A Summer Training Report AT: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Jammu (J&K) From 30 May To 26 June 2012

A practical training report on BSNL
A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT AT
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED JAMMU (J&K) From 30 May o !" J#$% !0&!
Submitted to the MECRC JODHP R
!n practical "ummer training o# the degree o# BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING Electronic" and communication Engineering
Submitted to$%
Submitted b&$%
DEEPA' BHA(!A
PAN'AJ SH 'LA 1ECE2
S N!L BA'OL!)A
ROLL NO* +,-./0 B*(ech* 3!! SEM* 1EE2
DEPAR(MEN( O4 ELEC(RON!CS 5 COMM N!CA(!ON EN6!NEER!N6 N!3ERS!() COLLE6E O4 EN6!NEER!N6 R( 7 'O(A /+./%/+.8
.
'' INDEX ''
.* !ntroduction /* Po9er Plant 8* C%DO( S9itching :* Outdoor ;* Mobile Ser<ice" a2 6SM b2 CDMA !2 !!2 BSC B(S
0* !nternet =* MODEM >* PRO?) SER3ER ,* O<er<ie9 o# N!B ! and (&pe" o# !SP Node" .+*(ran"mi""ion a2 O4C b2 SDH c2 PDH
** INTRODUCTION **
A report on training acti<itie" in Churu that include" Po9er plant7 C Dot S9itching7 MD47 Outdoor acti<itie"7 6SM7 (ran"mi""ion* Po9er plant "ection gi<e" the brie# de"cription o# the po9er "&"tem u"ed in the e@change"* C%Dot "9itching e@plain" the "9itching proce""* MD4 "etup linA bet9een the "9itch room and cabinet pillar* Outdoor acti<it& "ection gi<e" de"cription about the ph&"ical linA" bet9een "ub"criber"* !n BLL "ection 9e tried to gi<e an outline o# mobile "&"tem* !n tran"mi""ion "ection include" the tran"mi""ion acti<itie"*
** POWER PLANT **
All the "ection" o# an e@change reCuire po9er "uppl& o# accurate <alue and on correct time to per#orm "peci#ic ta"A"* Bithout po9er the 9hole e@change 9ill liAe a "Aeleton* (he po9er reCuirement" o# di##erent "ection are #ul#illed #rom Po9er plant room* !t con"i"t" o# module" o# //+3* //+3 mean" "uppl& i" tran"mitted to the"e module"* (he AC "uppl& i" con<erted into %:>3 DC in the"e module" b& u"ing recti#ier"* Load i" .++A in thi" proce""* (hi" DC "uppl& i" di"tributed in /: cell" o# /*/3* (he %:>3 DC "uppl& goe" to Po9er Suppl& nit 1PS 2 o# <ariou" module"* (he di##erent "upplie" needed in module" liAe ./37 ;3 etc are generated b& PS * (hi" proce"" i" continuou" proce""* !t continuou" till the AC "uppl& i" on* !n ca"e o# "uppl& #ail"7 then al"o po9er mu"t be "upplied to the PS o# di##erent recti#ier i" u"ed in parallel to batter&* One end o# the #loat recti#ier i" connecting to AC "uppl& and the other 9ith the batter&* 4loat recti#ier ha" <oltage more than %:>3* So7 till the AC "uppl& i" a<ailable7 #loat 9ill 9orA and batterie" 9ill get charged* A" the AC "uppl& i" o##7 the batter& connected to parallel to recti#ier "tart" 9orAing and pro<ide" %:> DC "uppl&* (he"e batterie" are o# di##erent capacitance depending upon the manu#acturer* 4or e@ample"7 one batter& ha" capacit& o# /;+++AH* !n thi" 9a& the batter& pre<ent the e@change #rom d&ing in the ab"ence o# AC "uppl&7 but in limited capacit&* Bhen the batter& i" #ull& di"charged and AC "uppl& i" "till ab"ent7 then generator" are u"ed to pro<ide "uppl& and charge the batter& again*
Batter&
4loat Recti#ier
** C-DOT SWITCHING **
C%DO( DSS MA? i" a uni<er"al digital "9itch 9hich can be con#igured #or di##erent application" a" local7 tran"it7 or integrated local and tran"it "9itch* High tari##-load handling capacit& unto >7 ++7+++ BHCA 9ith termination capacit& o# :+7+++ line" a" local e@change or .;+++ trunA" a" trunA automatic e@change7 the C%DO( DSS #amil& i" ideall& placed to meat the di##erent reCuirement" o# an& integrated digital net9orA* TECHNOLOG( (he "&"tem emplo&" a (%S%( "9itching con#iguration and i" ba"ed on 8/ channel" PCM "tructure* !t u"e" a ba"ic rate o# 0: Mbp" primar& multiple@ing rate* Control i" di"tributed o<er the "&"tem b& u"ing 8/ bit and > bit microproce""or"* All the critical control circuitr& ha" built in redundanc&* BASIC GRO)TH*BUILDING MODULES C%DO( MA? e@change" can be con#igured u"ing #our module"$ 1a2 Ba"ic Module 1b2 Central Module 1c2 Admini"trati<e Module 1d2 !nput output Module BASE MODULE (he ba"e module 1BM2 i" the ba"ic gro9th unit o# the "&"tem* !t inter#ace" the e@ternal 9orld to the "9itch* (he inter#ace" ma& be "ub"criber line"7 analog and digital trunA"7 CCM and PB? line"* Each BM can inter#ace up to /+/: termination"* (he number o# BM" directl& corre"pond" to the e@change "iDe* !t carrie" out maEorit& o# call proce""ing #unction" and7 in "mall e@change application"7 it al"o carrie" out operation" and maintenance #unction" 9ith the help o# the input output module"* (he ba"ic #unction" o# BM are$ Analog to digital con<er"ion o# all "ignal" on analog line" and trunA"* !nter#ace to digital trunA" and digital "ub"criber"* S9itching the call" bet9een terminal" connected to "ame BM* Communication 9ith the AM <ia the CM #or admini"trati<e and maintenance #unction" and al"o #or maEorit& o# inner BM "9itching #unction"* Pro<i"ion #or "pecial circuit" #or call proce""ing "upport* Pro<i"ion #or local "9itching and metering in "tandalone mode o# remote "9itch unit* 4or the"e #unction"7 the BM hard9are i" "pread o<er di##erent t&pe o# unit"$ Analog terminal unit to inter#ace analog line"-trunA" and pro<iding "pecial circuit" a" con#erence7 announcement and terminal te"ter"* Digital (erminal nit #or inter#ace digital trunA"* = Signaling nit Module F to "upport SS= protocol handler" and "ame call Proce""ing #unction" #or CCS= call"* !SDN (erminal nit F to "upport termination o# BR!-PR! inter#ace and !mplementation o# Lo9er la&er" o# DSS. "ignaling protocol* (ime S9itch nit F #or <oice and ma""age "9itching and pro<i"ion #or "er<ice ;
A practical training report on BSNL Circuit"* Ba"e po9er nit F #or protocol ma""age" communication and call proce""ing 4unction"* T%rm+$a, U$+ Ar-.+ %- #r% (erminal unit con"i"t" o# #ollo9ing card"$ .* (C" 1(ermination card"2 /* SP 1"ignaling Proce""or2 8* (!C 1(erminal !nter#ace Controller2 (C"$ (he"e card" "eparate out "peech and "ignaling in#ormation pre"ent" on 9ire" and e@change the "peech in#ormation 9ith (!C and "ignaling in#ormation 9ith SP and digital #orm* SP$ SP e@change" "ignaling in#ormation bet9een (C" and (!C* (!C$ (hi" i" the controller card o# the ( * !t pro<ide" <oice inter#ace bet9een (C" and time "9itch* (hi" enable" the "ub"criber" to ha<e con<er"ation 9ith other7 and #eed di##erent tone" or announcement" #rom "er<ice circuit" or announcement card at di##erent "tage" o# call* (!C ha" got ./> time "lot"7 /Mpb" "erial linA" 9ith #our terminal group" #or thi" purpo"e* !t pro<ide" "ignaling inter#ace 9ith SP and ma""age inter#ace 9ith BP* On the ./> time "lot"7 > Mpb" "erial linA" to9ard" time "9itch7 time" "lot + i" re<er"ed #or e@changing HDLC me""age" 9ith BP* (hi" i" achie<ed b& nailing up time "lot + #rom all ( ./> time "lot linA to9ard" BM"* (he me""age #inall& goe" to BP <ia (S7 SC!C and BMS through PCM linA 9hate<er "ignaling in#ormation it recei<e" #rom SP7 it in#orm BP al"o and 9ait" #or BP to taAe deci"ion" and in#orm bacA* (!C7 upon recei<ing me""age #rom BP7 e@change" the in#ormation 9ith SP al"o* PO)ER SUPPL( REUIREMENT$ SP i" made up o# di"crete ((L logic 9hich reCuire" ;3 DC* !t get" ;3 DC #rom PS ! card o# the ( #rame through bacAup plane connector* (he current con"umption o# ;3 SC i" 8;+mA 1ma@imum2* CONCENTRATION/ !n concentration more than one ( " can "hare the ./>%channel linA to9ard" the (S7 thu" enabling the concentration o# more than ./> terminal" on the linA* !n ca"e i# concentration o# more than one ( " on the "ame ./> channel linA7 the con#iguration 9ill no longer be non%blocAing* So 9ith concentration o# :$. C%DO( SBM MA? can "upport ma@imum o# /+:> line and trunA termination"* !n mo"t o# practical "ituation" in a "ingle BM e@change7 one ( i" eCuipped 9ith trunA card" onl& and remaining three 9ith lime card"* (he concentration i"7 in tho"e ca"e"7 pro<ide on three ./>%channel linA" onl&7 9hich ha<e line ( " connected* 4or ma@imum o# :$. concentration on three%line ( " ma@imum o# .;80%line termination and./> trunA termination can "upport* 1Normall& concentration i" not gi<en on trunA termination unit"*2 Ba0% Pro-%00or U$+ / Ba"e Proce""or nit 1BP 2 i" the ma"ter controller in the BM* !t i" implemented a" a duplicated controller 9ith memor& unit"* (he"e duplicated "ub unit" are realiDed in the #orm o# the #ollo9ing card"$ Ba"e Proce""or Controller 1BPC2 Card Ba"e Memor& E@tender 1BME2 Card Ba"e control" time "9itching 9ithin the BM <ia the Ba"e Me""age S9itch and the (ime S9itch Controller* !t communicate" 9ith the admini"trati<e proce""or <ia Ba"e Me""age S9itch #or 0
A practical training report on BSNL operation" and maintenance #unction"* !n a SBM con#iguration7 BPC directl& inter#ace" 9ith the Alarm Di"pla& Panel and the !nput Output Module* (o "upport >+++++ BHCA7 the BPC card i" replaced b& High per#ormance Proce""or Card 1HPCA2* !t i" pin to pin compatible #or hard9are and al"o #or "o#t9are "o that the& are interchangeable at an& "ite to meet "peci#ic tra##ic reCuirement* (ime S9itch nit$ (ime S9itch nit 1(S 2 implement" three ba"ic #unction" a" time "9itching 9ithin the BM7 routing o# control ma""age" 9ithin the BM and acro"" BM" and "upport "er<ice" liAe M4-(DM4 circuit"7 an"9ering circuit"7 tone" etc* the"e #unction" are per#ormed b& three di##erent #unctional unit"7 integrated a" (S in "ingle #rame* CENTRAL MODULE Central module 1CM2 i" re"pon"ible #or "pace "9itching o# inter ba"e module call"7 communication bet9een BM and the AM7 clocA di"tribution and net9orA "&nchroniDation* 4or the"e #unction"7 CM ha" a Space "9itch7 Space "9itch controller and central me""age "9itch* CM pro<ide" connecti<it& to .0 BM" i# it i" CM%L and 8/ BM" i# it i" CM%?L* Each BM inter#ace" 9ith CM <ia t9o ;./ channel parallel bu"e" a" B S%+ and B S%.7 each operating at :Mpb"* (he"e bu"e" carr& <oice in#ormation o# ;./ termination o# the BM to9ard" CM* !n the re<er"e direction7 a#ter "pace "9itching ha" been done in the "pace "9itch under the control o# "pace "9itch controller7 the "ane bu"e" carr& the "9itched <oice in#ormation #or ;./ termination" to9ard" BM* (hu"7 in8/ BM con#iguration7 there are 0: parallel bu"e" carr&ing the <oice in#ormation #rom BM to CM and al"o the "9itched in#ormation in the re<er"e direction* ADMINISTRATI1E MODULE/ Admini"trati<e module 1AM2 con"i"t" o# a duplicated .0-8/%bit controller called the Admini"trati<e proce""or 1APC2* !t communicate" 9ith BP" <ia the central Me""age S9itch #or control me""age and 9ith the duplicated !nput Output Proce""or in the !nput Output Module #or inter#acing peripheral de<ice"* Admini"trati<e proce""or i" re"pon"ible #or global routing7 tran"lation re"ource"7 allocation and all other #unction" that are pro<ided centrall& in C%DO( DSS MA?* (he implementation o# AM i" "imilar to ba"e proce""or comple@ o# BM7 u"ing the "ame hard9are con#iguration* INPUT OUTPUT MODULE !nput output module 1!OM2 con"i"t" o# duplicated input output proce""or 1!OP2* (he !OP i" a general purpo"e computer 9ith N!? cooperating "&"tem* !t i" u"ed a" the #ront end proce""or in C%DO( DSS* !t handle" all the input and output #unction" in C%DO( interconnect b& a HDLC linA7 cooperate in a duple@ con#iguration* BorAing a" #ront%end proce""or7 it pro<ide" initial code do9n load to the "ub"&"tem"7 man machine inter#ace and data "torage #or billing andotheradmini"trati<e in#ormati<e* S)ITCHING TECHNI2UES !n C%DO( DSS "9itch t9o t&pe o# techniCue" are u"ed #or "9itching* &) S3a-% S4+ -.+$5 !n "pace "9itching a continuou" ph&"ical path i" "etup bet9een the input and output channel"* (hi" i" done b& connecting end%to%end a number o# path element" called linA" b& mean" o# de<ice" Ano9n a" cro"" point"* Each cro"" point ha" Eu"t t9o "tate"$clo"ed 1conducting2 or open 1blocAed2* (he cro"" point" ma& be metallic contact" or electronic de<ice"* (hi" techniCue"7 o# cour"e i" "ame a" in electro mechanical "9itching "&"tem"7 #or 9hich cro"" point" are al9a&" metallic* =
!) T+m% S4+ -.+$5 (he term time "9itching re#er" to the proce"" o# inter%changing the in#ormation corre"ponding to t9o "ub"criber" in time domain* (he electrical "ignal" 1<oice2 tran"mitted b& each "ub"criber are #ir"t tran"#ormed #rom analog "ignal to digital #orm b& mean" o# a techniCue Ano9n a" Pul"e Code Modulation 1PCM2* (he #ir"t operation con"i"t" in "ampling each "ub"criber <oice at the rate o# >'HD* (he "econd operation con"i"t" in digital coding each "ample according to a la9* (he normaliDed ab"olute amplitude o# each "ample i" repre"ented b& one o# ./> re#erence le<el"7 cho"en according to a logarithm "cale to reduce relati<e di"tortion at lo9 amplitude"* (he <oice "ample" o# one "ub"criber are then multiple@ed 9ith other "ub"criberG" <oice "ample" to #orm a linA* (hu" PCM linA7 each PCM "ub"criber ha" #i@ed time period7 9hich i" Ano9n7 a" time "lot* So7 the time "9itch per#orm" the #unction" o# "9itching in#ormation bet9een t9o time "lot" o# "ame PCM linA or di##erent PCM linA"*
>
** OUTDOOR **
!t include" the ph&"ical path through 9hich one "ub"criber get" connected 9ith the other* A" "oon a" a "ub"criber o## hooA" the recei<er7 the loop get" e@tended and ph&"ical path 9ith e@change i" "etup* E<er& "ub"criberG" telephone line i" connected to it" neare"t Di"tribution Point 1DP2* (he DP i" connected 9ith cabinet pillar* Cabinet pillar i" connected to Main Di"tribution 4rame 1MD42* (he linA" go #rom MD4 to "9itch room* S9itching proce"" i" per#ormed in the "9itch room and the "ub"criber get" re"pon"e #rom the other end i# other endG" recei<er i" on hooA other9i"e he get" the corre"ponding re"pon"e*
MAIN DISTRIBUTAION FRAME (MDF)

MD4 pro<ide" connection bet9een "9itch room and cabinet pillar* !t contain" S9itch Board Cable Bo@ and #ield Cable Bo@* Cable" #rom "9itch room are connected to "9itch board cable bo@ and the cable" #rom cabinet pillar are connected to #ield cable bo@* S9itchboard cable bo@ and #ield cable bo@ are connected through Eumper 9ire"* E<er& "9itchboard cable bo@ ha" at mo"t 0: "ub"criber linA"* S9itchboard cable ha" eight ribbon" o# eight pair"* (he cable "cheme o# the"e i" a" #ollo9"$ .%> 9hite ,%.0 &ello9 .=%/: bro9n /;%8/ blue 88%:+ gra& :.%:> blacA :,%;0 pinA (he #ield cable bo@ ha" at mo"t .++ "ub"criber linA"* (he counting i" done #rom bottom to top* Each ro9 ha" .+ "ub"criber linA"*
S)ITCH ROOM
(he "9itching proce"" o# the call a#ter e@tending the loop i" per#ormed here* (he proce"" ha" been de"cribed earlier* !n the "9itching proce"" the corre"ponding "ignal i" "ent to the "ub"criber and i# the other endG" "&"tem i" 9orAing properl&7 then the linA #rom "9itch room to other end i" e"tabli"hed in in<er"e direction*
** GSM **
(he 6SM "tandard i" the #ir"t international the gi<e" "ub"criber #ull acce"" to the net9orA o# <ariou" operating companie" participating countrie"* GSM O3%ra +o$a, R%6#+r%m%$ 0 !nternational Roaming High Spectral E##icienc& !mpro<ed (ran"mi""ion Hualit& High LinA !ntegrit& Pro<i"ion o# tele "er<ice" 5 Bearer Ser<ice" Better u"e o# a<ailable #reCuenc& Large "election o# inter#ace" to other "er<ice" SPECIFICATIONS (runA Radio S&"tem Acce"" Method" F (DMA-4DMA 4reCuenc& Band" Mobile to Cell F >,+%,.; MHD Cell to Mobile F ,8;%,0+ MHD (here#ore the #reCuenc& #or the uplinA and do9nlinA are di##erent and the band9idth o# 6SM "&"tem i" /; MHD* Channel Band9idth F /++ 'HD Number o# Channel" F ./: channel" per pair Due to inter#erence o# other "&"tem"7 the <er& #ir"t carrier i" not u"ed* DIGITAL 1OICE TRANSMISSION Bit rate F /=+*>88 'bp" (he <oice "ignal i" initiall& con<erted into a .8 'bp" "it "tream b& a <oice encoding proce""* (o impro<e the <oice immunit& o# the in#ormation to be tran"mitted7 the coding pro<ide" data error control 9ith 9hich the tran"mitted in#ormation can be recon"tructed at the recei<er e<en i# the (? path i" di"tributed* Additional "&nchroniDing and "ignaling in#ormation a" 9ell a" guard period #urther increa"e the bit rate* Since there are > time "lot" in a #rame* !n addition7 the in#ormation bit" are interlea<ed and de interlea<ed at the tran"mitter and recei<er to compen"ate #or the inter#erence" that al9a&" occur in radio path"* DEMODULATION METHOD (he modulation method u"ed in 6SM i" 6MS' 16au""ian Minimum "hi#t 'e&ing2 9hich #acilitie" the u"e o# narro9 band9idth and coherent detection capabilit&* Rectangular pul"e" are pa""ed through a 6au""ian #ilter prior to there pa""ing through a modulator* (he modulation "cheme almo"t "ati"#ie" the adEacent channel po9er "pectrum den"it& reCuirement" o# %0+ dB "peci#ied b& CC!R* .+
A practical training report on BSNL TIMING AD1ANCE AND PO)E)R CONTROL !n a cell MS can be at di##erent di"tance"7 hence di##erent dela& and di##* attenuation* Due to abo<e the colli"ion o# "ignal" #rom mobile a""igned to adEacent time "lot"* Mobile #arthe"t #rom the abo<e "tation i" gi<en a head "tart* (o compen"ate #or attenuation o<er di##erent di"tance" 9ithin the cell7 the B(S to u"e di##erent po9er le<el" in "uch a 9a& that the po9er arri<ing at the ba"e "tation recei<er i" appro@ "ame #or each time "lot* Lo5+-a, C.a$$%,0/ (ra##ic Channel$ "ed #or tran"mi""ion o# "peech 4ull Rate Hal# Rate Control Channel$ !ntended to carr& "ignaling and "&nchroniDing #or net9orA management me""age" and channel maintenance ta"A* !t i" cla""i#ied in three channel" .* Broadca"t Channel BCH /* Common Control Channel CCCH 8* Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Broa7-a0 C.a$$%, (ran"mi""ion b& the B(S and are intended to pro<ide "u##icient in#ormation to mobile "tation #or it to "&nchroniDe 9ith the net9orA* BCCH in#orm" the mobile "tation about "peci#ic parameter" it need" to identi#& the net9orA or to gain acce"" to net9orA* S&nchroniDation channel SCH in#orm" the mobile "tation" about the Ae& it need to be able to demodulate the in#ormation coming #rom the ba"e "tation* !t i" mapped on the "&nchroniDation bur"t* Commo$ Co$ ro, C.a$$%, (he& "upport the e"tabli"hment o# dedicated linA bet9een a mobile and ba"e "tation* (he random Acce"" Channel i" u"ed b& MS to reCue"t a dedicated channel #rom the net9orA* !t mapped into the random acce"" bur"t the #ir"t me""age "ent to B(S* B(S call" indi<idual MS" 9ithin it" cell on paging channel* MS get" in#ormation #rom the B(S on 9hich dedicated to channel it "hould u"e #or it" immediate need #rom acce"" grant channel* (he in#ormation about the timing ad<ance al"o come" on thi" channel* D%7+-a %7 Co$ ro, -.a$$%, (he& are u"ed to me""age tran"#er bet9een the net9orA and the MS7 not the tra##ic* (he me""age" are needed #or regi"tration7 authentication and call "et up* (he& are al"o u"ed #or lo9 le<el "ignaling me""age #or channel maintenance* !# during a call there i" a need #or "ome hea<& dut& "ignaling7 the #a"t a""ociated control channel appear" on the place o# tra##ic channel* L+m+ +$5 Fa- or0 (he a<ailable Po9er (he a<ailable Band9idth (he Noi"e and !nter#erence
..
GSM Network
BTS
Terminal
BSC
MSC
Modem Pool
PSTN
IP Backbone WWW VPN Enterprise Network
./
** BSC **
CDMA Ba"e Station Sub"&"tem 1BSS2 i" an important part o# CDMA digital cellular mobile communication "&"tem* !t mainl& tran"mit" and recei<e" radio "ignal"7 modulate" and demodulate" ba"e band"7 allocate" radio re"ource"7 proce""e" call"7 control" po9er7 per#orm" "o#t "9itching7 "&"tem operation and maintenance7 etc* BSS i" di<ided into t9o entitie" 9ith independent #unction"$ BSC and B(S* BSC ha" the high%"peed pacAet ba"ed net9orA a" it" core and i" the control part o# BSS* !t connect" MSC and B(S and control" B(S in BSS* (he po"ition o# BSC in the "&"tem i" "ho9n in 4ig* .%.*
C D S C D S S 3 ! C M
A !nter#ace
MSC
MS
m !nter#ace
R 4 S B(S
B D S
Abi" !nter#ace
C D S C D S
BSC
R 4 S B(S
B D S
P C 4 ! M
A.+-A.. !nter#ace
PDSN
BSS
4ig* .%. Po"ition o# BSC in the "&"tem
(he main #unction" o# BSC are a" #ollo9"$

.* Supporting the CD6 !OS /*: A inter#ace "peci#ication" and pro<ide the data route /* Radio re"ource" management 8* 6round re"ource" management :* Ser<ice" proce""ing "uch a" call control7 mobilit& management7 and "upplementar& "er<ice" and hando## control ;* Supporting "o#t hando##7 hal#%"o#t hando## and hard hando## 0* Pro<iding >' E3RC7 and >' and .8' HCELP <oice code"
.8
** BTS **
(he B(S i" the radio part o# BSS7 and i" a 9irele"" tran"cei<er controlled b& BSC7 co<ering one or more cell"* Cooperating 9ith BSC7 it implement" the "9itching #rom air channel" to terre"trial linA"7 realiDing the 9irele"" tran"mi""ion and related control #unction"7 <ia air inter#ace" and bet9een BSS and MS"* (he po"ition o# B(S in the "&"tem i" "ho9n in 4ig* .%.*
MS
m !nter#ace
R 4 S B(S
B D S
C D S
C D S
S 3 ! C M
A !nter#ace MSC
Abi" !nter#ace
BSC A.+-A.. !nter#ace PDSN
R 4 S B(S
B D S
C D S
C D S
P C 4 ! M
BSS
4ig*
.%.
T.%
3o0+ +o$ o8 BTS +$ .% 0y0 %m &9 T.% BTS .a0 .% 8o,,o4+$5 ma+$ 8#$- +o$0$
.2 Supporting the E!A-(!A !S%/+++ and (SB=: air inter#ace "peci#ication"I /2 Supporting the CD6 !OS:*+ AN inter#ace "peci#ication"I 82 Supporting the #reCuenc& con#iguration o# CDMA >++MHDI :2 Supporting the cell breathing #unction o# the CDMA cellular "&"temI ;2 Supporting the cell Blo""oming and Bilting #unction" o# the CDMA cellular "&"temI 02 Supporting the control o# the ba"e "tation (ran"mitting Po9er (racing Loop 1(P(L2 o# the CDMA cellular "&"temI =2 Supporting the >'7 .8' and >' E3RC <oice codingI >2 Pro<iding the normal call "er<ice"7 a" 9ell a" the MarAo< call and Loop bacA call #unction"I ,2 Pro<iding "upplementar& "er<ice"7 including the !S%;8 cellular "er<ice7 D(M4 tran"#er7 and SMS o# control channel" and "er<ice channel"I .+2 Pro<iding mobilit& management "er<ice"7 "uch a" regi"tration 1including the "pecial authoriDation proce""27 SSD update7 terminal authoriDation7 parameter update7 "tatu" Cuer&7 me""age 9aiting indication7 and encr&ptionI
.:

..2 Pro<iding the terre"trial circuit management and radio re"ource" managementI ./2 Supporting <ariou" hando## control"7 including the "o#ter hando## in"ide the "ame B(S7 the "o#t and hal#%"o#t hando## bet9een di##erent B(S" 9hile in"ide the "ame BSC7 and the hard hando## bet9een di##erent BSC"I .82 Pro<iding operation 5 maintenance #unction" o# the eCuipment7 "uch a" management o# the per#ormance7 alarm7 con#iguration7 diagno"i" te"t and "ecurit&*
!9 E: %$7a;,% 8#$- +o$0 +$-,#7%/
.2 Supporting circuit%ba"ed data "er<ice" "uch a" the a"&nchronou" data and 68 4a@ "er<iceI /2 Supporting the J%S(D%++> 1.*,62 air inter#aceI 82 Supporting the "o#t hando## bet9een di##erent BSC"I :2 Supporting the (MN "tandard NM inter#ace*
.;
I$ %r$%
Contents
O<er<ie9 o# !nternet Hi"tor& and E<olution o# !nternet "e" o# !nternet !nternet Addre""e" Ser<ice" o# !nternet (&pe" o# !nternet connection" Connecting !nternet
Objecti es
A#ter completion o# thi" module &ou 9ill be able to Ano9$ Bhat i" !nternet and ho9 it 9orA"J Hi"tor& and E<olution o# !nternet Ser<ice" o# the !nternet* (&pe" o# !nternet connection" Choo"e the be"t connection "uitable #or &ou* Ho9 to connect to the !nternet
.0
1.1 Overview of Internet

(he !nternet i" a global computer net9orA made up o# "maller computer net9orA"I it ha" been called a KNet9orA o# Net9orA"*K (he"e "maller net9orA" include$ Local Area Net9orA" 1liAe net9orAed o##ice" or computer lab"7 and campu"%9ide net9orA"2 Bide Area Net9orA" 1liAe cit&%9ide net9orA"2 State and Regional Net9orA" 1including regional "er<ice pro<ider" and other"2 National and !nternational Net9orA" (here i" no one in<entor o# the !nternet* (he !nternet 9a" created in the .,0+" a" a huge net9orA linAing big uni<er"it& and go<ernment computer"* (he "cience behind the !nternet 9a" in<ented during the Cold Bar7 9hen the nited State" 9a" in competition again"t Ru""ia #or 9eapon" and technolog&* So the !nternet i" actuall& prett& old%%around #ort& &ear"* Much o# !nternetG" initial de<elopment 9a" "upported b& American go<ernmental re"earch and net9orA de<elopment 1beginning 9ith the American militar&L" ARPANE( in .,0,2* !n #act7 email ha" been around "ince .,=/M !n .,>, that (im Berner"%Lee7 a "cienti"t at the European Laborator& #or Particle Ph&"ic" in 6ene<a7 propo"ed the Borld Bide Beb* No9 !nternet Ser<ice Pro<ider" 1!SP"2 o##er !nternet acce"" to their client"7 at co"t" ranging #rom R" .;+-% per 0 month" to hundred" o# rupee" per &ear7 depending on the t&pe" o# "er<ice the& o##er*
1.2 What are the uses of the Internet?

(here are three #undamental u"e" o# the !nternet$ Communication !n#ormation Retrie<al Pre"entation o# !n#ormation
1.2.1 Communication
(he !nternet i" u"ed both #or one%to%one communication" 1email and real%time KchatK program"2 and one%to%man&*
1.2.2 Information Retrieval

!"!"! T.% I$ %r$% a,,o40 a--%00 o 3#;,+- 7oma+$ +$8orma +o$< ;+;,+o5ra3.+- 7a a;a0%0< ,+;rar+%0< a$7 %$ %r a+$m%$ 0%r=+-%0< a0 4%,, a0 o 3ro3r+% ary +$8orma +o$ 0%r=+-%0 9
!"#"$ Presentation o% In%ormation

An& organiDation connected to the !nternet can pro<ide acce"" to it" o9n in%hou"e in#ormation 1librar& catalog"7 #acult& in#ormation7 etc*2 to million" o# people 9orld%9ide* !ndi<idual" can al"o de<elop and pro<ide their o9n in#ormation pacAage" <ia their o9n home page"*
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1.3 Internet Addresses

E<er& computer7 #ile o# in#ormation7 and per"on on the !nternet i" identi#ied b& a uniCue Kaddre""*K
!"$"! Comp&ter 'ddresses

!"!"# Com3# %r a77r%00%0 ar% ma7% #3 o8 .r%% 3ar 0 (or< +$ 0om% -a0%0< 4o 3ar 0)< 0%3ara %7 ;y >7o 0<> ,+?% .+0/ computer%name*in"titution*domain (he computer name i" a name gi<en locall& to identi#& a particular computerI it i"7 in "ome ca"e"7 omitted #rom the addre""* (he in"titution name i" the name 1or an abbre<iation2 o# the name o# the "chool7 compan&7 or other in"titution hou"ing the computer* (he domain name "peci#ie" either the t&pe or the geographic location o# the computer*
!"$"# (omain Names

(here are "e<eral po""ible KdomainK name"7 including "ome that identi#& the t&pe o# in"titution7 and "ome that identi#& a geographical location* (he& include$ edu educational in"titution com commercial and pro#itable organiDation" org net mil int u" in m& ca Ep biD non%pro#itable organiDation" !nternet in#ra"tructure and "er<ice pro<ider" American militar& agenc& !nternational organiDation" nited State" !ndia Mala&"ia Canada Japan Bu"ine""
go< go<ernmental agenc&-department
aero aeronautic"
!"$"$ Personal 'ddresses

A per"onL" addre"" 1or their email addre""2 place" the u"erL" Ku"ernameK 1or KloginK2 and the "&mbol KNK be#ore the computer addre""* 4or e@ample7 a u"er 9ho"e u"ername i" K"undarK7 9ho i" acce""ing email #rom the Kb"nlK "er<er o# !ndia7 9ould ha<e the #ollo9ing addre""$ "undarNb"nl*in
.>
!"$") *ni%orm +eso&rce ,ocators -*+,.

Source" o# in#ormation that are on the Borld Bide Beb or 4(P "er<er are identi#ied b& an e@tended addre"" called a K ni#orm Re"ource LocatorK 1 RL2* Here i" a t&pical RL$ http$--999*9in*org-9orA"hop"-internet*"html (he #ir"t part o# the RL 1Khttp$--K2 identi#ie" the t&pe o# in#ormation or protocol 1in thi" ca"e7 it i" a h&perte@t document7 a<ailable #rom a H&per(e@t (ran"port Protocol 1http2 "er<er on the Borld Bide Beb2* (he middle part 1K999*9in*orgK2 i" the ba"ic addre""7 a" de"cribed abo<e* (he #inal part 1K-9orA"hop"-internet*"htmlK2 identi#ie" the directorie" 9ithin 9hich the document re"ide" 1K9orA"hop"K27 a" 9ell a" the e@act name o# the document 1Kinternet*"htmlK2*
1.4 Internet Services

O!nternet "er<ice"O "er<e more "ophi"ticated and multi%purpo"e purpo"e"7 and increa"ingl& maAe the !nternet a trul& u"e#ul in#ormation re"ource*
!")"! Email
!t i" the !nternetL" <er"ion o# the po"tal "er<ice* "ing the !nternet7 it pro<ide" the abilit& to "end a me""age7 repl& to a me""age7 "end a #ile created in another program and-or e<en "end the "ame me""age to a group o# people* Some bene#it" o# Email are$ Speed$ A me""age can be "ent #rom Chennai to Au"tralia in a matter o# "econd"* Co"t$ Email" are cheap* )ou are u"uall& onl& charged #or the telephone call time 1local call rate2 #or "ending the me""age into the !nternet7 and not the co"t a""ociated 9ith tran"#erring the me""age acro"" the !nternet* 4le@ibilit&$ !t i" ea"& to "end duplicate" o# &our me""age" to other people or group" #or the co"t o# a "ingle me""age* Record Aeeping$ Me""age" "ent and recei<ed can be ea"il& "tored #or #uture re#erence*
!n order to u"e Email7 &ou 9ill need !nternet acce"" arranged through an !nternet Ser<ice Pro<ider 1!SP27 9ho 9ill allocate &ou one or a number o# Email account"* (o be able to retrie<e and "end mail #rom the"e addre""e"7 a u"er 9ill need 9hat i" Ano9n a" Email client "o#t9are and &our !SP u"uall& pro<ide" thi" although no9ada&" mo"t computer" come 9ith it pre%in"talled*
!")"# Mail ,ists

(he"e u"e email to "upport di"cu""ion group" on a 9ide range o# "peci#ic "ubEect"* Once &ou are becoming a "ub"criber o# a mailing li"t7 &ou 9ill recei<e lot o# email" related to the "ubEect co<ered b& the mailing li"t*
1.4.3 FTP
4(P 9a" the original !nternet mechani"m #or the "torage and retrie<al o# in#ormation* (here are "till man& 4(P Site" around the !nternet7 although man& o# them ha<e been melded into the Borld Bide Beb* !n computer "cience7 4(P "tand" #or K4ile (ran"#er Protocol7K 9hich i" a 9a& o# tran"#erring #ile" bet9een computer"* A #ile can be an&thing %% a "pread"heet7 a 9ord document7 a "ong7 or a picture* Bhen "omeone "a&" KPlea"e 4(P me that #ile7K #or .,
A practical training report on BSNL in"tance7 that mean" KPlea"e tran"#er that #ile #rom &our computer to mine*K (o 4(P7 &ou u"uall& need to do9nload a "pecial program7 or application* )ou al"o u"uall& need a pa""9ord to be able to acce"" or "end in#ormation to "omeone el"eL" computer*
1.4.4 Gopher
6opher 9a" de<eloped at the ni<er"it& o# Minne"ota7 primaril& to "upport it" o9n Campu" Bide !n#ormation Ser<er 1CB!S2* !t pro<ide" acce"" to in#ormation a<ailable either locall& or el"e9here on the !nternet b& mean" o# a "imple "erie" o# uni#orml& de"igned menu"*
!")"/ Instant Messa0in0 -IM.

!M i" a 9a& #or &ou to communicate in"tantl& 9ith &our #riend" o<er the !nternet* (hat might not "ound "o di##erent to email* Ha<e &ou e<er noticed ho9 cumber"ome it i" to ha<e a brie# con<er"ation <ia emailJ )ou ha<e to clicA Repl& to each me""age7 then #ind the right "pot in the me""age to t&pe "omething ne97 then "end it* (hen &ou ha<e to 9ait #or the ne@t me""age to arri<eM !M let" &ou to ha<e a con<er"ation almo"t a" naturall& a" on the phone or #ace to #ace7 b& t&ping me""age" into a 9indo9 "hared bet9een &ou and &our #riendL" "creen"* Another di##erence bet9een !M and email i" that 9ith !M &ou can "ee &our #riend"L pre"ence7 that i"7 9hether the& are actuall& on%line at the "ame time a" &ou* (hi" let" &ou "end me""age" trul& in"tantl&7 in"tead o# "ending o## a mail and ha<ing to 9ait #or &our #riend to checA their mailbo@* An !M me""age pop" up on the other per"onL" "creen a" "oon a" &ou "end it* O# cour"e7 i# &ouLd rather not be interrupted7 &ou can change &our o9n pre"ence "o other" 9ill Ano9 not to di"turb &ou* (here are lot" o# other #un and u"e#ul !M #eature" &ou can e@plore7 liAe group chat"7 #ile tran"#er"7 <oice call"7 <ideo con#erencing and emoticon" that re#lect &our mood*
1.4.6 IRC
!RC "tand" #or K!nternet Rela& ChatK* !t ha" been u"ed in man& countrie" around the 9orld* !RC i" a multi%u"er chat "&"tem7 9here people meet on Kchannel"K 1room"7 <irtual place"7 u"uall& 9ith a certain topic o# con<er"ation2 to talA in group"7 or pri<atel&* (here i" no re"triction to the number o# people that can participate in a gi<en di"cu""ion7 or the number o# channel" that can be #ormed on !RC*
!")"1 News0ro&ps
(he !nternet ha" a place 9here 9e can gather7 Cue"tion7 and di"cu"" our e@perience" 9ithin a 9ide <ariet& o# topic"* !tL" called "enet Ne9"* Some u"er" al"o call it Net Ne9"* (hinA o# "enet Ne9" a" a giant7 9orld9ide bulletin board* An&one can #reel& po"t "omething on thi" bulletin board* E<er&one el"e can read the po"ted item" and add their o9n item"* (he"e <oluntar& contribution" and #ree e@change o# in#ormation are the #oundation o# the !nternet* "enet Ne9" allo9" people on the !nternet to "hare their opinion" and e@perience"7 openl& and #reel&7 on a le<el pla&ing #ield* No one ha" priorit& or "eniorit& /+
A practical training report on BSNL o<er an&one el"e* di"cu""ion"* "enet Ne9" gi<e" e<er&one an eCual opportunit& to participate in the
Bhen &ou "end an e%mail me""age7 the onl& people 9ho can read it are the recipient" 1#or the mo"t part2* Bhen &ou po"t an article on "enet Ne9"7 e<er& per"on on the !nternet could read it and re"pond to it* Not that the& e<er 9ould7 but the& could* (hatL" a lot o# people and a lot o# opinion"7 and onl& a #e9 o# them come #rom true e@perience* (here are ten" o# thou"and" o# ne9"group"* Some o# them are applicable to a global audienceI other" are more applicable to a countr&7 cit&7 or organiDation* Mo"t o# the ne9"group" are a<ailable to e<er&one on the !nternet* Ho9e<er7 "ome o# the ne9"group" ha<e a limited audience*
1.4.8 Voice over IP

!"!"$ 1o+-% o=%r IP (1o+-% o=%r I$ %r$% Pro o-o, or >1oIP>) %-.$o,o5y -o$=%r 0 =o+-% -a,,0 8rom a$a,o5 o 7+5+ a, o ;% 0%$ o=%r 7+5+ a, 7a a $% 4or?09 I$ 1o+-% o=%r IP< or 1oIP< =o+-%< 7a a< a$7 =+7%o a,, ra=%, a,o$5 .% $% 4or?9
1.4. !orl" !i"e !e# $!!!%

(he ne9e"t in#ormation application on the !nternet7 the BBB pro<ide" "tandardiDed acce"" to 6opher7 4(P7 (elnet and more b& mean" o# home page" de"igned either b& in"titution" or b& indi<idual"* B& mean" o# the H&per(e@t MarAup Language 1H(ML27 it allo9" u"er" to KpointK at highlighted term"7 #ollo9ing KlinA"K to 9hate<er in#ormation intere"t" them* !t i" a multimedia en<ironment7 allo9ing !nternet u"er" acce"" to audio and <ideo material"* (here are a number o# client "o#t9are pacAage" 1or bro9"er"27 including L&n@ 1a te@t%onl& bro9"er27 Net"cape7 and Micro"o#tL" !nternet E@plorer7 19hich are multimedia bro9"er"2*
1.5 Types of Internet connections

(he option" #or pro<iding u"er connecti<it& to the !nternet are gi<en belo9$ .* (erminal Dialup-Modem 1Shell connection2 Mo"t common option "er reCuirement" limited to modem and communication" "o#t9are (e@t%onl& acce"" Shell account" 9ere more popular be#ore the ad<ent o# the Beb* A "hell account let" &ou u"e &our computer much a" i# it 9ere a <irtual con"ole a""ociated 9ith a remote computer* )ou can t&pe command"7 9hich are interpreted b& the remote computer7 and <ie9 the re"ulting output on &our computer* Although a #e9 9eb bro9"er"7 "uch a" L&n@7 can operate <ia a "hell account7 the& donGt generall& "upport the highl& graphical7 multimedia page" 9hich 9eb "ur#er" ha<e come to e@pect* /* SL!P 1Serial Line !nternet Protocol2 Computer i" treated a" though it 9ere directl& connected #or the period it i" online tiliDe" telephone line" /.
A practical training report on BSNL "er mu"t ha<e modem7 (CP "o#t9are7 SL!P "o#t9are7 5 "o#t9are #or !nternet application" Multimedia acce"" PPP 1Point%to%Point Protocol2 Computer i" treated a" though it 9ere directl& connected #or the period it i" online tiliDe" telephone line" "er mu"t ha<e modem7 (CP "o#t9are7 PPP "o#t9are7 5 "o#t9are #or !nternet application" Multimedia acce"" Bhile &our computer i" connected to the !nternet7 &ou can u"e it to "ur# the Beb 9ith &our #a<orite bro9"er* !# &our !SP allo9"7 &ou can e<en run a 9eb "er<er7 pro<iding page" that can be <ie9ed b& other" around the 9orld* !SDN 1!ntegrated Ser<ice" Digital Net9orA2 Mo"t o#ten u"ed to connect remote telecommuter" to o##ice LAN" ReCuire" !SDN phone line acce"" 4a"ter than analog terminal dialup-modem "er<ice "er mu"t ha<e !SDN phone line7 !SDN card7 communication" "o#t9are7 (CP "o#t9are 5 SL!P or PPP "o#t9are multimedia connecti<it& D!AS (he D!AS o##er" a 9ire%line "olution #or high "peed "&mmetrical !nternet acce"" on the e@i"ting telephone line"* !t pro<ide" an Kal9a&" onK internet acce"" that i" permanentl& a<ailable at cu"tomerL" premi"e"* D!AS combine" <oice and internet data pacAet" on a "ingle t9i"ted pair 9ire at "ub"criber premi"e" that mean" &ou can u"e telephone and "ur# internet at the "ame time* Cable Modem (he term PCable ModemO i" Cuite ne9 and re#er" to a modem that operate" o<er the ordinar& cable (3 net9orA cable"* Ba"icall& &ou Eu"t connect the Cable Modem to the (3 outlet #or &our cable (37 and the cable (3 operator connect" a Cable Modem (ermination S&"tem 1CM(S2 in hi" end 1the Head%End2* Actuall& the term PCable ModemO i" a bit mi"leading7 a" a Cable Modem 9orA" more liAe a Local Area Net9orA 1LAN2 inter#ace than a" a modem* !n a cable (3 "&"tem7 "ignal" #rom the <ariou" channel" are each gi<en a 0%MHD "lice o# the cableG" a<ailable band9idth and then "ent do9n the cable to &our hou"e* Bhen a cable compan& o##er" !nternet acce"" o<er the cable7 !nternet in#ormation can u"e the "ame cable" becau"e the cable modem "&"tem put" do9n"tream data F data "ent #rom the !nternet to an indi<idual computer F into a 0%MHD channel* On the cable7 the data looA" Eu"t liAe a (3 channel* So !nternet do9n"tream data taAe" up the "ame amount o# cable "pace a" an& "ingle channel o# programming* p"tream data F in#ormation "ent #rom an indi<idual bacA to the !nternet F reCuire" e<en le"" o# the cableG" band9idth7 Eu"t / MHD7 "ince the a""umption i" that mo"t people do9nload #ar more in#ormation than the& upload* Putting both up"tream and do9n"tream data on the cable tele<i"ion "&"tem reCuire" t9o t&pe" o# eCuipment$ a cable modem on the cu"tomer end and a cable modem termination "&"tem 1CM(S2 at the cable pro<iderG" end* Bet9een the"e t9o t&pe" o# eCuipment7 all the computer net9orAing7 "ecurit& and management o# !nternet acce"" o<er cable tele<i"ion i" put into place* Digital Sub"criber Line 1DSL2 connection* DSL i" a <er& high%"peed connection that u"e" the "ame 9ire" a" a regular telephone line* Here are "ome ad<antage" o# DSL$ .* )ou can lea<e &our !nternet connection open and "till u"e the phone line #or <oice call"*
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A practical training report on BSNL /* (he "peed i" much higher than a regular modem 8* DSL doe"nGt nece""aril& reCuire ne9 9iringI it can u"e the phone line &ou alread& ha<e* :* (he compan& that o##er" DSL 1e*g* BSNL2 9ill u"uall& pro<ide the modem a" part o# the in"tallation* But there are di"ad<antage"$ .* A DSL connection 9orA" better 9hen &ou are clo"er to the pro<iderG" central o##ice* /* (he "er<ice i" not a<ailable e<er&9here* Other t&pe" o# DSL include$ .* A0ymm% r+- DSL 1ADSL2 line F (he connection i" #a"ter #or recei<ing data than it i" #or "ending data o<er the !nternet /* 1%ry .+5. ;+ @ra % DSL (1DSL) F (hi" i" a #a"t connection7 but 9orA" onl& o<er a "hort di"tance* 8* Symm% r+- DSL (SDSL) F (hi" connection7 u"ed mainl& b& "mall bu"ine""e"7 doe"nGt allo9 &ou to u"e the phone at the "ame time7 but the "peed o# recei<ing and "ending data i" the "ame* :* Ra %@a7a3 +=% DSL (RADSL) F (hi" i" a <ariation o# ADSL7 but the modem can adEu"t the "peed o# the connection depending on the length and Cualit& o# the line* >* Direct Connection 1Lea"ed circuit2 Mo"t o#ten u"ed to connect "ite" 9ithin a "peci#ic organiDationI "uch a" a uni<er"it& or bu"ine"" reCuire" o9ning or lea"ing o# cable 1#rom 0: Abp" to (%82 u"er" t&picall& connected <ia Ethernet LAN" multimedia connecti<it& at it" #a"te"t* ,* Satellite connection" (hi" connection allo9" &ou to do9nload !nternet #ile" <ia a "atellite connection* (hi" i" an e##icient method #or recei<ing large Beb graphic" and other item"7 but &ou "till need a modem connection #or other #eature"* )ou mu"t purcha"e the connection hard9are a" 9ell a" "ub"cribe to the "er<ice* .+* Birele"" connection" Pager"7 cellular phone" and per"onal digital a""i"tant" 1PDA"2 no9 allo9 <ar&ing le<el" o# !nternet acce""7 #rom noti#ication o# E%mail to limited Beb connection"* Man& o# the"e "er<ice" remain in the e@perimental "tage* (he PPP connection i" called a" (CP-!P connection or PS(N dial%up connection* !SDN connection i" called a" !SDN dial%up connection* Cable Modem7 DSL and Direct Connection are al9a&"%on connection* (he 9ord" PconnectionO and PaccountO related to !nternet are interchangeable*
1. !o"parisons of Internet accounts

)ou can compare the t9o t&pe" o# !nternet account" % "hell and PPP % 9ith t9o Aind" o# po"tal "er<ice* !magine that no mail carrier actuall& come" to &our home to picA and deli<er mail* !n"tead7 e<er& time &ou 9ant to conduct po"tal bu"ine""7 &ou go to the po"t o##ice* (hi" re"emble" a "hell account$ (he computer that connect" &ou to the !nternet i" remote7 and e<er& time &ou 9ant to do "omething on the !nternet &ou mu"t open a terminal7 or telnet7 "e""ion to that computer* PPP7 on the other hand7 i" liAe home deli<er&$ (he !nternet come" right to &our door"tep7 and &our computer i" literall& placed on the !nternet b& the machine at &our !SP that &ou connect to* /8
A practical training report on BSNL nder Micro"o#t Bindo9"7 &ou u"e hyperterminal to acce"" a "hell account and Dial% p Net9orAing to acce"" a PPP account* nder Linu@7 &ou can choo"e #rom among "e<eral program" that let &ou acce"" a "hell account* (he mo"t commonl& u"ed program" are minicom and seyon* (o acce"" a PPP account under Linu@7 &ou u"e the PPP daemon7 pppd* !# &ou are one o# the #ir"t u"er" to connect to the !nternet through a particular cable channel b& u"ing Cable Modem !nternet connection7 then &ou ma& ha<e nearl& the entire band9idth o# the channel a<ailable #or &our u"e* A" ne9 u"er"7 e"peciall& hea<&%acce"" u"er"7 are connected to the channel7 &ou 9ill ha<e to "hare that band9idth7 and ma& "ee &our per#ormance degrade a" a re"ult* !t i" po""ible that7 in time" o# hea<& u"age 9ith man& connected u"er"7 per#ormance 9ill be #ar belo9 the theoretical ma@imum"* (he good ne9" i" that thi" particular per#ormance i""ue can be re"ol<ed b& the cable compan& adding a ne9 channel and "plitting the ba"e o# u"er"* Another bene#it o# the Cable Modem #or !nternet acce"" i" that7 unliAe ADSL7 it" per#ormance doe"nLt depend on di"tance #rom the central cable o##ice* ADSL i" a 7+0 a$-%@0%$0+ +=% %-.$o,o5y$ A" the connectionL" length increa"e"7 the "ignal Cualit& decrea"e" and the connection "peed goe" do9n* (he limit #or ADSL "er<ice i" &A<000 8%% 1;7:0+ meter"27 though #or "peed and Cualit& o# "er<ice rea"on" man& ADSL pro<ider" place a lo9er limit on the di"tance" #or the "er<ice* At the e@treme" o# the di"tance limit"7 ADSL cu"tomer" ma& "ee "peed" #ar belo9 the promi"ed ma@imum"7 9hile cu"tomer" nearer the central o##ice ha<e #a"ter connection" and ma& "ee e@tremel& high "peed" in the #uture*
1.# !hoosin$ an Internet !onnection

1Modem7 !SDN7 Cable7 DSL % ASDL-SDSL2 A" the !nternet become" increa"ingl& popular 9ith e<er& da& that pa""e"7 it i" no9 con"idered a" one o# the be"t 9a&" to do bu"ine"" 1e%commerce27 net9orA 1b& email27 and build partner"hip" 1on% line collaboration2* !t i" arguabl&7 "ome 9ould "a&7 the mo"t e##icient 9a& o# gathering in#ormation #or a 9ide range o# bu"ine"" u"e" and to interact 9ith cu"tomer"* One o# the main i""ue" toda& i" 9hat i" the be"t 9a& to connect to and u"e the !nternet to it" #ull potential 9ith a <ie9 to "peed and reliabilit&J n#ortunatel&7 becau"e o# the poor Cualit& o# the e@i"ting telephone net9orA that connect" u" to the !nternet7 the "peed at 9hich in#ormation 19eb page"7 image" etc2 appear" on &our "creen i" "lo9 compared to the late"t technolog& a<ailable* ltimatel&7 DSL 1"ee belo92 9ill be the "olution that 9ill pro<ide u" all 9ith a connection up to ten time" #a"ter than the "peed at 9hich in#ormation arri<e" to &ou 9ith a regular modem* A" ne9 technolog& become" a<ailable almo"t e<er& 9eeA7 the a9arene"" o# the di##erence bet9een the per#ormance 1"peed27 co"t" and a<ailabilit& i" "till unAno9n to man& people and con"eCuentl& 9e #ace problem" deciding 9hich connection i" be"t #or our bu"ine"" need"* 1i2 PC Modem % up to ;0Abp" (he PC Modem i" the "tandard 9a& o# connecting to the !nternet but i" no9 the "lo9e"t* (he #a"te"t t&pe o# "tandard modem i" ;0Abp"7 the"e are included a" "tandard 9ith all ne9 PCL"I but i# &ou do not ha<e one the& can be bought #rom around Q.;%/+ up9ard"* /:
A practical training report on BSNL !# &ou are currentl& u"ing a modem belo9 ;0A 19hich i" unliAel&2 then the di##erence in "peed 9ill be <er& noticeable* (here i" nothing negati<e about u"ing "tandard PC modem" but the "peed ma& be a crucial #actor i# time i" <aluable to &our bu"ine"" or i# do9nloading large or numerou" #ile" 1image"7 email"7 etc2 i" 9hat &ou reCuire* 1ii2 !SDN 1!ntegrated Ser<ice Digital Net9orA2 % 0:-./>Abp" !SDN pro<ide" a "olution b& o##ering t9o high%"peed line" capable o# running at 0:Abp" each through &our e@i"ting phone net9orA* (he ad<antage o# thi" i" that each line can be connected to a di##erent "ource 1e*g* t9o computer"7 a computer and a telephone-#a@ or t9o telephone"2* Another #eature that ma& intere"t &ou i" that the line" can be u"ed "imultaneou"l& #rom a "ingle computer gi<ing a "peed o# ./>Abp"* (hi" 9ould be u"e#ul "hould &ou need the e@tra "peed to 9orA CuicAer o<er the !nternet at a "peci#ic time7 or #or do9nloading large image" and #ile"* (hi" "er<ice reCuire" &ou to remo<e &our e@i"ting modem 1i# &ou ha<e one2 and replace it 9ith an !SDN card that can be #ound #rom mo"t large PC "tore"* !SDN appear" e@pen"i<e in compari"on to ADSL-broadband7 but the t9o phone line" that come 9ith it can be in<aluable to a "mall bu"ine""* !# ADSL i" not a<ailable in &our area7 then !SDN o##er" an e##ecti<e "olution* 1iii2 Cable Modem% up to 0++Abp" Cable o##er" greater "peed" but ha" the initial problem o# a<ailabilit&* Ju"t liAe Cable (37 &ou can onl& recei<e the "er<ice i# &ou li<e 9ithin a cable operatorL" #ranchi"e area* Should &ou #ind that &ou are one o# the Lcho"en #e9L &ou ma& con"ider thi" o<er ADSL 1"ee belo92 becau"e o# the cheaper operating co"t"I although &ou "hould checA care#ull& becau"e price" are al9a&" changing* !n cable Modem connection7 "peed" o# up to /Mbp" can be achie<ed in the #uture* !n order to u"e cable &ou 9ill need t9o thing"$ A cable modem and a Net9orA !nter#ace Card 1Sometime" re#erred to a" N!CL"2* )ou do ha<e to bear in mind the #uture and con"ider the #ollo9ing$ Once all "ub"criber" in &our area ha<e all been connected to the Cable Modem connection7 the "peed o# the "er<ice 9ill run at "lo9er rate" 1Abp"2* (hi" i" becau"e the amount o# in#ormation that the Cable can carr& at one time i" "hared 9ith all tho"e connected to it* Ho9e<er7 &ou could al"o con"ider that there ma& be #urther ad<ance" in the technolog& to change thi"* 1i<2 ADSL % O<er /;0 Abp" (hi" connection impro<e" the "peed at 9hich &ou can do9nload-upload dramaticall& compared to the "tandard PC modem* ADSL u"e" &our e@i"ting phone line but gi<e" &ou the added ad<antage o# being able to u"e the phone-#a@ at the "ame time a" being connected to the !nternet$ the connection time to the !nternet i" in"tant a" ADSL i" Kal9a&" onK meaning that &ou can "tart "ur#ing the net a" "oon a" &ou turn on &our computer* "ing "uch a connection 9ill in<ol<e e@tra hard9are "uch a" a bo@ that #it" to &our 9all that &ou plug a SB modem 1al"o needed2 into 9hich 9ill then connect to &our computer* Bhen &ou connect to ADSL &ou al"o get a ne9 phone line7 9hich can be bene#icial to man& "mall bu"ine""e"* (he u"e o# thi" line doe" not a##ect the ADSL connection either* /;
A practical training report on BSNL Broadband i" a<ailable in all citie"* Ho9e<er7 &ou "hould checA a<ailabilit& in &our area be#ore di"counting !SDN or ;0A* ADSL gi<e" #a"ter do9nloading "peed" 1recei<ing2 than uploading "peed" 1"ending2* 1<2 SDSL % upto /Mbp" (hi" "er<ice 9a" relea"ed in earl& /++: %% aimed at bu"ine""e" %% allo9ing u"er" to enEo& the "ame uploading 1"ending2 "peed" a" it 9a" capable o# do9nloading 1recei<ing2* (hi" "er<ice i" bene#icial to bu"ine""e" that #reCuentl& "end large #ile" <ia the internet$ the current connection ma& be cau"ing the net9orA to "u##er huge "train 9hen tran"porting "uch #ile"* Sub"criber" can "ign up #or "peed" <ar&ing #rom /;0Abp" to /Mbp"7 depending on pre#erence* (hi" "er<ice i" much more e@pen"i<e than ADSL broadband and "hould onl& be con"idered i# there i" an in"tant need #or the "er<ice*
1.% &ow to !onnect to the Internet and Wor'd Wide We(

Be#ore &ou can connect to the !nternet and acce"" the Borld Bide Beb7 &ou need to ha<e certain eCuipment* !n brie#7 &ou mu"t ha<e a computer 1pre#erabl& running an up%to%date operating "&"tem2I a modem and acce"" to a telephone line or a local area net9orA 1LAN2 that i" in turn connected to the !nternetI and connection "o#t9are that 9ill allo9 &ou to e"tabli"h an account 9ith a "er<ice pro<ider and acce"" the !nternet* A modem i" not needed 9hen acce""ing the !nternet through a LAN*
!"2"! T3e +i03t 4ardware

(o operate mo"t o# the current Beb bro9"er" and on%line "er<ice"7 &ou "hould ha<e a computer 9ith at lea"t 8/ megab&te" 1MB2 o# random acce"" memor& 1RAM2 and / 6B o# #ree hard di"A "pace* !# &ou are un"ure o# ho9 much RAM and di"A "pace &our computer ha"7 con"ult &our u"erL" manual* !# &ou are acce""ing the !nternet out"ide o# a LAN en<ironment7 &ou 9ill need a modem that 9ill connect &ou 9ith other computer" and interpret the data being "ent bacA and #orth* An& modem that i" compatible 9ith &our computer 9ill do7 though the higher the Ailobit" per "econd 1Abp"2 rate o# &our modem7 the #a"ter it 9ill tran"mit data* Modem "peed i" an important con"ideration 9hen acce""ing "ite" on the Beb that contain lot" o# digitiDed data* !# &ou are looAing to purcha"e a modem7 bu& the #a"te"t model &ou can a##ord* )ou mu"t al"o ha<e acce"" to a li<e telephone line* Mo"t modem" accept the "ame EacA" a" do ordinar& hou"ehold telephone"7 allo9ing &ou to connect &our modem to a 9all EacA u"ing "tandard phone cord* Some cable (3 pro<ider" ha<e begun o##ering !nternet connection" <ia cable* Such connection" pro<ide much #a"ter tran"mi""ion "peed" than "tandard phone line"7 though &ou 9ill need a "pecial modem that allo9" &ou to linA &our computer 9ith the cable* !# &ou are intere"ted in a cable !nternet connection7 contact &our local cable operator to "ee i# the "er<ice i" a<ailable in &our area* )ou ha<e to purcha"e ADSL modem-router i# &ou are going #or ADSL !nternet connection* /0
A practical training report on BSNL )ou can al"o connect to the !nternet through a LAN 9ith !nternet acce""* !# &ou are un"ure a" to the capacitie" o# &our LAN to do thi"7 contact &our "iteL" "&"tem" admini"trator*
!"2"# T3e +i03t So%tware

4or be"t re"ult"7 maAe "ure that &our computer i" running the mo"t up%to%date operating "&"tem that it can handle* !# &ou ha<e an !BM PC-PC compatible computer7 it "hould be running Micro"o#t Bindo9" N(7 Bindo9" ,;-,>-Me7 Bindo9" /+++ or Bindo9" ?P* )ou can u"e Linu@ Operating S&"tem al"o* !# &ou ha<e a Macinto"h7 it "hould be running S&"tem > or higher* (o maAe &our connection complete7 &ou 9ill need connection "o#t9are that allo9" &our computer to dial into an !nternet acce"" pro<ider7 e"tabli"h an account7 and 9orA 9ith the data in a "traight#or9ard manner* Man& acce"" pro<ider" 9ill gi<e &ou "o#t9are that 9ill allo9 &ou to acce"" their "&"tem" u"ing an all%in%one cu"tom inter#ace* Some "o#t9are are bundle" 9ith Operating S&"tem al"o* Other" ma& gi<e &ou a collection o# "eparate "o#t9are pacAage" that can be u"ed together* But 9hate<er "o#t9are the& pro<ide7 be "ure that it i" compatible 9ith &our computer and operating "&"tem be#ore attempting to u"e it*
!"2"$ T3e Browser

A" &ou "ur# the Beb7 &ou 9ill come acro"" "ite" that "tate7 K(hi" "ite i" be"t <ie9ed 9ithRK and then name a particular bro9"er* Man& 9ill e<en pro<ide a linA to a "ite 9here &ou can do9nload the "peci#ied bro9"er* Site" maAe the"e recommendation" becau"e "ome bro9"er" u"e "pecial protocol"7 allo9ing "ite creator" to o##er e@tra #eature" be&ond the "tandard capabilitie" o# h&perte@t marAup language 1H(ML2* Chie# among the"e bro9"er" are Net"cape Na<igatorL Micro"o#t !nternet E@plorer7 Opera and MoDilla 4ire#o@*
!"2") Pl&05ins
(he Net"cape Na<igator7 MoDilla 4ire#o@ and Micro"o#t !nternet E@plorer bro9"er" allo9 #or the u"e o# plug%in"7 or e@tra "o#t9are application" that run a" i# the& 9ere an integral part o# the bro9"er* Bro9"er" al"o u"e helper application" that7 9hile not a" integral a" plug%in"7 enhance the bro9"erL" capabilitie" b& launching 9hen needed* Helper application" allo9 &our bro9"er to pla& "ound and <ideo #ile"7 di"pla& animation and other graphic #ormat"7 or acce"" "pecial !nternet #eature" "uch a" (ELNE(* Mo"t Beb "ite" that reCuire the u"e o# helper application" 9ill pro<ide linA" to "ite" 9here &ou can do9nload the nece""ar& "o#t9are*
/=
MO(EM
Contents
MODEM #undamental (&pe" o# MODEMS !nter#ace Connection"
Objecti es
A#ter completion o# thi" module7 &ou 9ill be able to Ano9$ MODEM #undamental (he t9o t&pe" o# MODEMS Di##erent t&pe" o# inter#ace" Di##erent t&pe" o# connection"
/>
3.1 )O*+) funda"enta'

Acron&m #or MODulator / DEModulator 9hich de"cribe" the method u"ed to con<ert digital data u"ed b& computer" into analog "ignal" u"ed b& the phone" and then bacA into digital data once recei<ed b& the other computer*
(he abo<e picture" help repre"ent a digital "ignal and an analog "ignal* All computer data i" "tored and tran"mitted 9ithin the computer in digital #ormat ." and +"* !n order #or thi" data to be tran"mitted o<er analog phone line" the data mu"t be tran"mitted into an analog "ignal 9hich i" the noi"e &ou hear 9hen connecting to another computer* Once the other computer recei<e" thi" "ignal it 9ill then tran"late the "ignal bacA into it" original digital #ormat* (&pical modem" are re#erred to a" an asynchronous de<ice* Meaning that the de<ice tran"mit" data in a intermittent "tream o# "mall pacAet"* Once recei<ed the recei<ing "&"tem then taAe" the data in the pacAet" and rea""emble" it into a #orm the computer can u"e* S o3
. bit
Da a
> bit"
S ar
. bit
S o3
. bit
Da a
> bit"
S ar
. bit
Pa-?% .+ bit"
Pa-?%
.+ bit"
(he abo<e chart repre"ent" ho9 an a"&nchronou" tran"mi""ion 9ould be tran"mitted o<er a phone line* !n a"&nchronou" communication . b&te 1> bit"2 i" tran"#erred 9ithin . pacAet 9hich i" eCui<alent to one character* Ho9e<er #or the computer to recei<e thi" in#ormation each pacAet mu"t contain a Start and a Stop bit there#ore the complete pacAet 9ould be .+ bit"* An e@ample o# 9hat the abo<e chart 9ould tran"mit i" the 9ord HI 9hich i" eCui<alent to / b&te" 1.0 bit"2*
/,
3.2 Types of )O*+)s

(here are t9o t&pe" o# modem" u"ed in all computer"* I$ %r$a,/ Modem 9hich 9ould be plugged into a "lot located 9ithin or on the computer*
E: %r$a,/ Modem 9hich i" located 9ithin a bo@ and i" hooAed up e@ternall& to the computer generall& 3!A the Serial Port"*
3.3 ,urchasin$ Tips

Be#ore purcha"ing a modem taAe the #ollo9ing into con"ideration* (oda& 9ith the popularit& o# the !nternet and multimedia o<er the !nternet7 broadband i" becoming 9idel& a<ailable* !# a<ailable in &our area &ou ma& 9ant to con"ider purcha"ing a broadband "olution "uch a" DSL a<ailable through BSNL or third part& compan&7 Cable a<ailable through &our local cable pro<ider7 Satellite a<ailable through a third part& * !# a broadband connection i" not a<ailable in &our area7 then modem can be purcha"ed* (he detail" about modem" are gi<en belo9$
$"$"! Standards
Originall& 9hen the ;0A connection 9a" introduced there 9a" not a "et "tandard bet9een t9o maEor modem manu#acture" cau"ing there to be t9o di##erent technologie"7 ?/ and '4le@* Each o# the"e technologie" allo9ed #or a modem to connect to higher "peed" ho9e<er onl& i# the !nternet Pro<ider "upported the technolog&* Becau"e o# the di##icultie" and i""ue" 9ith the"e t9o di##erent technologie" one technolog& emerged out o# the t9o called 3*,+* (hi" technolog& 9ill allo9 u"er" o# an& brand o# modem to connect at higher "peed"* (oda& all modem" 1purcha"ed ne92 are 3*,+ and thi" i" no longer a concern*
$"$"# Inter%ace
!nter#ace can be an important 9hen con"idering purcha"ing a modem* !t i" important that &our computer ha" the a<ailable connection" and re"ource" 9hen purcha"ing a modem* 8+
A practical training report on BSNL $"$"#"! PCI 6 IS' -Internal. PC! - !SA modem" are modem" 9hich are #ound in mo"t computer" toda&* (he"e modem" are in"talled internall& into the computer 9ith an a<ailable connection on the bacA o# the modem #or the phone line* Bhen purcha"ing thi" t&pe o# modem it i" important that &ou <eri#& &our computer ha" the a<ailable connection #or thi" modem 9ithin the computer 1PC! or !SA2* !n addition <eri#& that &our computer ha" the a<ailable re"ource"* )ou can "ometime" "ee di##icultie" in"talling a modem i# a "erial de<ice "uch a" a Serial mou"e or Serial PDA i" connected to the computer* $"$"#"# Serial -E7ternal. A "erial modem connect" to the "erial port located on the bacA o# the computer* (he"e modem" are generall& ea"& to in"tall ho9e<er co"t more then an internal modem a" &ou can pa& additional mone& #or the pla"tic co<er* Bhen purcha"ing thi" t&pe o# modem it i" important that &ou <eri#& &our computer ha" an a<ailable "erial connection on the bacA o# the computer7 de<ice" "uch a" a "erial mou"e ma& alread& be utiliDing &our "erial port* Some computer" ma& ha<e t9o "erial port"7 i# thi" i" the ca"e and onl& one "erial port i" currentl& being utiliDe7 <eri#& that the "econd port can be enabled or i" alread& enabled in CMOS* $"$"#"$ PC Card -PCMCI'. Solution u"ed 9ith portable computer" PC Card modem" are #airl& cheap and relati<el& ea"& to in"tall in the computer* !# a modem i" alread& pre"ent in &our portable computer ho9e<er &ou 9i"h to upgrade or the internal modem ha" gone bad it i" important that &ou <eri#& the pre%e@i"ting modem can be di"abled be#ore in"talling the ne9 modem* $"$"#"! *SB A ne9 "olution SB allo9" a u"er to in"tall up to ./= de<ice" on the computer and i" a<ailable #or PC and Mac* Be#ore purcha"ing thi" "olution <eri#& that &our computer ha" a SB connection* !# no SB connection i" a<ailable an additional card 9ill need to be in"talled in the computer*
8.
$"$"$ Connection
(he connection can di##er depending upon the t&pe o# modem purcha"ed 9ith the computer* $"$"$"! Internal 6 E7ternal 6 *SB modem (oda& all modem" ha<e a RJ%.. connection 9hich i" a "tandard phone connection on the modem* !# important to &ou7 <eri#& that the modem ha" t9o a<ailable RJ%.. connection"* One o# the"e connection" 9ill connect the modem to the phone and the other can be u"ed #or an o##ice phone* (hi" can be <er& u"e#ul #or home or o##ice computer that ma& need a phone ne@t to it* $"$"$"# PC Card modem Bhen purcha"ing a PC Card modem the connection can be a <er& important #actor con"ideration* Belo9 9e ha<e li"ted the pro" and con" o# each o# the"e connection t&pe"* $"$"$"$ (on0le A commonl& #ound "olution #or PC Card modem"7 ho9e<er a <er& burden"ome "olution* (he Dongle i" an additional card that connect" #rom the PC Card to a "mall opening #or a RJ%.. connection* Bhile a good thought 9e #ind that the"e connection" get lo"t o#ten* (he pro o# thi" "olution i" a <er& "turd& connection and a "olution that 9ill allo9 onl& a (&pe !! "lot to be u"ed allo9ing and additional "lot #ree #or another card* $"$"$") Standard Standard connection liAe a de"Atop modem allo9" #or a phone line to be connected directl& to the modem* (hi" "olution allo9" #or no additional cable"* (he con to thi" "olution i" that the"e card" 9ill generall& occup& &our complete PCMC!A "lot*
8/
Pro78 Ser ers

Contents
!ntroduction o# Pro@& Ser<er 4unction" o# Pro@& Ser<er" Protocol" o# Pro@& Ser<er" Ho"t !denti#ier" and Port" Con#iguration o# bro9"er to u"e Pro@& Ser<er
Objecti es
A#ter completion o# thi" module7 &ou 9ill be able to Ano9$ Bhat i" a Pro@& Ser<erJ Bhat are the #unction" o# Pro@& Ser<er"J Protocol" o# Pro@& Ser<er" Ho"t !denti#ier" and Port" Ho9 to con#iguration o# bro9"er to u"e Pro@& Ser<er
88
.1 Introduction of ,ro-y Servers

A pro@& i" a de<ice 9hich allo9" connection to the !nternet* !t "it" bet9een 9orA"tation" on a net9orA and the !nternet7 allo9ing #or a "ecure connection7 allo9ing onl& certain port" or protocol" to remain open* Bhen a client reCue"t" a page7 the reCue"t i" "ent to the pro@& "er<er7 9hich rela&" it to the "ite* Bhen the reCue"t i" recei<ed #rom the "ite7 it i" #or9arded bacA to the u"er* Pro@& "er<er" can be u"ed to log internet u"e and blocA acce"" to prohibited "ite"* Some home net9orA"7 corporate intranet"7 and !nternet Ser<ice Pro<ider" 1!SP"2 u"e 3ro:y 0%r=%r0 1al"o Ano9n a" 3ro:+%02* Pro@& "er<er" act a" a KmiddlemanK or broAer bet9een the t9o end" o# a client-"er<er net9orA connection* Pro@& "er<er" 9orA 9ith Beb bro9"er" and "er<er"7 or other application"7 b& "upporting underl&ing net9orA protocol" liAe H((P*
.2 .ey /eatures of ,ro-y Servers

Pro@& "er<er" pro<ide three main #unction"$ .* 4ire9alling and #iltering /* Connection "haring 8* Caching (he #eature" o# pro@& "er<er" are e"peciall& important on larger net9orA" liAe corporate intranet" and !SP net9orA"* (he more u"er" on a LAN and the more critical the need #or data pri<ac&7 the greater the need #or pro@& "er<er #unctionalit&*
9"#"! Pro78 Ser ers: ;irewallin0 and ;ilterin0

Pro@& "er<er" 9orA at the Application la&er7 la&er = o# the OS! model* (he& arenLt a" popular a" ordinar& #ire9all" that 9orA at lo9er la&er" and "upport application%independent #iltering* Pro@& "er<er" are al"o more di##icult to in"tall and maintain than #ire9all"7 a" pro@& #unctionalit& #or each application protocol liAe H((P7 SM(P7 or SOC'S mu"t be con#igured indi<iduall&* Ho9e<er7 a properl& con#igured pro@& "er<er impro<e" net9orA "ecurit& and per#ormance* Pro@ie" ha<e capabilit& that ordinar& #ire9all" "impl& cannot pro<ide* Some net9orA admini"trator" deplo& both #ire9all" and pro@& "er<er" to 9orA in tandem* (o do thi"7 the& in"tall both #ire9all and pro@& "er<er "o#t9are on a "er<er gate9a&* Becau"e the& #unction at the OS! Application la&er7 the 8+, %r+$5 capabilit& o# pro@& "er<er" i" relati<el& intelligent compared to that o# ordinar& router"* 4or e@ample7 pro@& Beb "er<er" can checA the RL o# outgoing reCue"t" #or Beb page" b& in"pecting H((P 6E( and POS( me""age"* "ing thi" #eature7 net9orA admini"trator" can bar acce"" to illegal domain" but allo9 acce"" to other "ite"* Ordinar& #ire9all"7 in contra"t7 cannot "ee Beb domain name" in"ide tho"e me""age"* LiAe9i"e #or incoming data tra##ic7 ordinar& router" can #ilter b& port number or net9orA addre""7 but pro@& "er<er" can al"o #ilter ba"ed on application content in"ide the me""age"*
9"#"# Connection S3arin0 wit3 Pro78 Ser ers

3ariou" "o#t9are product" #or connection "haring on "mall home net9orA" ha<e appeared in recent &ear"* !n medium% and large%"iDed net9orA"7 ho9e<er7 actual pro@& "er<er" o##er a more "calable and co"t%e##ecti<e alternati<e #or "hared !nternet acce""* Rather than gi<e each client computer a direct !nternet connection7 all internal connection" can be #unneled through one or more pro@ie" that in turn connect to the out"ide*
9"#"$ Pro78 Ser ers and Cac3in0

8:
A practical training report on BSNL (he caching o# Beb page" b& pro@& "er<er" can impro<e a net9orAL" KCualit& o# "er<iceK in three 9a&"* 4ir"t7 caching ma& con"er<e band9idth on the net9orA7 increa"ing "calabilit&* Ne@t7 caching can impro<e re"pon"e time e@perienced b& client"* Bith an H((P pro@& cache7 #or e@ample7 Beb page" can load more CuicAl& into the bro9"er* 4inall&7 pro@& "er<er cache" increa"e a<ailabilit&* Beb page" or other #ile" in the cache remain acce""ible e<en i# the original "ource or an intermediate net9orA linA goe" o##line*
4igure
0*.
9"#"$"! Pro78 cac3in0 !magine t9o people at a o##ice %% letL" call them Ram and Latha %% "ur#ing the Net #or bu"ine"" re"earch* Suppo"e Ram ha" an intere"t in computer net9orAing booA"7 <i"it" 999*oreill&net*com in an attempt to learn more about them* No9 itL" LathaL" turn* Latha i" <er& intere"ted in computer programming* She na<igate" to 999*oreill&net*com and7 becau"e thi" page 9a" cached during RamL" <er& recent <i"it7 "he i" "urpri"ed at ho9 CuicAl& thi" content%rich page pop" into her bro9"er 9indo9* Bith a great #ir"t impre""ion7 Latha i" no9 read& to immer"e her"el# in the 9onder#ul 9orld o# computer programming* (he potential bene#it" o# pro@& "er<er caching loom e<en larger i# Ram and Latha ha<e a #e9 hundred co9orAer" that "hare the "ame pro@ied !nternet acce"" and "imilar intere"t" or Net "ur#ing pattern"* )et pro@& caching i" not a "il<er bullet* Limitation" e@i"t that can render thi" technolog& much le"" u"e#ul* 9"#"$"# (rawbacks o% Pro78 Cac3in0 !tL" rea"onable to e@pect that pro@& "er<er" handling hundred" or thou"and" o# Beb client" can become a net9orA bottleneck* !n addition to u"ing "er<er" 9ith po9er proce""or" and large amount" o# memor&7 admini"trator" ma& al"o choo"e to deplo& multiple pro@ie" to help a<oid potential bottlenecA"* A proxy hierarchy create" multiple la&er" o# caching "upport* Client" connect directl& to a #ir"t% le<el caching7 and i# a Beb page i" una<ailable there locall&7 the reCue"t Kmi""e"K and automaticall& get" pa""ed to a "econd%le<el caching "er<er7 and "o on* 8;
A practical training report on BSNL A" 9ith man& caching "&"tem"7 the e##ecti<ene"" o# a multi%pro@& "er<er hierarch& i" <er& dependent on the pattern o# tra##ic* !n the 9or"t ca"e7 all client" 9ill be <i"iting Beb page" completel& unrelated to each other7 and pro@ie" 1the hard9are and the additional net9orA tra##ic the& generate2 become pure o<erhead* One 9ould e@pect that normal tra##ic pattern" 9ill u"uall& not be 9or"t%ca"e7 but e<er& net9orAL" u"e pattern 9ill be di##erent* Pro@& caching di##er" #rom browser caching* Bro9"er" automaticall& cache page" on the client computer7 9herea" pro@ie" can al"o cache page" on a remote Beb "er<er* Becau"e bro9"er" alread& per#orm their o9n caching7 introducing pro@& caching into a net9orA 9ill ha<e onl& a "econd%order e##ect* Pro@& cache" donLt help much 9ith refreshed pages* On "ome "ite"7 Beb page" are "et 9ith H(ML ME(A tag" to e@pire CuicAl&I e@pired page" #orce the pro@& cache to reload that page* Similarl&7 caching i" rendered ine##ecti<e b& page" that change content #reCuentl&7 "uch a" tho"e on ne9" "ite"7 or 9eblog"* Pro@& cache" al"o introduce measurement uncertainty into the !nternet* Normall&7 a Beb "er<er log 9ill record identi#&ing in#ormation o# <i"iting client" "uch a" their !P addre""e" and domain name"* 4or client" 9ith pro@& "er<er"7 all public reCue"t" are made on behal# o# the "er<er7 u"ing it" !P addre"" and identit&* Beb "ite" that care#ull& tracA the pattern" o# u"e o# their <i"itor" ha<e much more di##icult& in di"tingui"hing uniCue client <i"it" through pro@ie"*
.3 ,ro-y Servers and ,rotoco's

Pro@& "er<er" 9orA 9ith "peci#ic net9orAing protocol"* Ob<iou"l& H((P 9ill be the mo"t critical one to con#igure #or Beb page acce""7 but bro9"er" al"o utiliDe the"e other protocol"$

S%H((P 1al"o called KSecureK or KSecurit&K in the bro9"er2 4(P SOC'S
S-H ! 1Secure H&perte@t (ran"#er Protocol2 "upport" encr&pted H((P communication"* (hi" protocol i" becoming more and more common a" ecommerce "ite"I #or e@ample7 adopt it to maAe credit card tran"action" "a#er* S%H((P "hould not be con#u"ed 9ith SSL* Although S%H((P u"e" SSL Kunder the co<er"7K SSL i" a lo9er%le<el protocol that b& it"el# doe" not impact a bro9"erL" pro@& "etup* " ! 14ile (ran"#er Protocol2 "upport" the do9nload o# #ile" o<er the Beb* Be#ore H((P 9a" de<eloped7 4(P 9a" an e<en more popular 9a& to "hare #ile" acro"" the !nternet* 4(P treat" #ile" a" either "imple te@t or binar& #ormat7 and it i" "till commonl& u"ed to do9nload compre""ed archi<e" o# non%H(ML data 1liAe MP8 #ile"7 #or e@ample2* SO#$S i" a #ire9all "ecurit& protocol implemented in "ome pro@& con#iguration"* Bhen manuall& con#iguring a bro9"er7 client" 9ill need to Ano9 the"e detail" o# the pro@& "er<er arrangement* Mo"t o# the time7 net9orA admini"trator" 9ill con#igure the pro@ie" to "er<e all protocol" to a<oid an& con#u"ion*
.4 &ost Identifiers and ,orts
80
A practical training report on BSNL (o manuall& "peci#& a pro@& "er<er in the bro9"er7 t9o piece" o# in#ormation are reCuired* 4ir"t7 the host identifier i" either the ho"tL" net9orA name 1a" con#igured in DNS7 N!S7 or "imilar naming "er<ice2 or the ho"tL" !P addre""* Second7 the port number i" the (CP-!P port on 9hich the "er<er li"ten" #or reCue"t"* A "ingle port number i" generall& u"ed #or all o# the "upported protocol" abo<e* (hi" port "hould not be con#u"ed 9ith the "tandard port" u"ed b& the protocol" them"el<e" 1port >+ #or H((P7 port /. #or 4(P7 and "o on2* (hi" i" a pro@& port onl&7 and it "hould ne<er be a""igned to one o# the re"er<ed number"* n#ortunatel&7 a "ingle "tandard port number doe" not e@i"t* Some number" liAe >+++ and >+>+ are u"ed more commonl& than other"7 but the number can be an& una""igned <alue up to 0;;8;* "er" manuall& con#iguring their bro9"er" 9ill need to be told thi" port number b& their net9orA admini"trator*
.5 ,ro-y Servers and 0rowsers

(o taAe ad<antage o# a pro@& "er<erL" capabilitie"7 Beb bro9"er" liAe !nternet E@plorer 1!E2 mu"t be con#igured to e@plicitl& u"e it* !n man& pro@ied en<ironment"7 the client computer" do not ha<e direct !nternet acce""7 and bro9"er" generall& are not con#igured to u"e pro@ie" Kout o# the bo@*K Client" 9ill be unable to acce"" public Beb "ite" in thi" "cenario until pro@& "etting" ha<e been correctl& made*
4igure 0*/$ !E; (ool" menu
4or e@ample7 to con#igure !E to u"e a pro@& "er<er7 #ir"t clicA on ools to acce"" the drop%do9n menu* ClicA on the %nternet Options&&& menu item to rai"e the !nternet Option" dialog* (hi" dialog i" a propert& "heet #eaturing multiple tab"* ClicAing on the #onnections tab maAe" a<ailable a dialog that include" a button in the bottom%right corner named '() Settings&&& * 4inall&7 clicA thi" button to rai"e the 'ocal (rea )etwork *'()+ Settings dialogI here i" 9here pro@& in#ormation mu"t be entered*
8=
4igure 0*8$ !E; !nternet Option"7 Connection" tab
!E0 "upport" both manual and automatic con#iguration option"* A" "ho9n the 4igure7 the K "e a pro@& "er<erK checA bo@ mu"t be checAed to enable the manual entering o# a pro@&* Either the net9orA ho"t name or the !P addre"" o# the pro@& "er<er mu"t be t&ped in the KAddre""K #ield* !n addition7 an& internal domain" 1"uch a" intranet "ite"2 that do not need to go through a pro@& can be entered here in order to b&pa"" the "er<er*
4igure 0*:$ !E; !nternet Option"7 Connection" tab
8>
O er iew o% NIB I and T8pes o% ISP Nodes

Content" Bhat i" N!BJ Cla""i#ication o# N!B Node" (hree (ier Architecture o# N!B ! Component" o# N!B Connecti<it& Architecture 4ire9all Architecture !nter % Connecti<it& among node" Band9idth among node"
ObEecti<e" A#ter completion o# thi" module &ou 9ill be able to Ano9$ (he architecture o# N!B ! About N!B !! in #uture Ho9 to maintain the N!B ! node"
8,
12.1 Introduction
Short #or !nternet Ser<ice Pro<ider7 a compan& that pro<ide" acce"" to the !nternet i" called !SP* An& !nternet Ser<ice Pro<ider 9ill ha<e "e<eral !SP node" a" Point o# Pre"ence o# !nternet 1POP2 at <ariou" location" acro"" the countr&* BSNL i" al"o an !nternet "er<ice pro<ider7 pro<iding !nternet "er<ice throughout the entire countr& e@cept in Ne9 Delhi and Mumbai7 under the brand name o# KSanchar netK* Sancharnet pro<ide" #ree all !ndia roaming and enable" itL" u"er" to acce"" their account"7 u"ing the "ame acce"" code 1.=//882 and u"er !D #rom an& 9here in the Countr&* (he !nternet Acce"" gi<en b& !SP" are$ .* Dial%up Connection /* !SDN Connection 8* Lea"ed Line Connection :* D!AS Connection ;* Broadband
12.2 What is 1I0?

N!B "tand" #or National !nternet BacAbone o# BSNL 9hich compri"e" o# :80 !SP Node" in !ndia net9orAed in a de#inite #a"hion* (he N!B Node" are cla""i#ied a" A.7 A/7 B7 C.7 C/ 5 C8 on the ba"i" o#$ 4unction" to be carried out !nternational Connecti<it& No* O# PS(N Sub"criber Routing 1!nternal 5 E@ternal2 ECuipment Deplo&ment (rained Manpo9er A<ailabilit& Co"t
!t #ollo9" a (hree (ier architecture #or locating the"e node"* 4ir"t (ier Metro" and MaEor Citie" (&pe SAG Node"1A. and A/2 Second (ier Medium (o9n" (&pe SBG Node" (hird (ier Di"trict Head Huarter" and (&pe SCG Node" 1C.7C/ and C82 Small (o9n"
12.3 0asic essentia' !o"ponents of a'' 1I0 1odes

Ba"icall& an& !SP node 9ill e""entiall& ha<e the #ollo9ing three eCuipment" .* Remote Acce"" Ser<er /* Router 8* S9itch ./*8*. Remote Acce"" Ser<er :+
A practical training report on BSNL RAS i" eCuipment that i" dedicated to handling u"er" that are not on a LAN but need remote acce"" to it* (he remote acce"" "er<er o# N!B allo9" u"er" to gain acce"" to !nternet "er<ice" #rom a remote location* 4or e@ample7 a u"er 9ho dial" into a net9orA #rom home u"ing an analog modem or an !SDN connection or a lea"ed line 9ill acce"" a remote acce"" "er<er o# the !SP Node* Once the u"er i" authenticated he 9ill get acce"" to all internet "er<ice"* ./*8*/ Router Router i" a de<ice that #or9ard" data pacAet" along net9orA"* Router" are one o# the <ital eCuipment o# an !SP* Ba"icall& a router i" u"ed #or connecting o at lea"t t9o net9orA"7 commonl& t9o LAN" or BAN" or a LAN and it" !SPG" net9orA* !n the ca"e o# !SP node" the an& !SP node i" connected to another !SP Node at a remote location and hence thi" i" BAN net9orA and Router" are u"ed #or routing the pacAet"* Router" u"e header" and #or9arding table" to determine the be"t path #or #or9arding the pacAet"7 and the& u"e protocol" "uch a" !CMP to communicate 9ith each other and con#igure the be"t route bet9een an& t9o ho"t"* ./*8*8 S9itch A S9itch i" a inter%connecting component* S9itche" operate at the data linA la&er 1la&er /2 and "ometime" the net9orA la&er 1la&er 82 o# the OS! Re#erence Model and there#ore "upport an& pacAet protocol* !n the !SP node7 the "9itch i" u"ed to interconnect the RAS7 Router 7 Help De"A PC etc* Connecti<it& among the abo<e three component" o# an !SP node i" a" "ho9n in the #igure*
12.4 Additiona' !o"ponents avai'a('e in specified node types on'y

International gateways: !n all A. node"
!nternational 6ate9a& i" connecti<it& to the !SP o# another countr& to route the pacAet" intended #or an& ho"t out"ide our countr&* www server$ . each N A node"1A. and A/2 (hi" i" a 9eb "er<er to ho"t 9eb "ite" Radius server $ Ne9 DelhiT. Bomba&T. BangaloreT. Short #or Remote Authentication Dial%!n "er Ser<ice7 an authentication7 authoriDation and accounting "&"tem u"ed b& !nternet Ser<ice Pro<ider" 1!SP"2* Bhen the Cu"tomer dial" in to the !SP he enter" u"ername and pa""9ord* (hi" in#ormation i" pa""ed to a RAD! S "er<er7 9hich checA" that the in#ormation i" correct7 and then authoriDe" acce"" to the !SP "&"tem* DNS$ At Ne9 DelhiT. and at BangaloreT. :.
A practical training report on BSNL Short #or Domain Name S&"tem 1or Ser<ice or Ser<er27 an !nternet "er<ice that tran"late" domain name" into !P addre""e"* Becau"e domain name" are alphabetic7 the&Lre ea"ier to remember* (he !nternet ho9e<er7 i" reall& ba"ed on !P addre""e"* E<er& time a domain name i" u"ed 7 a DNS "er<ice mu"t tran"late the name into the corre"ponding !P addre""* 4or e@ample7 the domain name 999*e@ample*com might tran"late to .,>*.+;*/8/*: u"ing the DNS* Mail Server$ Ne9 Delhi "ed #or gi<ing email "er<ice" to our N!B cu"tomer"* Firewall Server$ All A. Node" 1A. and A/2 A #ire9all i" a #ir"t line o# de#en"e in protecting the N!B net9orA* NMS Server$ All A. Node" Net9orA Monitoring S&"tem at all A. node" 9ill monitor all the node" connected them* (he& 9ill manage the node"7 port"7 linA" and de<ice"* Pro:y S%r=%r (hi" i" u"ed #or caching the page" <i"ited b& their cu"tomer" to a<oid unnece""ar& band9idth occupation on international gate9a&*
:/
A practical training report on BSNL Connecti<it& architecture o# all the component" i" a" "ho9n in the #igure*
12.5 /irewa'' Architecture

4ire9all i" an eCuipment u"ed to protect the internal net9orA #rom out"ide entrant"* (he #ire9all architecture di<ide" the net9orA into the #ollo9ing three "eparate Done" 1"ub net9orA"2$
Secure Zone % (hi" "hall be highl& protected Done* Onl& authori"ed and authenticated per"onnel
"hall be permitted be&ond thi" Done* DNS7 NMS etc "er<er" "hall be in the Done*
Demilitarised Zone % (hi" "hall be "emi%protected Done* Onl& u"er" 9ho ha<e been checAed and
authenticated "hall gain acce"" to thi" Done* Application "er<er" liAe Pro@&7 Radiu"7 Email Ser<er "hall be in thi" Done*
Open Zone % (he"e are open Done" containing Remote Acce"" Ser<er"7 Router" and BBB
"er<er"*
:8
12. Inter connectivity a"on$ various types of 1odes

Normall& the C node" are connected to B node" and the B node" are connected to A node"* But i# a C node i" <er& near to A node than to a B node then the C node 9ill be connected to A node* Bareli 'athua 6haDiabad Jammu Jalland Jaipu ar r Poona Bhopal 'anpur Patna Delhi Calcutta Chennai H&derabad !mphala 6auhati
RaE Aot
Surat Ahmedgbad Mumbai Baroda
Bangalore ErnaAula m Calicut
(&pe A ! location 9ith !nternet 6ate9a& (&pe A !! location" 9ithout (&pe B 6ate9a& !nternet !llu"tration o# Connecti<it& Diagram #or (&pe C !- C !! - C!!! Location !nternet Location" o# N!B location Multiple connecti<it& through di##erent path (? linA"* Plea"e "ee the diagram abo<e #or connecti<it& architecture o# N!B ! node"* A" #ar a" A . node" are concerned7 the& are me"h connected7 ie each A . node i" connected to e<er& other A . node*
Madurai Coimbatore (rich& (richur (ri<andrum Oot&
::
12.# 0andwidth (etween nodes
(he band9idth among node" i" a" "ho9n in the #igure* Ho9e<er7 ba"ed on tra##ic report" and the band9idth occupation7 band9idth bet9een node" 9ill be increa"ed a" and 9hen reCuirement ari"e"*
:;
** OFC **
F+;r% O3 +-0 / Optical #ibre i" a ne9 medium7 in 9hich in#ormation 1<oice7 data or <ideo2 i" tran"mitted through a gla"" or pla"tic #ibre7 in the #orm o# light7 #ollo9ing the tran"mi""ion "eCuence" gi<en belo9$ 1i2 1ii2 1iii2 1i<2 1<2 !n#ormation i" encoded into electrical "ignal"* Electrical "ignal" are con<erted into light "ignal"* Light tra<el" do9n the #ibre* A detector change" the light "ignal" into electrical "ignal"* Electrical "ignal" are decoded into in#ormation*
A33,+-a +o$0 o8 F+;r% O3 +-0 +$ Comm#$+-a +o$0 F F F F F F F Common carrier nation9ide net9orA"* (elephone interFo##ice trunA line"* Cu"tomer premi"e communication net9orA"* nder"ea cable"* Control "&"tem"* Militar& application"* Cla""i#ied 1"ecure2 communication*
F+;r% G%om% ry An Optical #ibre con"i"t" o# a core o# opticall& tran"parent material u"uall& "ilica or boro"ilicate gla"" "urrounded b& a cladding o# the "ame material but a "lightl& lo9er re#racti<e inde@* (he diameter" o# the core and cladding are a" #ollo9"*
Core 1m2 > ;+ 0/*;
Cladding 1m2 ./; ./; ./; .:+
.++ :0
A practical training report on BSNL Cladding become" attenuated #airl& rapidl&* Propagation o# light through #ibre i" go<erned b& the indice" o# the core and cladding b& SnellL" la9* F+;r% C.ara- %r+0 +-0 )a=%,%$5 . !t i" a characteri"tic o# light that i" emitted #rom the light "ource and i" mea"ured in nanometer" 1nm2* !n the <i"ible "pectrum7 9a<elength can be de"cribed a" the color o# the light* 4or e@ample7 Red light ha" a longer 9a<elength than Blue light* (&pical 9a<elength" #or #ibre optic u"e are >;+ nm7 .8++ nm and .;;+ nm all o# 9hich are in<i"ible* Fr%6#%$-y !t i" the number o# pul"e per "econd emitted #rom a light "ource* 4reCuenc& i" mea"ured in unit" o# hertD 1HD2* !t term" o# optical pul"e . HD T . pul"e-"ec* )+$7o4 A narro9 9indo9 i" de#ined a" the range o# 9a<elength" at 9hich a #ibre be"t operate"* (&pical 9indo9" are gi<en belo9$ )+$7o4 >++ nmF,++ nm ./;+ nm F .8;+ nm .;++ nm F .0++ nm A %$#a +o$ Attenuation i" de#ined a" the lo"" o# optical po9er o<er a "et di"tance7 a #ibre 9ith a lo9er attenuation7 9ill allo9 more po9er to reach a recei<er than a #ibre 9ith higher attenuation* Attenuation ma& be categoriDed a" intrin"ic or e@trin"ic* D+03%r0+o$ Di"per"ion i" the "preading o# light pul"e a" it tra<el" do9n the length o# an optical #ibre* Di"per"ion limit" the band9idth or in#ormation carr&ing capacit& o# a #ibre* (he bitFrate mu"t be lo9 enough to en"ure that pul"e" are #urther apart and7 there#ore7 the greater di"per"ion can be tolerated* (here are three main t&pe" o# di"per"ion in a #ibre F 1i2 1ii2 1iii2 Model di"per"ion Material di"per"ion Ba<eguide di"per"ion := O3%ra +o$a, )a=%,%$5 . >;+ nm .8++ nm .;;+ nm
A practical training report on BSNL N#m%r+-a, A3%r #r% Numerical aperture 1NA2 i" the KlightFgathering abilit&K o# a #ibre* Light inEected into the #ibre at angle" greater than the critical angle 9ill be propagated* (he material NA relate" to the re#racti<e indice" o# the core and cladding* NA B $&! C $!! Bhere n. and n/ are re#racti<e indice" o# core and cladding7 re"pecti<el&* NA i" a unit le"" dimen"ion Co$$%- or0 (he connector" are rematable interconnect de<ice" 9hich pro<ide #le@ibilit& reCuired in a 4ibre Optical (ran"mi""ion "&"tem* (he ba"ic #unction reCuired o# connector" i" to allo9 tran"#er o# optical po9er #rom one #ibre component to another 9ith minimum lo"" and po""ibilit& o# di"connection and remating number o# time" 9ith minimum in"ertion lo""* Co#3,%r0 4ibre Optic" coupler" are multiport de<ice" u"ed #or interconnection o# more than t9o #ibre" #or connection7 liAe biFdirectional tran"mi""ion or interconnection o# "e<eral optical tran"mitter" and recei<er" in bu" "tructure* S3,+-%0 Splice" are permanent connection bet9een t9o #ibre"* (he "plicing in<ol<e" cutting o# the edge" o# the t9o #ibre" to be "pliced* Splicing Method" S3,+-+$5 M% .o70 (he #ollo9ing three t&pe" are 9idel& u"ed $ .* /* 8* 39 Adhe"i<e bonding or 6lue "plicing* Mechanical "plicing* 4u"ion "plicing*
F#0+o$ S3,+-+$5 (he #u"ion "plicing techniCue i" the mo"t popular techniCue u"ed #or achie<ing <er& lo9
"plice lo""e"* (he #u"ion can be achie<ed either through electrical arc or through ga" #lame* (he proce"" in<ol<e" cutting o# the #ibre" and #i@ing them in microFpo"itioner" on the #u"ion "plicing machine* (he #ibre" are then aligned either manuall& or automaticall& core aligning 1in ca"e o# S*M* 4ibre2 proce""* A#ter9ard" the operation that taAe" place in<ol<e 9ithdra9al o# the :>
A practical training report on BSNL #ibre" to a "peci#ied di"tance7 preheating o# the #ibre end" through electric arc and bringing together o# the #ibre end" in a po"ition and "plicing through high temperature #u"ion* (he t9o #ibre" end" to be "pliced are clea<ed and then clamped in accuratel& machined <eeF groo<e"* Bhen the optimum alignment i" achie<ed7 the #ibre" are #u"ed under the microproce""or control7 the machine then mea"ure" the radial and angular o##F"et" o# the #ibre" and u"e" the"e #igure" to calculate a "plice lo""* (he operation o# the machine ob"er<e" the alignment and #u"ion proce""e" on a <ideo "creen" "ho9ing horiDontal and <ertical proEection o# the #ibre" and then decide" the Cualit& o# the "plice* (he "plice lo"" indicated b& the "plicing machine "hould not be taAen a" a #inal <alue a" it i" onl& an e"timated lo"" and "o a#ter e<er& "plicing i" o<er7 the "plice lo"" mea"urement i" to be taAen b& an O(DR 1Optical (ime Domain Re#lectometer2* (he manual part o# the "plicing i" cleaning and clea<ing the #ibre"* 4or cleaning the #ibre"7 Dichloride Meth&l or Acetone or Alcohol i" u"ed to remo<e primar& coating* Bith the "pecial #ibre clea<er or cutter7 the cleaned #ibre i" cut* (he cut ha" to be "o preci"e that it produce" an end angle o# le"" than +*; degree on a prepared #ibre* !# the cut i" bad7 the "plicing lo"" 9ill increa"e or machine 9ill not accept #or "plicing* (he "hape o# the cut can be monitored on the <ideo "creen7 "ome o# the de#ect noted 9hile clea<ing are li"ted belo9 $ 1i2 1ii2 1iii2 1i<2 BroAen end"* Ripped end"* Slanting cut"* nclean end"*
!t i" al"o de"irable to limit the a<erage "plice lo"" to be le"" than +*. dB* F+;r% Ty3%0 (he re#racti<e inde@ pro#ile de"cribe" the relation bet9een the indice" o# the core and cladding* (9o main relation"hip" e@i"t $ 1i2 1ii2 Step !nde@7 and 6raded !nde@
(he "tep inde@ #ibre ha" a core 9ith uni#orm inde@ throughout* (he pro#ile "ho9" a "harp "tep at the Eunction o# the core and cladding* !n contra"t7 the graded inde@ ha" a nonFuni#orm core*
:,
A practical training report on BSNL (he inde@ i" highe"t at the centre and graduall& decrea"e" until it matche" 9ith that o# the cladding* (here i" no "harp breaA in indice" bet9een the core and the cladding* B& thi" cla""i#ication7 there are three t&pe" o# #ibre" $ 1i2 1ii2 1iii2 Multimode Step !nde@ 4ibre 1Step !nde@ 4ibre2* Multimode 6raded !nde@ 4ibre 16raded !nde@ 4ibre2* SingleFmode Step !nde@ 4ibre 1Single Mode 4ibre2*
S %3 I$7%: M#, +mo7% F+;r% (hi" #ibre i" called KStep !nde@K becau"e the re#racti<e inde@ change" abruptl& #rom cladding to core* (he cladding ha" a re#racti<e inde@ "ome9hat lo9er than the re#racti<e inde@ o# the core gla""* A" a re"ult7 all ra&" 9ithin a certain angle 9ill be totall& re#lected at the coreF cladding boundar&* Ra&" "triAing the boundar& at angle" greater than the critical angle 9ill be partiall& re#lected and partiall& tran"mitted out through the boundar&* A#ter man& "uch bounce" the energ& in the"e ra&" 9ill be lo"t #rom the #ibre* Gra7%7 I$7%: M#, +Cmo7% F+;r% (hi" #ibre i" called graded inde@ becau"e there are man& change" in the re#racti<e inde@ 9ith larger <alue" to9ard" the centre* A" light tra<el" #a"ter in a lo9er inde@ o# re#raction7 "o7 the #arther the light i" #rom the centre a@i"7 the greater i" it" "peed* Each la&er o# the core re#ract" the light* !n"tead o# being "harpl& re#lected a" it i" in a "tep inde@ #ibre7 the light i" no9 bent or continuou"l& re#racted in an almo"t "inu"oidal pattern* (ho"e ra&" that #ollo9 the longe"t path b& tra<eling near the out"ide o# the core7 ha<e a #a"ter a<erage <elocit&* (he light tra<eling near the centre o# the core7 ha" the "lo9e"t a<erage <elocit&* S+$5% Mo7% F+;r% Another 9a& to reduce model di"per"ion i" to reduce the coreL" diameter7 until the #ibre onl& propagate" one mode e##icientl&* (he "ingle mode #ibre ha" an e@ceedingl& "mall core diameter o# onl& ; to .+ m* Standard cladding diameter i" ./; m* Since thi" #ibre carrie" onl& one mode7 model di"per"ion doe" not e@i"t"* Single mode #ibre" ea"il& ha<e a potential band9idth o# ;+ to .++ 6HDFAm*
;+
** SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) **
I$ ro7#- +o$ !t i" an international "tandard net9orAing principle and a multiple@ing method* (he name o# hierarch& ha" been taAen #rom the multiple@ing method 9hich i" "&nchronou" b& nature* (he e<olution o# thi" "&"tem 9ill a""i"t in impro<ing the econom& o# operabilit& and reliabilit& o# a digital net9orA* M%r+ 0 o8 SDH 1i2 1ii2 Simpli#ied multiple@ing-demultiple@ing techniCue"* Direct acce"" to lo9er "peed tributarie"7 9ithout need to multiple@-demultiple@ the entire high "peed "ignal* 1iii2 1i<2 1<2 1<i2 1<ii2 Enhanced operation"7 Admini"tration7 Maintenance and pro<i"ioning capabilitie"* Ea"& gro9th to higher bit rate" in "tep 9ith e<olution o# tran"mi""ion technolog&* Capable o# tran"porting e@i"ting PDH "ignal"* Capable o# tran"porting #uture broadband 1A(M2 channel bit rate"* Capable o# operating in a multi%<endor and multi%operator en<ironment*
S9D9H9 E=o,# +o$ S*D*H* e<olution i" po""ible becau"e o# the #ollo9ing #actor"$ -i. F+;r% O3 +- Ba$74+7 ./ (he band9idth in Optical 4ibre can be increa"ed and there i" no limit #or it* (hi" gi<e" a great ad<antage #or u"ing SDH* -ii. T%-.$+-a, So3.+0 +-a +o$/ Although7 SDH circuitr& i" highl& complicated7 it i" po""ible to ha<e "uch circuitr& becau"e o# 3LS! techniCue 9hich i" al"o <er& co"t e##ecti<e* -iii. -i . I$ %,,+5%$-%/ (he a<ailabilit& o# cheaper memor& open" ne9 po""ibilitie"* C#0 om%r S%r=+-% N%%70/ (he reCuirement o# the cu"tomer 9ith re"pect to di##erent band9idth reCuirement" could be ea"il& met 9ithout much additional eCuipment*
;.
A practical training report on BSNL (he di##erent "er<ice" it "upport" are$ .* /* 8* :* ;* 0* Lo9-High "peed data* 3oice !nterconnection o# LAN Computer linA" 4eature "er<ice" liAe H*D*(*3* Broadband !SDN tran"port 1A(M tran"port2
** PDH (Pseudo Digital Hierarchy) **
System Configuration 4!BRE OP(!CS (RANSM!SS!ON S)S(EM 14O(S2 compri"e" o# the #ollo9ing "ub "&"tem"* Digital multiple@ "ub "&"tem Optical line tran"mi""ion "&"tem Central "uper<i"or& "&"tem (ran" multiple@er "ub "&"tem Alarm "ub "&"tem Po9er "uppl& "ub "&"tem Digital Multiplex Sub System (he digital multiple@ "&"tem can be di<ided into three "tage "econdForder multiple@er7 thirdForder multiple@er or "econd-third order and #ourthForder multiple@er* (he"e threeF "taged multiple@er" digitiDe and multiple@ "ignal" into digital bit "tream" o# /+:> Abp"7 >::> Abp"7 8:80> Abp" and .8,7/0: Abp"* S%-o$7Cor7%r m#, +3,%:+$5 At tran"mitting "ide7 the SecondForder Digital Multiple@er" multiple@ #our /+:> Abp" digital bitF"tream" into one >::> Abp" bit "tream* Re<er"el&7 the"e multiple@er" "eparate
;/
A practical training report on BSNL 1demultiple@2 one >::> Abp" digital bitF"tream into #our /+:> Abp" digital bitF"tream" at recei<ing "ide* T.+r7Cor7%r m#, +3,%:+$5 At tran"mitting "ide7 the (hirdForder Digital Multiple@er" multiple@ #our >::> Abp" digital bit "tream" into one 8:80> Abp" "tream* Re<er"el&7 the"e multiple@er" "eparate one 8:80> Abp" digital bit "tream into #our >::> Abp" digital bit%"tream" at recei<ing "ide* S%-o$7*T.+r7Cor7%r m#, +3,%:+$5 At tran"mitting "ide7 the Second-(hirdForder Digital Multiple@er" multiple@ "i@teen /+:> Abp" or #our >::> Abp" bitF"tream" into one 8:80> Abp" bit "tream* Re<er"el&7 the"e Multiple@er" "eparate 1demultiple@2 one 8:80> Abp" bitF"tream into "i@teen /+:> Abp" or #our >::> Abp" bitF"tream" at recei<ing "ide* Fo#r .Cor7%r m#, +3,%:+$5 At tran"mitting "ide7 the 4ourthForder Digital Multiple@er multiple@e" #our 8:80> Abp" bitF "tream" into one .8,7/0: Abp" bitF"tream* Re<er"el&7 it "eparate" one .8,7/0: Abp" bitF "tream into #our 8:80> Abp" bitF"tream" at recei<ing "ide* O3 +-a, L+$% Tra$0m+00+o$ S#;0y0 %m (he Optical Line (ran"mi""ion Sub"&"tem compri"e" the #ollo9ing "ection"* 1A2 1B2 1C2 1D2 Optical Line (ran"mi""ion Section Line S9itching Section Line Super<i"or& Section Order9ire Section*
Orderwire Section
(he order9ire "ection i" u"e#ul #or achie<ing ea"& and prompt maintenance o# the 4ibre Optic" (ran"mi""ion S&"tem* (hi" order9ire "ection i" a :F9ire multiFpart& telephone "&"tem compri"ing the 4DF+/+0A Order9ire eCuipment* 4or order9ire "er<ice7 the "er<ice data channel 1SD CH.2 o# the regular and protection line" o# the 4ibre Optic" (ran"mi""ion S&"tem i" emplo&ed* (he #ollo9ing telephone #unction" are a<ailable* SpeaAer calling telephone Selecti<e calling telephone Sub"criber telephone Ring do9n telephone
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A Summer Training Report AT: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Jammu (J&K) From 30 May To 26 June 2012

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A Summer Training Report AT: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Jammu (J&K) From 30 May To 26 June 2012

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A practical training report on BSNL