SULIT 4551/2

BIOLOGY PAPER 2 – ANSWER SCHEME

SECTION A :

No. Explanation Marks Remarks

1(a)(i) Leaf // Leaves 1 Total - 1
1(a)(ii) Absorb maximum/more sunlight / light energy for the 1 Total - 1
process of photosynthesis
1(b)(i) Able to label the vascular bundle.

V 1 Total - 1

Note: The arrow / line must touch on the structure

1(b)(ii) Xylem ( tissue ) 1
Phloem ( tissue ) 1 Total - 2
1(b)(iii) P1 –Xylem transports water/water and (dissolved) minerals
( from the root to the shoot ) 1 Any 1 P
OR
P2 –Phloem transports food/starch/glucose ( from the 1 Total - 1
leaves to every parts of the plant )
1(c)(i) (F) (Both cells) have chloroplasts. 1
(E) Contains chlorophyll which can absorb sunlight / light
energy. // enable the plant to carry out photosynthesis 1 Total - 2
1(c)(ii) Guard cell 1 Total - 1
1(d) (F) X consists of different type of tissues 1
(E1) Has mesophyll tissue to perform photosynthesis 1 F with any
(E2) Water is supplied by the xylem tissue 1 2E
(E3) Glucose/Sucrose/Organic substance produced is
transported through the phloem tissue
(E4) Epidermis tissue permits light energy to enter the Total - 3
mesophyll tissue
TOTAL 12 MARKS
2(a)(i) S : Ligament 1
U : Synovial Membrane 1 Total - 2
2(a)(ii) S : Hold together the bones at the joint/join bone to bone 1
U : Produces Synovial fluid 1 Total -2
(2)(b) S / Ligament is elastic whereas T / tendon is not elastic 1 Total -1
2(c)(i) Hinge joint 1 Total -1
2(c)(ii) Allows movement of bones in one plane / 180° / axis 1 Total -1
2(c)(iii) Knee // Finger bones // Toe bones 1 Total -1
2(d) (F) R is cartilage (that covered the end surface of bones) 1
(E) Absorb shock (during movement) // Reduces friction
(between the end of bones) // reduce friction (of the bone 1 Total - 2
at the joint)
2(e) P1 - Arthritis 1 Any 2 P
P2 – Cartilage wears off // less production of synovial fluid //
ligaments shorten/ loose elasticity 1 Total - 2
P3 – Friction between the bones (during movement)
1

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TOTAL 12 MARKS

3(a) P – alveolus 1 Total - 2

R – pulmonary artery 1

3(b)(i) - has one cell thick wall 1 Any 2

- moist surface 1
- covered with a large network of blood capillaries 1 Total – 2
- large surface area
- very thin wall
3(b)(ii) F1- percentage / concentration / partial pressure of oxygen 1
in P higher than in blood capillaries Any 1 F
E1- oxygen diffused from P to blood capillaries 1 with any
2E
F2- percentage / concentration / partial pressure of carbon 1
Dioxide in blood capillaries is higher than in P
E2- carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillaries to P 1
E - both processes take place at the same time 1
Total – 3
3(c)(i) Q has valve but R do not have valve // Q have big lumen but 1 Total – 1
R have small lumen
3(c)(ii) Transported the needed/essential substances to the 1 Total – 1
cells//unneeded/non-essential substances from the cell
** accept if students name any correct subtance
3(d) P1 - carbon dioxide diffused from the cells to the blood 1 P1 with any
plasma other 2 P
P2 - dissolved carbon dioxide in blood plasma will be
transported to the lung 1
P3 - some of the carbon dioxide will be diffused to the red
blood cells/ erythrocyte and 1
P4 - combined with the haemoglobin to form
carbaminohaemoglobin and transported to the lung 1
P5 - some of the carbon dioxide in red blood cells reacts
with water to form carbonic acid which dissociates to 1
form hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion.
P6 – bicarbonate ion carried by the blood plasma to the lung 1 Total – 3
TOTAL 12 MARKS

4(a)(i) Liver 1 Total – 1

4(a)(ii) Protein 1 Total – 1
4(a)(iii) Pepsin
Protein Polypeptide / peptone 1 Total 1

4(b)(i) Gall bladder 1 Total – 1

4(b)(ii) Bile 1 Total – 1
4(b)(iii) Emulsifies the fat // 1
Prepares the alkaline medium for digestion 1 Total – 1
4(c)(i) F –( islet of Langerhans in) S / pancreas secretes insulin 1
E1 - insulin transported to the liver by blood 1
E2- Insulin stimulates the conversion of glucose into 1
glycogen
E3 – glycogen is stored in the liver and (skeletal) muscle 1
E4 – reduce the glucose level in the blood // the glucose 1 Total – 4

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level back to normal 1

4(c)(ii) Diabetes mellitus 1 Total - 1
TOTAL 11 MARKS
5(a)(i) Increases total surface area of roots (for water absorption) // 1 Total – 1
To absorb water and (dissolved) minerals
5(a)(ii) Osmosis 1 Total – 1
5(a)(iii) P1 - Root hair is hypertonic / has higher osmotic pressure 1
compared to soil water//water concentration in the soil is
higher than in the root hair 1 Total – 2
P2 - concentration gradient occur so osmosis can take
place//water molecules from higher water concentration to
the lower water concentration through osmosis
5(b) P1 -root hair is hypotonic to the neighbour cells, so the 1 Any 4
water diffuses out from root hair to the first layer of points
cortex cell by osmosis/ Root hair is hypotonic to the
adjacent/next cells, so water diffuses into the adjacent 1
cell/next cell by osmosis 1
P2 -movement of water through cytoplasm, vacuole and cell
wall/ Water moves inward to the first cortex cell through Total – 4
cytoplasm, vacuole and cell wall 1
P3 -first layer of cortex cells become hypotonic to the
second layer of cortex cells, so the water moves to the 1
second layer of cortex cell by osmosis/ The first cortex
cell is hypotonic to the adjacent/next cortex cell, so
water molecules moves to the cortex cell by osmosis
P4 - This process continues take placed until water diffuses
to the endodermis
P5 - from endodermis to the xylem tube, water moves in
through the vacuole and cytoplasm because
endodermal cells have casparian strip

5(c)(i) P1- transpirational pulls 1 Any 2 P

P2 - root pressure 1
P3 - Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules are due to 1 Total – 2
the hydrogen bonding
P4 - Capillarity of xylem 1
5(c)(ii) F - large amount / higher concentration of glucose in guard 1
cells produced by the photosynthesis F and
E1 - it causes osmotic pressure in guard cells increase // the 1 any 2 E
guard cell become more concentrated than neighbour
cells 1 Total – 3
E2 - water from neighbour cells move in the guard cells by
osmosis 1
E3 - the cells become turgid and stoma will be opened 1
E4 - the higher the glucose content in guard cells, the
bigger the opening of stoma
TOTAL 13 MARKS

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SECTION B

No. Explanation Marks Remarks

6(a) P1 – Trypsin is an enzyme and peptide is a substrate 1 Any 5 P
P2 – Peptide attached to the active site of trypsin 1
P3 – Enzyme-substrate / Trypsin-peptide complex is formed 1
P4 – Enzyme/Trypsin speeds up the hydrolysis / breakdown 1
of peptide 1
P5 – The amino acids is formed. 1 Total - 5
P6 – Trypsin is unchanged // Trypsin can be used again
6(b) Pepsin reaction:
F1 – The optimum pH for pepsin reaction is pH 2. 1 F1 and F2
E2 – Active in acidic medium 1 with any
E3 – Prepared by hydrochloric acid in stomach 1 3E

Salivary amylase reaction:

F1 – The optimum pH of amylase reaction is pH 7 1
E4 – Active in neutral medium 1
E5 – Prepared by the saliva in mouth 1

E6 – The reaction of pepsin is nil at pH more than 4 // The

reaction occurs in pH range of 0 to 4 1
E7 – The reaction of amylase is nil at pH more than 9 and
less than 5 // The reaction occurs in pH range of 5 to 9 1
E8 – Pepsin is denatured / inactive in alkaline medium 1
E9 - Amylase is denatured / inactive in acidic and alkaline Total - 5
medium 1
6(c) Ultrafiltration:
F1 – Blood containing digested food, water, mineral salts,
urea and other waste products are brought into 1 All 3 F with
glomerulus (through the renal arteries) any 7 E
E1 – In Glomerulus, there is hydrostatic / high pressure 1
E2 - most of the blood components except blood cells and
plasma proteins are filtered to the capsular space //
the urea, water, glucose, amino acid, sodium etc (at 1
least 3 substances)/ Glomerular filtrate
Reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule:
F2 – Reabsorption of blood component takes place along
the renal tubule 1
E3 – Glucose, amino acids and some ions are
reabsorbed into the blood capillary by active transport 1

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E4 – Water is reabsorbed by osmosis

1
Reabsorption at the loop of Henle:
E5 – Water diffuses into the blood capillary by osmosis
E6 – sodium / chloride ions are reabsorbed into 1
the blood capillary by active transport 1

Reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule:

E7 – More water and sodium / chloride ions are
reabsorbed 1

Reabsorption at the collecting duct:

E8 – water is reabsorbed by osmosis 1

Secretion all along the renal tubules and collecting duct: 1

F3 – Urea and excess wastes / substances from the blood
capillary are secreted into the renal tubule and
collecting duct
E9 – Secretion of urea occurs via passive diffusion 1
E10 – Urine is formed in the collecting duct (moves further 1 Total - 10
down into urinary bladder) 1
1
TOTAL 20 MARKS
7(a)(i) Spoilage microorganisms
F1 – responsible for degrading / reducing / spoiling the 1
quality of food 1
E1 – cause food to change colour / produce unpleasant
odours / physical alteration

Pathogenic microorganisms 1
F2 – microorganism that cause diseases
E2 – attack / infect the human cells / produce toxic products 1 Total - 4
which can cause harmful effect to human

7(a)(ii) F1 – Food transmission 1

E1 – When a person consumes the food which is Any 3 F
contaminated with the harmful / pathogenic with its E
microorganisms 1

F2 – Water transmission 1
E2 – When a person consumes the contaminated water in
order to contact a disease 1

F3 – Droplet transmission 1
E3 – Disease is spread by blown out / from respiratory tract /
droplet particles from an infected person (coughing, 1
sneezing or talking)

F4 – Airborne transmission 1
E4 – Disease is spread when a person breathes in air
Containing spores of the pathogenic microorganism/ 1
viral particles/ harmful microorganisms

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F5 – Direct contact transmission 1

E5 – Requires close contact with an infected person. (sexual
contact / blood transfusion ) / touched with the person 1
which has infected pathogen

F6 – Vector/animal transmission 1
E6 – Animal such as mosquito and housefly can spread the 1 Total - 6
pathogens from infected person to other person
7(b)(i) Immunity:
P1 – state in which body has resistant to disease / infection/ 1
Ability of the body to fight against pathogen
P2 – by identifying and destroying foreign substances / 1 Total – 2
antigens / pathogens
7(b)(ii) Differences (for teacher only)
Aspect Situation A Situation B
Type of D1: Natural D1: Artificial
immunity (acquired) (acquired) passive 2 Any 4
active immunity matched D
immunity
Given D2: No antibody is D2: Antibody is
antibody given // Body is given to cure 2
cured by its own (specific) infection
Presence of D3: Occurs when a D3: Occurs when a
pathogen person is infected person is injected
by a pathogen/ by a serum 2
antigen
Antibody D4: Body / D4: Body /
production / lymphocyte is lymphocyte is not
response stimulated to stimulated to 2
produce antibody produce antibody
Effect of D5: The excess D5: The antibodies
antibody antibodies will given will not Total – 8
remain in the body remain in the body
for a long time / only induced for a 2
short period
Period of D6: Body is D6: Body is not
immunity protected / immune protected / immune
(from the same for a long period 2
infection) for a long
period

Note : students must show the relationship between

situation A and B
-if the students answer in table form - maximum 2
marks
TOTAL 20 MARKS
8(a) - P. aurelia and P. caudatum shows an interspecific 1 Any 4
competition points
- Both compete for the same resources e.g food, 1
space, oxygen and others Total – 4
- Rate of reproduction in P. aurelia is higher than P. 1
caudatum
- P. aurelia is stronger and have better adaptations 1
than P. caudatum

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- So it become successful species in the given habitat 1

8(b)
F - the mass of harvested mustard in farm B is 1 F with any
higher than the mass of harvested mustard in farm A 5E
E1 - more competition shown in farm A because the 1
seedlings are too near to each other compare to farm B
E2 - mustard seedlings compete for the same resources 1
such as water, nutrient, sunlight, oxygen and carbon
dioxide
E3 – so the mustard seedlings in farm B get more water, 1
nutrient and other resources
E4 – so the growth rate of seedlings in farm A is higher than 1 Total – 6
the growth rate in farm B
E5 - at the end, the size of mustard planted in farm B bigger 1
and taller than mustard planted in farm B
E6 - mustard shows intraspecific competition 1

8(c) Good effect :

- ecotourism can develop well in Kampung P 1 Any 2
- artificial ecosystem can be planned well 1 points
- economic status of the villagers increase 1

Bad effect:
- disruptions of the habitat 1
- mangrove plants will be extinct 1
- that area exposed to the wind and wave action 1
- cause bad erosion 1 Any 6
- the animals also will be extinct 1 points
- lost biodiversity 1
- the food web / food chain was disturbed a lot 1
- natural cycle (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, 1
phosphates cycle and others) will be destroyed
Conclusion
So the project will give more bad effect to the ecosystem 1 2 points

** student shows the good and bad effects 1 Total - 10

TOTAL 20 MARKS
9(a) Formation of zygote 1 Any 4
- during ovulation, ovum released from the matured points
follicle
- sperm will fertilized the ovum to form zygote 1 Total 4
-
Development of zygote
- zygote undergoes mitosis to form embryo 1
- the embryo divides repeatedly by mitosis to form 1
solid mass of cells known as morula
- then it continues divided by mitosis to (form hollow 1
ball with a fluid-fill cavity) known as blastocyst
- blastocyst attached to the endometrium during 1
implantation
9(b) F1 - the maternal blood and foetal blood do not mix 1
E1 - permits the exchanges of gases, nutrients and waste 1
products between foetus and the mother All 3 F with
E2 - hormones or chemicals from the mother cannot disturb 1 any 3 E

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/ cause harm to the foetus (except some drugs and

microorganisms)

F2 - mother’s blood group may be different from the foetal 1

blood group because the influenced of father’s
genotype
E3 - if the incompatibles blood mix, it will clot and caused 1
blockage in certain organ such as kidney, so it can
cause death
E4 - so placenta prevent the mixing of incompatible blood of 1
maternal and foetal

F3 - maternal circulation is at higher pressure compare to 1 Total – 6

foetal circulation
E5 - placenta will protect the foetus from the high pressure 1
of maternal circulation
9(c) F1 - the man is heterozygous (AO) 1
E1 - so during meiosis, he will produced sperms / male 1 All 4 F with
gametes any E
E2 - the gametes produced will received gene A or gene O 1

F2 - his wife also is heterozygous (BO) 1

E3 - so during meiosis, she will produced ovum / female 1
gamete
E4 - the gamete produced will received gene B or gene O 1

F3 - after sperm fertilizes the ovum, zygote will produced. 1

E5 - Zygote will developed as a foetus 1

F4 - The genotype of the foetus will be either AB, AO, BO or 1

OO
E6 - The child will inherited blood group AB, A, B and O 1
E7 - So the chances for the child that inherits blood group Total - 10
O is 25% 1
E8 - The child has homozygous OO 1

Note : If the students use schematic diagram

_/ marks can be given if the diagram has suitable
explanation for each stage.
X no mark given for schematic diagram without
explanation
TOTAL 20 MARKS

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