Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fall, 2009
Purpose: To learn to discern important plant characteristics and identify the most common plant species on
campus.
Requirements:
1. Draw and describe 25 species of plants (data pages). (100 points)
Note: You will have 8 - 12 hours of lab time during the next four to five weeks to complete this part of your leaf
project. The plant samples will be available at extra help
Procedure:
1. Select a station and carefully observe the plant sample. Record a detailed description of the
specimen (use the Key to the Common Trees of Askew Woods, the supplementary list and
descriptions of other campus trees, and any field guides that may be available in the laboratory).
Include the following: 11 native trees; 11 exotic plants (Kudzu, privet etc); 1 fern; 1 moss, and
1 lichen (a total of 25 data pages). You will be provided a list of the trees and invasive plants to
include in your study.
3. Complete the “label” on each drawing (Scientific name, common name etc).
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Example Data Page
(5) Base : Cordate (6) Margin: Doubly serrate (7) Status: NLS (8) Habit : Tree
Sources:
Introduction: This is a “quick guide” to producing scientifically accurate sketches of leaves. Anyone can do this; it does
not require even a moderate degree of “artistic flair”.
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If you follow these directions and practice, you well produce good to excellent work without having had a formal course
in drawing. You may say, I can’t draw a straight line! Well, no problem, you’ll use a ruler! So let’s get started!
1. Select a specimen provided by you instructor. The specimen should fit the paper space, but it’s OK if some of the
specimen lies outside the frame. Just be sure to make an arrangement that will clearly show how two leaves are
attached to the stem. The example below is a red maple and it has simple and opposite leaves.
2. While holding the specimen in place, lightly trace its outline as in figure one.
Figure one.
3. Next, study the arrangement of the veins, and lightly and accurately draw those using quasi-parallel lines.
4. Using a straight edge, lightly place a few parallel guide lines as in figure one (don’t cross the veins, but if you do,
erase the marks). You’ll use these guide lines soon to add hatching marks to your sketch.
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Figure two.
5. Next, using the quasi-parallel guide lines, add parallel hatchings to your leave as shown on the right hand leaf in
figure two.
6. Now, add some detail to the leaf’s margin (the red maple leave is “toothed”) as in figure 2 (leaf hand leaf).
7. Next, add more hatching marks to add depth to your drawing (this is the only thing we have done so far that
comes close to art!). Leave the veins “un-hatched” as in figure two.
8. Finally, add some curved hatching marks to the stem (this will give the stem a cylindrical appearance).
At this point you should have one leaf “detailed” and the other leaf outlined. You may stop here and receive full
credit for your drawing. However, if you wish, you may complete the other leaf, but I wouldn’t do that until you have
sketched and described the remaining specimens in your project.
Note: As you gain experience, you can experiment with hatching lines; curved hatching lines can reproduce
a “wavy” leave surface.
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6 Red maple Acer rubrum
7 White oak Quercus alba
8 Flowering dogwood Cornus florida
9 Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
10 Sourgum Nyssa sylvatica
11 Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica
12 Mimosa (Silktree) Albizia julibrissin
13 Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense
14 Kudzu Pueraria montana
15 Japanese Giant Timber Bamboo Phyllostrachys bambusoides
16 Yellow grove bamboo Phyllostachys aureosulcata
17 English ivy Hedera helix
18 Oregon grape holly (holly leaf barberry) Mahonia aquifolium
19 Autumn olive (Russian olive) Elaeagnus umbellata
20 Japanese Wisteria Wisteria floribunda
11.-
20. (These are exotic plants)
21-22
TBA
23Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides
24 Moss Your choice
25 Lichen Your choice
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A Key to the Common Trees of Askew Wood
The Westminster Schools Atlanta, GA 30327
Mr. Vermillion (Revised 8/2003)
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Leaf Margins, Apices, Bases, and Types
Leaf Margins: Be aware that variation exists among cultivars and individual plants within the same
species. (Adapted from http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hort/bio.html)
entire serrulate
no kind of marginal having very small, sharp
division or nearly lacking straight-edged teeth
marginal division pointing to the apex
Cornus florida (Flowering Oxydendrum arboretum
Dogwood) (Sourwood)
serrate doubly-serrate
having sharp, straight-
primary teeth have smaller
edged teeth pointing to
secondary teeth
the apex Ulmus alata (Winged Elm)
Tilia americana (Basswood)
dentate
with sharp, wide teeth crenate
that are perpendicular to with shallow, obtuse or
the margin rounded teeth, scalloped
Fagus grandifolia American
Beech
sinuate undulate
uneven margin,
having a wavy up and
alternately deeply convex
down edge
and concave
Fagus sylvatica
Quercus bicolor
incised
cut, irregularly and more ciliate
or less deeply and bearing hairs on the margin
sharply Begonia x semperflorens-
Platanus occidentalis cultorum
(Sycamore)
Leaf Apices
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Be aware that variation exists among cultivars and individual plants within the same species.
acuminate
tapering with retuse
somewhat concave notched slightly at a usually
sides to a protracted, obtuse apex
acute point Liriodendron tulipifera
Catalpa (Catalpa)
acute
sharp, tapering with emarginate
essentially straight or
shallow notch at the apex
slightly convex sides
Alnus glutinosa
to a point
Amelanchier
obtuse
blunt, rounded cuspidate
enough for an angle with an apical cusp--an
of 90 to be placed abrupt, sharp, rigid point
inside Cercis canadensis
Myrica pensylvanica
truncate mucronate
nearly or straight
short, sharp, spiny tip at the
across at the apex
apex
Liriodendron
Quercus imbricaria
tulipifera
Leaf Bases
Be aware that variation exists among cultivars and individual plants within the same species.
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cuneate oblique
slanting with
wedge-shaped,
unequal sides,
narrowly
lopsided
triangular
Celtis
Nyssa sylvatica
occidentalis
acute truncate
sharp, tapering
straight across at the
with straight sides
end
at a 90 degree
Liriodendron
angle
tulipifera
Euonymus alata
cordate
rounded heart shaped,
rounded like an having two rounded
arc of a circle lobes forming a
Zelkova serrata deep sinus
Cercis canadensis
Leaf Shape
Be aware that variation exists among cultivars and individual plants within the same species.
lanceolate ovate
length greater than more or less rounded at
width, broadest at the both ends and broadest
base, narrowing to the below the middle, egg-
apex, lance-shaped shaped
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Cornus florida
elliptical cordate
more or less rounded at
ellipse-shaped, narrow
both ends and broadest
at each end, widest at
below the middle, egg-
the middle
shaped
Cotoneaster dammeri
Cercis canadensis
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elliptical oblong
ellipse-shaped, narrow
longer than wide, sides
at each end, widest at
parallel, rectangular with
the middle
rounded corners
Nyssa sylvatica
linear auriculate
having auricle(s) -- ear-
parallel sides, long and
shaped lobe(s) at the base
very narrow
of leaves or petals
Hemerocallis
Arabis caucasica
obovate oblanceolate
inversely ovate, inversely lanceolate,
broader above the broader above the middle
middle than below and tapering to the base
Myrica pensylvanica Ilex glabra
spatulate
oblong with the basal needle
end narrowed and the slender leaf of many
apical end rounded, conifers
spoon-shaped Pinus sylvestris
Myrica pensylvanica
palmately
pinnately lobed
lobed segments or lobes along
three or more lobes each side of a common
radiating fan-like from axis
a common base Quercus palustris
Acer saccharum
scale-like awl-like
small appressed leaf or tapering from the base to
bract a sharp point
Juniperus Juniperus
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pinnately
simple compound
not compound leaf
compound, with the leaflets
not divided arranged on
into secondary both sides of
units the rachis or
Cercis axis bract
canadensis Fraxinus
americana
Bipinnate-
Palmately ly
compound compound
three or more twice pinnate,
leaflets radiating the primary
fan-like from a leaflets are
common basal divided into
point of secondary
attachment leaflets, also
Aesculus written 2-
hipocastanum pinnate
Gleditsia
triacanthos
Plant Terminology
(http://www.centenary.edu/arboretum2/main/plants/dictionary.html#dentate)
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Acuminate-tapering gradually to a long thin point
Acute-applied to tips and bases of structures ending in a point less than right angle
Alternate-One leaf, bud, or branch per node
Apex-Tip; end opposite point of attachment
Apiculate-Ending with a short sharp abrupt point
Appressed-Lying flat against
Aril-Fleshy or pulpy covering or appendage from the base of a seed
Arillate-Having an aril or arils
Auriculate-Eared
Awl-shaped-Having a linear shape and tapering to a fine point; narrowly triangular
Axil-The space between any two adjoining organs, such as stem and leaf
Axillary-In an axil
Berry-Any fruit with fleshy walls and with few to many seeds encased in soft tissue
Bixexual-Having both sexes present and functional in the same individual
Blade-Flattened and expanded part of a leaf, or parts of a compound laf
Brackish-Somewhat salty
Bract-A reduced leaf, particularly at base of flower or flower stalk
Branchlet-A small or secondary branch
Bristle-A stiff hairlike structure
Bundle scar-A scar within a leaf scar where the vein system broke when the leaf dropped
Bur-A rough, prickly, or spiny flower or fruit(or cluster of either) and any associated parts
Callus-A localized hardened or thickened protuberance of prominence
Calyx-Collective term for all the sepals of a flower, whether separate or united; the outer series of flower
parts and of the perianth
Ovoid-A 3-dimensional structure having the shape of an egg with the broader half below the middle
Ovule-The egg-containing sturcture that, after fertilization, develops into a seed
Palmate- radiately arranged, ribbed, or lobed, as fingers of a hand
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Palmately Compound- leaves with 3 or more leaflets arising from a common point
Panicle-An irregularly compound raceme
Papillose-Bearing small nipplelike projections
Pedicel-The stalk of a single flower
Peduncle-The main flower stalk of the inflorescence supporting either a cluster of flowers or the only
flower of a single-flowered inflorescence
Peltate-Having the stalk of a leaf attached to the lower surface of the blade somewhere withing the margin
rather than on the margin
Pendulous-Drooping or hanging loosely
Perfect flowers- flowers having both stamens and pistils
Perianth-The calyx and corolla collectively, or the calyx alone if the corolla is absent
Notes:
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