Ghosh - 550 Page 1 2/21/2014

Worked Out Examples

(External Flows)
Example 1 (Velocity Profiles):
Velocity profiles in laminar boundary layers often are approximated by te e!uations
"inear:

y
U
u

#inusoidal:
,
_

y
U
u
2
sin
Parabolic:
2
2
,
_

,
_

y y
U
u
$ompare te sapes of tese %elocity profiles by plottin& y/ (on te ordinate) %ersus u/U
(on te abscissa)'
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
Three approximate velo!it" profiles in laminar bo#nar" la"ers$ linear$ sin#soial$
an paraboli!.
b) %in
&ompare these three approximate velo!it" profiles b" plotting.
2. S"stem 'iagram
(t is not ne!essar" for this parti!#lar problem.
). *ss#mptions
+aminar bo#nar" la"er
4. Governing ,-#ations
.one. /#st plot them.
5. 'etaile Sol#tion
There is no etaile is!#ssion for this problem. /#st plot an !ompare them.
0sing 1at+ab the plots loo2 li2e3
Ghosh - 550 Page 2 2/21/2014
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Approximated velocity profiles in laminar boundary layer
u/U
y
/

Linear
Sinusoidal
Parabolic
4" !ommon sense$ it !an be sai that the linear profile is not ver" !lose approximation to the
a!t#al shape of bo#nar" la"er velo!it" profile. The plot for the paraboli! profile is the
!losest approximation to the (lasius solution for %elocity profile'
5. &riti!al *ssessment
)ote tat te %elocity profiles are only useful for *+y+' ,ltou& te &i%en e!uations
old outside tis ran&e- te cur%es a%e no meanin& for y. in boundary layer teory'
Example /' ((oundary "ayer 0icknesses):
Velocity profiles in laminar boundary layers often are approximated by te e!uations
"inear:

y
U
u

#inusoidal:
,
_

y
U
u
2
sin
Parabolic:
2
2
,
_

,
_

y y
U
u
$alculate
*
(displacement tickness) and (momentum tickness) for tese %elocity
profiles and compare te result for eac case'
6. Statement of the Problem
!) Given
Ghosh - 550 Page ) 2/21/2014
Three approximate velo!it" profiles$ linear$ sin#soial$ an paraboli!$ in laminar
bo#nar" la"ers.
) %in

*
7ispla!ement thi!2ness) for three approximate velo!it" profiles
7moment#m thi!2ness) for three approximate velo!it" profiles
&ompare the res#lt for ea!h !ase
8. S"stem 'iagram
9. *ss#mptions
Stea" state !onition
+aminar bo#nar" la"er
10. Governing ,-#ations
'ispla!ement thi!2ness efinition


,
_

,
_

0 0
:
1 1 dy
U
u
dy
U
u
sin!e u U at y = $ the integran is essentiall" ;ero for y .
1oment#m thi!2ness efinition


,
_

,
_

0 0
1 1 dy
U
u
U
u
dy
U
u
U
u
*gain$ the integran is essentiall" ;ero for y .
11. 'etaile Sol#tion
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Approximated velocity profiles in laminar boundary layer
u/U
y
/

Linear
Sinusoidal
Parabolic
Ghosh - 550 Page 4 2/21/2014
+et

y
$ then dy = d be!a#se = (x).

*
7'ispla!ement thi!2ness)
+inear velo!it" profile
( )

2
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
:

1
]
1

,
_

d
dy
y
linear
Sin#soial velo!it" profile

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

+

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

2
1
2
!os
2
2
sin 1
2
sin 1
1
0
1
0
0
:
sin
d
dy
y
Paraboli! velo!it" profile
( ) [ ]

)
1
)
1
2 1
2 1
1
0
) 2
1
0
2
0
2
:

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

'

,
_

,
_

d
dy
y y
parabolic
71oment#m thi!2ness)
+inear velo!it" profile
Ghosh - 550 Page 5 2/21/2014
( )

5
1
)
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
) 2
1
0
2
1
0
0

1
]
1

,
_

d
d
dy
y y
linear
Sin#soial velo!it" profile

,
_

+
1
1
1
1
]
1

'

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

2
2
1
2
4
2
2 sin
2 2
!os
2
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin 1
2
sin
2
sin 1
2
sin
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
sin
d
d
dy
y y
Paraboli! velo!it" profile
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )

15
2
)
5
5
1
2 5 4
2 1 2
2 1 2
1
0
2 ) 4 5
1
0
2 ) 4
1
0
2 2
0
2 2

1
]
1

+ +
+ +

1
1
]
1

'

,
_

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

d
d
dy
y y y y
parabolic
&omparison

*
/ /
"inear 1/2 = 50% of B.L. 1/6 = 16.% of B.L.
#inusoidal 1!2/ = "6."% of B.L. !1/2#2/ = 1".% of B.L.
Parabolic 1/" = ""."% of B.L. 2/15 = 1"."% of B.L.
Ghosh - 550 Page 5 2/21/2014
::: .ote3 4.+. means <4o#nar" +a"er.<
12. &riti!al *ssessment
1nderstand te concepts of displacement tickness (
2
) and momentum tickness ()'
0is problem illustrates ow to calculate tem from %elocity profiles' 0e abo%e table
sows tat +2+ for most types of %elocity profiles.
Example 3' (1se of te displacement tickness):
,ir flows in te entrance re&ion of a s!uare duct- as sown' 0e %elocity is uniform- V1 = 30
m/s- and te duct is 80 mm s!uare' ,t a section 0.3 m downstream from te entrance- te
displacement tickness-
*
- on eac wall measures 1.0 mm' 4etermine pressure can&e
between sections and '
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
=or2ing fl#i is air >hi!h has air = 1.2" $%/&
"
at ' = 15(.
0niform flo> at the entran!e$ )1 = "0 &/*.
'#!t is + = ,0 && s-#are.
'ispla!ement thi!2ness$
*
2 = 1.0 &&$ on ea!h >all at a se!tion L = 0." &
o>nstream from the entran!e.
b) %in
Press#re !hange bet>een se!tions an .
2. S"stem 'iagram
).
*ss#mptions

*
2
= 1.0 &&
)
1
,0 &&
,0 &&

*
2
= 1.0 &&
)
1
+ = ,0 &&
+ = ,0 &&
L = 0." &
Ghosh - 550 Page 6 2/21/2014
Stea" state !onition
(n!ompressible fl#i flo>
.o fri!tional effe!ts in freestream
%lo> #niform at ea!h se!tion o#tsie
:
2
%lo> along a streamline bet>een se!tions an
.egligible elevation !hanges
4. Governing ,-#ations

(- ()
. d ) ) d
/

0
? (ntegral version of mass !onservation
(n!ompressible fl#i flo> problem$ the e-#ation above

(-
. d )

0
1 inlet 7) an 1 o#tlet 7)
2 2 1 1
0 . ) . ) +
4erno#lli@s ,-#ation3 .
2
2
con*/ %0
) p
+ +

Aestri!tions3
71) Stea" flo>
72) (n!ompressible flo>
7)) %ri!tionless flo>
74) %lo> along a streamline
5. 'etaile Sol#tion
0se the ispla!ement-thi!2ness !on!ept to fin the effe!tive flo> area for the freestream flo>
o#tsie the thin >all bo#nar" la"ers. Aepla!e the a!t#al bo#nar"-la"er velo!it" profiles
>ith #niform velo!it" profiles as s2et!he in the follo>ing fig#res.
*ppl" the !ontin#it" an 4erno#lli e-#ations to freestream flo> o#tsie the bo#nar"-la"er
ispla!ement thi!2ness$ >here vis!o#s effe!ts are negligible.
%rom 4erno#lli@s e-#ation$ >e obtain

:
) )
+ ! 2
*
+ ! 2
*
7a) *!t#al velo!it" profile 7b) B"potheti!al velo!it" profile 7!) &ross se!tion of #!t
2
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
%0
) p
%0
) p
+ + + +

Ghosh - 550 Page 8 2/21/2014
( )
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
) ) p p
%rom the !ontin#it" e-#ation$ >e have
2 2 1 1
0 . ) . ) +
1
2
1
2
)
.
.
)
S#bstit#ting this expression into 4erno#lli@s e-#ation$
1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 1
.
.
) ) )
.
.
p p
*reas$ .1 an .2$ are
2
1
+ .
( )
2
:
2
2 + . ? 7onl" effe!tive flo> area)
Th#s$
( )
( )
1
1
]
1

'

1
2
2
1
2
2
:
2
2
1 2 1

+
+
) p p
*fter pl#gging in val#es$ 1a p p 99 . 58
2 1

5. &riti!al *ssessment
0o sol%e tis problem- it is critical to understand te meanin& and pysical
interpretation of displacement tickness concept'
Example 5' (1se of te 6omentum 7nte&ral 6etod):
0e %elocity profile in a laminar boundary8layer flow at 9ero pressure &radient is
approximated by te linear expression-

y
U
u
' 1se te momentum inte&ral e!uation wit
tis profile to obtain expressions for /x and Cf'
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
+aminar bo#nar"-la"er flo>
Cero press#re graient
Delo!it" profile is approximate b" the linear expression$

y
U
u
b) %in
0sing the moment#m integral e-#ation$ obtain expression for
/x
(f
Ghosh - 550 Page 9 2/21/2014
2. S"stem 'iagram
). *ss#mptions
Stea" state !onition
(n!ompressible fl#i flo>
4. Governing ,-#ations
1oment#m integral e-#ation
( )
dx
dU
U U
dx
d
2 : 2

+
>here
dy
U
u

,
_

0
:
1 ? ispla!ement thi!2ness
dy
U
u
U
u

,
_

1
0

? moment#m thi!2ness
5. 'etaile Sol#tion
For te special case of flow o%er a flat plate- U = constant' From (ernoulli:s e!uation-
we see tat for tis case- p = constant- and tus dp/dx = 0'
The moment#m integral e-#ation then re#!es to
dy
U
u
U
u
dx
d
U
dx
d
U
2

,
_

0
2 2
1
'efine

y
U
u

y

d dy
( ) ( ) x
y
x3 u
U

y
U
u

Ghosh - 550 Page 10 2/21/2014

( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

0 0
)
1
2
1
)
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
0
) 2 2
1
0
2 2
1
0
2
0
2
dx
d
U
dx
d
U
d
dx
d
U
d
dx
d
U
dy
U
u
U
u
dx
d
U
2

dx
d
U
2


2
5
1

En the other han$ the shear stress !an be !al!#late b"

0

y
2
y
u

.
*n y
U
u
y
U
u

$ th#s
( )
( )
0
0
0
1

,
_

y
y
y
2
U
y
y
U
y
U
y

U
2

&omparing 7e-#ating) this shear stress e-#ation >ith the previo#s shear stress expression$
dx
d
U
U
4

2
5
1

con*/ x
U
dx
U
d
dx
U
d
U dx
d
+

5
2
1
5
5
1 5
2
=hen x = 0$ = 0 con*/ = 0.
Ghosh - 550 Page 11 2/21/2014
x
x
U
x
U
2
2
12 12

x
Ux

12
( ) 0

x x
Ux
x
Ae
45 . )
Ae
12 12

S2in fri!tion !oeffi!ient is efine as

2
2
1
U
(
2
f

.
0sing the res#lt obtaine above$
1
]
1

x
U dx
d
dx
d
U
dx
d
U
(
f

12
)
1
)
1
2
1
5
1
2
2

Ux
Ux
x U
12
5
1
12
5
1
1
2
1 12
)
1

x x
f
(
Ae
566 . 0
Ae
1
5
12

5. &riti!al *ssessment
0is problem dealt wit linear %elocity profile as an approximate solution' 0e results
obtained are rou&' ;owe%er te exercise illustrates te use of te momentum inte&ral
metod' Practice tis metod wit oter types of approximated %elocity profile- suc as
parabolic- sinusoidal- < etc'
Ghosh - 550 Page 12 2/21/2014
Example =' (Friction 4ra& $alculation):
Water at 15 C flows o%er a flat plate at a speed of 1 m/s' 0e plate is 0.4 m lon& and 1 m
wide' 0e boundary layer on eac surface of te plate is laminar' ,ssume tat te %elocity
profile may be approximated as linear' 4etermine te dra& force on te plate'
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
=or2ing fl#i is >ater at ' = 15 ( = 555 $%/&
"
F = 1.16 10
!"
7*/&
2
U = 1 &/*
L = 0.6 &
4 = 1 &
The bo#nar" la"er on ea!h s#rfa!e of the plate is laminar
Delo!it" profile is linear 7ass#ming approximatel")
b) %in
'rag for!e on the plate
2. S"stem 'iagram
). *ss#mptions
Stea" state !onition
(n!ompressible fl#i flo>
+aminar bo#nar" la"er
4. Governing ,-#ations
S2in fri!tion !oeffi!ient efinition3
2
2
1
U
(
2
f

Ae"nols n#mber efinition for a flat plate3

Ux
x
Ae
5. 'etaile Sol#tion
=e 2no> that for a linear velo!it" profile

y
U
u
$
x
f
(
Ae
566 . 0

U = 1 &/*
L = 0.6 &
Ghosh - 550 Page 1) 2/21/2014
,-#ating this res#lt an the efinition of s2in fri!tion !oeffi!ient$
2
2
1
Ae
566 . 0
U
(
2
x
f

x
2
U
Ae
566 . 0
2
1
2

Ux
U
2
566 . 0
2
1
2

'rag for!e on one sie of the plate is given b"

p
.
2 8
d. 9
.
Sin!e d. = 2 dx an 0 x L$
dx 2 d. 9
L
2
.
2 8
p


0

.
L
L
L
8
x
x
2 U
dx
x x
2 U
dx 2
Ux
U 9
0
2
1
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
566 . 0
1 1
2
566 . 0
566 . 0
2
1
1
]
1

L
x
2 U 9
8
2
1
2
566 . 0
2

Pl#g in val#es into this expression obtaine above for 98$ )894 . 0
8
9 ..
%or both sies of the plate
669 . 0 2
$

8 'o/al 8
9 9
..
5. &riti!al *ssessment
Problem says- >te boundary layer on eac surface of te plate is laminar'> "et us
double ceck tat tis is true'
05 . 592 Ae

UL
L
<< 500,000 = Rec Ob%iously it is a laminar flow'
()ote: 0is problem could be sol%ed by first obtainin& te O%erall #kin Friction
$oefficient- f
(
' 7n tat case- te calculation will proceed by obtainin&
dx x (
L
(
f f
) 7
1

- were te inte&ration limits will be set at x ? * and x ? "'

0en

f
(
f 2
( U .
2
1
2

2 2 8
. 9 . 2
- were- ,w (?W'") indicates te wet
area on eac face of te plate')
Ghosh - 550 Page 14 2/21/2014
Example @' (Power $alculation usin& Friction 4ra&):
, flat8bottomed bar&e- !5 m lon& and 10 m wide- submer&ed to a dept of 1.5 m- is to be
pused up a ri%er at te rate of 8 "m/#' Estimate te power re!uired to o%ercome skin
friction if te water temperature is 15 C'
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
L = 25 &
4 = 10 &
8 = 1.5 &
) = , $&/:r = 2.222 &/*
=or2ing fl#i is >ater at ' = 15 ( = 555 $%/&
"
F = 1.16 10
!"
7*/&
2
b) %in
Po>er re-#ire to over!ome s2in fri!tion
2. S"stem 'iagram
). *ss#mptions
1oel a flat-bottome barge as a flat plate
Stea" state !onition
(n!ompressible fl#i flo>
.egle!t separation
4. Governing ,-#ations
=ater line
)
4
L
8
Ghosh - 550 Page 15 2/21/2014
'rag &oeffi!ient 'efinition3
. )
9
(
8
8
2
2
1

5. 'etaile Sol#tion
%irst of all$ !al!#late Ae"nols n#mber3
( )( )( )
( )
6
2 )
)
10 86 . 4
/ 10 14 . 1
25 / 222 . 2 / 999
Ae

& * 7
& * & & $% )L
L

Transition of laminar to t#rb#lent flo> o!!#rs at

cr
cr
)x

5
10 5 Ae
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
&
* & & $%
& * 7
)
x
cr
25568 . 0
/ 222 . 2 / 999
/ 10 14 . 1 10 5 10 5
)
2 ) 5 5

GG 25 &
This xcr sho>s that the effe!t of laminar flo> is negligible' 7t can be said tat te flow is
turbulent from te leadin& ed&e'
%or Ae+ G 10
9
$ the empiri!al e-#ation given b" S!hli!hting
( )
58 . 2
Ae log
455 . 0
L
8
(
fits experimental ata ver" >ell.
%ri!tion for!e is 7from the efinition of rag !oeffi!ient)
( )
58 . 2
2 2
Ae log
455 . 0
2
1
2
1
L
8 8
. ) ( . ) 9
( )
) . ) ) 9
L
8

58 . 2
2
Ae log
455 . 0
2
1

$ >here * is the >ette area$ . = L4#2(L8).

%inall"$
( ) [ ]
( )
) 8 L 4 L )
L
+
58 . 2
2
Ae log
455 . 0
2
2
1

Pl#g in val#es into this expression = 6200., 4 = 6.20 $4

5. &riti!al *ssessment
4ra& coefficient must be cosen dependin& upon te %alue of Aeynolds number for a
particular flow condition' #ome of $4 expressions are deri%ed by analytical calculation-
and oters are empirical formulas.
Ghosh - 550 Page 15 2/21/2014
Example B' (Flow #eparation $aracteristics):
0wo ypotetical boundary8layer %elocity profiles are sown' Obtain an expression for te
momentum flux of eac profile' 7f te two profiles were subCected to te same pressure
&radient conditions- wic would be more likely to separate firstD WyD
1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
T>o h"potheti!al bo#nar"-la"er velo!it" profiles
b) %in
,xpression for the moment#m fl#x of ea!h profile
=hi!h >o#l be more li2el" to separate first if the t>o profiles >ere s#bHe!te to the
same press#re graient !onitionsI *n >h"I
2. S"stem 'iagram
). *ss#mptions
Stea" state !onition
(n!ompressible fl#i flo>
4. Governing ,-#ations
U

(a)
U
u

(b)
2
2
,
_

,
_

y y
U
u
U

(a)
U
u

(b)
2
2
,
_

,
_

y y
U
u

y
U
u

Ghosh - 550 Page 16 2/21/2014

'efinition of 1oment#m %l#x 7&f)
( ) . d ) ) &f d


Ghosh - 550 Page 18 2/21/2014
5. 'etaile Sol#tion
Sin!e the flo> is 1 - ' 7positive x ire!tion) an d. = 2 dy$ the moment#m e-#ation !an be
>ritten as
( ) dy 2 u u d. u u &f d





0 0
dy 2 u u dy 2 u u &f
The integran is essentiall" ;ero for " .
+inear Delo!it" Profile
y
U
u
y
U
u


dy 2 y
U
y
U
&f
linear

,
_

,
_

0
)
2
2
0
2
2
2
)
1
1
]
1

y 2
U
dy y 2
U
%inall"$
)
2
2 U
&f
linear
.
Paraboli! Delo!it" Profile
2
2
,
_

,
_

y y
U
u
+et

y
. Then
2
2
U
u
an dy d

1
( ) x .
.o>$
( ) [ ]

d U 2
d U 2
d u 2
d 2 u u
dy 2 u u &f
parabolic

+




1
0
4 ) 2 2
1
0
2
2
1
0
2
1
0
0
4 4
2
Ghosh - 550 Page 19 2/21/2014
1
0
5 4 ) 2
5
1
)
4
1
]
1

+ U 2
%inall"$
15
8
2
2 U
&f
parabolic
.
Wic separates firstD
Separation o!!#rs >hen the moment#m of fl#i la"ers near the s#rfa!e is re#!e to ;ero b"
the !ombine a!tion of press#re an vis!o#s for!es.
*s sho>n in this fig#re belo>$ the moment#m of the fl#i near the s#rfa!e is greater for the
paraboli! velo!it" profile.
E#r previo#s !al!#lation also sho>s
)
2
2 U
&f
linear
G
15
8
2
2 U
&f
parabolic
.
&onse-#entl"$ the paraboli! velo!it" profile is better able to resist separation in the same
press#re graient !onition.
+inear velo!it" profile >o#l separate first.
5. &riti!al *ssessment
Ae%iew and understand ow te flow separation occurs' Flow separation occurs only
wen tere exists an ad%erse pressure &radient'
Example E' (0erminal Velocity $alculation):
, small spere ($ = % mm) is obser%ed to fall trou& caster oil at a terminal speed of %0
mm/s' 0e temperature is !0 C' $ompute te dra& coefficient for te spere' 4etermine te
density of te spere' 7f dropped in water- would te spere fall slower or fasterD WyD
0 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Velocity Profiles
Linear
Parabolic
u/U
y
/

0 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Momentun-Flux Profiles
Linear
Parabolic
(u/U)
2
y
/

Ghosh - 550 Page 20 2/21/2014

1. Statement of the Problem
a) Given
8 = 6 && = 0.006 &
=or2ing fl#i is !aster oil at ' = 20 ( -.;.oil = 0.565 F oil = 0.5 7*/&
2
)/ = 60 &&/* = 0.06 &/*
b) %in
'rag !oeffi!ient for the sphere
'ensit" of the sphere
(f roppe in >ater$ >o#l the sphere fall slo>er or fasterI =h"I
2. S"stem 'iagram
). *ss#mptions
Stea" state !onition
(n!ompressible fl#i flo>
4. Governing ,-#ations
'rag &oeffi!ient 'efinition3
. )
9
(
8
8
2
2
1

.e>ton@s Se!on +a>3

9
d/
1 d

$ >here
1

is moment#m.
=hen the mass is !onstant$

9 a &

1 - ' in y ire!tion

y y
9 &a
Ae"nols .#mber for Sphere3

)8
8
Ae
8
)
/
(a*/er oil a/ ' = 20(
Ghosh - 550 Page 21 2/21/2014
5. 'etaile Sol#tion
'rag &oeffi!ient
%irst of all$ !al!#late Ae"nols n#mber3
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( )
2
)
/ 9 . 0
005 . 0 / 05 . 0 / 1000 959 . 0 . .
Ae
& * 7
& * & & $% 8 ) ; - 8 )
/ 2a/er oil / oil
8

<e8 = 0.",6 = 1 There is no flo> separation from a sphere. The >a2e is laminar an the
rag is preominantl" fri!tion rag.
Sto2es has sho>n anal"ti!all"$ for ver" lo> Ae"nols n#mber flo>s >here inertia for!es ma"
be negle!te$ that rag for!e on a sphere of iameter '$ moving spee D$ thro#gh a fl#i of
vis!osit" $ is given b"
)8 9
8
)
The rag !oeffi!ient$ &'$ is then
8
8
8
)8
8 )
)8
. )
9
(
Ae
24 24
4 2
1
)
2
1
2 2 2

1
]
1

7.ote3 %or sphere$ the area$ *$ is H#st a !ross-se!tional area$ >hi!h is

2
4
8

.)
Th#s$
92 . 51
)865 . 0
24
Ae
24

8
8
(
'ensit" of the Sphere
Free (ody 4ia&ram
The sphere rea!he the terminal spee ay = 0

y y
9 &a

4 9 9
B 8
+ 0
% ) % ) 8 )
* * * oil / oil
+ ) 0
% )
% ) 8 )
*
* oil / oil
*

)
4
9
8
9
B
y
% ) &% 4
* *

8 ) 9
/ oil 8
)
% ) 4 9
* oil
di*placed
oil B

Ghosh - 550 Page 22 2/21/2014
( )
%
8
%
8
; - 8 )
2a/er oil / oil
*

1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

)
)
2 )
4
2 )
4
. . )

*fter pl#g in val#es into this expression$ * = "21 $%/&

"
.
7f dropped in water <
(f the >or2ing fl#i is >ater at ' = 20 ( 2 = 55, $%/&
"
F 2 = 1 10
!"
7*/&
2
4e!a#se 2 = 1 10
!"
7*/&
2
GG oil = 0.5 7*/&
2
$ the a#thor g#esses the sphere rops faster
in >ater than in !aster oil.
(f it@s faster an 2 GG oil $
)865 . 0 Ae Ae >>
oil
8
2a/er
8
.
98 = ")8 !annot be #se be!a#se the e-#ation >or2s onl" for ver" lo> Ae"nols
n#mber >hi!h >e on@t 2no> >hether this is appropriate or not an" more for this !ase.
.o>$ g#ess a val#e of (8 from %ig#re 9.11 7'rag !oeffi!ient of a smooth sphere as a f#n!tion
of Ae"nols n#mber) an !al!#late )/4. Then !al!#late <e8 an verif" the !hosen (8 >as
appropriate or not.
G#ess (8 = 0.6
8 /4 2 8
( . ) 9
2
2
1

%ree 4o" 'iagram 7again)

The sphere rea!hes a ne> terminal spee$ )/4 ay = 0

y y
9 &a

4 9 9
B 8
+ 0
% ) % ) ( . )
* * * 2 8 /4 2
+
2
2
1
0
4
9
8
9
B
y
% ) &% 4
* *

8 /4 2 8
( . ) 9
2
2
1

% ) 4 9
* 2
di*placed
2a/er B

Ghosh - 550 Page 2) 2/21/2014
( )
( )
8 2
2 *
8 2
* 2 *
/4
( 8
%
8
.(
% )
)

1
]
1

1
1
]
1

,
_

2
)
4 2
1
2 )
4
2
1

*fter pl#gging val#es into this expression$ )/4 = 0."2 &/*.
=ith this ne> terminal spee$ Ae"nols n#mber is
4)8) Ae
2
/4 2
8
8 )

.
%ig#re 9.11 sa"s >hen (8 = 0.6$ <e8 6 10
"
$ >hi!h is abo#t right for this !ase. This sho>s
the ne> terminal spee is a vali n#mber.
)/4 = 0."2 &/* > )/ = 0.06 &/* The sphere rops faster in >ater than in !aster oil.
5. &riti!al *ssessment
4ra& coefficient depends upon te %alue of Aeynolds number' (e careful wit coosin&
a ri&t $4 dependin& on a particular flow condition'