Basic Grammar of English Gramtica Bsica de Ingls

1. 2. 3. . %. (. ). *. -. 1/. 11. 12. 13. 1 . Verbos Irregulares en Ingls Simbologa Gramtica !iem"os #asi$os El &d'eti$o El &d$erbio El &rtculo #ronombres + &d'eti$os ,emostrati$os #ronombres .elati$os #ronombres #ersonales #re"osiciones Bsicas !i"s "ara traducir Verbos 0om"uestos Bibliografa VE.B1S I..EG23&.ES E4 I4G35S #&S&,1 #&.!I0I#I1 !.&,200I:4 SI9#3E #&S&,1 Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz Beat Beat Beaten Golpear Become Became Become Llegar a Ser Begin Began Begun Empezar Bend Bent Bent Doblar Bet Bet Bet Apostar Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar Bid Bid Bid u!ar Bite Bit Bitten "order Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar Blow Blew Blown Soplar Break Broke Broken #omper Breed Bred Bred $riar Bring Broug%t Broug%t &raer Llevar Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast #adiar Build Built Built Edi'icar Burn Burnt /Burned Burnt / Burned (uemar Burst Burst Burst #eventar Bu) Boug%t Boug%t $omprar $ast $ast $ast Arro!ar $atc% $aug%t $aug%t $oger $ome $ame $ome *enir $ost $ost $ost $ostar $ut $ut $ut $ortar $%oose $%ose $%osen Elegir I46I4I!IV1 7Base 6orm8 Arise

$ling $reep Deal Dig Do +Does, Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat /all /eed /eel /ig%t /ind /lee /l) /orbid /orget /orgive /reeze Get Give Go +Goes, Grow Grind -ang -ave -ear -ide -it -old -urt 2eep 2now 2neel 2nit La) Lead Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Lig%t Lose "ake "ean

$lung $rept Dealt Dug Did Drew Dreamt / Dreamed Drank Drove Ate /ell /ed /elt /oug%t /ound /led /lew /orbade /orgot /orgave /roze Got Gave Went Grew Ground -ung -ad -eard -id -it -eld -urt 2ept 2new 2nelt 2nit Laid Led Leant Leapt Learnt / Learned Le't Lent Let La) Lit Lost "ade "eant

$lung $rept Dealt Dug Done Drawn Dreamt / Dreamed Drunk Driven Eaten /allen /ed /elt /oug%t /ound /led /lown /orbidden /orgotten /orgiven /rozen Got / Gotten Given Gone Grown Ground -ung -ad -eard -idden -it -eld -urt 2ept 2nown 2nelt 2nit Laid Led Leant Leapt Learnt / Learned Le't Lent Let Lain Lit Lost "ade "eant

Agarrarse Arrastrarse &ratar $avar -acer Dibu!ar So.ar Beber $onducir $omer $aer Alimentar Sentir Luc%ar Encontrar -uir *olar ro%ibir 0lvidar erdonar -elar 0btener Dar 1r $recer "oler $olgar -aber o &ener 0ir 0cultar Golpear Agarrar $elebrar -erir $onservar Saber $onocer Arrodillarse -acer punto oner $onducir Apo)arse Brincar Aprender De!ar restar ermitir Ec%arse Encender erder -acer Signi'icar

"eet "istake 0vercome a) ut #ead #ide #ing #ise #un Sa) See Seek Sell Send Set Sew S%ake S%ear S%ine S%oot S%ow S%rink S%ut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Slide Smell Sow Speak Speed Spell Spend Spill Spin Spit Split Spoil Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Stink Stride Strike Swear

"et "istook 0vercame aid ut #ead #ode #ang #ose #an Said Saw Soug%t Sold Sent Set Sewed S%ook S%ore S%one S%ot S%owed S%rank S%ut Sang Sank Sat Slept Slid Smelt Sowed Spoke Sped Spelt Spent Spilt / Spilled Spun Spat Split Spoilt / Spoiled Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stank/Stunk Strode Struck Swore

"et "istaken 0vercome aid ut #ead #idden #ung #isen #un Said Seen Soug%t Sold Sent Set Sewed / Sewn S%aken S%orn S%one S%ot S%own S%runk S%ut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Slid Smelt Sowed / Sown Spoken Sped Spelt Spent Spilt / Spilled Spun Spat Split Spoilt / Spoiled Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk Stridden Struck Sworn

Encontrar E3uivocar *encer agar oner Leer "ontar Llamar Levantarse $orrer Decir *er Buscar *ender Enviar oner+se, $oser Sacudir Es3uilar Brillar Disparar "ostrar Encogerse $errar $antar -undir Sentarse Dormir #esbalar 0ler Sembrar -ablar Acelerar Deletrear Gastar Derramar -ilar Escupir -ender / partir / ra!ar Estropear E4tender Saltar Estar en pie #obar egar Engomar icar Apestar Dar zancadas Golpear 5urar

Sweat Sweep Swell Swim Swing &ake &eac% &ear &ell &%ink &%row &%rust &read 7nderstand 7ndergo 7ndertake Wake Wear Weave Weep Wet Win Wind Wit%draw Wring Write

Sweat Swept Swelled Swam Swung &ook &aug%t &ore &old &%oug%t &%rew &%rust &rod 7nderstood 7nderwent 7ndertook Woke Wore Wove Wept Wet Won Wound Wit%drew Wrung Wrote

Sweat Swept Swollen Swum Swung &aken &aug%t &orn &old &%oug%t &%rown &%rust &rodden 7nderstood 7ndergone 7ndertaken Woken Worn Woven Wept Wet Won Wound Wit%drawn Wrung Written

Sudar Barrer -inc%ar 6adar $olumpiarse $oger Ense.ar #asgar Decir ensar Arro!ar &irar 1ntroducir isar, %ollar Entender Su'rir Emprender Despertarse Llevar puesto &e!er Llorar "o!ar Ganar Enrollar #etirarse &orcer Escribir

SI9B131G;& Esta simbolog8a es para comprender los cuadros gramaticales del ingl9s: S< Su!eto %e, we, )ou, etc: V; *erbo 0; $omplemento &u=; au4iliar %ave, do, will: 4eg; negativo <6ot: !o be; am, are, is / was, were: V7ing8; verbo en gerundio: V7"."8; verbo en participio pasado: E'em"lo;

Auxiliar Will

Negacin Not

Verbo sin to
Base Form

S=Au4 +will,=6eg=* + base 'orm ,=$ S%e = will = not = travel = to t%e Brazil

Sujeto She

Complement o

G.&9>!I0& #resente Sim"le< &6I.9&!IV1 S=* +base 'orm,=$ 1 >ou We &%e) eat -e S%e 1t eats 4EG&!IV1 S=Au4 +do,=6eg=* +base 'orm,=$ 1 >ou We &%e) Do not eat -e S%e 1t Does not eat

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4 +do,=S=* + base 'orm ,=$=? Do 4ota; E4iste una e4cepci@n en la tercera persona, se a.ade una < s al 'inal del verbo: $uando el verbo termina en <s, <ss, <s%, <o, <c%, <4 se a.ade la terminaci@n ?@esA: E'em"lo; to 'i4 < 'i4es $uando el verbo termina en A)B precedida de consonante cambia la A)B por ?iesAC ) cuando el verbo termina en A)B precedida por una vocal +a,e,i,o,u, Dnicamente se a.ade la ?sA: E'em"lo; to stud) E studies to bu) E bu)s ara construir la 'orma negativa e interrogativa en presente simple se recurre al verbo ?to doA 3ue realiza una 'unci@n au4iliar: En la tercera persona la 'orma AdoB cambia a ?doesA: #asado Sim"le< &6I.9&!IV1 S=* +pasado,=$ 1 >ou We &%e) -e S%e 1t 4EG&!IV1 S=Au4 +did,=6eg=* + base 'orm ,=$ 1 -e did >ou S%e did not not We 1t stud) stud) &%e) 1 >ou We &%e) Eat? Does -e S%e 1t Eat?

studied

studied

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4 +did,=S=* + base 'orm ,=$=? Did 4ota; El pasado simple 'unciona con el au4iliar ?didA para todas las personas +incluida la tercera persona singular F%e/s%e/itF,: En la 'orma a'irmativa, el au4iliar AdidB no aparece para ello se emplea en su lugar la terminaci@n ?edA, esta es la 'orma de pasado para todos los A*erbos #egularesB: 1 >ou We &%e) stud)? Did -e S%e 1t stud)?

Si el verbo termina en <d o <t, se le pone <ed como s8laba aparteC si el verbo termina en < e, se le pone s@lo EdC si el verbo termina en A)B precedida de consonante la A)B cambia por una < i < ) se a.ade BedC si el verbo termina en A)B precedida de una vocal +a,e,i,o,u, la A)B no cambia ) se a.ade Dnicamente Bed: E'em"lo; to gra't E gra'ted to stud) E studies to pla) E pla)s 6uturo Sim"le< &6I.9&!IV1 S=Au4 +will,=* + base 'orm , =$ 1 -e >ou will S%e will We travel 1t travel &%e) 4EG&!IV1 S=Au4 +will,=6eg=* + base 'orm ,=$ 1 -e >ou will not S%e will not We travel 1t travel &%e)

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4 +will,=S=* + base 'orm ,=$=? Will 4ota; #resente Sim"le 0ontinuo< &6I.9&!IV1 S= be +pres: Simpl:,=* +ing,=$ 1 am walking >ou We &%e) are walking -e S%e 1t is walking 4EG&!IV1 S= be +pres: Simpl:,=6eg=* +ing,=$ 1 am not walking -e is not S%e >ou walking are not 1t We walking &%e) 1 >ou We &%e) travel? Will -e S%e 1t travel?

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Be +pres: simpl:,=S=* +ing,=$=? Am 1 walking? >ou We walking? &%e) 1s -e S%e 1t walking?

Are 4ota;

#asado Sim"le 0ontinuo< &6I.9&!IV1 4EG&!IV1 S= be +pasd: simpl:,=* +ing, S= be +pasd: simpl:,=6eg=* +ing, =$ =$ 1 was driving 1 was not driving -e -e was was not >ou >ou were S%e were not S%e driving We driving We 1t 1t driving driving &%e) &%e) I4!E..1G&0I:4 Be +pasd: simpl:,=S=* +ing,=$=? Was 1 driving? >ou We driving? &%e) Was -e S%e 1t driving?

Were 4ota;

6uturo Sim"le 0ontinuo< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4+will,= be+base 'orm,=* +ing,=$ 1 will be lending >o u We &% e) will be lendin g -e S%e 1t Will be lending 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4+will,=6eg=be+base 'orm,=* +ing,=$ 1 will not be lending will >o -e not u S%e be will not W 1t lendin be e g lending &% e)

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4 +will,=S=be +base 'orm,=* +ing,=$=? Will 1 be lending? Will 4ota; #resente #erfecto< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as,=* + :p, =$ 1 %ave boug%t >ou We &%e ) %ave boug%t +)ouGv e, -e S% e 1t %as boug%t +%eGs, 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as,=6eg=* + :p, =$ 1 %ave not boug%t -e %as not S% >ou %ave not boug%t e We boug%t +%asnGt, 1t &%e +%avenGt, ) >ou We &%e) Be lending? Will -e S%e 1t be lending?

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ave/%as,=S=* + :p,=$=? -ave 1 boug%t? -av e >ou We &%e) boug%t ? -as -e S%e 1t boug%t?

4ota; El presente per'ecto, se 'orma con Ato %aveB a modo de au4iliar ) el verbo en participio pasado: En la tercera persona se emplea el A%asB: #asado #erfecto< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=* + :p,=$ 1 %ad boug%t +1Gd, %ad -e boug% >ou S%e %ad t We 1t boug%t +%eGd, &%e +)ouHd, ) 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=6eg=* + :p,=$ 1 %ad not boug%t -e %ad not >o S% %ad not boug%t u e boug%t +%adnGt, We 1t +%adnGt, &%e ) I4!E..1G&0I:4

-ad 4ota; 6uturo #erfecto<

Au4:+%ad,=S=* + :p,=$=? -ad 1 boug%t? -e >ou S%e boug%t -ad We 1t ? &%e)

Boug%t?

&6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=+%ave,=* + :p,=$ 1 will %ave will boug%t %ave -e boug will S% >ou %t %ave e We +%eGll boug%t 1t &%e %ave +)ouHll ) , %ave,

4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=6eg=+%ave,=* + :p,=$ 1 will not %ave boug%t will not will not -e %ave >ou %ave S%e boug%t We boug%t 1t +wonGt &%e +wonGt %ave, ) %ave,

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+will,=S=+%ave,=* + :p,=$=? Will 1 %ave boug%t? -e >ou %ave Will S%e We boug%t? 1t &%e)

Will

%ave boug%t?

4ota; #resente #erfecto 0ontinuo< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as,=be+ :p, =*+ing,=$ 1 %ave been %as selling been -e sellin >o %ave S% g u been e +%eGs We selling 1t been &%e +)ouHve , ) been, 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as,=6eg=be+ :p, =*+ing,=$ 1 %ave not been %ave selling not -e %ave not been >ou S%e been selling We 1t selling +%asnGt &%e +%avenGt been, ) been,

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ave/%as,=S=be+ :p,=*+ing,= $=? -ave 1 been selling? -e >ou -as S%e been selling? We 1t &%e)

-av e 4ota;

been selling?

#asado #erfecto 0ontinuo< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=be+ :p,=*+ing, =$ 1 %ad been %ad selling been -e sellin >o %ad S% g u been e +%eGd We selling 1t been &%e +)ouHd , ) been, 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=6eg=be+ :p, =*+ing,=$ 1 %ad not been %ad selling not -e %ad not been >ou S%e been selling We 1t selling +%adnGt &%e +%adnGt been, ) been,

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ad,=S=be+ :p,=*+ing,= $=? -ad 1 been selling? -e >ou been -ad S%e We selling? 1t &%e)

-ad 4ota;

been selling?

6uturo #erfecto 0ontinuo< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=+%ave,=be+ :p, =*+ing,=$ 1 will %ave been will selling %ave been will %ave -e sellin S% >ou been g e We selling +%eGll 1t &%e +)ouHll %ave ) %ave been been, , 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=6eg=+%ave, =be+ :p,=*+ing,=$ 1 will not %ave been selling will -e not will not >o S% %ave %ave been u e been selling We 1t sellin +wonGt %ave &% g been, e)

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+will,=S=+%ave,=be+ :p,=*+ing,=$=? Will 1 %ave been selling? -e >ou Will S%e %ave been Will We 1t selling? &%e) 4ota; %ave been selling?

!IE9#1S #&SIV1S La voz pasiva de un verbo activo se 'orma poniendo el verbo tobe en el mismo tiempo 3ue el verbo activo ) a.adiendo el participio pasado del verbo activo, es decir 3ue el su!eto de un verbo en pasivo corresponde al ob!eto de un verbo en activo: E'em"lo; -e Crote t%is book in IJKL +&cti$o , &%is book Cas Critten in IJKL +#asi$o, ?b+A< esta preposici@n se usa para decir 3ui9n %ac8a la acci@n o 3ue la causaba, por e!emplo; $rist@bal $ol@n discovered America in IMJN +&cti$o , America Cas disco$ered b+ $rist@bal $ol@n in IMJN +#asi$o, #resente Sim"le 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= to be+present,=* + :p,=$ 1 am spoken %ere >ou are We spoke &%e n %ere ) -e S% e 1t is spoke n %ere 4EG&!IV1 S= to be +present,=6eg=* + :p,=$ 1 am not spoken %ere >ou are not We spoken &%e %ere ) -e S% e 1t is spoken %ere

I4!E..1G&0I:4 &o be +present,=S=* + :p,=$=? Am 1 spoken %ere? Are 4ota; #asado Sim"le 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= to be+past,=* + :p,=$ 1 was spoken %ere >ou were We spoke &%e n %ere ) -e S% e 1t was spoke n %ere 4EG&!IV1 S= to be+past,=6eg=* + :p,=$ 1 was not spoken %ere >ou were not We spoken &%e %ere ) -e S% e 1t was spoken %ere >ou We &%e) spoken %ere? 1s -e S%e 1t spoken %ere?

I4!E..1G&0I:4 to be+past,=S=* + :p,=$=? Was 1 spoken %ere? Wer e 4ota; 6uturo Sim"le 7#asi$o8< >ou We &%e) spoken %ere? Was -e S%e 1t spoken %ere?

&6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=+to be,=* + :p,=$ 1 will be told soon -e will S% be >ou will be e told We told 1t soon &%e soon )

4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=6eg=+to be,=* + :p,=$ 1 will not be told soon will not -e be told will not >ou S%e soon be told We 1t +wonGt soon &%e be, +wonGt be, )

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+will,=S=+to be,=* + :p,=$=? Will 1 be told soon? -e >ou be told Will S%e We soon? 1t &%e)

Will 4ota;

be told soon?

6uturo Sim"le con 7going to8 #asi$o< &6I.9&!IV1 S= to be= going to be=* + :p,=$ 1 am going to is be made -e goin S% g to >ou are e be We going 1t mad &%e to be e ) made 4EG&!IV1 S= to be=6eg=going to be=* + :p,=$ 1 am not going to be made is not -e going >ou are not S%e to be We going to 1t made &%e be made )

I4!E..1G&0I:4 &o be=S=going to be=* + :p,=$=? Am 1 going to be made? -e going to be >ou going to be 1s S%e made? Are We made? 1t &%e) 4ota; #resente 0ontinuo 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= to be+present,=being=* + :p,=$ 1 am being painted -e is S%e being >ou are 1t painted We being &%e) painted 4EG&!IV1 S= to be+present, =6eg=being =* + :p,=$ 1 am not being painted -e is not being >ou are not S%e 1t painted We being &%e) painted

I4!E..1G&0I:4 &o be +present,= S=being=* +p:p,=$=? Am 1 being painted? >ou Are We being painted? &%e) 4ota; #asado 0ontinuo 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= to be+past,=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 was being painted -e 4EG&!IV1 S= to be+past, =6eg=being =* +p:p,=$ 1 am not being painted -e 1s -e S%e 1t being painted?

>ou We &%e)

were being painted

S%e 1t

was being painted

>ou We &%e)

were not being painted

S%e 1t

was not being painted

I4!E..1G&0I:4 &o be +past ,=S=being =* +p:p,=$=? Was 1 being painted? Were 4ota; 6uturo 0ontinuo 7"asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=be=being=* + :p, =$ 1 will be being told -e will be S% >ou being e We will be told 1t &%e being told ) 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=6eg=be=being=* + :p,=$ 1 will not be being told -e will not S% be >ou will not e being We be being 1t told &%e told ) >ou We &%e) being painted? Was -e S%e 1t being painted?

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+will,=S=be=being=* + :p,=$=? Will 1 be being told? -e >ou be being Will S%e We told? 1t &%e)

Will 4ota;

be being told?

#resente #erfecto 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as,=been=* +p:p,=$ 1 %ave been told -e %as S% >ou been %ave e We told been 1t &%e told ) 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as, =6eg =been =* +p:p,=$ 1 %ave not been told -e S% %as not >ou %ave not e been told We been told 1t &%e )

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ave/%as,=S=been=* +p:p,=$=? -ave 1 been told? -as -e been told?

-av e 4ota; #asado #erfecto 7#asi$o8<

>ou We &%e)

been told?

S%e 1t

&6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=been=* +p:p, =$ 1 %ad been spent -e %ad S% >ou been %ad e We spent been 1t &%e spent )

4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad, =6eg =been =* +p:p, =$ 1 %ad not been spent -e %ad not S% >ou %ad not been e We been spent 1t &%e spent )

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ad,=S=been=* +p:p,=$=? -ad 1 been spent? -ad 4ota; >ou We &%e) been spent? -ad -e S%e 1t been spent?

6uturo #erfecto 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+will, =%ave/%as=been=* +p:p,=$ 1 will %ave been won -e will S% %as >ou will e been We %ave 1t won &%e been ) won 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+will,=%ave/%as=6eg =been =* +p:p,=$ 1 will %ave not been won -e will %as S% >ou will %ave not been e We not been won 1t &%e won )

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+will,=S =%ave/%as=been=* +p:p,=$=? Will 1 %ave been won? Will 4ota; #resente #erfecto 0ontinuo 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ave/%as, =been=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 %ave been being told -e %as S% been >ou %ave e being We been 1t told &%e being ) told 4EG&!IV1 S=Au4:+%ave/%as, =6eg=been=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 %ave not been being told -e %as not S% been >ou %ave not e being We been 1t told &%e being told ) >ou We &%e) %ave been won? Will -e S%e 1t %as been won?

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ave/%as,=S=been=being=* +p:p,=$=? -ave 1 been told? -av e 4ota; #asado #erfecto 0ontinuo 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=been=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 %ad been %ad being spent -e been 4EG&!IV1 S= Au4:+%ad,=6eg=been=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 %ad not been %ad not being spent -e been >ou We &%e) been being told? -as -e S%e 1t been being told?

>ou We &%e )

%ad been being spent

S% e 1t

being spent

>ou We &%e )

%ad not been being spent

S% e 1t

being spent

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+%ad,=S=been=being=* +p:p,=$=? -ad 1 been spent? -ad 4ota; 6uturo #erfecto 0ontinuo 7#asi$o8< &6I.9&!IV1 S=Au4:+will, =%ave/%as=been=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 will %ave been being will won -e %as S% will been >ou e %ave being We 1t been won &%e being ) won 4EG&!IV1 S=Au4:+will,=%ave/%as=6eg =been=being=* +p:p,=$ 1 will %ave not been being won >ou We &%e ) will %ave not been being won >ou We &%e) been being spent? -ad -e S%e 1t been being spent?

-e S% e 1t

will %as not been being won

I4!E..1G&0I:4 Au4:+will,=S =%ave/%as=been=being=* +p:p,=$=? Will 1 %ave been being won? Will 4ota; E3 &,DE!IV1 El Ad!etivo se coloca antes del sustantivo 3ue modi'ica, no varia segDn el g9nero o nDmero: ero e4iste algunas e4cepciones donde el Ad!etivo va despu9s del sustantivo + to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to seem, to smell, to sound y to taste , E'em"lo; a good book 1t tastes nice E3 &,VE.BI1 Los Adverbios son palabras 3ue no var8an segDn el g9nero o nDmero: Los Adverbios matizan, modi'ican el signi'icado del verbo, sustantivo, ad!etivo o adverbio: Se 'orma a.adiendo la terminaci@n ?@l+A +angr) E angril),C tambi9n e4isten adverbios parecidos al ad!etivo +earl) E earl), ) los 3ue no derivan de otra palabra +%ere, soon,: >ou We &%e) %ave been being won? Will -e S%e 1t %as been being won?

E3 &.!;0231 Son art8culo de'inido ) art8culo inde'inido: E3 &rtculo ,efinido; es una palabra 3ue 'unciona como un ad!etivo el cual esta puesto antes del sustantivo, cali'icando o limitOndolo: Este art8culo es ?!EEA 3ue es invariable en nDmero ) g9nero: Es usado para re'erirse a sustantivos en sentido espec8'ico ) es omitido cuando se re'iere a sustantivos en sentido general, cuando se re'iere a pa8ses o t9rminos geogrO'icos, cuando se re'iere a iglesias, escuelas, prisiones, %ospitales ) otros lugares pDblicos, delante de nombres de sustancias, colores e idiomas, con los meses, estaciones del a.o, semanas, a.os, cuando se toma como re'erencia el tiempo actual ) con los d8as de la semana ) %oras: El &rtculo Indefinido; es una palabra 3ue 'unciona como un ad!etivo el cual se pone antes de un sustantivo, cali'icando as8 este sustantivo: Este art8culo es ?&A ) cambia a ?&4A cuando la palabra 3ue se sigue empieza por una vocal: Este art8culo es invariable a los g9neros: Se usa para designar pro'esiones ) con determinadas e4presiones num9ricas: #.1419B.ES F &,DE!IV1S ,E91S!.&!IV1S Los ronombres ) Ad!etivos Demostrativos son invariables en relaci@n al g9nero, pero ellos tienen una 'orma singular ) plural, su uso depende de la distancia del ob!eto o su!eto: ,istancia $ercano Le!ano Singular &%is &%at #lural &%ese &%ose

#.1419B.ES .E3&!IV1S Los ronombres #elativos son ?GE1H GEI0EH !E&!A 3ue se emplean para introducir clOusulas independientes: E'em"lo; 1 tipped t%e waiter Cho 7that8 served us: We t%anked t%e people that 7Cho8 %elped us: En estos dos e!emplos !hat ) Gho son intercambiables, pero es muc%o me!or usar Gho para las personas ) !hat en relaci@n a cosas: En cambio Ghich se emplea Dnicamente para cosas: E'em"lo; &%e car Chich we rented doesnGt work: #.1419B.ES #E.S14&3ES #ronombre su'eto com"lemento refle=i$o 1 "e ")sel' >ou >ou >oursel' -e -im -imsel' S%e -er -ersel' 1t 1t 1tsel' We 7s 0urselves >ou >ou >ourselves &%e) &%em &%emselves #.E#1SI0I14ES B>SI0&S E=am"le -e %as class at Q;PR: ") brot%er is at sc%ool: &%e) live at NPQQ ark #oad: -e was driving at JR miles per %our:

I N Singular P I N P

#lural

#ronombre reci"roco < < < < < Eac% ot%er Eac% ot%er Eac% ot%er

B.# at

2sed Speci'ic times De'inite place /ull address Speed 1dea o' de'inite time and place

in

Exception; at nig%t; use in 'or t%e ot%er parts o' t%e da): 1nside $ities, boroug%s States, countries arts o' countries $ontinents arts o' t%e da) "ont%s, seasons, )ears &ime +lengt% o' time, wit%in

&%e e4ercise is at t%e end o' t%e lesson: We are in t%e kitc%en: &%e sc%ool is in t%e 7$*: -ow long %ave )ou lived in $aracas? 1 live in t%e West: We saw man) interesting sig%ts in Europe: We %ave class in t%e morning: Graduation will be in 5ul): >ouGll %ave )our e4am in seven da)s: 1Gll be back in ten minutes: &%e book was on t%e table: &%eir %ouse is on /irst Street: ") apartment is on t%e si4t% 'loor: ") birt%da) is on 0ctober NNnd: &%ere is no class on Saturda): -e works on campus: -eGs usuall) %ere on time: 6ote; in time 'or somet%ing, >ou learn b+ repeating: >ou can get t%ere b+ car:

on

0n t%e sur'ace Streets, avenues /loors Dates Da)s o' t%e week 0n a 'arm, a planet, an island, campus unctualit)

b+

of

"eans, b) wa) o' +pasando porC por v8a deC comoC por medio deC a modo de, ossessive o' t%ings arts o' a w%ole

o$er

E4act position +vertical,

to

Destination Leave 'or Arrive at place

&%e leg of t%e c%air was broken: 1 boug%t a pound of carrots: &%e lig%t is o$er !ack: &%e cabinets are o$er t%e counter: We are going to 6ew >ork: &%e plane to -ouston le't

Arrive in a cit)

abo$e

Degree %ig%er t%an Location %ig%er t%an

beloC Cith

&o a lower degree $onS $onS Estar %arto deS Sconmigo? ara m8 araS &raba!ar para ganarse la vida De cenar ara la cena Buscar algo -acia &ok)o 1r de paseo

an %our ago: -e got to %is o''ice at eig%t: &%e) will arrive in 6ew >ork tonig%t: &%e temperature is abo$e MR: &%ere are cabinets abo$e t%e sink: 1s $aracas above or beloC sea level? Wine Cith )our meal: &o %ave dinner Cith Ale4: &o be 'ed up CithS W%at about me? 1tGs for me: &o work for a newspaper &o work for a living W%atGs for dinner? &o be read) for dinner &o look for somet%ing &o depart for &ok)o &o go for a walk

about for

!I#S #&.& !.&,20I. I: $uando nos encontramos ante la presencia de palabras en el idioma ingl9s 3ue se aseme!an a ciertas palabras en el idioma espa.ol ) poseen el mismo signi'icado, estas palabras son llamadas; verdaderas cognadas: N: $uando nos encontramos con palabras en el ingl9s 3ue se parecen a ciertas palabras en el espa.ol, pero 3ue su signi'icado es di'erente, estas palabras son llamadas; falsas cognadas. P: $uando nos encontramos con varias palabras seguidas unas de otras 3ue pueden ser sustantivos, ad!etivos o adverbios, nos detendremos a leer en el primer verbo, preposicin, conectivo o signo de puntuacin ) procederemos a leer de derec%a a iz3uierda sin omitir ninguna palabra: Solo !ugaremos con los ad!etivos o adverbios en el idioma espa.ol: M: $uando nos encontramos con un gerundio al empezar una oraci@n, para traducir a.adimos un A-0WB ) luego el gerundio en 'orma de in'initivo: E!emplo; Describing t%e 'uture: Como describir el 'uturo: +"arbella Delgado, NRRP, VE.B1S 019#2ES!1S +%ttp;//www:mansioningles:com: *isitado !unio NRRM, NR, VE.B1S VE.B1S !.&,200I:4 !.&,200I:4 019#. 019#. add u" add u" totalizar alcanzar un total to ansCer contestar de malos ansCer responder de bacI modos for

asI about asI for asI bacI asI in asI u" bacI aCa+ bacI u" be aCa+ be for be off be out be u" bend o$er bloC doCn bloC out breaI aCa+ breaI in breaI u" bring bacI bring along bring in bring u" burn aCa+ burn out bu+ for bu+ u" call at call bacI call in call out call u"

preguntar por +un asunto, pedir, preguntar por invitar a volver invitar a entrar invitar a subir retroceder re'orzar estar 'uera estar a 'avor de irse, estar apagado estar 'uera estar levantado inclinarse derrumbarse por el viento apagar +se, +una llama, soltarse irrumpir, interrumpir terminar el curso o una relaci@n devolver traer +consigo, %acer entrar criar, educar consumirse +el 'uego, consumirse +el 'uego, comprar por o para acaparar -acer una visita, %acer escala Llamar +a alguien, para 3ue regrese Llamar +a alguien, para 3ue entre Gritar &ele'onear

asI after asI u" to asI doCn asI out bacI out be about be bacI be in be on be o$er bend doCn bloC aCa+ bloC off bloC u" breaI doCn breaI off breaI out bring about bring doCn bring out brush off burn doCn burn u" bu+ o$er call aCa+ call for call on call o$er call

preguntar por la salud pedir %asta +un precio, invitar a ba!ar invitar a salir volver atrOs estar por +un lugar, estar de vuelta estar en casa estar encendido estar acabado agac%arse llevarse +el viento, de!ar salir +el vapor, volar +con e4plosivos, derruir, averiarse romper +se, +relaciones, estallar +una guerra, acarrear derribar, reba!ar %acer salir, publicar 3uitar el polvo derrumbarse +por el 'uego, consumirse +por el 'uego, sobornar Seguir llamando edir a voces, e4igir 1r a ver +a alguien, asar lista, enumerar Llamar +a alguien,

doCn carr+ along carr+ on clear aCa+ clear out close doCn come about come along come aCa+ come for come in come on come to come u" to count on count u" to cr+ out cr+ to cut in cut out cut u" die aCa+ die out do Cithout draC bacI draC in draC on draC u" dri$e bacI dri$e in ersuadir $ontinuar Dispersar +se, "arc%arse $errar Suceder Acompa.ar, venir por +la calle, Desprenderse *enir por +en busca de, Entrar T*amosU +en imperativo, Ascender +una suma,, volver en s8: Acercarse a $ontar con $ontar %asta Llorar a gritos Llamar a gritos 1nterrumpir #ecortar, omitir &rinc%ar, triturar $esar poco a poco E4tinguirse asarse sin +carecer de, #etroceder Economizar, encoger +se, Apro4imarse, retirar 'ondos ara +un ve%8culo, #ec%azar Entrar en coc%e, die doCn do u" draC aCa+ draC doCn draC off draC out dri$e aCa+ dri$e b+ dri$e out carr+ off carr+ out clear off clear u" close u" come across come at come doCn come from come off come out come u" count in count u" cr+ for cr+ o$er cut doCn cut off cut through

para 3ue ba!e Llevarse a la 'uerza Llevar a cabo "arc%arse Aclararse +el tiempo,un misterio, Acercarse Encontrarse con Embestir Ba!ar *enir de Desprenderse Salir Subir 1ncluir $alcular edir llorando Lamentarse #educir gastos, talar Separar de un ta!o Acortar por un ata!o

Apaciguarse Abroc%ar Ale!arse Ba!ar Apartarse Sacar, redactar, alargarse +el d8a, A%u)entar, ale!arse en coc%e asar en coc%e Salir en coc%e,

dri$e off eat aCa+ eat u" fall doCn fall o$er fight on fill in find out fl+ about fl+ aCa+ fl+ off get about get at get bacI get to get out 7of8 get on get o$er get u" gi$e bacI gi$e out go about go at go b+ go in J into go on go o$er go u" go across hang about hang behind hang off hold bacI hold out

introducir Ale!arse en coc%e, a%u)entar Erosionar Devorar $aerse &ropezar Seguir luc%ando #ellenar Averiguar *olar de un lado a otro -uir volando Desprenderse 1r de acO para allO Dar a entender *olver, recuperar Llegar a Salir, apearse Subirse, progresar Saltar por encima, recobrarse Levantarse Devolver Agotarse, repartir 1r de un lado para otro Atacar asar por Entrar $ontinuar #epasar Subir Atravesar *agar (uedarse atrOs $olgar +el tel9'ono, Detener #esistir

e4pulsar

eat into fall off fight off fight u" fill u" fi= u" fl+ at fl+ doCn get along get aCa+ get doCn get in J into get off get out get through gi$e aCa+ gi$e off gi$e u" go along go aCa+ go doCn go off go out go through go u" to go Cithout hang bacI hang from hang u" hold on hurr+

#oer Disminuir, desprenderse A%u)entar Luc%ar valerosamente #ellenar, llenar Arreglar +un asunto, Atacar Descender -acer progreso Escaparse Descender Entrar, meterse Apearse, ba!arse roducir, salir Abrirse camino #epartir, denunciar Despedir +%umo, olor, Entregar, rendirse 1r a lo largo de "arc%arse Ba!ar E4plotar, marc%arse Salir, pasarse de moda, apagarse enetrar, su'rir Acercarse a asarse sin #etraerse $olgar de $olgar +un cuadro, $ontinuar Darse prisa

along hurr+ aCa+ hurr+ u" 'um" about 'um" doCn 'um" on Iee" aCa+ Iee" doCn Iee" u" InocI at InocI out looI after looI behind looI for looI in looI out looI round mo$e aCa+ mo$e doCn mo$e off mo$e out "ass aCa+ "ass in "a+ for "a+ off "oint at "oint to 1rse rOpidamente Darse prisa Dar saltos Ba!ar de un salto Subir de un salto "antenerse ale!ado $ontrolar "antenerse de pie, resistir Llamar +a la puerta, De!ar 'uera de combate $uidar "irar atrOs Buscar "irar dentro "irar 'uera "irar alrededor Ale!arse Ba!ar "arc%arse "udarse +de domicilio, /allecer Entrar agar Li3uidar +una cuenta,, pagar Se.alar Se.alar looI at looI doCn looI forCard to looI liIe looI o$er looI u" mo$e along mo$e in mo$e on mo$e u" "ass b+ "ass on "a+ in "a+ u" "oint aCa+ "oint doCn "irar "irar aba!o An%elar arecer "irar por encima de "irar arriba, buscar asar, no detenerse "udarse +de domicilio, 6o detenerse, pasar a +otro asunto, "overse +para de!ar sitio, asar por +un sitio, asar +de mano en mano, 1ngresar +dinero, agar +una deuda, Se.alar a lo le!os Se.alar aba!o 'um" at 'um" in 'um" o$er Iee" bacI Iee" off InocI about InocI doCn Atacar Entrar de un salto Saltar por encima de "antenerse separado Abstenerse Golpear acO ) allO Derribar hurr+ off 1rse rOpidamente

"oint out "ull aCa+ "ull off "ull u" "ut bacI "ut in "ut on "ut u" run about run doCn run off run o$er see about see to send doCn send off send u" set doCn shut in sit doCn sit for s"eaI to stand b+ stand out sta+ at sta+ in ste" across ste" in ste" u" sto" b+

Destacar Arrancar Arrancar arar +un ve%8culo, oner en su sitio "eter, instalar onerse +una prenda, Subir +algo,, alo!arse $orrer de acO para allO ararse +un relo!,, en'ermar Escapar corriendo Atropellar 1ndagar Encargarse de Ba!ar +algo, Despac%ar,despedir +traba!adores, Subir +algo, Asentar, colocar Encerrar Sentarse resentarse +a un e4amen, -ablar con (uedarse cerca Destacar -ospedarse (uedarse en casa Atravesar Entrar Subir (uedarse al lado de

"oint u" "ull doCn "ull out "ut aCa+ "ut doCn "ut off "ut out "ut u" Cith run across run in run out run u" see off send along send for send round set about set off shut u" sit u" s"eaI for s"eaI u" stand off stand u" sta+ b+ sta+ out ste" doCn ste" out ste" u" to sto" in

Se.alar arriba Derribar Sacar oner a un lado Anotar, ba!ar +algo, osponer Apagar, sacar Soportar Encontrarse con, atravesar corriendo Entrar corriendo Salir corriendo Subir corriendo Despedir +a alguien, Despac%ar Enviar por $ircular onerse +a traba!ar, artir +para un via!e, $allarse, cerrar +una tienda, 1ncorporarse, sentarse erguido -ablar a 'avor de -ablar en alta voz "antenerse ale!ado onerse de pie ermanecer al lado de (uedarse 'uera de casa Ba!ar Salir Acercarse a +alguien, (uedarse en casa

sto" u" taIe doCn taIe in taIe out taIe u" talI of tear aCa+ tear u" throC bacI throC in throC out tr+ on turn bacI turn off turn out turn into CalI about CalI aCa+ CalI in CalI u" CorI under

Empastar +una muela,, tapar +una botella, Escribir al dictado, ba!ar +algo, Enga.ar, meter Sacar, 3uitar Subir +algo, -ablar de (uitar +rasgando, -acer pedazos +rasgando, Devolver &irar %acia adentro Arro!ar robarse una prenda Darse la vuelta Apagar +la luz,, cerrar +una llave, Apagar $onvertirse Andar de acO para allO Ale!arse andando Entrar Subir &raba!ar a las @rdenes de

taIe for taIe off taIe to talI about talI to tear off throC aCa+ throC doCn throC off throC u" turn aCa+ turn doCn turn on turn o$er turn u" CalI along CalI doCn CalI off CorI out Crite doCn

&omar por +e3uivocarse, (uitarse +una prenda,, despegar Llevar a -ablar acerca de -ablar con Separar +rasgando, &irar +algo inservible, &irar %acia aba!o Ec%ar 'uera &irar %acia arriba "irar a otro lado oner boca aba!o Encender +la luz,, abrir +una llave, *olcar, poner boca aba!o Llegar Andar por Ba!ar "arc%arse $alcular Anotar

BIB3I1G.&6;& B0LV*A#, Adriana ) "A#20*, Anica; Estrategias "ara la lectura en ingls : 7$*, IJJK: p: NKL: $AS&1LL0, $arlos and B06D, 0tto /; S"anish@English J English@S"anish ,ictionar+: /ourt% Edition, IJQK: p: MKW: D1$$106A#10 B1L16GXE; Es"aKol@Ingls J English@S"anish: $op)rig%t $: Langensc%eidt 2G Berlin and "unic% NRRR: D1$$106A#10 #A6D0" -07SE; Es"aKol@Ingls J Ingls@Es"aKol, IJJW: I$d<#om: E6$1$L0 ED1A A7&0D1DA$&A 0$EA60; 3engua + Eumanidades, *olumen I, IJQJ: p: NQR: EL 6A$106AL, Biblioteca; ,iccionario de Ingls@Es"aKol: Espasa $alpe, s:a, &omo K, NRRI: p: MLR: 16GLYS /Z$1L; Gramtica + ,iccionario de 9odismos. p: NW: 16GLYS; !ablas Gramaticales: Wagner 1diomas, Barcelona < Espa.a, IJJM: p: NR: "A&E#1AL 16S&#7$&1*0 DEL $:*:A: S EA#S, #ic%ard A; ,iccionario Bsico 4orteamericano: 6&$ ublis%ing Group, 1llinois 7SA, IJJL: p: NWP: &-E E6GL1S- &EA$-E#: P:N +*ersi@n,: N $d<#omGs: &-E LEA#616G $0" A6>: Eablemos Ingls )./ +*ersi@n,: P $d<#omGs: www:mansioningles:com: www:usingenglis%:com: [A>AS<BA#[Z6 E: ) 60*A2 $:"; El Ingls Lue usted no sabe : Segunda Serie, Edici@n LA>0#, Espa.a, IJJP: p: NNQ:

&raba!o elaborado por; Israel 3M"eN 9ontaKo Licenciado de Estudios 1nternacionales de la 7niversidad $entral de *enezuela islopezNN\)a%oo:com