Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Civil Engineer, BUET, A Level Chemistry Course Instructor Maple Leaf International
Flame tests:
Procedure: First the test sample is converted into a chloride salt by adding concentrated HCl acid. This is because chloride salts are more volatile than any other compounds and hence some of the unknown goes into the gas phase readily when heated in the hot flame. A platinum or nichrome wire or a specially marketed flame test rod is taken. Platinum or nichrome wire is chosen because they have high heat conductivity. A spatula or a wooden splint cannot be taken. The wire is cleaned by dipping it in some concentrated HCl acid on a watch glass and then placing it in the hottest part (blue part) of a Bunsen flame. The flame should not be coloured. If it is, the treatment will be repeated until the flame is not coloured. Once again, the clean wire is dipped in concentrated HCl acid and then some of the solid under test. This is then placed in the hottest part (blue part) of the flame and the colour of the flame is observed. Flame colour yellow lilac yellow-red / brick red* crimson red* carmine red* pale / apple green blue no colour * Inference sodium ion, Na+ potassium ion, K+ calcium ion, Ca2+ lithium ion, Li+ strontium ion, Sr2+ barium ion, Ba2+ copper (II) ion, Cu2+ magnesium ion, Mg2+
Further tests would be needed to distinguish these ions. The flame test is the only test for a group-1 metal cation in a compound. The flame test cannot be used on mixtures containing two of these ions because the colour produced by one of the ions will mask the colour produced by the other metal ion.
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oxygen
water
a white solid sublimes on the ammonium salt present cooler part of the tube e.g. NH4Cl (s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
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hydrogen, H2
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chlorine, Cl2
*bromine, Br2
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Action of acid effervescence of a colourless, odourless gas which gives a white precipitate with limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) i.e. it turns limewater milky. Carbon dioxide evolved a colourless, odourless gas evolves which ignites a lighted splint with a pop sound. Hydrogen evolved yellow solution turns orange sulfur dioxide evolved which is a colourless, acidic gas and decolourises acidified potassium dichromate(VI) paper or solution from orange [Cr2O72- (aq)] to green [Cr3+(aq)]. Also pale yellow sulfur precipitate is formed sulfur dioxide evolved on warming which is a colourless, acidic gas and decolourises acidified potassium dichromate(VI) paper or solution orange [Cr2O72- (aq)] to green [Cr3+(aq)].
sulfite
SO32-(aq)/(s) + 2H+(aq) SO2 (g) + H2O(l)
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sulphite ions
Oxidizing agents usually: liberate iodine as a brown solution or black solid from aqueous potassium iodide. Iodine solution gives a blue-black coloration with starch. Oxidizing agents include: acidified manganate(VII) ions acidified dichromate(VI) ions hydrogen peroxide** copper(II)ions aqueous chlorine aqueous bromine. ** Hydrogen peroxide acts both as an oxidizing agent and reducing agent.
Hydrogen peroxide:
Aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent often with the evolution of oxygen, although this may be unreliable. Observation on adding H2O2 brown precipitate purple solution is decolourised pale green solution turns yellow Inference manganate(VII), brown precipitate is MnO2 manganate(VII) in acid solution iron(II) to iron(III) in acid solution
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Solubility:
Soluble ionic compounds include: All group-1 salts. All ammonium salts. All nitrates. All chlorides, apart from silver chloride and lead(II) chloride. (The solubility of bromides and iodides is similar to that of chlorides.) All sulfates, apart from barium sulfate, strontium sulfate and lead(II) sulfate. Calcium sulfate and silver sulfate are slightly soluble.
Insoluble ionic compounds include: All carbonates apart from group-1 carbonates and ammonium carbonates. All hydroxides, apart from group-1 hydroxides, barium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. Calcium and strontium hydroxides are slightly soluble.
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PRECIPITATION REACTIONS:
When two aqueous solutions are mixed together and an insoluble compound is formed this is known as a precipitate not a suspension. The observation that a precipitate is formed should always be accompanied by the colour of the precipitate, even if this is white. Some reagents should be added until they are in excess. This may result in a precipitate forming then dissolving in excess reagent.
Likely ion
Observation on adding small Observation on amount of dilute NaOH or adding excess dilute NaOH dilute aqueous NH3 a white precipitate of [Zn(OH)2(H2O)4] precipitate dissolves to a colourless solution of [Zn(OH)4(H2O)2]2precipitate is insoluble precipitate is insoluble
Observation on adding excess dilute aqueous NH3 precipitate dissolves to give a colourless solution of [Zn(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+ precipitate is insoluble precipitate dissolves to give a colourless solution of [Ag(NH3)2]+. The brown precipitate of Ag2O is often not seen because the ammonia complex forms very easily.
zinc(II), [Zn(H20)6]2+
a white precipitate of [Mg(OH)2(H2O)4] a white precipitate of [Ag(OH)(H2O)5]+ which is dehydrated to form a brown precipitate of Ag2O
lead(II), Pb2+
precipitate is insoluble
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barium, Ba2+ strontium, Sr2+ calcium, Ca2+ aluminium, Al3+ lithium, Li+ sodium, Na+ potassium, K+
ammonium, NH4+
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sulfite, SO32-
sulphate, SO42-
chloride, Cl-
a white precipitate forms which dissolves on heating and reappears on cooling. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s) a white precipitate forms which dissolves on heating and reappears on cooling. Pb2+(aq) + 2Br-(aq) PbBr2(s)
bromide, Br-
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Test-1:
To a small portion of the aqueous test sample, a few drops of Barium chloride, BaCl2 solution is added followed by addition of few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl. Anion sulfate, SO42Inference
a white precipitate forms which does not dissolve on addition of HCl acid.
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s) a white precipitate forms which dissolves on addition of HCl acid with effervescence of a colourless, acidic gas which decolourises acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution or paper from orange [Cr2O72- (aq)] to green [Cr3+(aq)]. Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) BaSO3(s) BaSO3(s)+ 2H+(aq) SO2(g) + H2O(l) + Ba2+(aq) CO3a white precipitate forms which dissolves on addition of HCl acid with effervescence of a colourless, odourless gas which gives a white precipitate with limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) i.e. it turns limewater milky. Carbon dioxide evolved Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) BaCO3(s) BaCO3(s)+ 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + Ba2+(aq) Ba2+(aq) + 2HCO3-(aq) Ba(HCO3)2(s) Ba(HCO3)2 (s)+ 2H+(aq) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Ba2+(aq)
sulfite, SO32-
carbonate, CO32-/
hydrogencarbonate, H
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Test-2:
To a small portion of the aqueous test sample, a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl is added followed by addition of few drops of Barium chloride, BaCl2 solution Anion sulfate, SO42sulfite, SO32Inference
carbonate, CO32-/
hydrogencarbonate, H
chromate(VI), CrO42-
Silver halides decompose when light shines on them producing silver and the halogen. 2AgX(s) 2Ag(s) + X2(g)
steamy fumes (HCl), vigorous reaction Cl-(aq)/(s) + H2SO4(aq) HSO4-(aq) + HCl(g) steamy fumes (HBr), brown vapour,(Br2) vigorous reaction steamy fumes (HI), black solid [I2(s)], purple vapour [I2(g)], yellow solid (S), smell of rotten egg (H2S), vigorous reaction Br-(aq)/(s) + H2SO4(aq) HSO4-(aq) + HBr(g) 2HBr(g) + H2SO4(aq) Br2(g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) I-(aq)/(s) + H2SO4(aq) HSO4-(aq) + HI(g) 2HI(g) + H2SO4(aq) I2(s) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) 6HI(g) + SO2 (g) H2S(g) + 3I2(s) + 2H2O(l)
Reactions with fluoride and chloride are not redox as oxidation number of sulfur does not change.
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Organic compounds:
It will always be told if a compound, or mixture of compounds, to be identified is organic. Often the molecular formula, or the number of carbon atoms in a molecule, of a compound will be given. Chemical tests may be followed by spectroscopic information.
Appearance:
Simple organic compounds are usually colourless liquids or white solids. It is unlikely that appearance alone will provide firm evidence for identification.
Solubility:
Test and solubility of compound dissolve in water Possible identity simple alcohols, simple carboxylic acids, propanone, simple aldehydes, simple amines and their salts amines pH of solution above 7 below 7 Possible identity amines carboxylic acids, phenols Inference It forms hydrogen bonds with water -OH group is present (for alcohol or carboxylic acid)
dissolve in dilute acid but may not dissolve in water two layers are formed
It does not form hydrogen bonds with water. No OH group or an acid or alcohol or carbonyl compound with at least four carbon atoms
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It is a neutral substance.
It is an acid.
Ignition:
Igniting an organic unknown on a crucible lid may help in identifying it.
Observation burns with a smoky flame burns with a clear non-smoky flame no residue
Possible inferences high carbon to hydrogen ratio. aromatic eg benzene, unsaturated eg alkene. saturated low molar mass compound low carbon to hydrogen ratio. most lower molar mass compounds
Chemical tests:
The details of how these tests are to be carried out will be included in the instructions to students in the assessment activities. Test bromine water is added and shaken Observation red brown or yellow colour is decolourised i.e it turns colourless two layers are formed Inferences alkene (C=C) Type of Reaction & Equation electrophilic addition
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oxidation
C-Cl present.
RCl(l) + OH-(aq) ROH(l) + Cl-(aq) Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgCl(s) AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Cream precipitate, insoluble in dilute but soluble in concentrated ammonia solution. Yellow precipitate, insoluble in concentrated ammonia solution.
C-Br present.
RBr(l) + OH-(aq) ROH(l) + Br-(aq) Br-(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgBr(s) AgBr(s) + 2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + Br-(aq)
C-I present.
RI(l) + OH-(aq) ROH(l) + I-(aq) I-(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgCl(s) AgI(s) + 2NH3(aq) no reaction
Note: All are precipitation reactions. Nitric acid is added because sodium hydroxide will react with silver nitrate to give a black precipitate of silver oxide. AgNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) AgOH(s) + NaNO3(aq) 2AgOH(s) Ag2O(s)+H2O(l) To compare the reactivities, three test tubes are set up each containing a different halogenoalkane (RCl, RBr, RI), ethanol (as a solvent), nitric acid and silver nitrate solution in a beaker of hot water. It will be observed that yellow precipitate appears first, then creamy and finally white. So rate of hydrolysis is I->Br->Cl If the experiment is repeated with three different chloro or bromo or iodoalkanes (1, 2, 3) then rate of hydrolysis is 3>2>1
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to distinguish between 1 and 2 alcohol, the final product will be treated with a small amount of any alcohol, concentrated sulfuric acid and warmed. Then the solution is poured into a beaker containing some sodium carbonate solution and cautiously the product is smell. If a fruity smell is formed with fizzing then the product is a carboxylic acid and the reactant is a 1 alcohol.
no change
3 alcohol ketone
no reaction oxidation
potassium orange to green solution 1 alcohol dichromate (VI) 2 alcohol solution and dilute sulfuric acid are added and the product is immediately distilled to distinguish between 1 and 2 alcohol, the final product will be treated with Tollens reagent. If a silver mirror is formed then the final product is an aldehyde and the reactant is a 1 alcohol.
no change a small piece of sodium is added solid phosphorous (V) chloride is added and any gas evolved is tested with a glass rod dipped in concentrated ammonia or damp blue litmus paper bubbles evolved sodium disappears or a white solid forms
3 alcohol ketone -OH group in alcohol or carboxylic acid -OH group in alcohol or carboxylic acid
no reaction ROH(l) + Na(s) RO-Na+(l) + H2(g) RCOOH(l) + Na(s) RCOO-Na+(l) + H2(g) ROH(l) + PCl5(s) RCl(l) + POCl3(l) + HCl(g) RCOOH(l) + PCl5(s) RCOCl(l) + POCl3(l) + HCl(g)
steamy fumes evolved white smoke formed NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s) litmus goes red
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solid sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate (or solution) is added and any gas evolved is tested with limewater
Note: Alternative reagent: SOCl2(s) ROH(l) + SOCl2(s) RCl(l) + SO2(g) + HCl(g) RCOOH(l) + SOCl2(s) RCOCl(l) + SO2(g) + HCl(g) This is better because two inorganic gases are produced which remove themselves so no separation technique is required a colourless, odourless gas Carboxylic acid 2RCOOH(l) + Na2CO3(s)/(aq) which gives a white (COOH) 2RCOO-Na+(l) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) precipitate with limewater RCOOH(l) + NaHCO3(s)/(aq) (calcium hydroxide solution) RCOO-Na+(l) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) i.e. it turns limewater milky. If excess CO2 is passed, the precipitates dissolves giving a colourless solution. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Ca(HCO3)2(aq) litmus goes red fizzing smell of fruity smell Carboxylic acid (COOH) Carboxylic acid (COOH)
blue litmus solution or paper a small amount of any alcohol, concentrated sulfuric acid are added and warmed. Then the solution is poured into a beaker containing some sodium carbonate solution and cautiously the product is smelled
a small amount of any carboxylic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid are added and warmed. Then the solution is poured into a beaker containing some sodium carbonate solution and cautiously the product is smelled
alcohol
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ketone
no reaction
Note: Fehling solution consists of Fehling A (Cu2+ eg CuSO4 complexed with an alkali) and Fehling B (sodium potassium tartrate) a small amount of Tollens reagent is added and warmed silver mirror formed aldehyde oxidation
ketone
no reaction
Note: Tollens reagent is prepared by mixing small amount of sodium hydroxide with small amount of silver nitrate. A black precipitate forms. AgNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) AgOH(s) + NaNO3(aq) 2AgOH(s) Ag2O(s)+H2O(l) The precipitate is dissolved in minimum volume of dilute ammonia which gives colourless [Ag(NH3)2]+ a small amount of potassium manganate (VII) solution and dilute sulfuric acid is added and warmed purple solution turns colourless aldehyde oxidation
ketone
no reaction
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C CH3 O
methyl secondary alcohol or ethanol
CH CH3 OH
If all the above tests are negative, the unknown is probably an alkane.
It is used when the reaction is slow and one of the reactants is volatile. The organic vapours that boil off as the reaction mixture is heated are condensed and flow back into the reaction vessel. As most organic compounds are flammable, it is safer to heat the mixture using an electric heater or a water bath rather than direct heating.
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This is used to remove a volatile substance from a mixture containing non-volatile inorganic species, such as acid or alkali. This can also be carried out to separate two volatile organic substances present in a homogeneous mixture only when there is a large enough difference in the boiling temperature of the organic substances. The product must not decompose at the boiling temperature The mixture is carefully heated and the vapour that comes over at 2C of the boiling temperature (obtained from a data booklet) of the particular substance is condensed and collected.
Steam Distillation:
It is used to extract a volatile substance that is insoluble in water from a reaction mixture that contains an immiscible liquid as well as a solution. it is particularly useful for obtaining a substance that would decompose at its boiling point. Page 22
Solvent Extraction:
An organic product can often be separated from inorganic substances by solvent extraction. This is useful when the components of a mixture have similar boiling temperatures and fractional distillation is not possible. The organic compound is separated by adding a suitable organic solvent which dissolves the organic compound but not the inorganic one. The organic compound and the solvent should have a large enough difference in boiling temperature so that they can be later separated by distillation.
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Less dense liquid More dense liquid The aqueous layer is discarded and the organic layer is dried, usually with lumps of anhydrous calcium chloride or calcium oxide or silica gel. Solid potassium hydroxide is used to dry amines and alcohols as they forms complex ions with calcium chloride
The filtrate is allowed to cool and the crystals of the pure solid appears. Then filtration is carried out again using a Buchner funnel under reduced pressure. This removes any soluble impurities.
The solid is washed with a little cold solvent in order to remove any remaining insoluble impurities. Page 24
Types of Hazards:
Toxicity Absorption through the skin Irritation if inhaled Corrosive compounds High flammability Carcinogenic compounds
Yield:
Yields are less than 100 percent because of: Competing / side reactions. Handling losses during transfer and purification.
Enthalpy of Combustion:
Ways to increase the accuracy of the experiment include the following: The copper calorimeter should be first weighed empty and then when containing water. Alternatively, water could be added to the calorimeter using a pipette, not a measuring cylinder. If the volume of water is measured, the mass is calculated using the density of water, which is 1 gcm-3. A screen should be placed around the calorimeter to maximize the transfer of heat from the hot combustion gases to the beaker of water. MAPLE LEAF INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 25
The calculation is carried out in three steps: Heat produced by the combustion of the fuel in Joules = m c T m = mass of water in the beaker (not the mass of fuel burnt). c = specific heat capacity of water, 4.18 J g-1 C-1 T = change in temperature. Amount / Number of moles of fuel burnt = (mass before mass after) molar mass of fuel Enthalpy of Combustion, Hc = - heat produced in kilo Joules moles of fuel burnt The negative sign is due to the fact the reaction is exothermic.
Errors can be reduced by: Using powdered solids rather than lumps. This speeds up the reaction, so there is less time for cooling. Making sure that, for displacement reactions, enough metal is taken to ensure that the solution of the salt of the less reactive metal is the limiting reagent (so that it reacts completely). For enthalpy of solution experiments, the water must be in large excess to ensure that all the solid dissolves. Measuring the temperature for several minutes before the start of the reaction and for several minutes after the reaction has finished. The measurements are used to plot a graph, which is extrapolated to find the theoretical temperature rise. Continually stirring the contents of the expanded polystyrene cup. Placing a lid on the cup to prevent heat loss through evaporation. Weighing the cup empty and then, before the reaction starts, weighing it containing the solution. This gives an accurate value of the mass of the solution. The assumption that the density of a solution is 1 gcm-3 is not wholly accurate. Measuring the volume of solution using a pipette rather than a measuring cylinder, so that the amount (moles) can be accurately determined. This is not necessary for enthalpy of solution determinations. Page 26
Instantaneous Reactions:
Neutralisation and precipitation reactions are neutralisation reactions. Errors can be reduced by: Using pipettes, rather measuring cylinders, to measure out the volume of the two liquids. Making sure that one of the reactants is in excess. The value of H can then be worked out using the amount in moles of the limiting reagent. For neutralisation reactions only, weighing the expanded polystyrene cup empty and after the reaction. This is a more accurate way of obtaining the mass of solution than using a pipette and assuming that the solution has a density of 1 gcm-3. Measuring the temperature of both liquids before mixing and averaging the two values. Stirring immediately on mixing the two solutions. Reading the maximum temperature reached.
The calculation is carried out in three steps: Heat produced or lost by the reaction in Joules = m c T m = total mass of the two solutions in the cup (not the mass of solute reacted). c = specific heat capacity of water, 4.18 J g-1 C-1 T = change in temperature. Amount / Number of moles of solute reacted = concentration (moldm-3) volume (dm3) Enthalpy of Reaction, Hr = heat produced or lost in kilo Joules moles of solute reacted If there is a temperature rise, H is negative; if the temperature falls, H is positive.
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More distilled water is added to the solution until the bottom of the meniscus is level with the mark on the standard flask. The stopper is placed on the flask and mixed thoroughly by inverting and shaking several times.
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Chemicals required: Standard solution The solution of unknown concentration Suitable indicator
Procedure: A small amount of one of solution (normally acid) is drawn into a pipette using a pipette filler and it is rinsed with the solution. The rinsings are then discarded. Using a pipette filler, the pipette is filled so that the bottom of the meniscus is on the mark. The pipette is allowed to discharge into a washed conical flask. When the pipette has emptied, the surface of the liquid is touched in the flask with the tip of the pipette. Making sure that the tap is shut, a burette is rinsed out with a small amount of the other solution (normally alkali) and the rinsings are discarded. Using a funnel, the burette is filled to above the zero mark and the liquid is ran out until the meniscus is on the scale. It is checked that the burette below the tap is filled with liquid and that there are no air bubbles. The funnel is then removed. The initial volume is recorded by looking at where the bottom of the meniscus is on the burette scale. The liquid is ran slowly from the burette into the conical flask, continually mixing the solutions by swirling the liquid in the flask. The liquid is added dropwise as the end point is neared and stopped when the indicator shows the end point colour. The burette reading is recorded to the nearest 0.05 cm3. The titration is repeated until three concordant (it means that the difference between the highest and the lowest titre is not more than 0.2 cm3) are obtained. Any non-concordant titres are ignored and average of the concordant values is calculated, to get the mean titre.
Worked example A student produced the following results from a titration: burette reading final cm3 start cm3 volume used cm3 1 23.40 0.00 23.40 2 23.67 0.05 23.62 3 23.40 0.05 23.35 Page 29
Worked Example 25 ibuprofen tablets were reacted with 50cm3 of 1 moldm-3 NaOH solution. C12H17COOH + NaOH C12H17COO-Na+ + H2O When the reaction was over, the solution containing excess sodium hydroxide, was made up to 250cm3 with distilled water. 25cm3 samples were titrated against 0.110 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid solution: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Calculate the mass, in mg, of ibuprofen in one tablet. MAPLE LEAF INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 30
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1 2 3 4 5
Methyl violet Malachite green Thymol blue (acid) Methyl yellow (in ethanol) Methyl orangexylene cyanole solution Methyl orangeblue Bromophenol Congo red Bromocresol green Methyl red Azolitmin (litmus) Azolitmin (litmus) Bromocresol purple Bromothymol blue Phenol red Thymol blue (base) Phenolphthalein (in ethanol) Phenolphthalein (in ethanol) Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow R
orange
6 7 8 9 10 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 15 16 1 17 6 18
yellow re violet d yellow red red yellow re yellow d yellow yellow colourless colourless colourless yellow
3.24.6 4.4 2.8 3.05.0 3.85.4 4.26.3 5.08.0 5.0 5.28.0 6.8 6.07.6 6.88.4 8.09.6 8.210.0 8.210.6 10.0 8.3 10.113.0
yellow blue red blue yellow blue blue purple blue red blue red red blue orange/red
green
pale pink
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Iodometric Titration:
Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.nH2O is not a primary standard substance as the water of crystallisation is variable (maximum value of n = 5). So it is standardised against a solution of iodine, I2 or potassium iodate(V), KIO3 or potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7. Thiosulfate reduces iodine to iodide ions, I- and forms tetrathionate, S4O62-. 2S2O32-(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2eI2(aq) + 2e- 2I-(aq) 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) The standardised sodium thiosulfate solution can then be used to determine the percentage purity of copper in a substance, the percentage purity or concentration of KIO3, H2O2, K2Cr2O7, etc. The substance to be analysed must be an oxidising agent and will produces iodine in another reaction by oxidation of iodide ions.
Procedure: A known volume of the solution of the oxidising agent is transferred into a conical flask using a pipette. Dilute sulfuric acid is then added to the conical flask using a measuring cylinder (as it is in excess). Iodine is liberated and the solution becomes brown. It must be ensured that if any solid particles produced must be completely dissolved. The liberated iodine is then titrated against standardised sodium thiosulfate solution added from a beaker. The brown colour fades to a pale yellow or pale straw colour. At this point, freshly prepared starch solution is added and the solution becomes blue black. If the starch solution is not freshly prepared then blue black colour may not appear. Starch solution should not be added too early because enough iodine may not be liberated nor too late because at that event, the end point will be missing. Without starch solution, the colour would gradually fade away and no sharp end point will be
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Determination of Copper: Points 1, 2 and 3 are as before. Iodine is liberated and solution becomes milky brown. 2Cu2+ (aq) + 4I- (aq) 2CuI (s) + I2 (aq) white brown Point 5 as before. The milky brown or white brown fades to a whitish yellow colour. Point 6 as before (except for the fact that the solution now becomes whitish or milky blue black). Point 7 as before (except for the fact that the solution changes colour from milky blue black to colourless.) Point 8 as before.
Worked Example 3.22g of iodine and 7g of potassium iodide are dissolved in distilled water and made up to 250cm3. A 25.0cm3 portion of this solution required 19.0cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution in a titration. What is the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution? Worked Example 5.65g of a copper (II) salt is dissolved in water and made-up to 250 cm3. A 25.0 cm3 sample of solution is added to an excess of potassium iodide, KI. The iodine formed by the reaction required 21.0cm3 of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of sodium thiosulfate for its reduction. What is the percentage by mass of copper in the salt? Worked Example A commercial medication contains potassium iodate. 1.20 g of the medication were dissolved in water and made up to 250 cm3. A 25 cm3 sample was added to an excess of potassium iodide, KI. The iodine formed by the reaction required 19.6 cm3 of a 0.05 mol dm-3 solution of sodium thiosulfate for its reduction. What is the percentage by mass of potassium iodate in the medication? (K = 39, I = 127, O = 16) IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O
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