Unit 1 Human Being: a multicellular organism

ACTIVITIES

Biology and Geology. 3 ESO

UNIT 1 Human Being: a multicellular organism 1. Define: a. Cell: The cell is the structural and functional unit of all the living beings. It is the basic unit of life b. Exocytosis is a type of transport through cellular membrane, carried out by big size molecules, that consists on the membrane changes its shape to engulf the molecule and put it into a vesicle inside the cell. c. Vacuole is the organelle that stores water, food and waste. d. Metabolism is the set chemist transformations that matter and energy suffer inside cell. We distinguish two types of metabolism: Catabolism and anabolism e. Tissue is a structure of our organism composed of the same types of cells from the same origin. It performs a specific function f. Organ is a structure of our organism composed of tissues grouped together to perform a specific function. g. System is set of organs that work together to perform a complex function. 2. Cellular membrane: structure and function. What is the difference between cellular membrane and nuclear membrane? Membrane is the structure that allows the exchange of matter and energy with the environment. It is made up of a double layer of lipids and besides it contains proteins and cholesterol They have the same structure but the nuclear membrane contains pores to connect interior nuclear space with cytoplasm 3. Transport: a. Name the types of transport that can occur through the membrane. We can distinguish different types of transport through membrane according to the size of the molecules: Small size molecules: Diffusion (passive transport) and active transport Big size molecules: exocytosis and endocytosis b. Explain the transport of small size molecules and write de differences and similarities between them. Diffusion or passive transport: Molecules will move from high concentration to low concentration. This process doesnt require energy. Active transport: the molecules move against the concentration gradient, from where the substance is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated. So this process uses energy Similarities: in both cases, molecules move through the component of the membrane. Differences: the diffusion process doesnt require energy. The molecules move from where the concentration is higher to where the concentration is lower. However, the active transport requires energy and the movement of the molecules is against the concentration gradient. 4. Book: page 20, activity n 3 and 4. IN ENGLISH! N 1 2, 16 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,11 12 13 Organelle Golgi apparatus Chromatin (DNA) Ribosome Vacuole RRE Lysosome Nuclear pore Mitochondria Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Cellular memb Nuclear memb Function

It receives the proteins synthesized by RER and modifies, classifies and packages them into vesicles, to send these proteins to their destination. It regulates and controls all the cellular functions
It synthesizes proteins It store water, food and waste

It collaborates with ribosomes to synthesize protein; then, the RER modifies and stores these proteins. It contains enzymes that digest food and destroy damaged or old organelles.
It allows to connect interior nuclear space with cytoplasm It carries out the respiration cellular whose objective is to produce energy It contains all the organelles and allows the movement of molecules inside the cell It maintains the cellular shape and participates in cellular motion It allows the exchange of matter and energy between the cell and the environment It protects the genetic material

Unit 1 Human Being: a multicellular organism

14 15 Nucleolus Centrioles (Centrosome)

ACTIVITIES

Biology and Geology. 3 ESO

Its function is related to RNA

They are responsible for the movement of cilia y flagella and they take place in cell division, delivering genetic material during the cell division.

5. Cellular respiration: explain all that you know about it. It is a process whose objective is to produce energy from glucose and oxygen and, as a consequence of this reaction, CO2 is released. This process takes place into the mitochondria that is known as the energetic plant of the cells. Cellular respiration belongs to metabolism, specifically to the catabolism because it is a destructive process and it produces energy. 6. Explain the types of metabolism that we have studied. We call metabolism to the set chemist transformation that matter and energy suffer inside cell. We distinguish two types of metabolism: Catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism: it is the destructive metabolism: it breaks down more complex molecules into simpler ones. As a consequence, the cell obtains energy. This process releases energy. Anabolism: it is the constructive metabolism: it synthesizes complex molecules from simpler ones. As a consequence, the cell spends energy. This process requires energy. 7. Name the statement of cellular theory All living beings are made up of one (single-celled organisms) or more cells (multicellular organisms). The cell is the smallest unit of life which is able to carry out three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction. Cells contain all the hereditary information (DNA) of each living being. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. 8. Types and organelles of cells: a. What is the structure that allows distinguishing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? The nucleus, prokaryotic cells have the DNA dispersed into cytoplasm, however eukaryotic cells have the DNA protected inside a structure called nucleus b. What are the differences between animal and plant cells? There are four basic differences: Plant cells have got cellular wall but animal cells havent. Plant cells have got a larger vacuole than animal cells. Plants cells havent got centrioles but animal cells have. Plants cells have chloroplasts to carry out the photosynthesis. Animal cells havent got these organelles them. c. What are the differences between RRE and SRE? (endoplasmatic reticulum) There are two main differences between RRE and SRE. Regarding the structure, RRE is called rough because it has ribosomes attached on its surface; however SRE is called smooth because it doesnt have them (ribosomes). Regarding the function, the RRE collaborates with ribosomes to synthesize proteins and SRE destroy toxic substances and synthesis fats. d. The energy that our organism uses, where is it produced? It is produced in the mitochondria by means of a process called cellular respiration. This process consist on a chemical reaction in which glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and ENERGY 9. Nucleus: a. Structure

The nucleus is composed of: Nuclear membrane: it is made up of a double layer of lipids. This layer contains pores (nuclear pores) which connect interior nuclear space with cytoplasm Nucleolus: it is related to RNA Genetic material b. Function It contains the genetic material, therefore, its function is to regulate and control all the cellular functions.
c. What are the differences between chromatin and chromosome?

Unit 1 Human Being: a multicellular organism

ACTIVITIES

Biology and Geology. 3 ESO

Chromatin: it is a mass of DNA and a chromosome is a DNA chain packaged (When the chromatin is packaged around proteins called histones, chromosomes are formed)
10. Book: page 20, activity n 9. IN ENGLISH! 1: Mitochondria 2: Nucleus 3: Golgi apparatus 11. Muscular cells have a lot of mitochondria; however epithelial cells have not too much. Can you explain why? Mitochondria are the organelle where the energy that we need is produced. Muscular cells need huge amounts of energy to allow the contraction and relaxation of muscle. However epithelial cells are the cells that compose the skin (cells that have not too much activity) therefore, they dont have too much mitochondria.