1

Vibraciones en pisos de
edificaciones con estructura
de al uso humano

Presented by
Thomas M. Murray, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
thmurray@vt.edu

26 October 2011


2 2 2 2
Floor Vibrations


A Critical Serviceability
Consideration
for Steel Framed Floors.

Humans are very sensitive to vertical
floor motion.
3 3 3 3

Topics


Basic Vibration Terminology
Floor Vibration Fundamentals
Walking Vibrations
Rhythmic Vibrations
Footbridges
Retrofitting


4


BASIC VIBRATION
TERMINOLOGY





5 5 5 5
Period And Frequency
Period t
p
6 6 6 6
Natural Frequency
(

t
=
wL
t
I
s
gE
2
f
2 / 1
4
n
7 7 7 7
Damping
Loss of Mechanical Energy in a
Vibrating System
Critical Damping
Smallest Amount of Viscous Damping

Required to Prevent Oscillation of a
Free Vibrating System
8
Harmonics
P o
3
1st Harmonic
2nd Harmonic
3rd Harmonic
Footstep =
( ) t f i cos P
step
i
t
o =
2
f
1
f
step 1
-
=
f
2
f
step 2
-
=
f
3
f
step 3
-
=
P o
1
P o
2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time (sec.)
G
r
o
u
n
d

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n

(
k
i
p
)
9 9 9 9
Acceleration Ratio
Acceleration Of A System, a
p

Acceleration Of Gravity, a
g

Usually Expressed As %g.

0.5%g is the Human Tolerance
Level for Quite Environments.
Ratio =
10 10 10 10
Effective Weight
Floor Width
F
l
o
o
r

L
e
n
g
t
h

W
11


FLOOR VIBRATION
FUNDAMENTALS





12
The Power of Resonance

0 1 2
F
l
o
o
r

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

2 - 3% Damping
Natural frequency, f
n

Forcing frequency, f
5 - 7% Damping
13 13 13 13
Phenomenon of Resonance
Resonance can also occur when a
multiple of the forcing function
frequency equals a natural frequency of
the floor.
Usually concerned with the first natural
frequency.
Resonance can occur because of walking
dancing, or exercising.
14 14 14 14







0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Frequency (Hz)
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

A
u
t
o
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m

(
P
e
a
k
,

%
g
)
Walking
Speed
100 bpm
2
nd
Harmonic
3.33 Hz
System Frequency
5 Hz 3
rd
Harmonic
Response from a Lightly
Damped Floor
15 15 15 15
A Tolerance Criterion has two parts:
Prediction of the floor response to a
specified excitation.
Human response/tolerance

Human Tolerance Criterion
16 16 16 16
FloorVibe v2.02
Software for Analyzing
Floors for Vibrations
Criteria Based on AISC/CISC Design
Guide 11
SEI
Structural Engineers, Inc.
537 Wisteria Drive
Radford, VA 24141
540-731-3330 Fax 540-639-0713
tmmurray@floorvibe.com
http://www.floorvibe.com
AISC/CISC Design Guide
17 17 17 17
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ ___ _
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
Rhythmic Activities
Outdoor Footbridges
Shopping Malls,
Dining and Dancing
Offices,
Residences
ISO Baseline Curve for
RMS Acceleration
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
%

G
r
a
v
i
t
y
)

Frequency (Hz)
Indoor Footbridges,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DG11 Uses
the Modified
ISO Scale for
Human
Tolerance
18


NATURAL FREQUENCY
OF
STEEL FRAMED
FLOOR SYSTEMS



19 19 19 19
Fundamental Natural Frequency
Uniformly Loaded Simply
Supported Beam
(3.3)
(3.1)
(Hz.)
(

t
=
wL
4
I
t
gE
s
2
f
2 / 1
n
(Hz.)
/ g 18 . 0
f
n
I
t
E 384
s
/
wL 5
4
20 20 20 20

Member
Bay
System
Fundamental Frequencies
H
/ g 18 . 0
f
z n
) /( g 18 . 0
f
g b n
) /( g 18 . 0
f
c g b n
21 21 21 21
Loads for Vibration Analysis
L D w
I
t
E 384
s
/
wL 5
4
D: Actual Load

L: 11 psf for Paper Office
6-8 psf for Electronic Office
6 psf for Residence
0 psf for Malls, Churches, Schools
22 22 22 22
Section Properties - Beam/Girder
b (< 0.4 L)
Fully Composite
Effect Width
n = E
s
/1.35E
c
23
Why is the full composite moment of
inertia used in the frequency calculations
even when the beam or girder is non-
composite?




) /( g 18 . 0
f
g b n
A
+
A
=
I
t
E 384
s
/
wL 5
4
= A
A Frequently Asked Question
24
Why is the full composite moment of
inertia used in the frequency calculations
even when the beam or girder is non-
composite?




Annoying vibrations have displacements
of 1-3 mm. Thus, the interface shear is
negligible, so its acts as fully composite.
A Frequently Asked Question
25 25 25 25
Minimum Frequency
To avoid resonance with the first
harmonic of walking, the
minimum frequency must be
greater than 3 Hz. e.g.

f
n
> 3 Hz


26


DESIGN FOR
WALKING EXCITATION





27 27 27 27
Walking Vibrations Criterion
g
a
W
)
f 35 . 0
exp(
P
g
a
o n o
p
Predicted s Tolerance
28 28 28 28
a
p
= peak acceleration

a
o
= acceleration limit

g = acceleration of gravity

f
n
= fundamental frequency of a beam or joist panel, or a
combined panel, as applicable

P
o
= a constant force equal to 65 lb for floors and 92 lb for
footbridges

| = modal damping ratio (0.01 to 0.05 or 1% to 5%)

W = effective weight supported by the beam or joist panel,
girder panel, or combined panel, as applicable








g
a
W
)
f 35 . 0
exp(
P
g
a
o n o
p
s
|

=
Walking Vibrations Criterion
29 29 29 29
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ __ _
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
Rhythmic Activities
Outdoor Footbridges
Shopping Malls,
Dining and Dancing
Offices,
Residences
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
%

G
r
a
v
i
t
y
)

Frequency (Hz)
Indoor Footbridges,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ISO Baseline Curve for
RMS Acceleration
Modified
ISO Scale
30 30 30 30
Recommended Values of Parameters in Equation (4.1) and a /g Limits
o
Occupancy Constant Force Damping Ratio
Acceleration Limit
a
o
/g x 100%
P
o

Offices, Residences,
65 lb (0.29 kN)
0.02 0.05
*
0.5%
Churches
Shopping Malls 0.02 1.5%
Footbridges - Indoor
0.01
1.5%
Footbridges - Outdoor
0.01
5.0%
Table 4.1
* 0.02 for floors with few non-structural components (ceilings, ducts, partitions,
etc.) as can occur in open work areas and churches,
0.03 for floors with non-structural components and furnishings, but with only
small demountable partitions typical of many modular office areas,
0.05 for full height partitions between floors.
Parameters
65 lb (0.29 kN)
92 lb (0.41 kN)
92 lb (0.41 kN)
31
Estimating Modal Damping,
Structural System 0.01 (1%)
Ceiling and Ductwork 0.01(1%)
Electronic Office Fitout 0.005 (0.5%)
Paper Office Fitout 0.01 (1%)
Churches, Schools, Malls 0%
Dry Wall Partitions in Bay 0.05 to 0.10
5% to 10%

Note: Damping is cumulative.

32 32 32 32
Use very low live load (6-8 psf or
0.27-0.35 kPa) and low modal
damping (2% 2.5%) for electronic
office floor systems.
See Floor Vibration and the
Electronic Office in Modern Steel
Construction August 1998
Important
33 33 33 33
Equivalent Combined Mode
Panel Weight (W in Eqn. 2.3)
(4.4)
g
a
W
)
f 35 . 0
exp(
P
g
a
o n o
p
s
|

=
W W
W
g
g j
g
j
g j
j
A
+
A
A
+
A
+
A
A
=
34 34 34 34
Beam and Girder Panel
Effective Weights
Beam Panel:
Girder Panel:
L
j
B
j
) S / w
j
( = W
j
L
g
B
g
) L
avg , j
/ w
g
( = W
g
35 35 35 35
Beam Panel Width
B
j
= Beam Panel
Width
36 36 36 36
Effective Beam Panel Width
Floor Width
C
j
= 2.0 For Beams In Most Areas
= 1.0 For Beams at a Free Edge
(Balcony)

D
j
= I
j
/S (in
4
/ft)
3 / 2
L
)
D
j
/
D
s
(
C
j
B
j
4 / 1
j
< =
37 37 37 37
Section Properties - Slab
12
_ _ _ _
d
e
=d
c
-d
deck
/2
A = (12 / n) d
e

n = E
s
/1.35 E
c

in
4
/ ft
f
c
in ksi
) 12 /
d
)( n / 12 (
D
3
e s
=
f w E
c
5 . 1
c
38 38 38 38
Beam or Joist Panel
Effective Weights
For hot-rolled beams or joists
with extended bottom chords, W
j

can increased 50% if an adjacent
span is greater than 0.7 x the span
considered. That is,

W
j
= 1.5(w
j
/S)B
j
L
j

39 39 39 39
Effective Girder Panel Width
B
g
= Girder
Panel
Width
40 40 40 40
Effective Girder Panel Width
B
g
= C
g
(D
j
/D
g
)
1/4
L
g
2/3 Floor Length
C
g
= 1.6 For Girders Supporting Joists
Connected Only to a Girder Flange
= 1.8 For Girders Supporting Beams
Connected to a Girder Web
D
g
= I
g
/L
j,avg
in
4
/ft
41 41 41 41
Constrained Bays
Girder Deflection Reduction Factor for
Constrained Bays:

If L
g
< B
j
, substitute:
(4.5)
for A
g
in Equation (4.4) and in Frequency Eq.
A
=
'
A
g
j
g
g
B
L
5 . 0
B
L
j
g
>
with
42 42 42
Example






43 43 43 43
S
W24 55
W21 44
4 SPA @ 7- 6 =30= L
g
W
2
1

4
4

W
1
4

2
2

W
1
8

3
5

W
1
4

2
2

L



=

4
5

j

W18 35
3.50
2.00
d = 3.50 +
e
2.00
2
= 4.50
Section
W
1
4

2
2

Floor Width = 30 ft
Floor Length = 90 ft
Paper Office
44 44 44 44
Gravity Loads:
LL : 11 psf (0.5 kPa) (For Vibration Analysis)

Mech. & Ceiling : 4 psf (0.2 kPa)
Deck Properties:
Concrete: w
c
= 110 pcf f
c
= 4000 psi

Floor Thickness = 3.50 in. + 2 in. ribs

= 5.50 in.

Slab + Deck Weight = 47 psf
45 45 45 45
Beam Properties
W18 35

A = 10.30 in.
2


I
x
= 510 in.
4


d = 17.70 in.
Girder Properties
W24 55

A = 16.20 in.
2



d = 23.57 in.
Member Properties
I
x
= 1350 in.
4

46 46 46 46
Beam Mode Properties
Effective Concrete Slab Width = 7.5 ft < 0.4 L
j
= 0.4 x 45 = 18 ft.
n = modular ratio = E
s
/1.35E
c

= 29000 / (1.35 x 2307)
= 9.31
I
j
= transformed moment of inertia = 1799 in
4

ksi 2307 0 . 4
110 f w E
5 . 1
c
5 . 1
c
= = =
'
47 47 47 47
w
j
= 7.5 (11 + 47 + 4 + 35/7.5) = 500 plf

Equation (3.3)
Beam Mode Properties Cont.
. in 885 . 0
1799 10 29 384
1728
45
500 5
EI 384
L w 5
6
4
j
4
j j
j
=


= =
A
A
=
j
j
g
18 . 0
f
Hz 76 . 3
885 . 0
386
18 . 0 = =
48 48 48 48
C
j
= 2.0
B
j
= C
j
(D
s
/ D
j
)
1/4
L
j

= 2.0 (9.79 / 240)
1/4
(45) = 40.4 ft > 2/3 (30) = 20 ft.
W
j
= 1.5(w
j
/S)B
j
L
j
(50% Increase)
= 1.5 (500/7.5)(20.0 45) = 90,000 lbs = 90.0 kips
Beam Mode Properties Cont.
B
j
= 20 ft.
. ft /
. in 240
4
= 5 . 7 / 1799 = S /
I
j
= D
j
ft /
. in 79 . 9
4
= ) 12
/
50 . 4
3
)( 31 . 9 / 12 ( =
) 12
/
d (
3
e
) n / 12 ( = D
s
49 49 49 49
Girder Mode Properties
Eff. Slab Width = 0.4 L
g

= 0.4 x 30 x 12
= 144 in. < L
j
= 45 x 12 = 540 in.
b = 144
I
g
= 4436 in
4

50 50 50 50

w
g
= L
j
(w
j
/S) + girder weight per unit length
= 45(500/7.5) + 55 = 3055 plf.

(3.3)
Girder Mode Properties Cont.
. in 43 . 0 =
4436
10 29 384
1728
30 3055 5
=
g
I
s
E 384
L w 5
=
6
4
4
g g
g
. Hz 37 . 5 =
433 . 0
386
18 . 0 =

g
18 . 0 = f
g
g
. ft /
. in 6 . 98
4
= 45 / 4436 = L
j
/ I
g
= D
g
51 51 51 51
C
g
= 1.8 (Beam Connected To Girder Web)
(4.3b)
= 1.8 (240 / 98.6)
1/4
(30) = 67.4 ft > 2/3 (90) = 60
(4.2)

=(3055/45)(60 30) = 122,200 lb = 122 kips
Use
Girder Mode Properties Cont.
L
)
D
g
/
D
j
(
C
g B
g
4 / 1
g
=
L B
)
L
/ w (
W
g g j
g
g
=
52 52 52 52
Combined Mode Properties
L
g
= 30 ft < B
j
= 20 ft Do Not Reduce
f
n
= Fundamental Floor Frequency
) + 18 . 0 =
/( g
g
j
Hz 08 . 3 =
) 433 . 0 + 885 . 0 /( 386 18 . 0 =
53 53 53 53
Combined Mode Properties Cont.
W


W


g
g j
g
j
g j
j
+
+
+
= W
kips 100 =
) 122 (
433 . 0 + 885 . 0
433 . 0
+ ) 90 (
433 . 0 + 885 . 0
885 . 0
=
54 54 54 54
= 0.0074
| = 0.03 from Table 4.1 (Modal Damping Ratio)
|W = 0.03 100 = 3.0 kips
Evaluation
= 0.74% g > 0.50% g N.G.
3000
) 08 . 3 35 . 0 exp( 65
W
) f 35 . 0 exp(
P
g
a
n
o p

|

= =
55 55 55 55
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ __ _
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
Rhythmic Activities
Outdoor Footbridges
Shopping Malls,
Dining and Dancing
Offices,
Residences
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
%

G
r
a
v
i
t
y
)

Frequency (Hz)
Indoor Footbridges,
Extended by Allen
and Murray (1993)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ISO Baseline Curve for
RMS Acceleration
56 56 56 56
Original Design
W18x35 f
b
= 3.76 hz f
n
= 3.08 Hz
W24x55 f
g
= 5.37 hz a
p
/g=0.74%g
Improved Design
Increase Concrete Thickness 1 in.
W18X35 f
b
= 3.75 hz f
n
= 3.04 Hz
W24x55 f
g
= 5.28 hz a
p
/g=0.65%g


57 57 57 57
Original Design
W18x35 f
b
= 3.76 hz f
n
= 3.08 Hz
W24x55 f
g
= 5.37 hz a
p
/g=0.74%g
Improved Design
Increase Girder Size
W18X35 f
b
= 3.76 hz f
n
= 3.33 Hz
W24x84 f
g
= 7.17 hz a
p
/g=0.70%g


58 58 58 58
W18x35 f
b
= 3.76 hz f
n
= 3.08 Hz
W24x55 f
g
= 5.37 hz a
p
/g=0.74%g
Improved Designs
Increase Beam Size
W21x50 f
b
= 4.84 hz f
n
= 3.57 Hz
W24x55 f
g
= 5.29 hz a
p
/g=0.58%g
W24x55 f
b
= 5.22 hz f
n
= 3.71 Hz
W24x55 f
g
= 5.28 hz a
p
/g=0.50%g
Original Design
59 59 59 59
Rule: In design, increase stiffness
of element with lower
frequency to improve
performance.

If beam frequency is less than the girder
frequency, increase the beam frequency to
the girder frequency first, then increase both
until a satisfactory design is obtained.
60 60 60
DG11 Floor Width and Length






61 61 61 61




Bay Floor
Width
Floor
Length
A
B
C
D
Floor Width and
Length Example

A
B
D
C
62 62 62 62




Bay Floor
Width
Floor
Length
A 90 90
B
C
D
Floor Width and
Length Example

A
B
D
C
63 63 63 63




Bay Floor
Width
Floor
Length
A 90 90
B 150 90
C
D
Floor Width and
Length Example

A
B
D
C
64 64 64 64




Bay Floor
Width
Floor
Length
A 90 90
B 150 90
C 150 30 (45?)
D
Floor Width and
Length Example

A
B
D
C
65 65 65 65




Bay Floor
Width
Floor
Length
A 90 90
B 150 90
C 150 30
D 30 90
Floor Width and
Length Example

A
B
D
C
66
B
g
= C
g
(D
j
/D
g
)
1/4
L
g
2/3 Floor Length
67
B
g
= C
g
(D
j
/D
g
)
1/4
L
g
2/3 Floor Length
Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9<2/3Floor

Length

68
B
g
= C
g
(D
j
/D
g
)
1/4
L
g
2/3 Floor Length
Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9<2/3 Floor L
Bays A:
Floor Length = 81
e.g. (32.5 + 16 + 32.5)
Bg=2/3x81 = 54 < 59.9
a
p
/g=0.46%g < 0.5%

69
B
g
= C
g
(D
j
/D
g
)
1/4
L
g
2/3 Floor Length
Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9< 2/3Floor L
Bays A: B
g
= 54
ap/g=0.46%g < 0.5%
OK
Bay B:
Floor Length = 48.5
e.g. (32.5 + 16)
2/3x48.5 =32.3 < 59.9
ap/g=0.61%g > 0.5%g
NG
70


DESIGN FOR
RHYTHMIC EXCITATION





71 71 71 71

Aerobics
72 72 72 72
Balcony Video
73 73 73 73
A
b
, A
g
and A
c
are beam, girder and column
deflections due to supported weight
Natural Frequency for
Rhythmic Excitation
Column deflections may be important for
aerobic excitations.

) /( g 18 . 0
f
c g
b
n
A
+
A
+ A =
74 74 74 74
(
(

|
+
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
o
=
f
f 2
n
2
1
f
f
n
2
2
w
/
w
3 . 1
g
a
step step
t p
i
p
a
a
5 . 1
p
a
o
max
5 . 1 / 1
s =
(1.5 Power Rule)
Evaluation Using Acceleration
75 75 75
A
=
g
18 . 0
n
f
Note, for a given f
n
, is constant.

Example. For f
n
= 5 Hz, g = 386 in/sec
2


= 0.5 in regardless of span length!!
Frequency versus Span
76


FOOTBRIDGES




77 77 77 77
Be careful when designing foot-
bridges and crossovers

Very low damping
Low frequency
Lateral Vibrations
78 78 78 78
Troubled Bridge
Over Water
79
VIDEO
80
VIDEO
81


EVALUATION AND
REMEDIAL MEASURES




82 82 82 82
Methods To Stiffen Floors
Damping Post
Added
Posts
Damping
Element
83 83 83 83
Methods To Stiffen Floors
Steel Rod
Cover Plate
Cover Plates and Bottom Chord Reinforcing
Generally do not Work

84 84 84 84
Queen Post Hanger Stiffening
HVAC
Added Queen Post Hanger
85 85 85 85
Queen Post Hanger Stiffening
86 86 86 86
Queen Post Hanger Stiffening
87 87 87 87
Stiffening Of Girders Supporting
Cantilevered Beams and Joist Seats
Cantilevered
Beam or
Joist Seat
Girder
Stiffener
88 88 88 88
Pendulum TMD
Large Mass ~ 2% Mass Ratio
Frictionless Bearings
Coil Spring
Air Dashpot Damping
89 89 89 89
Pendulum TMD
90 90 90 90
5th Floor - Response to Walking
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
Time, seconds
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

g
'
s
Floor Acceleration w/o TMD
5th Floor - Response to Walking
-0.006
-0.004
-0.002
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
Time, seconds
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

g
'
s
Floor Acceleration with TMD
Without TMD






With TMD
Walking
91 91 91 91
Response to Walking
Results
5th Floor Response to Walking
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency, Hz.
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
,

i
n
/
s
e
c

0
-
p
k
Floor Velocity w/o TMD
Floor Velocity with TMD
5.25 Hz. , 0.01523 ips 0-pk
5.25 Hz. , 0.00756 ips 0-pk
50% Reduction
92
93 93 93
Final Thought


Strength is essential but otherwise
unimportant.

Hardy Cross
Thank You!!