Ch.

27 Notes: Mollusks

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 trochophore: free swimming larval stage of an aquatic mollusk foot: muscular part of a mollusk. mantle: thin layer of tissue that covers most of a mollusks body. shell: structure in mollusks made by glands in the mantle that secrete calcium carbonate. visceral mass: area beneath the mantle of a mollusk that contains the internal organs. radula: tongue-shaped structure used for feeding by snails and slugs. siphon: tube-like structure through which water enters and leaves a mollusks body. open circulatory system : system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels.

Phylum Mollusca Characteristics

Soft-bodied invertebrate covered with protective mantle that may or may not form a hard, calcium carbonate shell Includes chitons, snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squid, octopus, & nautilus Second most diverse animal phylum with over 100,000 species.

 Have a muscular foot for movement which is modified into tentacles for squid & octopus Complete, one-way digestive tract with a mouth & anus Have a fully-lined coelom

The Giant African Land Snail is an eight-inch creature that can carry parasites that cause meningitis in people, and it is a voracious eater that can wreak havoc gardens and other vegetation.

Scallop

Cephalization - have a distinct head with sense organs & brain Have a scraping, mouth-like structure called the radula Go through freeswimming larval stage called trochophore

 Body organs called visceral mass lie below mantle Have circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, & reproductive systems Bilaterally symmetrical

How else are they supposed to stay unextinct?!?

Most have separate sexes that crossfertilize eggs Gills between the mantle & visceral mass are used for gas exchange

 Includes 4 classes -- Polyplacophora (chitons), Gastropoda (snails, slugs, nudibranchs, conchs & abalone), Pelecypoda or Bivalvia (clams, oysters, & mussels), & Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, & nautilus)

Abalone

Mollusk Body Plans

Squid Snail

Shell
Mantle cavity Foot Clam Early mollusk Gills Digestive tract

Comparing the Three Major Groups of Mollusks

MOLLUSK GROUP Gastropods SHELL Shell-less or single-shelled FOOT Muscular foot located on ventral side and used for movement Burrowing species have muscular foot. Surface-dwelling species have either no foot or a reduced foot. Head is attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms. EXAMPLES Snail, slug, sea hare, nudibranch

Bivalves

Two shells held together by one or two muscles

Clam, oyster, mussel, scallop

Cephalopods

Internal shell or no shell

Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus

Class Polyplacophora Characteristics

All marine Have a shell divided into 8 over-lapping plates Live on rocks along seashore feeding on algae Ex. chiton
Chiton

 Head has a pair of retractable tentacles with eyes located at the ends Have a single shell or valve (snails) or none (slugs) Known as univalves

Class Gastropoda Characteristics

 May be marine, freshwater, or terrestrial Aquatic snails breathe through gills & use their radula to scrape algae for food Terrestrial snails use their mantle cavity as a modified lung & saw off leaves Retreat into shell in dry periods & seal opening with mucus

Snails

 Have open circulatory system Secrete mucus & use muscular foot to move Land snails are hermaphrodites Aquatic snails have separate sexes Use internal fertilization

Slugs
* Live in moist terrestrial areas * Lack a shell

Pteropods
Called "sea butterflies Marine Have a wing-like flap for swimming
http://www.oceanfoota ge.com/stockfootage/P teropod

Oyster Drills
Radula modified to drill into oyster shells

 Marine slug Lacks shell

Nudibranch

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/video/player#/?titleID=153 1204600&catID=8

Class Bivalvia or Pelecypoda Characteristics

Sessile or sedentary Includes marine clams, oysters, shipworms, & scallops and freshwater mussels Filter feeders

 Have two-part, hinged shell (2 valves) Have muscular foot that extends from shell for movement Scallops clap valves together to move

 Shell secreted by mantle & made of 3 layers --- outer horny layer protects against acids, middle prismatic layer made of calcium carbonate for strength, & inner pearly layer next to soft body Mantle secretes substance called "mother of pearl" to surround irritants like grains of sand

 Oldest, raised part of shell called umbo Powerful anterior & posterior adductor muscles open & close shell Lack a distinct head Have an incurrent & excurrent siphon that circulate water over the gills to remove food & oxygen

 Have heart & open circulatory system Nervous system made of 3 pairs of ganglia, nerve cords, & sensory cells that detect light, chemicals, & touch Separate sexes with external fertilization of eggs
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Section 27-4

Anatomy of a Clam
Stomach Coelom Heart Nephridium Adductor muscle

Shell

Mouth

Anus Excurrent siphon

Adductor muscle

Incurrent siphon Mantle cavity Intestine Foot Gills Mantle cavity

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Glaucus atlanticus (common names sea swallow, blue glaucus, blue sea slug and blue ocean slug) is a species of small-sized blue sea slug. They grow up to 3cm in length and live in the temperate tropical waters found in East and South Coast of South Africa, European waters, the east coast of Australia and Mozambique. G. atlanticus preys on other, larger pelagic organisms such as the dangerously venomous Man o War and, given the opportunity, will become 2/20/2014 cannibalistic.

Blue Dragon Mollusk

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Class Cephalopoda or Amphineura Characteristics

Includes octopus, squid, cuttlefish, & chambered nautilus All marine

 Most intelligent invertebrates Well developed head Active, free swimming predators Foot divided into tentacles with suckers Use their radula & beak to feed

 Closed circulatory system Lack an external shell Highly developed nervous system with vertebrate-like eyes Separate sexes with internal fertilization

 * Largest invertebrate is the Giant Squid * Large, complex brain * Ten tentacles with longest pair to catch prey * Use jet propulsion to move by forcing water out their excurrent siphon
This squid is seven meters (24 feet) long, the squid died in the process of being caught.

www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16322895/

Squid

 Chromatophores in the skin can help change squid color for camouflage * Can squirt an inky substance into water to temporarily blind predators * Have internal shell called pen * Female lays eggs in jellylike material & protects them until hatching

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/video/player#/?titleID=13389 29695&catID=8

Octopus
* Eight tentacles * Similar to squid * Crawls along bottom looking for prey cas.bellarmine.edu /.../phylum_mollus ca.htm

Chambered Nautilus
* Has an exterior shell * Lives in the outer chamber of the shell * Secretes gas into the other chambers to adjust buoyancy

Economic Importance of Mollusks

Used by humans for food Pearls from oysters Shells used for jewelry Do crop & garden damage Serve as intermediate hosts for some parasites such as flukes

Ming- the 405 year old clam.

Day to Day, October 29, 2007 Researchers found what may have been the oldest living animal ... a 405-year-old clam. Paul Butler, a research student at Bangor University in Wales, says it was technically an ocean quahog, but everyone calls it a clam. He was on the boat when the clam was found. Like tallying the age of a tree, researchers count the rings on the clam shell to determine its age. Butler says researchers also measure the rings to study climate change over time, which is how they came across the clam in the first place. While it is not uncommon to encounter 100 and 200-year-old clams in the waters around Iceland where the researchers are working, finding a 405-year-old mollusk is rare. Butler says the clam, which is less than six inches in size, was named Ming after the Chinese dynasty that was in power when the clam came into being. Unfortunately, 405 is as old as Ming will get. Researchers have to open the clams in order to count their rings a procedure that is fatal. However, Butler says that as researchers continue their climate change work, they could encounter other clams as old or older than Ming.

Do you remember trying this as a kid -- Holding one of the seashells you grabbed as a souvenir up to your ear? It seems like no matter how far away from the ocean you are, you can still hold a seashell up to your ear and hear the roar of the waves rolling onto the shore. The best shells for producing this sound are the large, spiral conch shells. Some people have suggested that the sound you hear from the seashell is the echoing of your blood rushing through the blood vessels of your ear. That is not the case. If that were true, then the sound would intensify after exercising, since your blood races faster after exercising. However, the sound is the same even after exercising. Others say that the whooshing sound inside the shell is generated by air flowing through the shell - air flowing through the shell and out creates a noise. You'll notice that the sound is louder when you lift the shell slightly away from your ear than it is when the shell is right against your head. However, this theory doesn't hold true in a soundproof room. In a soundproof room, there is still air, but when you hold the seashell to your ear, there's no sound. The most likely explanation for the wave-like noise is ambient noise from around you. The seashell that you are holding just slightly above your ear captures this noise, which resonates inside the shell. The size and shape of the shell therefore has some effect on the sound you hear. Different shells sound different because different shells accentuate different frequencies. You don't even need the seashell to hear the noise. You can produce the same "ocean" sound using an empty cup or even by cupping your hand over your ear. Go ahead and try it and vary the distance at which you place the cup near your ear. The level of the sound will vary depending on the angle and distance the cup is from your ear. Noise from outside the shell also can change the intensity of the sound you hear inside the shell. You can look at the shell as a resonating chamber. When sound from outside enters the shell, it bounces around, thus creating an audible noise. So, the louder the environment you are in, the louder the oceanlike sound will be.

How are Pearls Made?

A mollusk will make a pearl when an irritant becomes lodged inside its shell. Because of overfishing, pollution and drilling for oil, pearls rarely are found in the wild. Today, most pearls are cultured from seawater oysters or freshwater mussels. Process When an irritant becomes lodged inside a mollusk, the mollusk begins to coat it with nacre, the same substance it uses to make its shell, to protect itself. A pearl is formed after the mollusk has produced several layers of nacre. Nacre Nacre is made of calcium-carbonate crystals that align with each other, creating a beautiful, natural luster on the surface of the pearl. Wild Pearls Wild and cultured pearls are identical. The difference is how they are produced. Wild pearls occur naturally when a piece of coral, shell or bone gets stuck inside the mollusk.

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Cultured Pearls An irritant is purposely introduced to force an oyster or mussel to produce a cultured pearl, according to thepearlmarket.com. In a process called nucleating, pearl farmers graft a small shell bead from a freshwater mussel into a seawater oyster. They introduce a small piece of mantel tissue into a mussel to cause a pearl to form. Harvesting About half of the millions of mollusks seeded every year produce marketable pearls, according to thepearlmarket.com. Color A pearl's color is unpredictable but can be influenced by the mollusk breed, its diet and the water temperature.

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 Bivalve-type of mollusk with a shell composed of two valves; includes clams, oysters, and scallops Cephalopod-type of mollusk in which the head is prominent and the foot is modified to form two arms and several tentacles; includes squids, cuttlefish, octopuses, and nautiluses. Gastropod-mollusk with a broad, flat foot for crawling; includes snails and slugs Mollusks-Invertebrates including squids, clams, snails, and chitons; characterized by a visceral mass, a mantle and a foot. 44