1OURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL REFRIGERANTS
CARBON DIOXIDE (R744) AND AMMONIA (R717) IN
CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING
GENETIC ALGORITHM
1
PRASHANT VYAS,
2
SATYASHREE GHODKE,
3
ARUN WAMANKAR
1
M-Tech student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technocrats Institute of
Technology, Bhopal.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technocrats Institute of
Technology, Bhopal.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technocrats Institute of
Technology, Bhopal.
vyasprashantdyah!!"#!"$n, %h!d&'"satyashr''yah!!"#!(, ar)n"*a(an&ar%(a$+"#!(
A,STRA-T : Selections of refrigerants is of vital importance in refrigeration & thus the present work deals
with optimization of cascade refrigeration system using eco friendly & natural refrigerants pair
Ammonia(R717 in high temperature side and !ar"on #io$ide (R7%% in low temperature applications& 'hese
refrigerants have zero ozone depletion potential and less than 1 ()*& +ptimization of !ar"on #io$ide (R7%%
& Ammonia (R717 cascade refrigeration system performance parameters such as refrigeration effect,
coefficient of performance and e$ergetic efficiency was carried out using (enetic Algorithm tool&
KEY WORDS - -as#ad' R'.r$%'rat$!n Syst'(, G'n't$# A+%!r$th(, R/001R/2/
1. INTRODUCTION - Why CO2/NH3 ?
Before 1930 the refrigerants that were commonly in
use were Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, Sulhur
Dioxide, !hane " roane# During 1930s $Safety
%efrigerants& were introduced rimarily
Chloroflurocarbons 'C(Cs) such as %11, %1* " %13
and +ydrochloroflurocarbons '+C(Cs) such as %**
and %,0* which relaced all refrigerants# -hen the
disastrous effect of C(Cs " +C(Cs on o.one layer
was disco/ered during 19001s leading to hase out of
C(Cs by 1990 and +C(Cs by *000#
+ydroflurocarbon '+(Cs) do not directly damage
o.one layer but they are Synthetic greenhouse gases
'S22s) with 2lobal warming otential# -hese
refrigerants ha/e been hased out in de/eloed
countries as er 3ontreal 4rotocol from 5nited
6ations !n/ironment 4rogramme '56!4) 71,*8#
3any industrial alications re9uiring simultaneous
heating and cooling and cascade systems aear to be
the best alternati/e# A suitable selection of
refrigerants used in +- and :- cycles can ro/ide a
large temerature difference and good system
efficiency# Single stage and multi stage refrigeration
systems fail to widen the ga between heat source
and heat sin; temeratures re9uired in 3odest
research has been done in cascade systems based on
natural refrigerants thereby offering good otential
for research#
Ammonia can be used in high temerature stage and
carbon dioxide can be used in low temerature stage
in two stage cascade refrigeration, for which the
lowest refrigeration temerature is limited abo/e <,,
=C because of its high trile<oint temerature#
A arametric study and otimi.ation of C>*?C3+@
cascade system was reorted by Bhattacharyya 7,8
for simultaneous refrigeration at <A0 BC and heating at
@0 BC# Another arametric study on 6+3?C>*
cascade refrigeration system was reorted recently
for a temerature range of <,0 to A0 BC '2etu and
Bansal) 708# Dinitrogen monoxide '6*>) was
reorted to be used as a cascade refrigerant for
achie/ing temeratures around <@0 BC 738# Carbon
dioxide can be used in the low temerature stage in
two stage cascade refrigeration systems 7A8, for
which the lowest refrigeration temerature is limited
abo/e <,, BC because of its high trile<oint
temerature# 3ixtures esecially exhibiting
a.eotroic hase e9uilibrium beha/iors show good
otentials in cascade refrigeration systems# Studies
on 6*> based systems are 9uite scarce in the oen
literature# Di6icola7C8 has exerimentally determined
C>4 of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide binary
mixture in low temerature cycle with %A0Aa in high
temerature cycle and results were comared with
%*3 in low temerature cycle and %A0Aa in high
temerature cycle#
Dn this study, otimi.ation of cascade refrigeration
system using natural " eco friendly refrigerants air
%0AA<%010 is carried out with genetic algorithm tool#
!ight indeendent /ariable ha/e been altered to study
their effect on erformance of the system with
redefined range of temerature#'-able 1)#
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2. CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Schematic diagram and -<s lot of two stage cascade
refrigeration system are shown in fig#1 and fig#*# -he
refrigerant %010 is the +igh -emerature cycle
wor;ing fluid and refrigerant %0AA is the :ow
-emerature cycle wor;ing fluid to ro/ide low
temerature refrigeration#
(or the :- cycle, suerheated %010 /aour at state 1
is comressed to state * in the comressor and then
cooled to saturated li9uid at state 3 in the cascade
condenser#
-he li9uid at state 3 is then exanded in an
isenthalic exansion de/ice to state A# -he useful
cooling in the e/aorator is achie/ed by e/aorating
refrigerant %010 from state A to state 1#
(ig#1 Schematic diagram of cascade refrigeration
system
%010
%0AA
(ig#* -<s lot of cascade refrigeration system
(or +- cycle, suerheated %010 /aour at state , is
comressed to state C, suerheated /aour is then
cooled in the condenser to is then cooled in the
condenser to saturated li9uid at state 0# -he
refrigerant from state 0 is exanded to state @ in an
exansion de/ice, followed by its heating in the
cascaded heat exchanger# -he only useful
refrigerating effect is roduced in the e/aorator of
low temerature side of the cascade system# -he high
temerature and low temerature cycle used a
refrigerant with high boiling temerature and low
boiling temerature resecti/ely#
3. OPTIMIZATION METHOD
A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that
mimics the rocess of natural e/olution# -his
heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions
to otimi.ation and search roblems# 2enetic
algorithms belong to the larger class of e/olutionary
algorithms '!A), which generate solutions to
otimi.ation roblems using techni9ues insired by
natural e/olution, such as inheritance, mutation,
selection, and crosso/er#
Methodology
Dn a genetic algorithm, a oulation of strings 'called
chromosomes or the genotye of the genome), which
encode candidate solutions 'called indi/iduals,
creatures, or henotyes) to an otimi.ation roblem,
e/ol/es toward better solutions# -raditionally,
solutions are reresented in binary as strings of 0s
and 1s, but other encodings are also ossible# -he
e/olution usually starts from a oulation of
randomly generated indi/iduals and haens in
generations# Dn each generation, the fitness of e/ery
indi/idual in the oulation is e/aluated, multile
indi/iduals are stochastically selected from the
current oulation 'based on their fitness), and
modified 'recombined and ossibly randomly
mutated) to form a new oulation# -he new
oulation is then used in the next iteration of the
algorithm# Commonly, the algorithm terminates when
either a maximum number of generations has been
roduced, or a satisfactory fitness le/el has been
reached for the oulation# Df the algorithm has
terminated due to a maximum number of generations,
a satisfactory solution may or may not ha/e been
reached#
2enetic algorithms find alication in bioinformatics,
hylogenetics, comutational science, engineering,
economics, chemistry, manufacturing, mathematics,
hysics and other fields#
A tyical genetic algorithm re9uiresE
1# a genetic reresentation of the solution domain,
*# a fitness function to e/aluate the solution domain#
A standard reresentation of the solution is as an
array of bits# Arrays of other tyes and structures can
be used in essentially the same way# -he main
roerty that ma;es these genetic reresentations
con/enient is that their arts are easily aligned due to
their fixed si.e, which facilitates simle crosso/er
oerations# Fariable length reresentations may also
be used, but crosso/er imlementation is more
comlex in this case# -ree<li;e reresentations are
exlored in genetic rogramming and grah<form
reresentations are exlored in e/olutionary
rogramming#
-he fitness function is defined o/er the genetic
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1OURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN
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reresentation and measures the 9uality of the
reresented solution# -he fitness function is always
roblem deendent# (or instance, in the ;nasac;
roblem one wants to maximi.e the total /alue of
obGects that can be ut in a ;nasac; of some fixed
caacity# A reresentation of a solution might be an
array of bits, where each bit reresents a different
obGect, and the /alue of the bit '0 or 1) reresents
whether or not the obGect is in the ;nasac;# 6ot
e/ery such reresentation is /alid, as the si.e of
obGects may exceed the caacity of the ;nasac;# -he
fitness of the solution is the sum of /alues of all
obGects in the ;nasac; if the reresentation is /alid,
or 0 otherwise# Dn some roblems, it is hard or e/en
imossible to define the fitness exressionH in these
cases, interacti/e genetic algorithms are used#
>nce we ha/e the genetic reresentation and the
fitness function defined, 2A roceeds to initiali.e a
oulation of solutions randomly, then imro/e it
through reetiti/e alication of mutation, crosso/er,
in/ersion and selection oerators#
Initialization
Dnitially many indi/idual solutions are randomly
generated to form an initial oulation# -he
oulation si.e deends on the nature of the roblem,
but tyically contains se/eral hundreds or thousands
of ossible solutions#
-raditionally, the oulation is generated randomly,
co/ering the entire range of ossible solutions 'the
search space)# >ccasionally, the solutions may be
IseededI in areas where otimal solutions are li;ely
to be found#
Selection
During each successi/e generation, a roortion of
the existing oulation is selected to breed a new
generation# Dndi/idual solutions are selected through
a fitness."ased rocess, where fitter solutions 'as
measured by a fitness function) are tyically more
li;ely to be selected# Certain selection methods rate
the fitness of each solution and referentially select
the best solutions# >ther methods rate only a random
samle of the oulation, as this rocess may be /ery
time<consuming#
Reproduction
-he next ste is to generate a second generation
oulation of solutions from those selected through
genetic oeratorsE crosso/er 'also called
recombination), andJor mutation# (or each new
solution to be roduced, a air of IarentI solutions is
selected for breeding from the ool selected
re/iously# By roducing a IchildI solution using the
abo/e methods of crosso/er and mutation, a new
solution is created which tyically shares many of the
characteristics of its IarentsI# 6ew arents are
selected for each new child, and the rocess
continues until a new oulation of solutions of
aroriate si.e is generated# Although reroduction
methods that are based on the use of two arents are
more Ibiology insiredI, some research suggests
more than two IarentsI are better to be used to
reroduce a good 9uality chromosome#
-hese rocesses ultimately result in the next
generation oulation of chromosomes that is
different from the initial generation# 2enerally the
a/erage fitness will ha/e increased by this rocedure
for the oulation, since only the best organisms
from the first generation are selected for breeding,
along with a small roortion of less fit solutions, for
reasons already mentioned abo/e#
Although Crosso/er and 3utation are ;nown as the
main genetic oerators, it is ossible to use other
oerators such
as regrouing, coloni.ation<extinction, or migration
in genetic algorithms#
Termination
-his generational rocess is reeated until a
termination condition has been reached# Common
terminating conditionsE
K A solution is found that satisfies minimum
criteria
K (ixed number of generations reached
K Allocated budget 'comutation timeJmoney)
reached
K -he highest ran;ing solutionLs fitness is
reaching or has reached a lateau such that
successi/e iterations no longer roduce better results
K 3anual insection
K Combinations of the abo/e
Simle generational genetic algorithm rocedureE
1# Choose the initial oulation of indi/iduals
*# !/aluate the fitness of each indi/idual in
that oulation
3# %eeat on this generation until termination
'time limit, sufficient fitness achie/ed, etc#)E
1# Select the best<fit indi/iduals for
reroduction
*# Breed new indi/iduals through crosso/er
and mutation oerations to gi/e birth to offsring
3# !/aluate the indi/idual fitness of new
indi/iduals
A# %elace least<fit oulation with new
indi/iduals
-he flow chart of a genetic algorithm is resented in
(ig# 3#
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Start
(itness (unction
!stimating ranges for /ariables

Dnitial 4oulation
!/aluation J (itness Crosso/er and mutation
Comuting
Selection of arents
-ermination 6o
Criterion M

yes
Choose the best
Dndi/idual
Sto
(ig#3 (low chart of 2enetic Algorithm
A& Ranges of the /aria"les
!ight /arious temeratures of +- and :- cycles ha/e
been considered as indeendent /ariables with
redefined range as shown in the table<1 which will
be search sace for genetic algorithm to find out best
fitness /alue of obGecti/e function#
-AB:! D -!34!%A-5%! %A62! >( !D2+-
FA%DAB:!S
!ight /ariables 'BC) -emerature
%ange '=C)
:o
w
er
+igher
:ow side e/aorator temerature, A <,0 <30
+igh side condenser temerature, B *0 A0
-emerature difference in cascade
heat exchanger C
* 1*
:ow side condenser temerature, D <*0 0
:ow side degree of subcooling, ! 0 ,
+igh side degree of subcooling, ( 0 ,
:ow side degree of suerheating, 2 @ *A
+igh side degree of suerheating, + @ *A
4. OPTIMIZATION OF OB1ECTIVE
FUNCTIONS
-he cascade refrigeration cycle is modeled modularly
incororating each indi/idual rocess of the cycle#
2o/erning e9uations ha/e been de/eloed to
otimi.e obGecti/e functions using design of
exeriment tool# (or otimi.ation of three
erformance arameters rogram is reared using
3at:ab software and 2enetic Algorithm#
A" Opt$($3at$!n !. RE2 !. th' -as#ad' syst'(
1. Governing equation for RE1
R011%21&3%4564&7894(A.3&7992(#63&8942(06
8&2579((6%&1997(14.3(A(#.2&8888(14
.3
(A(0
64&41285(A((64&4155(#(067&2173(14
.3
(#((.
4&4447(0((.4&4499(A
7
.4&4422(#
7
.4&4114(0
7
.
4&4427((
7

'1)
>n alying 2enetic algorithm tool following
otimal /alue of obGecti/e function is achie/ed in the
form of eight
indeendent /ariables# -he '</e) sign indicates
maximum refrigeration effect#
-AB:!<* >4-D3A: 4A%A3!-!%S FA:5! (>%
%!1
A B C D E F G H RE1(W)
-30.04 20.95 5.75 -19.93 4.99 2.44 22.65
1
9.43 604.32
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1OURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-650
-600
-550
-500
Generation
F
i
t
n
e
s
s

v
a
l
u
e
Best: -604.3216 Mean: -603.7781


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-40
-20
0
20
40
Number of variables (8)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

b
e
s
t

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
Current Best Individual
Best fitness
Mean f itness
(ig#A Best (itness 4lot for %!1 of the Cascade
System
(ig#A shows the best fitness /alue lot searched by
2enetic Algorithm for the %!1 of the cascade
refrigeration system#
," Opt$($3at$!n !. th' -OP !. th' -as#ad' Syst'(
2. Governing equation for COP
!+*18&5%7164&4885(A.4&4%%9(:.4&4%31(!
64&474%2(#64&4138(064&4848(;.4&4443((
.4&4447(<.4&444%(A(: .4&444%(A(! 64&4447(A
(#
64&4448(A(; .4&4441(:(067&1473(14
.3
(:
64&4441(#(0 .4&4441(#(;64&4449(0(;.
4&444%(0((
.4&444%(0(<.4&444%(;((.4&444%(;(<
64&4447(((<
'*)
>n alying of 2enetic algorithm, following otimal
/alue
of obGecti/e function is achie/ed# -he '</e) sign
indicates maximum C>4#
-AB:!<3 >4-D3A: 4A%A3!-!%S FA:5! (>%
C>4
A B C D E F G H COP
-30 20 2 -0.004 2.661 2.017 19.22 15.62 2.264
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
Generation
F
i
t
n
e
s
s

v
a
l
u
e
Best: -2.2642 Mean: -2.2629


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-40
-20
0
20
Number of variables (8)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

b
e
s
t

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
Current Best Individual
Best fitness
Mean f itness
(ig#, Best (itness 4lot for C>4 of the Cascade
System
(ig#, shows the best fitness /alue lot searched by
2enetic Algorithm for the C>4 of the cascade
refrigeration system#
-" Opt$($3at$!n !. qE4' !. th' #as#ad' syst'(
3.Governing equation forqE4':
N0$1 4&7%7564&4415(A.4&44%7(:. 4&442%(!
64&4433(#
64&4437(0 64&4439(;.4&4447((.4&4447(<
.1&8492(14
.3
(A(:63&2771(14
.3
(A(#68&7371
(14
.3
(A(;68&4843(14
.3
(:(#67&1251(14
.3
(:(;
68&49%3(14
.3
(:(<6%&9398(14
.3
(#(0.3&9721(14
.
3

(#(;64&4448(0(;.4&4447(0((.4&4447(0(<
.4&4447(;((.4&4447(;(<64&4441(((<
'3)
>n alying of 2enetic algorithm otimi.ation tool
following otimal /alue of obGecti/e function is
achie/ed# -he '</e) sign indicates maximum exergy
efficiency#
-AB:!<A >4-D3A: 4A%A3!-!%S FA:5! (>%
N0$e
A B C D E F G H qE4'
-30 20 2.007 -0.017 0.179 0.012 21.036 23.99 0.643
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5
-0.45
Generation
F
i
t
n
e
s
s

v
a
l
u
e
Best: -0.64326 Mean: -0.64297


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-40
-20
0
20
40
Number of variables (8)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

b
e
s
t

i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
Current Best Individual
Best fitness
Mean f itness
(ig#C Best (itness 4lot for N0$e of the Cascade
System
(ig#C shows the best fitness /alue lot searched by
2enetic Algorithm for the !xergetic !fficiency of the
cascade refrigeration system#
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
-here are eight indeendent /ariables that affect
erformance of cascade refrigeration system, so it is
difficult to redict or calculate accurately, the
otimal /alue of these arameters and their
combinations manually# So there is a need of some
techni9ue or tool to be used to find out otimal /alue
of all affecting arameters to the system erformance
and to find out the imortance le/el of each affecting
arameters#
By using otimi.ation tool one can design more
efficient system considering otimal /alue
combinations of 4arameters which will results in
higher erformance of the system# (or refrigeration
effect '%!1) otimal /alue achie/ed is C0A#3* O and
for this /alue, combinations of eight /ariables are
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searched by 2A tool# According to these
combinations, /alue of %!1 is maximum if system
oerate with -!: P <30#0A BC, -C+ P *0#9,3 BC, D-
P ,#0,@ BC, -C: P <19#939 BC and degree of
subcooling A#99 BC in low side and degree of
suerheating **#C, BC in low side, while in +-
circuit /alue of subcooling *#AA BC and suerheating
are near 19#A3 BC# (ig#, shows best fitness /alue for
obGecti/e function is C0A#3* O# >n comarison of
these results with results achie/ed in 7@8, maximum
/alue of %!1 is 0*0 O with combinations ha/ing
/alue -!: P <,0 BC, -C+ P A, BC, D- P A BC, -C: P
<A0 BC, DSC:P 10, and DS+: P1C while DSC+P C
and DS++ P ABC# 2A results are close to this
combination#
(or C>4 otimal /alue is *#*C and for this /alue,
combinations of eight /ariables searched by 2A tool#
According to these combinations, /alue of C>4 is
maximum if system oerate with -!: P <30 BC, -C+
P *0 BC, D- P *BC, -C: P 0 BC, degree of subcooling
<0#00A BC in low side and *#CC1 BC high side and
degree of suerheating should be *#010, BC on low
side and 1,#C*0 BC on high side# (ig#, shows best
fitness /alue for obGecti/e function is *#*CA#
Comarison with results achie/ed in 7@8 shows that
maximum /alue of C>4 is 1#C@, with combinations
ha/ing /alue -!: P <,0 BC, -C+ P *, BC, D- P * BC,
-C: P <A0 BC, DSC:P 10 BC, and DSC+ P 10 BC
degree of suerheating 0 BC in both circuits#
-hese results achie/ed by 2A, for the maximum
C>4 is /ery interesting and indicati/e as it guides
towards ideal cycle arameters with maximum
erformance#
(or exergetic efficiency, otimal /alue is 0#CA and for
this /alue, combinations of eight /ariables searched
by 2A
tool# According to these combinations, /alue of
exergetic efficiency is maximum if system oerate
with -!: P <30 BC, -C+ P *0 BC, D- P *#000 BC,
-C: P <0#010 BC, degree of subcooling 0#109 BC in
low side and *1#03C BC high side and degree of
suerheating should be 0#01* BC on low side and
*3#991 BC on high side# -hese results are similar to
maximum C>4 results# (ig#C shows best fitness /alue
for obGecti/e function is 0#CA3*# >n comarison of
this results with results achie/ed in 7@8, maximum
/alue of exergetic efficiency is 0#C010 with
combinations ha/ing /alue -!: P <,0 BC, -C+ P *,
BC, D- P * BC, -C: P <*0 BC, DSC:P 10 BC, and
DSC+ P 10 BC while degree of suerheating 0 BC in
both circuit#
+ence results of otimum arameters obtained with
2A /alidates with the results of A#D#4are;h 798#
6. CONCLUSION
>timi.ation of %010<%0AA cascade refrigeration
system erformance arameters has been carried out
using 2A is
resented in this study# (rom this study the following
conclusions are drawn#
K (or maximum system refrigeration effect %!1,
system should oerate with high -!:, low -C+, low
-C:, low D-, with higher degree of subcooling and
suerheating in low side and lower degree of
subcooling and suerheating in high side#
K (or maximum system C>4, system should oerate
with high -!:, low -C+, high -C:, low D-, higher
degree of
subcooling in low and high side and lower degree of
suerheating in low and high side#
K Also analysis re/eals that for maximum exergetic
efficiency, system should oerate with high -!:, low
-C+,
high -C:, low D-, higher degree of subcooling in
low and high side and lower degree of suerheating
in low and high side#
7 NOMENCLATURE
A, -!: low side e/aorator temerature ' BC)
B, -C+ high side condenser temerature ' BC )
C, D- temerature difference in cascade heat
exchanger 'BC )
D, -C: low side condenser temerature ' BC)
!,DSC: low side degree of subcooling ' BC )
(,DSC+ high side degree of subcooling ' BC )
2,DS+: low side degree of suerheating ' BC )
+,DS++ high side degree of suerheating ' BC )
Q total heat transfer 'O)
O% minimum wor; re9uired 'O)
%!1 refrigeration effect 'O)
C>4 coefficient of erformance
2ree; Symbols
N!xe Second law efficiency 'exergetic efficiency)
Subscrits
e e/aorator
c condenser
cc cascade condenser
: low temerature side of the cascade refrigeration
system
+ high temerature side of the cascade refrigeration
system
Abbre/iation
+(C hydro fluorocarbon
2A 2enetic algorithm
>D4 >.one deletion otential
8 REFERENCES
718 3ontreal 4rotocol on substances that delete the
o.one layer# 5nited 6ations !n/ironment rogramme
'56!4), 19@0#
7*8 56!4 Assessment reort of the technology and
economic assessment anel, 56!4 >.one
Secretariat, 6airobi, Renya<*000#
738 Rruse# +#, %u## ssmann# +# -he natural fluid
nitrous oxide<an otion as substitute for low
temerature synthetic refrigerants, Dnternational
Sournal of %efrigeration, *9 ',), *00C, # 099<@0C#
7A8 6icola 2#D, 2iuliani 2#, 4olonara (#, StryGe;#%#
Blends of carbon dioxide and +(Cs as wor;ing fluids
for the low temerature circuit in cascade
refrigeration systems# Dnternational Sournal of
%efrigeration, *@, *00,, # 130<1A0#
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1OURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN
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Rhurana, %#R#, Sar;ar, S#, *00,# >timi.ation of a
C>*<C3+@ cascade system for refrigeration and
heating# Dnt# S# %efrigeration *@ '@),1*@A?1*9*#
7C8 Di6icola, 2#, 2iuliani, 2#, 4olonara, (#, Santori,
2#, StryGe;, %#, *000# Cascade Cycles >erating with
C>* <6*> Binary Systems as :ow -emerature
(luidE !xerimental %esults# Dnternational Congress
of %efrigeration, BeiGing#
708 2etu, +#3#, Bansal, 4#R#, *00@# -hermodynamic
analysis of an %0AA?%010 cascade refrigeration
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7@8 A#D#4are;h, F#+#>.a, 4#%#-ailor,
-hermodynamic analysis and otimi.ation of
%A0AA<%,0@B cascade refrigeration system, *
nd
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!ngineering, August<*009, # 1<,#
798 A#D#4are;h, 4#%#-ailor, +# %# Si/anramGiwala
>timi.ation of %,00A<%*3 Cascade %efrigeration
System using 2enetic Algorithm, Oorld Academy of
Science " -echnology 00, *010, # A<@#
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