 Micro!oft "evelope" an up ra"e to the ,in"o&! <% operatin !y!tem% calle" ,in"o&! IE# The ,in"o&! IE operatin !y!tem% al!o calle" ,inIE! &a! ea!ier to u!e than ,in"o&! <% an" &a! more inte rate" &ith the Internet# 9or e'ample% ,in"o&! IE inclu"e" Micro!oft Internet E'plorer! a popular ,eb bro&!er# The ,in"o&! IE file mana er% calle" ,in"o&! E'plorer! al!o ha" a ,eb bro&!er loo) an" feel# ,ith ,in"o&! IE# you coul" have an Active 6e!)topTP+ interface% &hich allo&e" you to !et up ,in"o&! !o icon! on the "e!)top an" file name! in ,in"o&! E'plorer &or)e" li)e ,eb lin)!# ,in"o&! IE al!o provi"e" fa!ter !y!tem !tartup an" !hut"o&n# better file mana ement% an" !upport for ne& multime"ia technolo ie! !uch a! 6-6 an" ,ebT-# ,in"o&! IE !upporte" the Univer!al 4erial $u! .U4$/ !o you ea!ily coul" a"" an" remove "evice! on your computer# The table in 9i ure E*1? li!t! feature! of ,in"o&! IE# Li)e ,in"o&! <%# ,in"o&! IE coul" run 1C* an" 82*bit !oft&are% &hich mean! it coul" run !oft&are "e!i ne" for 6O4 an" earlier ver!ion! of ,in"o&!# 6.3.% 2indows &=== Micro!oft ,in"o&! 2=== i! an up ra"e to the ,in"o&! IE an" ,in"o&! 5T operatin !y!tem!# Li)e ,in"o&! IE an" ,in"o&! 5T% ,in"o&! 2=== i! a complete multita!)in operatin !y!tem .not an operatin environment/ that ha! a raphical u!er interface# T&o ba!ic ver!ion! of ,in"o&! 2=== e'i!tB the ,in"o&! 2=== 4erver family# ,hich inclu"e! ,in"o&! 2=== 4erver%

,in"o&! 2=== A"vance" 4erver% an" ,in"o&! 2=== 6atacenter 4erver% for variou! level! of net&or) !erver! an" ,in"o&! 2=== Profe!!ional for !tan"*alone bu!ine!! "e!)top or laptop computer!% a! &ell a! for computer! connecte" to the net&or)% calle" the client!# ,in"o&! 2=== inclu"e! the!e a""itional feature!B 9.3.9 2indows C* ,in"o&! CE i! a !cale"*"o&n ,in"o&! operatin !y!tem "e!i ne" for u!e on &irele!! communication! "evice! an" !maller computer! !uch a! han"hel" computer!% in*vehicle "evice!% an" net&or) computer!# $ecau!e it i! "e!i ne" for u!e on !maller computin "evice!% ,in"o&! CE re1uire! little memory# On mo!t of the!e "evice!% the ,in"o&! CE interface incorporate! many element! of the ,in"o&! raphical u!er interface inclu"in color an" !oun"# It al!o ha! multita!)in % e*mail% an" Internet capabilitie!# Many application!% !uch a! Micro!oft ,or" an" Micro!oft E'cel% have !cale"*"o&n ver!ion! that run un"er ,in"o&! CE# Recently% Micro!oft intro"uce" the Auto PC! &hich i! a "evice mounte" onto a vehicle+! "a!hboar" that i! po&ere" by ,in"o&! CE# U!in an automobile e1uippe" &ith Auto PC% the "river can obtain information !uch a! "rivin "irection!% traffic con"ition!% an" &eather( acce!! e*mail( li!ten to the ra"io or a C6B an" !hare information &ith a han"hel" computer# $ecau!e the Auto PC i! "irecte" throu h voice comman"!% it i! i"eal for the mobile u!er# 6.3.5 U,IB U5IF .pronounce" YOU*ni'/ i! a multiu!er% multita!)in operatin !y!tem "evelope" in the early 1I<=! by !cienti!t! at $ell Laboratorie!# $ecau!e of fe"eral re ulation!% $ell Lab! .a !ub!i"iary of ATQT/ &a! prohibite" from actively promotin U5IF in the commercial mar)etplace# $ell Lab! in!tea" licen!e" U5IF for a lo& fee to numerou! colle e! an" univer!itie! &here it obtaine" a &i"e follo&in an" &a! implemente" on many "ifferent type! of computer!# After "ere ulation of the telephone companie! in the 1IE=!% U5IF &a! licen!e" to many har"&are an" !oft&are companie!# To"ay% a ver!ion of U5IF i! available for mo!t computer! of all !i0e!# U5IF i! a po&erful operatin !y!tem% capable of han"lin a hi h volume of tran!action! in a multiu!er environment an" &or)in &ith multiple CPU! u!in multiproce!!in # U5IF thu! i! u!e" mo!t often on &or)!tation! an" !erver!# A &ea)ne!! of U5IF i! that it ha! a comman"*line interface% an" many of it! comman"! are "ifficult to remember an" u!e# 4ome ver!ion! of U5IF% !uch a! the ver!ion for the Apple Macinto!h% offer a raphical u!er interface to help re"uce thi! problem# U5IF al!o lac)! !ome of the !y!tem a"mini!tration feature! offere" by other operatin !y!tem!# 9inally% !everal &i"ely u!e" ver!ion! of U5IF e'i!t% each of &hich i! !li htly "ifferent# To move application !oft&are from one of the!e U5IF ver!ion! to another% you mu!t re&rite !ome pro ram!# 9.3.7 /inu@ A popular% free% U5IF*li)e @UI operatin !y!tem i! calle" Linu' .pronounce" LI55u)!/# Linu' i! not proprietary !oft&are li)e the operatin !y!tem! "i!cu!!e" thu! far# In!tea"% Linu' i! open* !ource !oft&are! &hich mean! it! co"e i! ma"e available to the public# Promoter! of open*!ource !oft&are !tate t&o main a"vanta e!B cu!tomer! can per!onali0e the !oft&are to meet their nee"!% an" u!er! that mo"ify the !oft&are !hare their improvement! &ith other!# Many !oft&are application! run on Linu'# Re" 3at 4oft&are an" Corel Corporation% for e'ample% !ell pro"uct! an" !ervice! !pecifically "evelope" for Linu'#

6.3.< ,et2are 5ovell+! 5et,are i! a &i"ely u!e" net&or) operatin !y!tem "e!i ne" for client*!erver net&or)!# 5et,are ha! a !erver portion that re!i"e! on the net&or) !erver an" a client portion that re!i"e! on each client computer connecte" to the net&or)# The !erver portion of 5et,are allo&! you to !hare har"&are "evice! attache" to the !erver .!uch a! a printer/% a! &ell a! any file! or application !oft&are !tore" on the !erver# The client portion of 5et,are communicate! &ith the !erver# Client computer! al!o have a local operatin !y!tem% !uch a! ,in"o&! IE#
C#? UTILITY PRO@RAM4

A utility pro ram! al!o calle" a utility% i! a type of !y!tem !oft&are that perform! a !pecific ta!)% u!ually relate" to mana in a computer% it! "evice!% or it! pro ram!# Mo!t operatin !y!tem! inclu"e !everal utility pro ram!# A! !ho&n in 9i ure E*22% for e'ample% ,in"o&! IE provi"e! acce!! to many utility pro ram! throu h the 4y!tem Tool! !ubmenu# You al!o can buy !tan"*alone utilitie! that offer improvement! over tho!e !upplie" &ith the operatin !y!tem# Popular utility pro ram! perform the!e function!B vie&in file!% compre!!in file!% "ia no!in problem!% !cannin "i!)!% "efra mentin "i!)!% unin!tallin !oft&are% bac)in up file! an" "i!)!% chec)in for viru!e!% an" "i!playin !creen !aver!# Each of the!e utilitie! i! briefly "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in para raph!#

A file vie&er i! a utility that "i!play! the content! of a file# An operatin !y!tem+! file mana er often inclu"e! a file vie&er# In ,in"o&! IE% for e'ample% ,in"o&! E'plorer ha! t&o vie&er!B one calle" Luic) -ie& to "i!play the content! of te't file! an" another calle" Ima in Previe& for raphic! file!# The title bar of the file vie&er &in"o& "i!play! the name of the file bein vie&e"# A file compre!!ion utility re"uce!% or compre!!e!% the !i0e of a file# A compre!!e" file ta)e! up le!! !tora e !pace on a har" "i!) or floppy "i!)% &hich free! up room on the "i!) an" improve! !y!tem performance# 9ile! available for "o&nloa" from the Internet often are compre!!e" to re"uce "o&nloa" time# Compre!!in file! attache" to e*mail me!!a e! al!o re"uce! the time nee"e" for file tran!mi!!ion# $ecau!e compre!!e" file! u!ually have a #0ip e'ten!ion% compre!!e" file! !ometime! are calle" 0ippe" file!# ,hen you receive a compre!!e" file% you mu!t uncompre!!% or un0ip% the file * or re!tore it to it! ori inal form# T&o popular !tan"*alone file compre!!ion utilitie! are PD:IPTh+ an" ,in:ip;# ,in:ip; i! !ho&n in 9i ure E*2?#

A "ia no!tic utility compile! technical information about your computer+! har"&are an" certain !y!tem !oft&are pro ram! an" then prepare! a report outlinin any i"entifie" problem!# 9or e'ample% ,in"o&! IE inclu"e! the "ia no!tic utility% 6r# ,at!on% &hich "ia no!e! problem! a! &ell a! !u e!t! cour!e! of action# A "i!) !canner i! a utility that .1/ "etect! an" correct! both phy!ical an" lo ical problem! on a har" "i!) or floppy "i!) an" .2/ !earche! for an" remove! un&ante" file!# A phy!ical problem i! one &ith the me"ia% !uch a! a !cratch on the !urface of the "i!)# A lo ical problem i! one &ith the "ata% !uch a! a corrupte" file allocation table .9AT/# ,in"o&! IE inclu"e! t&o "i!) !canner utilitie!B 4can6i!)! &hich "etect! an" correct! problem!% an" 6i!) Cleanup% &hich !earche! for an" remove! unnece!!ary file! !uch a! temporary file! .9i ure E*2C/# A "i!) "efra menter i! a utility that reor ani0e! the file! an" unu!e" !pace on a computer+! har" "i!) !o "ata can be acce!!e" more 1uic)ly an" pro ram! can run fa!ter# ,hen a computer !tore! "ata on a "i!)% it place! the "ata in the fir!t available !ector on the "i!)# Althou h the computer attempt! to place "ata in !ector! that are conti uou! .ne't to each other/% thi! i! not al&ay! po!!ible# ,hen the content! of a file are !cattere" acro!! t&o or more nonconti uou! !ector!% the file i! fra mente"# 9ra mentation !lo&!

"o&n "i!) acce!! an" thu! the performance of the entire computer# The proce!! of "efra mentation * that i!% reor ani0in the "i!) !o the file! are !tore" in conti uou! !ector! * !olve! thi! problem# ,in"o&! IE inclu"e! a "i!) "efra menter% calle" 6i!) 6efra menter# An unin!taller i! a utility that remove! an application% a! &ell a! any a!!ociate" entrie! in the !y!tem file!# ,hen you in!tall an application% the operatin !y!tem recor"! the information that it u!e! to run the !oft&are in the !y!tem file!# If you attempt to remove the application from your computer by "eletin the file! an" fol"er! a!!ociate" &ith that pro ram &ithout runnin the unin!taller% the !y!tem file entrie! remain# Mo!t operatin !y!tem! inclu"e an unin!taller( you al!o can purcha!e a !tan"*alone pro ram% !uch a! CyberMe"ia+! Unln!taller# A bac)up utility allo&! you to copy% or bac)up% !electe" file! or your entire har" "i!) onto another "i!) or tape# 6urin the bac)up proce!!% the bac)up utility monitor! pro re!! an" alert! you if a""itional "i!)! or tape! are nee"e"# Many bac)up pro ram! &ill compre!! file! "urin thi! proce!!# !o the bac)up file! re1uire le!! !tora e !pace than the ori inal file!# 9or thi! rea!on% bac)up file! u!ually are not u!able in their bac)e" up form# In the event you nee" to u!e one of the!e file!% a re!tore pro ram! &hich i! inclu"e" &ith the bac)up utility% rever!e! the proce!! an" return! bac)e" up file! to their ori inal form# You !houl" bac) up file! an" "i!)! re ularly in the event your ori inal! are lo!t% "ama e"% or "e!troye"# ,in"o&! IE inclu"e! a bac)up utility% &hich al!o inclu"e! a re!tore pro ram# An antiviru! pro ram i! a utility that prevent!% "etect!% an" remove! viru!e! from a computer+! memory or !tora e "evice!# A viru! i! a pro ram that copie! it!elf into other pro ram! an" !prea"! throu h multi* pie computer!# -iru!e! often are "e!i ne" to "ama e a computer intentionally by "e!troyin or corruptin it! "ata# A !creen !aver i! a utility that cau!e! the monitor+! !creen to "i!play a movin ima e or blan) !creen if no )eyboar" or mou!e activity occur! for a !pecifie" time perio"# ,hen you pre!! a )ey on the )eyboar" or move the mou!e% the !creen return! to the previou!ly "i!playe" ima e# <4creen !aver! ori inally &ere "evelope" to prevent a problem calle" ho!tin % in &hich ima e! coul" be permanently etche" on a monitor+! !creen# Althou h ho!tin i! not a problem &ith to"ay+! monitor!% !creen !aver! !till are u!e" for rea!on! of !ecurity% bu!ine!!% or entertainment# To !ecure a computer% for e'ample% you can confi ure your !creen !aver !o that you mu!t enter a pa!!&or" to !top the !creen !aver an" re"i!play the previou! ima e# 4ome !creen !aver! u!e pu!h technolo y !o you receive up"ate" an" ne& information each time the !creen !aver "i!play!#

2#)#

3+T+ +N3 IN$O/-+TION

6ata i! a collection of item! !uch a! &or"!% number!% ima e!% an" !oun"! that are not or ani0e" an" have little meanin in"ivi"ually# 6ata i! proce!!e" into information# Information i! "ata that i! or ani0e"% ha! meanin % an"% therefore% i! u!eful# A !tu"ent ra"e report .information/% for e'ample% contain! !everal "ata item!% inclu"in !tu"ent la!t name% !tu"ent fir!t name% !tu"ent i"entification .I6/ number% cour!e number!% cour!e title!% cre"it hour!% an" cour!e ra"e!# A "ataba!e i! a collection of "ata or ani0e" in a manner that allo&! acce!!% retrieval% an" u!e of that "ata# 6ataba!e !oft&are% al!o calle" a "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem .6$M4/% allo&! you to create a computeri0e" "ataba!e( a""% chan e% an" "elete "ata( !ort an" retrieve "ata from the "ataba!e( an" create form! an" report! u!in the "ata# Mo!t or ani0ation! reali0e that "ata i! amon their more valuable a!!et!# ,ithout "ata an" information%

an or ani0ation coul" not complete many bu!ine!! activitie!# Information accumulate" on !ale! tren"!% competitor!+ pro"uct! an" !ervice!% pro"uction proce!!e!% an" even employee !)ill!% for e'ample% allo& a company to ma)e "eci!ion! an" "evelop% create% an" "i!tribute pro"uct! an" !ervice!# Thi! information i! a valuable re!ource that &oul" be "ifficult% if not impo!!ible% to replace# $ecau!e information cannot be enerate" &ithout "ata% an or ani0ation mu!t mana e% maintain% an" protect it! "ata re!ource! >u!t a! it &oul" any other re!ource# T&o critically important a!pect! of thi! inclu"e en!urin that "ata ha! inte rity an" i! )ept !ecure# <.1.1 Data Integrity 9or a computer to output accurate information% the "ata u!e" to create the information mu!t have inte rity# 6ata inte rity i! the "e ree to &hich "ata i! accurate# If your name i! mi!!pelle" in a !tu"ent "ataba!e% for e'ample% the "ata i! inaccurate an" i! con!i"ere" a violation of "ata inte rity# Althou h accurate "ata "oe! not uarantee accurate information% it i! impo!!ible to pro"uce accurate information from erroneou! "ata# Thi! computin principle% often referre" to a! arba e in% arba e out .@I@O/% mean! that% if you enter erroneou! "ata into a computer . arba e in/% the computer &ill pro"uce inaccurate information . arba e out/# 6ata inte rity i! critical becau!e computer! an" in"ivi"ual! u!e information enerate" from "ata to ma)e "eci!ion! an" ta)e action!# ,hen you place an or"er &ith a mail*or"er company% for e'ample% a !ale! repre!entative enter! the pro"uct number for each item you or"er# If he or !he enter! an incorrect pro"uct number% the &arehou!e li)ely &ill pac)a e an" !hip an item you "i" not inten" to or"er# <.1.& Data Security 6ata !ecurity involve! protectin "ata !o it i! not mi!u!e" or lo!t# Mo!t !chool!% for e'ample% have proce"ure! that allo& only authori0e" per!onnel to acce!! confi"ential !tu"ent "ata# The !chool al!o perform! bac)up proce"ure! to protect a ain!t the lo!! of "ata# $ac)up i! refer! to ma)in "uplicate copie! of "ata% file!% pro ram!% or "i!)!% &hich can be u!e" if the ori inal! are lo!t% "ama e"% or "e!troye"# Ma)in bac)up copie! en!ure! that you can recover "ata in a timely manner an" that proce!!in can continue#
I#2 9ILE PROCE44I5@ -ER4U4 6ATA$A4E4

<.&.1 0ile )rocessing Systems In the pa!t% many or ani0ation! !tore" "ata in file! on tape or "i!) an" mana e" the "ata u!in file proce!!in !y!tem!# In a typical tile proce!!in !y!tem% each "epartment &ithin an or ani0ation ha! it! o&n !et of file!% "e!i ne" !pecifically for their o&n application!% an" the recor"! in one file are not relate" to the recor"! in any other file# 9i ure I*1 illu!trate! an e'ample of ho& a !chool mi ht u!e a file proce!!in !y!tem# The a"mi!!ion! "epartment ha! it! o&n file! to a"mit a !tu"ent into the !chool% an" the re i!tration "epartment ha! it! o&n !et of file! to re i!ter !tu"ent! for cla!!e!#

Althou h or ani0ation! have u!e" file proce!! !y!tem! for many year!% the!e !y!tem! "o have ma>or "i!a"vanta e!# T&o of the!e "i!a"vanta e! are "ata re"un"ancy an" i!olate" "ata# Data edundancy $ecau!e each "epartment ha! it o&n file! in a file proce!!in !y!tem% the file! often mu!t !tore the !ame .re"un"ant/ "ata# $oth the a"mi!!ion! "epartment file! an" the re i!tration "epartment file!% for e'ample% mu!t !tore a !tu"ent+! name an" a""re!!# 6ata re"un"ancy

&a!te! re!ource! !uch a! !tora e !pace an" employee time# 4torin the !ame "ata in more than one file re1uire! increa!e" !tora e capacity# ,hen "ata i! a""e" or chan e"% "ata maintenance ta)e! more time becau!e employee! mu!t up"ate more than one file# 6ata re"un"ancy al!o compromi!e! "ata inte rity# If a !tu"ent relocate!% for e'ample% the !chool mu!t up"ate the !tu"ent+! A""re!! fiel" in the a"mi!!ion an" re i!tration file!% a! &ell a! any other "epartment that contain! the !tu"ent+! A""re!! fiel" throu hout the !chool# If the fiel" i! not chan e" in all the file!% then "i!crepancie! amon the file! &ill e'i!t# Isolated 3ata# ,hen "ata i! !tore" in multiple file! in multiple "epartment!% often it i! "ifficult to acce!! the "ata# 9or e'ample% to enerate a report li!tin the ma>or! of a particular cla!! of !tu"ent!% you &oul" nee" to acce!! an" u!e "ata in both the a"mi!!ion! "epartment file! an" the re i!tration "epartment file! becau!e the a"mi!!ion! file! !tore the !tu"ent!+ ma>or an" the re i!tration file! !tore the cla!! ro!ter!# 4harin "ata from multiple% !eparate file to enerate !uch a li!t often i! a complicate" proce"ure an" typically re1uire! the e'perti!e of an e'perience" computer pro rammer# To overcome the!e an" other problem! a!!ociate" &ith file proce!!in !y!tem!% many companie! u!e the "ataba!e approach for mana in "ata# <.&.& +he Data'ase (pproach A! previou!ly "e!cribe"% a "ataba!e i! a !hare" collection of "ata# ,ith the "ataba!e approach% many application pro ram! in an or ani0ation coul" u!e the "ata in thi! !in le% !hare" "ataba!e# A !chool+! "ataba!e% for e'ample% &oul" contain "ata about !tu"ent! an" cour!e!# A! !ho&n in 9i ure I*2% "epartment! &ithin the !chool% !uch a! a"mi!!ion! an" re i!tration% &oul" !hare the "ata in thi! "ataba!e#
U!er! acce!! the "ata in the "ataba!e u!in "ataba!e !oft&are% &hich often i! calle" a "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem .6$M4/# A! note" at the be innin of thi! chapter% a "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem .6$M4/ i! a !oft&are pro ram "e!i ne" to control acce!! to the "ataba!e an" mana e the "ata re!ource! efficiently# ,hile a u!er i! &or)in &ith the "ataba!e% the 6$M4 re!i"e! in the memory of the computer# The ne't !ection pre!ent! the feature! of a 6$M4 in "etail#

The "ataba!e approach overcome! many of the limitation! of file proce!!in !y!tem! by re"ucin "ata re"un"ancy an" allo&in for !harin of "ata# The!e an" other a"vanta e! of the "ataba!e approach are pre!ente" ne't# Re"uce" 6ata Re"un"ancy U!in the "ataba!e approach% all "ata i! !tore" to ether% &hich reatly re"uce! "ata re"un"ancy# A !chool "ataba!e% for e'ample% &oul" !tore a !tu"ent+! name an" a""re!! only once# ,hen !tu"ent "ata i! entere" or chan e"% one employee ma)e! the chan e once# 9i ure I*8 contra!t! a "ataba!e application to a file proce!!in application &ith re!pect to "ata re"un"ancy# Impro4ed 3ata Inte5r ty $ecau!e mo!t "ata i! !tore" in only one location% the "ataba!e approach increa!e! the "ata+! inte rity by re"ucin the li)elihoo" of intro"ucin incon!i!tencie!# ,hen "ata in the "ataba!e i! chan e"% all application! have acce!! to the !ame up"ate" "ata# Shared 3ata

,herea! each application in a file proce!!in environment ha! it! o&n !et of file!% the "ata in a "ataba!e environment belon ! to an" i! !hare" by the entire or ani0ation# 9i ure I*? compare! ho& a "ataba!e application !tore! "ata ver!u! a file proce!!in application# Or ani0ation! u!in "ataba!e! typically !et up control! to "efine &ho can acce!!% a""% chan e% an" "elete the "ata in a "ataba!e# A "ataba!e or ani0e! "ata more efficiently than a file proce!!in !y!tem% thu! it often i! ea!ier an" fa!ter to "evelop pro ram! that u!e thi! "ata# Many "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem! al!o provi"e !everal tool! to a!!i!t in pro ram "evelopment% thu! further re"ucin the "evelopment time# The ne't !ection "i!cu!!e! the!e an" other 6$M4 feature!# Eas er /eport n5 The "ataba!e approach allo&! non*technical u!er! to acce!! an" manipulate "ata# Althou h computer profe!!ional! typically "evelop lar er "ataba!e! an" their a!!ociate" pro ram!% many computer u!er! are "evelopin !maller "ataba!e! them!elve!% &ithout profe!!ional a!!i!tance#
,hile it ha! many a"vanta e!% the "ataba!e approach "oe! have the "i!a"vanta e! of co!t an" vulnerability# 9or one% the initial inve!tment in the har"&are an" !oft&are re1uire" for a "ataba!e u!ually i! hi h# A lar e "ataba!e al!o can be more comple' than a file proce!!in !y!tem an" thu! re1uire traine" in"ivi"ual! to "evelop the!e application!# The!e lar er "ataba!e! al!o re1uire more memory% !tora e% an" proce!!in po&er than file proce!!in !y!tem!# A !econ" "i!a"vanta e of the "ataba!e approach i! it! increa!e" vulnerability# $ecau!e all "ata i! !tore" in a !in le location an" !hare" by application pro ram!% many u!er! "epen" on the "ata in the "ataba!e# If the "ataba!e i! not operatin properly or i! "ama e" or "e!troye"% many u!er! &ill not be able to perform their >ob!# In !ome ca!e!% certain application pro ram! may cea!e to operate# To protect their valuable "ataba!e re!ource% in"ivi"ual! an" or ani0ation! !houl" e!tabli!h an" follo& !ecurity proce"ure!#

6e!pite the!e limitation!% many bu!ine!! an" home u!er! &or) &ith "ataba!e! becau!e of their tremen"ou! a"vanta e!#
I#8 6ATA$A4E MA5A@EME5T 4Y4TEM4

A! previou!ly "i!cu!!e"% a "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem .6$M4/ i! a !oft&are pro ram or !et of pro ram! "e!i ne" to control acce!! to the "ataba!e an" mana e the "ata re!ource! efficiently# ,hile a u!er i! &or)in &ith the "ataba!e% the 6$M4 re!i"e! in the memory of the computer# 6ataba!e mana ement !y!tem! are available for many !i0e! an" type! of computer! .9i ure I*A/# ,hether "e!i ne" for a mainframe or a per!onal computer% every "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem ha! a number of common feature!# The!e feature! inclu"e a "ata "ictionary% an" function! !uch a! "ata maintenance an" retrieval% "ata !ecurity% an" bac)up an" recovery# The follo&in pa e! "i!cu!! the!e feature! of a 6$M4# <.3.1 Data Dictionary A "ata "ictionary !tore! "ata about each file in the "ataba!e an" each fiel" &ithin tho!e file!# 9or each file% a "ata "ictionary !tore! "ata inclu"in the file name% "e!cription% an" the file+! relation!hip to other file!# 9or each fiel"% a "ata "ictionary !tore! "ata inclu"in the fiel" name% fiel" !i0e% "e!cription% type! of "ata .e# #% te't% numeric% or "ateGtime/% "efault value% vali"ation rule!% an" the fiel"+! relation!hip to other fiel"!# 9i ure I*C !ho&! ho& a "ata "ictionary mi ht li!t "ata about the file! an" fiel"! in a 4tu"ent "ataba!e#

A 6$M4 u!e! the "ata "ictionary to perform vali"ation chec)! an" maintain the inte rity of the "ata# ,hen you enter "ata% the "ata "ictionary verifie! that the entere" "ata matche! the fiel"+! "ata type# The 34 @ra"uation 6ate fiel"% for e'ample% mu!t contain a number# A "ata "ictionary al!o allo&! you to !pecify a "efault value for certain fiel"!# A "efault value i! a value that the 6$M4 automatically "i!play! in a fiel"# 9or e'ample% if mo!t !tu"ent! that atten" a !chool live in In"iana% then the 6$M4 coul" "i!play a "efault value of the 4tate fiel"# 6i!playin a "efault value minimi0e! the po!!ibility of error!% becau!e commonly u!e" "ata item! are entere" for you# U!ually% you can overri"e a "efault value if it "oe! not apply for a certain recor"# 9or e'ample% you can chan e the value% I5% to MI if you nee" to a"" a !tu"ent that live! in Michi an# <.3.& Data "aintenance and etrieval A 6$M4 provi"e! !everal facilitie! to enable u!er! an" pro ram! to maintain "ata in an" retrieve "ata from the "ataba!e# A! you have learne"% "ata maintenance involve! a""in ne& recor"!% chan in "ata in e'i!tin recor"!% an" removin un&ante" recor"! from the "ataba!e# To retrieve "ata from a "ataba!e% a proce!! calle" a Fuery! involve! e'tractin !pecific "ata from the "ataba!e an" "i!playin % printin % or !torin it# The capability of retrievin .!electin / "ataba!e information ba!e" on an in!truction% calle" criteria! !pecifie" by the u!er i! one of the more po&erful feature! of a "ataba!e# Often% a variety of u!er!% from e'perience" profe!!ional! to non*technical u!er!% nee" to maintain an" retrieve the "ata in a "ataba!e# A 6$M4 thu! provi"e! !everal metho"! of acce!!in "ata% each of &hich re1uire! varyin level! of "ataba!e e'perti!e# Of the!e% 1uery lan ua e!% form!% an" report enerator! provi"e a u!er*frien"ly mean! to maintain an" retrieve "ata from the "ataba!e# Each of the!e metho"! i! "e!cribe" in the follo&in para raph!# ( Fuery language con!i!t! of !imple% En li!h*li)e !tatement! that allo& you to !pecify the "ata you &ant to "i!play% print% or !tore# Althou h each 1uery lan ua e ha! it! o&n rammar an" vocabulary% a per!on &ithout a pro rammin bac) roun" u!ually can learn the!e lan ua e! in a !hort time# Althou h you can maintain "ata &ith a 1uery lan ua e% mo!t u!er! utili0e a 1uery lan ua e only to retrieve "ata# To !implify the proce!!% many 6$M4 provi"e &i0ar"! to ui"e a u!er throu h the !tep! of buil"in a 1uery# Mo!t "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem! al!o inclu"e a feature calle" 1uery*by*e'ample# In!tea" of learnin the rammar an" vocabulary a!!ociate" &ith a 1uery lan ua e% you can u!e a 1uery*by* e'ample .L$E/ to e'tract "ata from the "ataba!e# L$E have a raphical u!er interface that a!!i!t! you &ith retrievin "ata# A form% !ometime! calle" a "ata entry form! i! a &in"o& on the !creen that provi"e! area! for enterin or chan in "ata in a "ataba!e# You u!e form! to retrieve an" maintain the "ata in a "ataba!e# 9orm! u!ually provi"e a mean! for vali"atin "ata !o a! to re"uce "ata entry
Error!# ,hen "e!i nin a form u!in a 6$M4% you can ma)e the form attractive an" ea!y to u!e by incorporatin color !ha"in % line!% an" bo'e!( varyin the font! an" font !tyle!( an" u!in other formattin feature!#

A report enerator! al!o calle" a report &riter! allo&! you to "e!i n or layout a report on the !creen% e'tract "ata into the report layout% an" then "i!play or print the report# Unli)e a form% a report enerator i! u!e" only to retrieve "ata# Report enerator! u!ually allo& you to format report pa e number! an" "ate!( report title! an" column hea"in !( !ubtotal! an" total!( an" font!% font !i0e!% color% an" !ha"in # <.3.3 Data Security

To en!ure that the "ata in a "ataba!e i! not mi!u!e"% a 6$M4 provi"e! mechani!m! !o that only authori0e" u!er! can acce!! "ata at permitte" time!# In a""ition% mo!t "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem! allo& you to !pecify "ifferent level! of acce!! privile e! for each fiel" in the "ataba!e# The!e access privile e! "efine the activitie! allo&e" by a !pecific u!er or roup of u!er!# Acce!! privile e! for "ata involve e!tabli!hin &ho can enter ne& "ata% chan e e'i!tin "ata% "elete un&ante" "ata% an" retrieve "ata# In the !chool "ataba!e% for e'ample% a faculty a"vi!or mi ht have rea"*only privile e! for !tu"ent tran!cript!( that i!% the a"vi!or coul" retrieve the tran!cript "ata% but cannot chan e it# The !chool+! re i!trar% by contra!t% &oul" have full*up"ate privile e! to tran!cript "ata% meanin that the re i!trar can retrieve an" chan e the "ata# 9inally% a !tu"ent &oul" have no acce!! privile e! to the tran!cript "ata an" can neither retrieve nor chan e the "ata# <.3.4 4ac6up and ecovery
Occa!ionally% a "ataba!e i! "ama e" or "e!troye" becau!e of har"&are failure% a problem &ith the !oft&are% human error% or a cata!trophe !uch a! fire or floo"# A 6$M4 provi"e! a variety of techni1ue! to re!tore the "ataba!e to a u!able form in ca!e it i! "ama e" or "e!troye"#

On a re ular ba!i!% you !houl" ma)e a bac)up% or copy% of the entire "ataba!e# 4ome 6$M4 inclu"e bac)up utilitie!% &hile other! rely on the bac)up utilitie! inclu"e" &ith operatin !y!tem! or tho!e purcha!e" !eparately# More !ophi!ticate" 6$M4 maintain lo % or li!tin % of activitie! that have affecte" the "ataba!e# If you chan e a !tu"ent a""re!!% for e'ample% the chan e appear! in the lo # In thi! !ituation% the 6$M4 place! the follo&in in the lo B a copy of the !tu"ent recor" prior to the chan e% calle" the before ima e( the actual chan e of a""re!! "ata( an" a copy of the !tu"ent recor" after the chan e% calle" the after ima e# A 6$M4 that maintain! a lo often al!o provi"e! a recovery utility that u!e! the lo ! to re!tore a "ataba!e in the event it i! "ama e" or "e!troye"# 6epen"in on the type of failure% the recovery utility re!tore! the "ataba!e u!in roll6a%& or roll,7orward techni1ue!# In a rollbac)% al!o calle" backward rec ver!! the lo i! u!e" to rever!e or un"o any chan e! ma"e to the "ataba!e "urin a certain perio" of time% !uch a! an hour# Once the "ataba!e i! re!tore"% you mu!t re*enter the tran!action! entere" "urin thi! perio" of time# In a roll* for&ar"% al!o calle" " rward rec ver!! the lo i! u!e" to re*enter chan e! automatically !ince the la!t "ataba!e !ave or bac)up# 4ome "ataba!e recovery utilitie! u!e a combination of both techni1ue!#
I#? RELATIO5AL A56 O$MECT*ORIE5TE6 6ATA$A4E4

Every "ataba!e an" "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem i! ba!e" on a particular "ata mo"el# A "ata mo"el con!i!t! of rule! an" !tan"ar"! that "efine ho& "ata i! or ani0e" in a "ataba!e# 9ive "ata mo"el! are hierarchical% net&or)% relational% ob>ect oriente"% an" ob>ect relational# In the pa!t% "ataba!e! often &ere or ani0e" accor"in to the hierarchical or net&or) "ata mo"el# In a hierarchical "ataba!e% "ata i! or ani0e" in a !erie! li)e a family tree or or ani0ation chart# A! &ith a family tree% the hierarchical "ataba!e ha! branche! ma"e up of parent an" chil" recor"!# Each parent record can have multiple chil" recor"!# Each child record# ho&ever% can have only one parent# A networ6 data'ase i! !imilar to a hierarchical "ataba!e e'cept that each chil" recor" can have more than one parent# $ecau!e hierarchical an" net&or) "ataba!e! offer only limite" "ata acce!! an" lac) fle'ibility% "ataba!e "eveloper! prefer t&o other "ataba!e mo"el!B relational an" ob>ect oriente"# A ne&er "ata mo"el% the ob>ect*relational "ata mo"el% combine! feature! of the relational an" ob>ect*oriente" "ata mo"el!# The follo&in !ection! "i!cu!! the feature! of relational an" ob>ect*oriente" "ata mo"el! an" the "ataba!e! ba!e" on them# <.4.1 elational Data'ases

To"ay% the mo!t commonly u!e" "ataba!e% the relational "ataba!e% i! ba!e" on the relational "ata mo"el# A relational "ataba!e !tore! "ata in table! that con!i!t of ro&! an" column!# Each ro& ha! a primary )ey an" each column ha! a uni1ue name# A relational "ataba!e u!e! terminolo y "ifferent from a file* proce!!in environment to repre!ent "ata# A relational "ataba!e "eveloper% for e'ample% refer! to a file a! a relation% a recor" a! a tuple% an" a fiel" a! an attribute# A u!er of a relational "ataba!e% ho&ever% refer! to a file a! a table% a recor" a! a ro&% an" a fiel" a! a column .9i ure I*</# Thi! chapter u!e! the term!% table% ro&% an" column% &hen "i!cu!!in relational "ataba!e!# In a""ition to !torin "ata% a relational "ataba!e al!o !tore! any a!!ociation! amon the "ata% &hich are calle" relation!hip!# ,ith a relational "ataba!e% you can e!tabli!h a relation!hip bet&een table! at any time% provi"e" the table! have a common column .fiel"/# You &oul" relate the 4tu"ent table an" the 4che"ule table% for e'ample% u!in the 4tu"ent I6 column# 9i ure I*E illu!trate! the!e relational "ataba!e concept!# In a relational "ataba!e% the only "ata re"un"ancy e'i!t! in the common column! .fiel"!/ that e!tabli!h relation */(+I!,(/ (/-*4 ( Relational "ataba!e! often u!e relational al ebra to manipulate "ata# Relational al ebra u!e! variable! an" operation! to buil" a ne& relation# Three commonly u!e" relational operation! are pro>ection% !election% an" >oin operation!# To un"er!tan" the function of the three operation!% con!i"er a 1uery that u!e! the!e three operation! to retrieve a li!t of !tu"ent! enrolle" in E5@L 1=? .9i ure I*1=/# 9ir!t% the pro>ection operation e'tract! column! .fiel"!/ from a relation% that i!% a vertical !ub!et of a table# In the e'ample% the pro>ection operation retrieve! the 4tu"ent I6% 9ir!t 5ame% an" La!t 5ame column! from the 4tu"ent table# The !election operation then retrieve! certain ro&! .recor"!/ ba!e" on the criteria you !pecify% that i!% a hori0ontal !ub!et of a table# In the e'ample% the !election operation retrieve! all ro&! containin !tu"ent! in E5@L 1=? in the 4che"ule table# The >oin operation then combine! the "ata from the t&o 1uerie! ba!e" on a common column# In the e'ample% the >oin operation u!e! the 4tu"ent I6 to combine the "ata retrieve" from the 4tu"ent an" the 4che"ule table!#

S+ UC+U *D AU* . /(,-U(-* Relational "ataba!e! u!e a 1uery lan ua e calle" Structured Auery /anguage >SA/? to manipulate an" retrieve "ata# 4LL inclu"e! )ey&or"! an" rule! u!e" to implement relational al ebra operation!# The 4LL !tatement in 9i ure 1=*2?% for e'ample% &oul" e'ecute a 1uery that retrieve! !tu"ent! enrolle" in E5@L 1=?# Thi! 4LL !tatement &oul" enerate the relation !ho&n in 9i ure I*1=#

<.4.& !'Cect-!riented Data'ases An ob>ect*oriente" "ataba!e i! ba!e" on an ob>ect*oriente" "ata mo"el an"% thu!% maintain! ob>ect!# An ob>ect i! an item that can contain both "ata an" the activitie! that rea" or manipulate the "ata# A 4tu"ent ob>ect% for e'ample% mi ht contain "ata about a !tu"ent .4tu"ent I6% 9ir!t 5ame% La!t 5ame% A""re!!% an" !o on/ an" in!truction! on ho& to print the !tu"ent recor" or the formula re1uire" to calculate a !tu"ent+! tuition rate!# A recor" in a relational "ataba!e% by contra!t% &oul" only contain "ata about a !tu"ent#

T&o a"vanta e! of ob>ect*oriente" "ataba!e!% relative to relational "ataba!e!% i! that they can !tore more type! of "ata an" acce!! thi! "ata fa!ter# ,ith an ob>ect*oriente" "ataba!e% you can !tore un!tructure" "ata !uch a! photo raph!% vi"eo clip!% au"io clip!% an" "ocument! more efficiently than in a relational "ataba!e# 9urther% if you run a 1uery to e'tract "ata from an ob>ect* oriente" "ataba!e% the ob>ect*oriente" "ataba!e often return! re!ult! more 1uic)ly than the !ame 1uery of a relational "ataba!e# E'ample! of application! appropriate for an ob>ect*oriente" "ataba!e inclu"e the follo&in B
A mult

med a data6ase that !tore! ima e!% au"io clip!% an"Gor vi"eo clip!# A eo raphic information !y!tem .@I4/ "ataba!e% for e'ample% !tore! map!E a voice mail !y!tem !tore! au"io me!!a e!( an" a televi!ion broa"ca!t "ataba!e !tore! au"io an" vi"eo clip!#
A 5roupware

data6ase that !tore! "ocument! !uch a! !che"ule!% calen"ar!% manual!% memo!% an" report!# U!er! can perform 1uerie! to !earch the "ocument content!# One 1uery% for e'ample% mi ht !earch the !che"ule! for available meetin time!#
A computer*ai"e"

"e!i n .CA6/ "ataba!e that !tore! "ata about en ineerin % architectural% an" !cientific "e!i n!# Thi! "ata in the "ataba!e inclu"e! a li!t of component! of the item bein "e!i ne"% the relation!hip amon the component!% an" archive" ver!ion! of the "e!i n "raft!#
A hyperte't

"ataba!e contain! te't lin)! to other "ocument!% an" a hyperme"ia "ataba!e al!o contain! raphic!% vi"eo% an" !oun"# A variety of hyperte't an" hyperme"ia "ataba!e! are acce!!ible via the ,eb# You can !earch one of the!e "ataba!e! for item! !uch a! "ocument!% raphic!% au"io an" vi"eo clip!% an" lin)! to ,eb pa e!# 4ome companie! al!o are "evelopin ob>ect*relational "ataba!e! to ta)e a"vanta e of feature! of both the relational an" ob>ect*oriente" "ata mo"el!# !4;*C+ AU* . /(,-U(-* Ob>ect*oriente" an" ob>ect*relational "ataba!e! often u!e a 1uery lan ua e calle" ob>ect 1uery lan ua e .OLL/ to manipulate an" retrieve "ata# OLL i! !imilar to 4LL in that it u!e! many of the !ame rule!% rammar% an" vocabulary# $ecau!e OLL i! a relatively ne& !tan"ar" 1uery lan ua e% ho&ever% not all ob>ect "ataba!e! !upport it#
I#A 6ATA$A4E A6MI5I4TRATIO5

Deepin an or ani0ation+! "ata centrali0e" in a "ataba!e re1uire! a reat "eal of cooperation an" coor"ination on the part of the "ataba!e u!er!# In file proce!!in !y!tem!% if you &ante" to trac) or !tore "ata% typically you &oul" >u!t create another file% often "uplicatin "ata alrea"y !tore" by !omeone el!e% in another file# In a "ataba!e environment% if you &ant to trac) or !tore "ata% fir!t you chec) to !ee if !ome or all of the "ata alrea"y i! in the "ataba!e or% if not% ho& you can a"" the "ata to the "ataba!e# The role of coor"inatin the u!e of the "ataba!e belon ! to the "ata an" "ataba!e a"mini!trator!# <.%.1 ole of the Data and Data'ase The "ata an" "ataba!e a"mini!trator! are re!pon!ible for mana in an" coor"inatin all "ataba!e activitie!# The "ata a"mini!trator .6A/ i! re!pon!ible for "e!i nin the "ataba!e( that i!% the 6A "etermine! the proper placement of fiel"!% "efine! relation!hip! amon "ata% an" outline! u!er!+ acce!! privile e!# The "ataba!e a"mini!trator .6$A/ i! re!pon!ible for creatin an" maintainin the "ata "ictionary% e!tabli!hin an" monitorin !ecurity of the "ataba!e% monitorin the performance of the "ataba!e% an" implementin an" te!tin bac)up an" recovery proce"ure!#

In !mall or ani0ation!% one per!on often !erve! a! both the "ata a"mini!trator an" the "ataba!e a"mini!trator# In lar er or ani0ation!% the re!pon!ibilitie!* of the "ata an" "ataba!e a"mini!trator! are !plit amon t&o or more per!on!# <.%.& ole of the User (dministrators One of the u!er+! fir!t re!pon!ibilitie! i! to familiari0e him!elf or her!elf &ith the "ata in the e'i!tin "ataba!e# 9ir!t*time "ataba!e u!er! often are ama0e" at the &ealth of information available to help them perform their >ob! more effectively# Another re!pon!ibility of the u!er i! to ta)e an active role in !pecifyin a""ition! to the "ataba!e# The maintenance of an or ani0ation+! "ataba!e i! an on oin ta!) that or ani0ation! !houl" mea!ure con!tantly a ain!t their overall oal!# U!er! thu! !houl" participate in "e!i nin the "ataba!e that &ill help them achieve tho!e oal!#

<.%.3 Data'ase Design -uidelines A carefully "e!i ne" "ataba!e ma)e! it ea!ier for a u!er to 1uery the "ataba!e% mo"ify the "ata% an" create report!# Certain "ataba!e "e!i n ui"eline!% inclu"in tho!e !ho&n in 9i ure I*12% apply to "ataba!e! of all !i0e!#

8#)+PPLIC+TION SO$TW+/E
Application !oft&are con!i!t! of pro ram! "e!i ne" to perform !pecific ta!)! for u!er!# Application !oft&are% al!o calle" a !oft&are application or an application! can be u!e" for the follo&in purpo!e!% amon other!B .1/ .2/ .8/ .?/ A! a pro"uctivityGbu!ine!! tool To a!!i!t &ith raphic! an" multime"ia pro>ect! To !upport hou!ehol" activitie!% for per!onal bu!ine!!% or for e"ucation To facilitate communication!

The table in 9i ure 1=*1 cate ori0e! popular type! of application !oft&are by their eneral u!e# The!e four cate orie! are not mutually e'clu!ive( for e'ample% e*mail can !upport pro"uctivity% a !oft&are !uite can inclu"e ,eb pa e authorin tool!% an" le al !oft&are can be u!e" by a bu!ine!!# In the cour!e of a "ay% &ee)% or month% you are li)ely to fin" your!elf u!in !oft&are from more than one of the!e cate orie!#

1=.1.1

+he ole of the !perating System Li)e mo!t computer u!er!% you probably are !ome&hat familiar &ith application !oft&are# To run any application !oft&are% ho&ever% your computer mu!t be runnin another type of !oft&are * an operatin !y!tem# 4oft&are can be cate ori0e" into t&o type!B !y!tem !oft&are an" application !oft&are# 4y!tem !oft&are con!i!t! of pro ram! that control the operation! of the computer an" it! "evice!#

4y!tem !oft&are !erve! a! the interface bet&een you .the u!er/% your application !oft&are% an" your computer+! har"&are# One type of !y!tem !oft&are% the operatin !y!tem% contain! in!truction! that coor"inate all of the activitie! of the har"&are "evice! in a computer# The operatin !y!tem al!o contain! in!truction! that allo& you to run application !oft&are# $efore a computer can run any application !oft&are% the operatin !y!tem mu!t be loa"e" from the har" "i!) into the computer+! memory# Each time you !tart your computer% the operatin !y!tem i! loa"e"% or copie"% into memory from the computer+! har" "i!)# Once the operatin !y!tem i! loa"e"% it tell! the computer ho& to perform function! !uch a! proce!!in pro ram in!truction! an" tran!ferrin "ata amon input an" output "evice! an" memory# The operatin !y!tem% &hich remain! in memory &hile the computer i! runnin % allo&! you to communicate &ith the computer an" other !oft&are% !uch a! application !oft&are# The operatin !y!tem continue! to run until the computer i! turne" off#
1=.1.&. +he ole of the User Interface

All !oft&are% inclu"in the operatin !y!tem% communicate! &ith the u!er in a certain &ay% throu h a portion of the pro ram calle" a u!er interface# A u!er interface control! ho& you enter "ata or in!truction! an" ho& information an" proce!!in option! are pre!ente" to you# One of the more common u!er interface! i! a raphical u!er interface .@UI/# A raphical u!er interface! or @UI! combine! te't% raphic!% an" other vi!ual cue! to ma)e !oft&are ea!ier to u!e# In 1IE?% Apple Computer

intro"uce" the Macinto!h operatin !y!tem% &hich u!e" a raphical u!er interface# Reco ni0in the value of thi! ea!y*to*u!e interface% many !oft&are companie! follo&e" !uit% "evelopin their o&n @UI !oft&are# 4ince then% Apple ha! "evelope" !everal ne& ver!ion! .mo"ification!/ of their ori inal @UI operatin !y!tem for their Macinto!h computer!# To"ay+! mo!t &i"ely u!e" per!onal computer operatin !y!tem an" raphical u!er interface% ho&ever% i! Micro!oft ,in"o&!% &hich often i! referre" to !imply a! ,in"o&!#
1=#2 PRO6UCTI-ITY 4O9T,ARE

Pro"uctivity !oft&are i! "e!i ne" to ma)e people more effective an" efficient &hile performin "aily activitie!# Pro"uctivity !oft&are inclu"e! application! !uch a! &or" proce!!in % !prea"!heet% "ataba!e% pre!entation raphic!% per!onal information mana ement% accountin % pro>ect mana ement% an" other relate" type! of !oft&are# The feature! an" function! of each of the!e application! are "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!# 1=.&.1 2ord )rocessing Software A &i"ely u!e" application !oft&are pac)a e i! &or" proce!!in !oft&are! &hich i! u!e" to create% e"it% an" format te'tual "ocument!# Million! of people u!e &or" proce!!in !oft&are every "ay to create "ocument! !uch a! letter!% memo!% report!% fa' cover !heet!% mailin label!% an" ne&!letter!# D*$*/!)I,- ( D!CU"*,+ ,hile u!in many !oft&are application!% you have the ability to create% e"it% format% print% an" !ave "ocument!# 6urin the proce!! of "evelopin a "ocument% you li)ely &ill !&itch bac) an" forth amon all of the!e activitie!# 1=.&.& Spreadsheet Software Another &i"ely u!e" !oft&are application i! !prea"!heet !oft&are! &hich allo&! you to or ani0e "ata in ro&! an" column!# The!e ro&! an" column! collectively are calle" a &or)!heet# 9or year!% people u!e" manual metho"!% !uch a! tho!e performe" &ith pencil an" paper% to or ani0e "ata in ro&! an" column!# The "ata in an electronic &or)!heet i! or ani0e" in the !ame manner a! it i! in a manual &or)!heet# A! &ith &or" proce!!in !oft&are% mo!t !prea"!heet !oft&are ha! ba!ic feature! to help you create% e"it% an" format &or)!heet!# The!e feature!% a! inclu"e" in !everal popular !prea"!heet !oft&are pac)a e!% are "e!cribe" in the follo&in !ection!# 1=.&.3 Data'ase Software A "ataba!e i! a collection of "ata or ani0e" in a manner that allo&! acce!!% retrieval% an" u!e of that "ata# In a manual "ataba!e% "ata mi ht be recor"e" on paper an" !tore" in a filin cabinet# In a computeri0e" "ataba!e% "ata i! !tore" in an electronic format on a !tora e me"ium# 6ataba!e !oft&are! al!o calle" a "ataba!e mana ement !y!tem .6$M4/% allo&! you to create a computeri0e" "ataba!e( a""% chan e% an" "elete "ata( !ort an" retrieve "ata from the "ataba!e( an" create form! an" report! u!in the "ata in the "ataba!e#

,ith mo!t popular per!onal computer "ataba!e !oft&are pac)a e!% a "ataba!e con!i!t! of a collection of table!% or ani0e" in ro&! an" column!# A ro& in a table i! calle" a record! an" contain! information about a iven per!on% pro"uct% or event# A column in a table i! calle" a field! an" contain! a !pecific piece of information &ithin a recor"#
The Mu!eum @ift 4hop "ataba!e !ho&n in 9i ure 1=*2 con!i!t! of t&o table!B a Pro"uct table an" a -en"or table# The Pro"uct table contain! ten recor"! .ro&!/% each of &hich contain! "ata about one pro"uct# The pro"uct "ata i! li!te" in the table+! !i' fiel"! .column!/B pro"uct i"entification number% "e!cription% 1uantity on han"% co!t of pro"uct% !ellin price% an" ven"or co"e# The "e!cription fiel"% for in!tance% contain! a name of a particular pro"uct#

6ata Or ani0ation
$efore you be in creatin a "ataba!e% you !houl" perform !ome preliminary ta!)!# Ma)e a li!t of the "ata item! you &ant to or ani0e( each of the!e &ill become a fiel" in the "ataba!e# To i"entify the "ifferent fiel"!% a!!i n each fiel" a uni1ue name that i! !hort% yet "e!criptive# 9or e'ample% the fiel" name for a pro"uct i"entification number coul" be Pro"uct I"% an" the fiel" name for the 1uantity on han" coul" be On 3an"# Once you have "etermine" the fiel"! an" fiel" name!% you al!o mu!t "eci"e the fiel" len th! an" "ata type!# The fiel" len th i! the ma'imum number of character! to be !tore" for "ata in a particular fiel"# The 6e!cription fiel"% for in!tance% may be "efine" a! 2A character! in len th# The "ata type !pecifie! the type of "ata that the fiel" can contain# Common "ata type! inclu"eB

records

Te'tB letter!% number!% or !pecial character! 5umericB number! only RCurrencyB "ollar an" cent! amount! R6ateB month% "ay% an" year information MemoB freeform te't of any type or len th 3yperlin)% or lin)B ,eb a""re!! that lin)! to ,eb pa e

Completin the!e !tep! provi"e! a eneral "e!cription of the recor"! an" fiel"! in a table% inclu"in the number of fiel"!% fiel" name!% fiel" len th!% an" "ata type!# The!e item! collectively are referre" to a! the table !tructure .9i ure 1=*8/#

1=.&.4 )resentation -raphics Software Pre!entation raphic! !oft&are allo&! you to create "ocument! calle" pre!entation!% &hich are u!e" to communicate i"ea!% me!!a e!% an" other information to a roup# The pre!entation! can be vie&e" a! !li"e! that "i!play on a lar e monitor or on a pro>ection !creen# Pre!entation raphic!

!oft&are typically provi"e! an array of pre"efine" pre!entation format! that "efine complementary color! for bac) roun"!% te't% an" other item! on the !li"e!# Pre!entation raphic! !oft&are al!o provi"e! a variety of layout! for each in"ivi"ual !li"e !uch a! a title !li"e% a t&o*column !li"e% an" a !li"e &ith clip art# Any te't% chart!% an" raphical ima e! u!e" in a !li"e can be enhance" &ith 8*6 an" other !pecial effect! !uch a! !ha"in % !ha"o&!% an" te'ture!#
,ith pre!entation raphic! !oft&are% you can incorporate ob>ect! from the clip allery into your !li"e! to create multime"ia pre!entation!# A clip allery inclu"e! clip art ima e!% picture!% vi"eo clip!% an" au"io clip!# A clip allery can be !tore" on your har" "i!)% a C6*ROM% or a 6-6*ROM( in other ca!e!% you acce!! the clip allery on the ,eb# A! &ith clip art collection!% a clip allery typically i! or ani0e" by cate orie! that can inclu"e aca"emic% bu!ine!!% entertainment% tran!portation% an" !o on# 9or e'ample% the tran!portation cate ory may contain a clip art ima e of a bicycle% a photo raph of a locomotive% a vi"eo clip of an airplane in fli ht% an" an au"io clip of a Mo"el T car horn#

,hen buil"in a pre!entation% you al!o can !et the !li"e timin % !o that the pre!entation automatically "i!play! the ne't !li"e after a pre"etermine" "elay# 4pecial effect! can be applie" to the tran!ition bet&een each !li"e# One !li"e% for e'ample% mi ht !lo&ly "i!!olve a! the ne't !li"e come! into vie&# To help or ani0e the pre!entation% you can vie& !mall ver!ion! of all the !li"e! in !li"e !orter vie&# 4li"e !orter vie& pre!ent! a !creen vie& !imilar to ho& 8Amm !li"e! &oul" loo) on a photo rapher+! li ht table# The !li"e !orter allo&! you to arran e the !li"e! in any or"er# 1=.&.% )ersonal Information "anagers A per!onal information mana er .PIM' i! a !oft&are application that inclu"e! an appointment calen"ar% a""re!! boo)% an" notepa" to help you or ani0e per!onal information !uch a! appointment! an" ta!) li!t!# A PIM allo&! you to ta)e information that you previou!ly trac)e" in a &ee)ly or "aily calen"ar% an" or ani0e an" !tore it on your computer# PIM! can mana e many "ifferent type! of information !uch a! telephone me!!a e!% pro>ect note!% remin"er!% ta!) an" a""re!! li!t!% an" important "ate! an" appointment!# Preci!ely "efinin a PIM i! "ifficult becau!e per!onal information mana er! offer a ran e of capabilitie!# A! note"% ho&ever% mo!t inclu"e at lea!t an appointment calen"ar% a""re!! boo)% an" notepa"# An appointment calen"ar allo&! you to !che"ule activitie! for a particular "ay an" time# ,ith an a""re!! boo)% you can enter an" maintain name!% a""re!!e!% an" telephone number! of cu!tomer!% co*&or)er!% family member!% an" frien"!# In!tea" of &ritin note! on a piece of a paper% you can u!e a notepa" to recor" i"ea!% remin"er!% an" other important information# Many PIM! al!o inclu"e a calculator or a !imple !prea"!heet application( !ome al!o inclu"e e*mail capabilitie!# 1=.&.9 Software Suite A !oft&are !uite i! a collection of in"ivi"ual application !oft&are pac)a e! !ol" a! a !in le pac)a e# ,hen you in!tall the !uite% you in!tall the entire collection of application! at once in!tea" of in!tallin each application in"ivi"ually# At a minimum% !uite! typically inclu"e the follo&in !oft&are application!B &or" proce!!in % !prea"!heet% "ataba!e% an" pre!entation raphic!#
4oft&are !uite! offer t&o ma>or a"vanta e!B lo&er co!t an" ea!e of u!e# Typically% buyin

a collection of !oft&are pac)a e! in a !uite co!t! !i nificantly le!! than purcha!in each of the application pac)a e! !eparately# 4oft&are !uite! provi"e ea!e of u!e becau!e the application! &ithin a !uite normally u!e a !imilar interface an" have !ome common feature!# Thu!% once you learn ho& to u!e one application in the !uite% you are familiar &ith the interface in the other application! in the !uite# 9or e'ample% once you learn ho& to print u!in the !uite+! &or" proce!!in pac)a e% you can apply the !ame !)ill to the !prea"!heet% "ataba!e% an" pre!entation raphic! !oft&are in the !uite#

1=.&.5 )roCect "anagement Software Pro>ect mana ement !oft&are allo&! you to plan% !che"ule% trac)% an" analy0e the event!% re!ource!% an" co!t! of a pro>ect# A eneral contractor% for e'ample% mi ht u!e pro>ect mana ement !oft&are to mana e a home* remo"elin !che"ule% or a publi!her mi ht u!e it to coor"inate the proce!! of pro"ucin a te'tboo)# The value of pro>ect mana ement !oft&are i! that it help! mana er! trac)% control% an" mana e pro>ect variable!% thereby allo&in them to complete a pro>ect on time an" &ithin bu" et# 1=.&.7 (ccounting Software Accountin !oft&are help! companie! recor" an" report their financial tran!action!# Accountin !oft&are allo&! you to perform accountin activitie! involve" &ith the eneral le" er% account! receivable% account! payable% purcha!in % invoicin % >ob co!tin % an" payroll# ,ith accountin !oft&are% you al!o can &rite an" print chec)!% trac) chec)in account activity% an" up"ate an" reconcile balance! on "eman"# 5e&er accountin !oft&are pac)a e! !upport online "irect "epo!it an" payroll !ervice!% &hich ma)e! it po!!ible for a company to "epo!it paychec)! "irectly into employee+! chec)in account! an" pay employee ta'e! electronically#
4ome accountin !oft&are offer! more !ophi!ticate" feature! !uch a! multiple company reportin % forei n currency reportin % an" foreca!tin the amount of ra& material! nee"e" for pro"uct!# The co!t of accountin !oft&are for !mall bu!ine!!e! ran e! from le!! than one hun"re" to !everal thou!an" "ollar!# Accountin !oft&are for lar e bu!ine!!e! can co!t !everal hun"re" thou!an" "ollar!# 1=#8 @RAP3IC4 A56 MULTIME6IA 4O9T,ARE

In a""ition to pro"uctivity !oft&are% many in"ivi"ual! al!o &or) &ith !oft&are "e!i ne" !pecifically for their fiel"! of &or)# Po&er u!er! !uch a! en ineer!% architect!% "e!)top publi!her!% an" raphic arti!t!% for e'ample% often u!e po&erful !oft&are that allo&! them to &or) &ith raphic! an" multime"ia# Type! of raphic! an" multime"ia !oft&are inclu"e computer*ai"e" "e!i n% "e!)top publi!hin % paintGima e e"itin % vi"eo an" au"io e"itin % multime"ia authorin % an" ,eb pa e authorin # The feature! an" function! of each of the!e application! are "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection!# 1=.3.1 Computer-(ided Design Computer*ai"e" "e!i n .CA6/ !oft&are i! a !ophi!ticate" type of application !oft&are that a!!i!t! a u!er in creatin en ineerin % architectural% an" !cientific "e!i n!# 9or e'ample% u!in CA6% en ineer! can create "e!i n plan! for airplane! an" !ecurity !y!tem!( architect! can "e!i n buil"in !tructure! an" floor plan!( an" !cienti!t! can "e!i n "ra&in ! of molecular !tructure!#

CA6 !oft&are eliminate! the laboriou! manual "raftin that "e!i n proce!!e! can re1uire# ,ith CA6% "e!i ner! can ma)e chan e! to a "ra&in or "e!i n an" vie& the re!ult!# Three*"imen!ional CA6 pro ram! allo& "e!i ner! to rotate "e!i n! of 8*6 ob>ect! to vie& them from any an le# 4ome CA6 !oft&are even can enerate material li!t! for buil"in "e!i n!# 1=.3.& Des6top )u'lishing Software >)rofessional? 6e!)top publi!hin .6TP/ !oft&are allo&! you to "e!i n an" pro"uce !ophi!ticate" "ocument! that contain te't% raphic!% an" brilliant color!# Althou h many &or" proce!!in pac)a e! have !ome of the capabilitie! of 6TP !oft&are% profe!!ional "e!i ner! an" raphic arti!t! u!e 6TP !oft&are becau!e it i! "e!i ne" !pecifically to !upport pa e layout! &hich i! the proce!! of arran in te't an" raphic! in a "ocument# 6TP !oft&are thu! i! i"eal for the pro"uction of hi h*1uality color "ocument! !uch a! ne&!letter!% mar)etin literature% catalo !% an" annual report!# In the pa!t% "ocument! of thi! type &ere create" by !lo&er% more e'pen!ive tra"itional publi!hin metho"! !uch a! type!ettin # To"ay+! 6TP !oft&are al!o allo&! you to convert a color "ocument into a format for u!e on the ,orl" ,i"e ,eb#
,hen creatin a "ocument u!in 6TP !oft&are% you can a"" te't an" raphical ima e! "irectly into the "ocument% or you can import e'i!tin te't an" raphic! from other file!# 9or e'ample% you can import te't from a &or" proce!!in file into a "e!)top publi!hin "ocument# @raphic! file! !uch a! illu!tration! an" photo raph! al!o can be importe" into a 6TP "ocument# One type of input "evice% calle" a !canner% can be u!e" to convert printe" raphic! !uch a! photo raph! an" "ra&in ! into file! that 6TP !oft&are can u!e#

Once you have create" or in!erte" a raphical ima e into a "ocument% the 6TP !oft&are can crop% !harpen% an" chan e the color! in the ima e by a""in tint! or percenta e! of color!# To help you !elect a color for a raphical ima e or te't% 6TP !oft&are pac)a e! inclu"e color librarie!# A color library i! a !tan"ar" !et of color! u!e" by "e!i ner! an" printer! to en!ure that color! &ill print e'actly a! !pecifie"# U!in a color library% you can choo!e !tan"ar" color! or !pecialty color! !uch a! metallic or fluore!cent color!# 1=.3.3 )aint8Image *diting Software >)rofessional? @raphic arti!t!% multime"ia profe!!ional!% technical illu!trator!% an" "e!)top publi!her! u!e paint !oft&are an" ima e e"itin !oft&are to create an" mo"ify raphical ima e! !uch a! tho!e u!e" in 6TP "ocument! an" ,eb pa e!# Paint software# al!o calle" illustration software# allo&! you to "ra& picture!% !hape!% an" other raphical ima e! u!in variou! tool! on the !creen !uch a! a pen% bru!h% eye"ropper% an" paint buc)et# Image editing software provi"e! the capabilitie! of paint !oft&are a! &ell a! the capability of mo"ifyin e'i!tin ima e!# 9or e'ample% you can retouch photo raph!( a">u!t or enhance ima e color!( an" a"" !pecial effect! !uch a! !ha"o&! an" lo&!#

1=.3.4 $ideo and (udio *diting Software -i"eo con!i!t! of ima e! that are playe" bac) at !pee"! that provi"e the appearance of full motion# ,ith vi"eo e"itin !oft&are% you can mo"ify a !e ment of a vi"eo% calle" a clip# 9or e'ample% you can re"uce the len th of a vi"eo clip% reor"er a !erie! of clip!% or a"" !pecial effect! !uch a! &or"! that move hori0ontally acro!! the !creen# -i"eo e"itin !oft&are typically inclu"e! au"io e"itin capabilitie!# Au"io i! any mu!ic% !peech% or other !oun" that i! !tore" an" pro"uce" by the computer# ,ith au"io e"itin !oft&are! you can mo"ify au"io clip!# Au"io e"itin !oft&are u!ually inclu"e! filter!% &hich are "e!i ne" to enhance au"io 1uality# A filter% for e'ample% mi ht remove a "i!tractin bac) roun" noi!e from the au"io clip# 1=.3.% "ultimedia (uthoring Software Multime"ia authorin !oft&are i! u!e" to create electronic interactive pre!entation! that can inclu"e te't% ima e!% vi"eo% au"io% an" animation# The !oft&are help! you create pre!entation! by allo&in you to control the placement of te't an" ima e! an" the "uration of !oun"!% vi"eo% an" animation# Once create"% !uch multime"ia pre!entation! often ta)e the form of interactive computer*ba!e" pre!entation! "e!i ne" to facilitate learnin an" elicit "irect !tu"ent participation# Multime"ia pre!entation! u!ually are !tore" an" "elivere" via a C6*ROM or 6-6*ROM% over a local area net&or)% or via the Internet# 1=.3.9 2e' )age (uthoring ,eb pa e authorin !oft&are i! !oft&are !pecifically "e!i ne" to help you create ,eb pa e!% in a""ition to or ani0in % mana in % an" maintainin ,eb !ite!# A! note" in previou! !ection!% many application !oft&are pac)a e! inclu"e ,eb pa e authorin feature! you can u!e to create ba!ic ,eb pa e! that contain te't an" raphical ima e!# ,eb pa e authorin !oft&are% ho&ever% inclu"e! feature! that al!o allo& you to create !ophi!ticate" multime"ia ,eb pa e! that inclu"e raphical ima e!% vi"eo% au"io% animation% an" other !pecial effect!# ,ith ,eb pa e authorin !oft&are% both ne& an" e'perience" u!er! can create fa!cinatin ,eb !ite!#

#
1=#?

4oft&are 9or Communication!

One of the more valuable a!pect! of !oft&are i! it! capability of !upportin communication!# Certain application! !pecifically are "e!i ne" to facilitate communication!% thu! allo&in you to !hare information &ith other!# Communication! !oft&are% &hich i! a utility pro ram that allo&! you to "ial a mo"em# 4oft&are for communication! "i!cu!!e" in the follo&in !ection! inclu"e! groupware# e-mail% an" 2e' 'rowsers# 1=.4.1 -roupware @roup&are i"entifie! any type of !oft&are that help! roup! of people on a net&or) on pro>ect! an" !hare information% in a""ition to provi"in PIM function!% !uch a! an a""re!! boo) an" appointment calen"ar# A ma>or feature of roup&are i! roup !che"ulin % in &hich a roup calen"ar trac)! the !che"ule! of multiple u!er! an" help! coor"inate appointment! an" meetin time!#

1=.4.& *lectronic "ail Software E*mail .electronic mail/ i! the tran!mi!!ion of me!!a e! via a computer net&or) !uch a! a local area net&or) or the Internet# The me!!a e can be !imple te't or can inclu"e an attachment !uch a! a &or" proce!!in "ocument% a raphical ima e% or an au"io or vi"eo clip# U!in electronic mail !oft&are% you can create% !en"% receive% for&ar"% !tore% print% an" "elete e*mail me!!a e!# Mo!t e*mail !oft&are ha! a mail notification alert that inform! you via a me!!a e or !oun" that you have receive" ne& mail% even if you are &or)in in another application#

1=.4.3 2e' 4rowsers A !oft&are application calle" a ,eb bro&!er% or bro&!er! allo&! you to acce!! an" vie& ,eb pa e!# To"ay+! bro&!er! have raphical u!er interface! an" are 1uite ea!y to earn an" u!e# The t&o more popular bro&!er! are 5et!cape 5avi ator an" Micro!oft Internet E'plorer. $ro&!er! have many !pecial feature! inclu"in button! an" navi ation to help ui"e you throu h ,eb !ite!# In a""ition to "i!playin ,eb pa e!% mo!t bro&!er! allo& you to u!e other Internet !ervice! !uch a! electronic mail .e*mail/# U!in a ,eb bro&!er to navi ate the ,orl" ,i"e ,eb i! "i!cu!!e" in "epth in the ne't !ection#