CHAPTER I

The problem

Introduction

Smoking is a habit but curable. Considered as curable but few people try to control themselves from doing it. People, students and even professionals are often tempted to smoke. For some, smoking relieves tension; superiority among others curiosity, satisfaction, and a form of self deception but the adverse consequences of smoking is ones own health. Smoking exist everywhere even in school campuses that conclude to be huge problem. A problem that everyone tries to eradicate but fails to act on it because they themselves cannot practice what they preach. It is obvious that smoking is one of the major problems of every college students. Many college students are fond of smoking. It driven oneself to heavenly feeling. But it is not an excuse to be free from any complication someday. Many people tried to self discipline to control the temptation of the smoking. The others would try to re-lifestyle and refocus their attention just to stop themselves from doing it. But worse, others dont know what to do and they simply give in. Others on the other hand, would smoke not because they dont know what to do but simply because they wont get belong to the in group, (Christopherson, 2004). Smoking kills 250 daily. At least 250 Filipinos die each day, yes, each day, or about 90,000 a year, from smoking-related illnesses, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic diseases, and cancers, especially lung cancers. The sad fact is that official global tobacco youth survey has revealed that the smoking prevalence among Filipino

youth had jumped from 15 percent in 2003 to 21.6 percent in 2007, and extrapolated to Smoking kills. It is that plain and simple. There is no more doubt today that tobacco (cigarette smoking) is the predominant cause of lung cancer, besides other malignancies and cardiovascular diseases that maim, kill men and women and hurt our society, especially our children. In the United States alone, almost half a million die each year from smoking-related illnesses, (Chua, 2009). Smokers at the Department of Public works highway (DPWH) will only have three areas to carry out their habits inside the DPWH premises in part areas, manila. They can only smoke during scheduled time and at a designated place, which shall be an open space devoid of temporary roofing. Public works Secretary Rogelio Singson yesterday improved a ban on smoking inside the premises and offices of the Department of Public Works and Highway (DPWH) in observance of civil service Commission Circular dated 2009. The Rationale is to promote and protect the welfare of officials and employees as well as to enhance productivity, Singson said. With the its smokes free policy, the DPWH joins the bandwagon of other government agencies that have barred smoking among employees. Cigarette products are being considered contraband items, which their scale purchase, and distribution strictly prohibited inside the DPWH compound. Antonio (2009) cited Singson, If officials and employees strictly observe and implement the policies and guidelines Set by the implementing rules and regulation of Republic Act 9211 or the tobacco Regulation Act, they are not only safeguarding their own health and environment but also for the benefit of transacting public as well productivity of personnel is also enhanced. In consideration of smokers who have yet to quit the habit, a place designated where smokers can puff, but strictly only at pointed time of 15 minutes.

Cigarette break, from 10 am to 10:15 am is allowed, followed by the 12 noon to 1 pm lunch time break, and finally between 3pm to 3:15 pm. The designated smoking area with highly visible signages shall not be larger than 10 square meters nor within 10 meters of entrance/exist or any place where people pass or congregate. all heads of offices are held accountable in implementing smoke free policy in their respective office premises. These are preventable deaths! Demographic studies have shown that smokers are about 10 times more prone to die premature deaths than non-smokers. This unnecessary loss of lives is at an immense direct cost for non-smokers in terms of increased health risks from passive smoking, in higher health insurance premiums and taxes, not to mention personal and family tragedies in all shapes and forms. As we have alluded to in a previous column, secondhand smoke is even more dangerous. Innocent by standers are forced to inhale cigarette smoke at their workplaces or in public places, thus increasing their health risk. The Environmental Protection Agency engineers have shown that even the best available ventilation and air-moving equipment were unable to reduce carcinogenic (cancercausing) air contamination to a safe level for a non-smoker sharing work space with a habitual smoker. The 2003 act sets both the guidelines for and regulation of the packaging, sale, distribution, and advertisements of tobacco products, and also mandating the printing of warnings about the harmful effects of smoking, (Chua, 2009).

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to determine the reason of Southern Philippine College of Sciences and Health Education student nurses towards smoking. Specially, this study answers the following questions: 1. What are the SPC-SHE student nursesreasons for smoking? 2. What is the most common reason of the respondents for smoking? 3. What is the least common reason of the respondents for smoking?

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following: For the student nurses, so their goal could be identified, and for the benefits of their future plans, health and career. They will realize that what they are doing now will affect their life in the future. For the researchers, to be knowledgeable of what are the reasons of the smokers for smoking. This is to help them encourage fellow students to quit smoking and spend forms of leisure activities instead. For the clinical instructors, who could give student nurses guidance and health teaching for the students to be more aware and knowledgeable about the negative effects of smoking to their health. Dean of the college of nursing to assess the immediate needs of the of students be guided and implement for future researchers, that they may have a source of reference about this topic.

For future researchers, that they may have a source of reference about this topic.

Scope and Limitation. This study covered the 121 nursing students of SPC-SHE who are smoking and who are enrolled in this first semester, School Year 2011-2012. The study determined their reasons for smoking. Definition of Terms. Smoking.- Refers to the practice of the students burning a cigarette stick and inhaling its smoke. Reason for Smoking.- Refers to the student explanation why they smoke. Most Common.- Refers to the reason which has the highest frequency of being checked by the respondents. Least Common.- Refers to the reason which has the lowest frequency of being checked by the respondents.

Theoretical Framework

Orem labels her self-care deficit theory of nursing as a general theory composed of three related system. According to Orem the self-care is the practice of activities that maturing and mature persons initiate and perform within timeframes, on their own behalf, and in the interest of maintaining life and continuing personnel development and well being. And the self-care deficit it shows the relationship between the human properties of therapeutic self-care demand and self-care agency in which constituent developed selfcare are capabilities within self-care agency are not operable or not adequate for knowing and meeting some or all components the existent or projected therapeutic self-care demand, (Alligood, 2002). Kings Theory of Goal attainment focuses on the interpersonal system and the interactions that take place between individuals. In the nursing process, each member of the dyad perceives the other, make judgment, and take action. Together these activities culminate in action. Interaction results and, if conquered, transactions occurs. King believe that adjustments to life and health are influence by an individuals interactions with environment, they were retrieved and collected which were then tallied, analyzed and interpreted.() The theory of goal attainment, which lies at the heart of Kings theory of nursing, exists in the context of her conceptual framework. The essence of goal attainment theory is that the nurse and patient work together to define and reach goals that they set together. The patient and nurse each perceive, judge, and act, and together the patient and nurse react to each other and interact with each other. At the end of this

process of communication and perceiving, if a goal has been set a transaction is said to have occurred. The nurse and patient also decide on a way to work toward the goal that has been decided upon, and put into action the plan that has been agreed upon. King believes that the main function of nursing is to increase or to restore the health of the patient, so then, transactions should occur to set goals related to the health of the patient. After transactions have occurred and goals have been defined by the nurse and patient together, both parties work toward the stated goals. This may involved interactions with other system, such as other healthcare workers, the patients family, or larger systems. After the transaction has occurred, and the goal has been set, King believes that it is important for good documentation to be practiced by the nurse. She believes that documenting the goal can help to streamline the process of goal attainment, making it easier for nurses to communicate with each other and other healthcare workers involved in the process. It also helps to provide a way to determine if the goal is achieved. This assessment of whether or not the goal has been successfully achieved plays an important end stage in kings goal attainment. We believe that this theory might help become our study become possible. In relatedness this theory is dealing about work togetherness to achieve goals implemented, just like our respondents, they are trying to cooperates and realize to identified the common reasons of being smoker and how they will adjust their life, and they will aware about negative effects of smoking to their health.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the related reading, ideas, concept studies of different authors and sources in relation to the reason for smoking. Tobacco Smoking. The cigarette is the most popular tobacco product and very efficient drug delivery system. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine rapidly peaks in the bloodstem, and enters the brain. Immediately after exposure to nicotine, a kick is induced in part due to the drugs stimulation of he adrenal glands, resulting in a discharge of adrenaline. The rush of adrenaline stimulates the body and causes a sudden release of glucose. As well as an increase in blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate.(Nida, 2006). Reasons for smoking. Mellor,(2005) explains that there are very many reasons to it but in this article we will look over the biggest reason in today's world and that is to release stress. So what is stress, can we get rid of it through smoking, if not then how can we get rid of it, lets look at the reason behind smoking. Stress is the result of feeling helpless, incapable to perform, not able to meet the deadlines and pressurized. Stress could be due to any reason, be it down to pressure at the office, home or even a bad financial situation, or it could be due to anything youre not happy with.

Hill,(2005) added that other people smoke because they say it help them to relax and that when they are stressed out that they need a cigarette. Now this might be true in some ways that it helps people to relax but in his opinion these people need to find other solutions to relieve their stress such as a stress ball. The time it takes to smoke a cigarette is about five minutes and they not telling him that it does that much good in that short space of time. He think people are just kidding themselves when they say that it helps them to reduce stress, it might do in that very short of time when smoking the fag but not over the longer period. People smoke because their friends smoke. He have heard this statement so many times over the last few years. Tobacco companies have encouraged habitual use of tobacco by including coupons, such as Camel Cash, that can be collected and redeemed for merchandise. Although advertising by tobacco companies has been curtailed on television, there is sufficient promotion in other types of media to hook the next generation of users. The tobacco industry and the attorneys general of 46 states agreed to ban the use of cartoon characters in tobacco advertising in 1998 because of the appeal of cartoons to minors. To perpetuate tobacco addiction, cigarette manufacturers have also boosted the amount of nicotine in tobacco and modified cigarette designs to increase the number of puffs per cigarette. Harvard School of Public Health researchers found that the amount of nicotine that smokers typically consumed per cigarette, regardless of brand, rose by an average of 1.6 percent per year between 1998 and 2005 across all the major cigarette market categories (mentholated, non-mentholated, full-flavor, light, ultra light, etc.). This is an increase of 11 percent in the amount of nicotine per cigarette over a seven-year period. The higher drug levels make it harder for smokers to quit. Why do you smoke now? You

have been smoking for a while and you have matured. Now you know that smoking has not made you smarter, or cooler, or sexier. Smoking has not helped you to achieve your goals. Your accomplishments have been made in spite of smoking, but you are more aware that your health suffers. You can tell by your burning eyes, your hacking cough, and the phlegm in your throat. So, why do you still smoke? Most people continue smoking out of habit. They light a cigarette without even thinking. But sometimes people smoke under specific situations as a kind of ritual. Associating activities with smoking establishes Pavlovian reflexes. Pavlovian reflexes are named after Dr. Ivan Pavlov who was able to make his dogs salivate in the absence of food by just ringing a bell that had been associated with the dog's feeding time. In the same way, activities that you have associated with smoking, such as drinking coffee, will act as triggers. The mere sight of a cup of coffee will cause you to reach for your cigarettes without any conscious thought. Seeing friends smoking cigarettes, watching movies where the actors smoke, or the smell of cigarette smoke may trigger the psychological desire to smoke. Researchers have found that smokers with a damaged insula, a region of the brain linked to emotion and feelings, quit smoking easily and immediately. The study provides direct evidence that addiction to nicotine in tobacco smoke takes control of some of the neural circuits in the brain. These are some of the reasons why people smoke: No particular reason, but the cigarettes are handy to reduce a feeling of anxiety or nervousness, to calm down when upset or angry, to socialize with other smokers, when feeling restless, as relaxation, to take a break from work, while having coffee or tea, when having a drink with friends, to satisfy an urge to smoke, after a meal, after sex, to pass the time while waiting for someone, when driving in the car, when feeling depressed, to celebrate something, to

think about a difficult problem, When drinking beer, wine, or liquor. There are also reasons why people start to use tobacco. On a dare to show that you are not timid or afraid, On a dare to show that you are not timid or afraid, too fit with the crowd (all my friends do it) , to appear sophisticated or cool , to be grown-up , to assert your independence , as a sign of protest, rebellion, or to defy authority, free samples from friends or advertisers, influences from people you respect and admire Portrayals by cigarette advertisements, to try to lose weight To calm your nerves, as a kind of "air freshener" when using the toilet.(Zamora,2005) According to Trashchian,(2000) attitude towards smoking influence teenagers use of multiple drug(smoking, drinking, marijuana), and this was manifested itself differently in boys and girls. The attitudes of smokers and nonsmokers towards smoking in public places. Legislators have brought many laws into effect that restrict smoking in many public places. These laws and restrictions have cause much controversy about the right of smokers and nonsmokers. Each person has their own opinion about smoking. Smoking poses a serious health risk to smokers, and also to their rivals, nonsmokers. Many things have been done to try to help smokers stop smoking. Over the years, peoples ideas about smoking has change a great deal. As people learn more and more about health risk, smoking has become a major concern on many peoples mind. This has resulted in many changes reguarding smoking in public places. In the experiments carried out by the psychologists, they found that smokers and nonsmokers have very strong opinions which usually differ greatly.

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter discusses the method of research used. The subject and respondents of the study, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure and the data processing technique used in the study. Research Design In this study the descriptive research design is used because the researchers want to know the respondents reason for smoking. The most common and least common reasons for smoking were also determined. Respondent of the study The respondents of the study are the 121 male and female student nurse of Southern Philippine College of Sciences and Health Education who are smoking and who are enrolled this first semester 2011-2012.

Data Gathering procedure The researchers requested the adviser to check the questionnaire and the letter of approval for the dean and level coordinators. The researchers requested also the approval of the Dean of College of Nursing to gather the pertinent data necessary to answer the objectives of the investigation. Approval from the level coordinator was also sought.

Upon receiving such approvals, the researchers personally distributed the questionnaires to the respondents. After answering the questionnaires, they were retrieved and collected which were then tallied, analyzed and interpreted. Research Instrument This study made use of a survey questionnaire composed of I part to gather the

needed data. It contained statements to determine the respondents reason for smoking.

Analysis of Data Percentage, frequency and mean were the statistics use to determine the respondents reason for smoking. The reason with highest mean was considered the most common reason while the common reason with the lowest mean was considered the least common reason of the respondents for the smoking.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A.Books.

Christopher, T.G.2004. Working Nurse, Working World. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. Tomy, A.M and Alligood, M.R.2002 Nursing Theorist and Their Work. Salcedo, L.L, Peralta,A.M.. Ronquillo, A.A. Fontanilla,O.L.2002. Current Issues. Katha Publishing Co., Inc. A.Internet.

http://EzineArticles.com/96183. www.AsiaNews.It.com www.google.com Cassidy,A.F.(2009).PWHN Prohibit smoking in promises. http://www.nursingworld.org. http://www.sandiego.edu/nursing/theory

Journal

Cassidy,A.F.2009.DPH Prohibits smoking in promises Cassidy,A.F.(2009).PWHN Prohibit smoking in promises. Murray, Ruth L.E and Marjorie Baier. Kings Conceptual Framework Applied to a Transitional Living Program. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 32(Jan-March 1996): 1520.

SOUTHERN PHILLIPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCES AND HEALTH EDUCATION STUDENT NURSES REASONS FOR SMOKING

By: Amerulla A. Sidik Bai Minnah G. Usop

A Thesis Submitted to the Southern Philippine College of Sciences and Health Education Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Southern Philippine College of Sciences and Health Education. Bachelor of Science in Nursing Parang, Maguindanao

October 15, 2011