Ca1 Pu 13

CA1: CMP Upgrade 2012/13
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Subject CA1
CMP Upgrade 2012/13
CMP Upgrade This CMP Upgrade lists all significant changes to the Core Reading and the ActEd material since last year so that you can manually amend your 2012 study material to make it suitable for study for the 2013 exams. It includes replacement pages and additional pages where appropriate. Alternatively, you can buy a full replacement set of up-to-date Course Notes at a significantly reduced price if you have previously bought the full price Course Notes in this subject. Please see our 2013 Student Brochure for more details.
This CMP Upgrade contains: All changes to the Syllabus objectives and Core Reading. Changes to the ActEd Course Notes, Series X Assignments and Question and Answer Bank that will make them suitable for study for the 2013 exams.
The Actuarial Education Company
IFE: 2013 Examinations
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1.1
Changes to the Syllabus objectives and Core Reading

Syllabus objectives
There have been no changes to the syllabus.
1.2
Core Reading
Chapter 1
Page 7 The first sentence of Section 3.1 now starts: The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries requirements... Page 8 The first sentence of Section 3.2 now starts: Actuarial Standards... These are detailed in Technical
All references to the Professions Guidance Notes have been removed. Therefore the third and sixth bullet points on this page have been deleted. Page 9 A new section has been added, which discusses the principles of materiality and proportionality. We recommend that you remove pages 910 from your Course Notes and use replacement pages 9a, 9b, 9c and 10 provided below.
Chapter 4
Page 7 The first sentence of Core Reading now refers to systemic collapse, instead of systematic collapse.
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Page 10 The definition of moral hazard has been changed, to read:
Moral hazard
The action of a party who behaves differently from the way they would behave if they were fully exposed to the consequences of that action. The party behaves inappropriately or less carefully than they would otherwise, leaving the organisation to bear some of the consequences of the action. Moral hazard is related to information asymmetry, with the party causing the action generally having more information than the organisation that bears the consequences. This is not the same as anti-selection which is also taking advantage of particular aspects of an insurance contract, but within the terms offered by the insurer.
Page 11 The last sentence of the second example now reads: This is an example of fraud.
Chapter 10
Page 18 The second sentence of Core Reading, which reads The charges on the product will need to be sufficient to meet the providers expenses. has been deleted.
Chapter 30
Page 17 The third paragraph of Core Reading has been corrected, to refer to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries.
Chapter 31
Page 12 The second paragraph of Core Reading has been corrected, to refer to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries.
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Chapter 33
Page 7 A new sentence has been added to the second bullet point, so that this bullet point now reads: The provider will also need to decide whether it is prepared to offer the
business on a single premium or a regular premium basis or both. The provider may charge a higher premium for regular premium policies, in order to encourage policyholders to pay the whole premium up front.
Chapter 39
Page 12 In the penultimate sentence of the first paragraph, change the last word from trader to trade.
Chapter 41
Page 8 Part of point 5 has been deleted, so it now reads:
5. Moral hazards should be eliminated as far as possible because these are difficult to quantify.
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Glossary
Page 19 The definition of moral hazard has been changed, to read:
Moral hazard
The action of a party who behaves differently from the way they would behave if they were fully exposed to the consequences of that action. The party behaves inappropriately or less carefully than they would otherwise, leaving the organisation to bear some of the consequences of the action. Moral hazard is related to information asymmetry, with the party causing the action generally having more information than the organisation that bears the consequences. This is not the same as anti-selection which is also taking advantage of particular aspects of an insurance contract, but within the terms offered by the insurer.
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Changes to the ActEd Course Notes

Chapter 1
Page 9 A new section has been added, which discusses the principles of materiality and proportionality. We recommend that you remove pages 9 10 from your Course Notes and use replacement pages 9a, 9b, 9c and 10 provided below. Pages 19 20 The Chapter Summary has been changed to reflect the new Core Reading. We have provided replacement pages 19 and 20 below. Page 24 A new solution has been written to Question 1.4, relating to the new Core Reading on the principles of materiality and proportionality. This reads: Solution 1.4 TAS D states that checks should be carried out on any data used but that the choice and extent of these checks is a matter of judgement. Therefore the choice and extent of checks is a material decision. However, if some of the data relate to a business class that is not in itself material to the overall result, then the principle need not be complied with for that subset of data. You may like to renumber subsequent questions and solutions in this chapter.
Chapter 4
Page 11 Part (iii) of Question 4.7 now reads: (iii) An insured driver not bothering to put the car in the garage at night.
Page 7
Page 28 In the second set of bullet points, part of the second bullet point has been deleted, so it now reads: They can lead to anti-selection.
Page 31 Solution 4.3 now reads: This systemic risk refers to the failure of the financial system. An example is where the failure of one financial institution leads to the failure of another, which in turn causes difficulties for a third institution and so on. Such risks arise when the financial positions of different institutions are very closely inter-linked. Page 33 Solution 4.7 now reads: (i) is an example of a policyholder intentionally withholding relevant information from the insurer, or even lying on the proposal form. It is therefore an example of fraud, rather than moral hazard. (ii) is an example of anti-selection rather than moral hazard, since it involves taking advantage of the insurers inadequate underwriting process. (iii) is an example of moral hazard, because the insured is behaving differently as a result of having insurance in place.
Chapter 5
Page 2 The second sub-bullet now reads: insurance products and pensions: http://www.thisismoney.com and http://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk.
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Chapter 8
Page 20 A further explanation has been added to the bottom of page 20, which reads: Note that in practice, the term health insurance, or health and care (H&C) is an umbrella term used to describe the four main types of cover:

income protection critical illness long-term care private medical insurance.
However, the Core Reading for Subject CA1 uses the term health insurance to mean only private medical insurance.
Chapter 16
Page 11 The second bullet point now starts: market valuation of holdings being lower than ...
Chapter 24
Page 31 Solution 24.12 has been significantly re-written. We recommend that you remove page 31 from your Course Notes and use the replacement page provided below.
Chapter 34
Page 17 The final sentence of the example has been corrected to read: However, the expenses and the first two categories of benefits would be paid in full and the remainder would be reduced to 83.3% of their promised level.
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Chapter 35
Page 10 The first sentence of Question 35 has been corrected, to read: The table below shows the claim payments on a household insurance portfolio in each development year, for accident years from 2008 to 2011.
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Changes to the Q&A Bank

Part 1 Questions
A new question (Question 1.5) has been written. We recommend that you remove pages 1 and 2 of your Course Notes and use the replacement pages provided below. You may also like to renumber subsequent questions.
Part 1 Solutions
Page 4-5 A new solution has been written, for the new Question 1.5. We recommend that you remove pages 3 and 4 of your Course Notes and use replacement pages 3, 4a, and 4b provided below. You may also like to renumber subsequent solutions. Page 14 The solution to Question 1.18 has been updated. We recommend that you remove pages 13 and 14 of your Course Notes and use the replacement pages provided below.
Part 2 Questions
Question 2.4 has been re-written. We recommend that you remove pages 1 and 2 of your Course Notes and use the replacement pages provided below.
Part 2 Solutions
Solution 2.4 has been re-written. We recommend that you remove pages 3 and 4 of your Course Notes and use the replacement pages provided below.
Part 7 Solutions
Solution 7.9 has been corrected, to refer to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (instead of the Faculty and Institute of Actuaries).
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Part 9 Solutions
In Solution 9.17, the top left box on page 23 now reads: Moral hazard, eg car owners leave their cars unlocked
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Changes to the X Assignments

This section provides details of material changes that have been made to the 2012 X Assignments, so that you can continue to use these for the 2013 exams. However, if you are having your attempts marked by ActEd, you will need to use the 2013 version of the assignments. Assignment X6 Question X6.3 Part (iii) has been amended, to read: (iii) What are the main circumstances when an individual would hold a large proportion of assets in cash deposits? [2]
Question X6.11 Part (ii) of this question has been significantly re-written. We recommend you remove pages 34 of your questions and use the replacement pages provided below. Solution X6.11 Part (ii) of this solution has been significantly re-written. We recommend you remove pages 1718 of your solutions and use the replacement pages provided below. Assignment X9 Solution X9.7 On page 11, the first sentence under Investment returns has been corrected to read: The contracts are fundamentally providing protection cover and claims reserves can be significant under either design. [] Assignment X10 Question X10.4 Part (i) of this question has been significantly re-written. We recommend you remove pages 12 of your questions and use the replacement pages provided below.
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Solution X10.4 Part (i) of this solution has been significantly re-written. We recommend you remove pages 56 of your solutions and use replacement pages 5, 6a and 6b provided below.
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Other tuition services

In addition to this CMP Upgrade you might find the following services helpful with your study.
5.1
Study material
We offer the following study material in Subject CA1: ASET (ActEd Solutions with Exam Technique) and Mini-ASET CA1 Bitesize Flashcards Mock Exam A and Additional Mock Pack (AMP) Revision Notes Smart Revise Sound Revision.
For further details on ActEds study materials, please refer to the 2013 Student Brochure, which is available from the ActEd website at www.ActEd.co.uk.
5.2
Tutorials
We offer the following tutorials in Subject CA1:

a set of Regular Tutorials (lasting three full days) a Block Tutorial (lasting three full days) a series of webinars (lasting approximately an hour and a half each)
For further details on ActEds tutorials, please refer to our latest Tuition Bulletin, which is available from the ActEd website at www.ActEd.co.uk.
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5.3
Marking
You can have your attempts at any of our assignments or mock exams marked by ActEd. When marking your scripts, we aim to provide specific advice to improve your chances of success in the exam and to return your scripts as quickly as possible. For further details on ActEds marking services, please refer to the 2013 Student Brochure, which is available from the ActEd website at www.ActEd.co.uk.
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Feedback on the study material

ActEd is always pleased to get feedback from students about any aspect of our study programmes. Please let us know if you have any specific comments (eg about certain sections of the notes or particular questions) or general suggestions about how we can improve the study material. We will incorporate as many of your suggestions as we can when we update the course material each year. If you have any comments on this course please send them by email to CA1@bpp.com or by fax to 01235 550085.
CA1-01: How to do a professional job
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Work may depart from the requirements of a TAS if the departure is considered not to be material. In this context, something is material if, at the time the work is performed, the effect of the departure (or the combined effect if there is more than one departure) could influence the decisions to be taken by the users of the resulting actuarial information. Knowledge of the detailed technical content of actuarial standards is not required until the Specialist Application subjects.
More information about the BAS can be found on its website, at www.frc.org.uk/bas.
3.3
Exercising Judgement Materiality and Proportionality

The Technical Actuarial Standards (TASs) are principles based.
This means that the TAS aim to move away from detailed, prescriptive rules and allow actuaries to focus instead on achieving desirable outcomes.
These principles need to be considered when carrying out actuarial work that is within the scope of a particular TAS.
We will first discuss the principles of materiality and proportionality, and then apply these to the TASs.
Materiality
The following definition of material is given in each TAS: Matters are material if they could, individually or collectively, influence the decisions to be taken by users of the related actuarial information. Assessing materiality is a matter of reasonable judgement which requires consideration of the users and the context in which the work is performed and reported. This means that a principle in a TAS can be ignored if it is felt that its inclusion would not have a material effect.
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Example Principle C.5.3 of TAS D states that The definitions of all items of data shall be documented. Lets say that you are carrying out a simple pricing exercise in which you find that only one rating factor has a significant impact on the risk and the other potential factors are found to be not useful in describing the risk. So even though you may have looked at the other potential factors, you may not feel it necessary to document their definitions because they are not material to the pricing decision. You can therefore disregard principle C.5.3.
Proportionality
Proportionality is not defined in the TASs. However proportionality is referred to in TAS R and TAS D as follows: Nothing in this standard should be interpreted as requiring work to be performed that is not proportionate to the scope of the decision or assignment to which it relates and the benefit that users would be expected to obtain from the work. This statement indicates that a principle which is material can be disregarded (without further consideration or comment) in some situations. For example, there may be a number of principles within TAS R that are material to a decision that the user needs to make but the making of that decision itself is immaterial to the user.
Question 1.4 Give a specific example of when a principle that is material may be disregarded.
In this situation the actuary could decide not to apply certain principles when carrying out or reporting the actuarial work. However, in such a situation there is still a professional requirement to ensure that anyone affected by the decision to be taken by the user is not adversely affected by this course of action. It is not possible to give any general advice on what is proportionate in any situation as the judgement will be driven by the individual circumstances applying to the specific user and the specific decision at the relevant time.
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Applying the principles of proportionality and materiality to actuarial work

Where a principle is applicable and material in a specific context a judgement needs to be made as to how to apply the principle. If the judgement is that the principle should be applied, then the actual application of the principle should be carried out in a manner that is proportional. Judgements on the materiality and the proportionality of a principle in a specific context must be exercised in a manner that is both reasoned and justifiable. When considering the application of a principle in a TAS, the principle can be put into one of the following three groups: 1. 2. 3. The principle is not applicable. The principle is applicable but its inclusion is not material to the decision to be taken by the user. The principle is applicable and its inclusion is material to the decision to be taken by the user.
Principles falling in group 1. are mainly matter of fact. Principles falling in group 2. and 3. require the exercise of judgement. In exercising this judgement the decisions for which the actuarial information is being supplied will need to be considered. This may involve discussions with the user. If a principle falls into category 3. then judgement will need to be exercised as to what is a proportionate application of that principle.
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Doing a professional job

An important skill that you will develop in studying this subject is to think around issues and generate ideas about them, rather than pre-learning appropriate responses for every conceivable situation. As a forerunner to this, spend a few minutes considering the following question before going on to study the remainder of this section. As you then read on, consider where and why your answer differs from the Core Reading. As well as being good practice, this may make this unit more interesting to study(!). Question 1.5 This section discusses actuaries doing a professional job. Without looking below, describe what you think being a professional means.
4.1
Being a professional
Professionalism is the way in which an actuary carries out the work and presents the advice resulting from the use of the skills acquired through this course and beyond. As a professional, an actuary will be required to make decisions and take personal responsibility for those decisions. An actuary must act with integrity and with detachment from his or her own personal circumstances. An actuary must also develop a direct, personal and trusting relationship with a client in order to advise on the most suitable solution for that particular client. An actuary must also recognise that the views of others (including other actuaries) may differ from his/her own and that the other views may be valid. A professional must achieve and demonstrate competence in his/her specialised skill, and its practical application, in order to build the trust of clients and the public in the advice that is presented. Additionally, an actuary should also maintain and improve competence in the skills that are necessary to provide actuarial advice. An actuary should also be reliable in particular this means delivering a work product that meets the clients requirements in terms of detail, quality and timeliness. Timeliness is often a major issue. An actuary should not promise to complete work in unrealistic timescales that might prejudice the detail or quality of the output. In the event that it becomes clear that the actuary cannot reconcile the detail, quality and timeliness of the work required, discussions with the client should be started at the earliest opportunity.
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Chapter 1 Summary
Jobs that actuaries do The jobs that actuaries do can be grouped into the areas of:

risks modelling managing assets and liabilities monitoring experience.
Statutory roles In some territories there are statutory roles that can only be taken by actuaries. The statutory roles for actuaries mainly relate to the certification of the adequacy of the valuation of assets and liabilities for a life insurer, general insurer or pension scheme, for example:

proper records have been kept for valuing liabilities proper provision for the liabilities has been made assets and liabilities have been valued according to legislative rules liabilities have been valued in the context of the assets the difference in the assets and liabilities has been stated premiums or contributions are adequate to meet future commitments professional guidance has been complied with.
Actuaries may also work for the statutory body with personal responsibility for various areas of practice or are more commonly employed to check that regulatory objectives are adhered to. Professional framework of the Actuarial Profession Actuaries must comply with:
ethical and professional standards, which are set out in the Actuarial Profession Standards and issued by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries Technical Actuarial Standards (TASs), issued by the Board for Actuarial Standards (BAS).
Actuaries should consider the principles of proportionality and materiality when applying TASs.
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The Actuarial Quality Framework aims to promote actuarial quality through methods, communication, actuaries and the environment. It is designed by the Financial Reporting Council and aims to complement professional and other regulation affecting actuaries and their clients. Doing a professional job An actuary must:
act in a professional manner with integrity and with detachment from his or her own personal circumstances develop a direct, personal and trusting relationship with a client in order to advise on the most suitable solution for that particular client recognise that others have valid views attain and maintain competence in a given field be reliable, ie deliver good quality work in a given timeframe communicate clearly recognise exactly who the client is and what their needs are recognise and seek to avoid conflicts of interest.
Conflicts of interest Principles to adhere to in managing conflicts of interest include:

avoidance of the conflict, for example declining to advise one of the parties Chinese walls established to ring fence people and data disclosure of the conflict to both parties keeping detailed records of work assignments notifying the regulators if the actuary believes that his/her client is not treating customers fairly.
CA1-24: Valuation of asset classes and portfolios
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Solution 24.12 The current market value of the portfolio is 100m + 50m = 150m. Assume that the assets are invested in equities and bonds according to the benchmark asset allocation, ie 50% bonds and 50% equities. Value of equities We calculate the value of next years dividend by applying the prospective market dividend yield to the notional market value. We can then value the asset using our long-term valuation assumptions: VE = D prospective dividend yield share price 0.05 75m = = = 93.750m i-g i-g 9.5% - 5.5%
Value of bonds VB = price per bond number of bonds We value the price per bond using the schemes long-term assumption of i = 9.5% . We calculate the number of bonds by taking the notional market value and dividing by the market price of a bond, ie calculated using the GRY of 10%. (Remember that the value of an undated bond, with a coupon of C is Thus:
C .) i
VB =
price per bond
number of bonds
75m 0.025 100 = 0.095 0.025 100 0.10 = 78.947 m Hence, the notional value of the portfolio is:
VE + VB = 93.750m + 78.947 m = 172.697 m

This is closest to 175, so the correct answer is A.
All study material produced by ActEd is copyright and is sold for the exclusive use of the purchaser. The copyright is owned by Institute and Faculty Education Limited, a subsidiary of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries.
Unless prior authority is granted by ActEd, you may not hire out, lend, give out, sell, store or transmit electronically or photocopy any part of the study material.
You must take care of your study material to ensure that it is not used or copied by anybody else.
Legal action will be taken if these terms are infringed. In addition, we may seek to take disciplinary action through the profession or through your employer.
These conditions remain in force after you have finished using the course.
CA1: Q&A Bank Part 1 Questions
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Part 1 Questions
Introduction
The Question and Answer Bank is divided into 10 parts. For each part the questions may require knowledge from earlier parts of the course. Each Question and Answer Bank part is split into three sections:
Section 1 Development Questions. The aim of these questions is to build on your understanding, test key Core Reading and bring your knowledge and skills to the level required to tackle Exam-style Questions. Section 2 Exam-style Questions. These questions are of the level of difficulty you are likely to face in the examination. It is very important that you focus on these questions as preparation for the exam. Section 3 provides a grid of all the past CA1 examination questions related to the topics covered in this part of the course.
We recommend that you do not use the questions as a set of material to learn but attempt the questions for yourself before looking at the solutions provided. This last point highlights the difference between active studying and passive studying. Given that the examiners will be aiming to set questions to make you think (and in doing so they will be devising questions you have not seen before) it is much better if you practise the skills that they will be testing.
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Note that the split between Development Questions and Exam-style Questions is somewhat subjective. For example, there have been past CA1 exam questions that test knowledge of the Core Reading, and so are similar to what weve included here as Development Questions. The Exam-style Questions involve more application and a wider range of ideas and are typically the more challenging questions in the exam.
Development Questions
Question 1.1 Outline the areas of a life insurance companys operations that an actuary may be required to certify. [5]
Question 1.2 An investment management company offers a large number of equity-based and bondbased investment products to both institutional and private investors. The company wants to increase its sales to private investors and so is increasing its marketing activity, targeting middle aged, relatively well-off customers. Describe the issues to consider in treating customers fairly. [7]
Question 1.3 Give five examples of conflicts of interest that may arise for actuaries carrying out their duties. [5]
Question 1.4 You have been asked to prepare an investigation of the suitability of a life insurance companys current investment strategy. Briefly explain the jobs that you, as an actuary, can perform in relation to this role. [6]
Question 1.5 Define the principles of proportionality and materiality. [3]
CA1: Q&A Bank Part 1 Solutions
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Solution 1.3 Examples of potential conflicts of interest Several actuaries of the same consulting firm acting to advise both the vendor and possibly a number of prospective purchasers in the case of a takeover or merger of two insurers. [1] Where an actuary has statutory responsibilities, these frequently include the requirement to notify the regulatory authorities if the actuary believes that his client (eg an insurance company) is acting in a way that would prejudice the interests of its customers (eg policyholders). [1] An actuarial consultancy asked to provide advice in the case of a bulk transfer of pension scheme liabilities, where the consultancy has previously acted as scheme manager to both parties. [1] An actuary being approached to provide advice on a particular issue, when they are already, or have been previously, asked to provide such advice to another party. [1] A life insurance actuary who sits on the board, and therefore is directly responsible to shareholders, but needs to set bonus rates to meet policyholders expectations. [1] Actuaries operating within an investment house who may act to advise a client and potential bidders in the case of a share issue. [1] An actuary who takes more than one role within a pension scheme, eg who is a member of the scheme and a significant shareholder of the sponsoring company, or advisor to the sponsor, and the trustees. [1] [1 for each suitable example, maximum 5]
Solution 1.4 The actuary can bring the following skills:
an ability to assess, quantify, and determine how to manage and monitor the risks associated with different asset mixes and liability profiles [] an ability to use economic analyses to form judgements about future inflation and interest rates, this will be needed in order to build an investment model [] an ability to handle data in a critical manner []
and to use the data relating to future liabilities to estimate the appropriate investment strategy []
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an understanding of how to build, parameterise, test and implement models [] an ability to project and discount future cashflows using assumptions an understanding of how to handle assumptions in a critical manner [] []
including how to build appropriate margins into assumptions and appreciate the impact of such margins [] participation in decisions on investment policies to ensure that future liabilities are met [] an ability to work with other professionals, eg investment managers, in order to determine the most appropriate policy [] an understanding of where and when the expertise of other professionals is needed, eg the actuary may only set the general investment strategy and leave stock selection to investment managers [] an understanding of the life insurance and investment environment that requires professionalism and scrutiny [] an ability to apply the highest standards of independence ensuring there should be no conflict of interest [] to communicate the results of all his/her work to the managers of the insurance company. [] [Maximum 6]
Solution 1.5 The principle of proportionality Work need only be performed that is proportionate:

to the scope of the decision or assignment to which it relates and the benefit that users would be expected to obtain from the work.
[] [] []
In other words, the principle of proportionality says that an action should be proportionate to the problem or task in hand ... [] ... and need not go beyond what is necessary to achieve its objective. The principle of materiality Matters are material if they could, individually or collectively, influence the decisions to be taken by users of the related actuarial information. [] []
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Assessing materiality is a matter of reasonable judgement which requires consideration of the users and the context in which the work is performed and reported. [] This means that a principle in a TAS can be ignored if it is felt that its inclusion would not have a material effect. [] [Maximum 3]
Solution 1.6 (i) Checks to be carried out on the answers
The actuary needs to check that:

the answers look reasonable the sensitivity testing carried out was appropriate
[] []
the range of answers produced is consistent with the level of confidence associated with the assumptions made [] the results are reviewed by a peer. [] [Total 2]
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Solution 1.16
It is compelled, or at least encouraged, to do so by regulation imposed by the State. [1] The employer wants to act in a paternalistic way towards its employees []
in particular it may want to reward loyal or key staff, and care for those in need. []
It wants to attract and retain good employees and so offer benefits at least as good as key competitors.
[] []
In order to benefit from economies of scale, ie it may be cheaper to provide benefits to employees through a pooled arrangement than for employees to make their own individual arrangements. [1] The employer may be part of a multi-employer scheme that provides benefits. [] [Maximum 4]
Solution 1.17 An investment exchange ought to be required to demonstrate to the regulator that:

it has adequate financial resources to provide the requisite exchange services [1] proper conduct of business rules exist, in particular []
all parties (traders and issuers of securities) should be aware of the rules and understand them [] these rules are monitored to ensure they are enforced to prevent insider trading and fraud [] []
it operates proper, transparent and sufficiently liquid markets in the securities traded [1] appropriate procedures for recording transactions exist, eg time, price and volume of each trade, and the parties involved [1] appropriate procedures exist for admitting new listings proper arrangements exist for the clearing of transactions to prevent fraud. [] [] [] [Maximum 6]
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Solution 1.18 The professional framework of the UK actuarial profession comprises both ethical or conduct standards and technical or practice standards. [1] The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries requirements are set out in the Actuarial Profession Standards. [] The Actuarial Profession Standards framework comprises:

the Actuaries Code
[]
other Actuarial Profession Standards (AP Standards) developed since 2006. []
Professional skills and consideration of the Actuarial Profession Standards are covered in detail in a two-day post-qualification course. [] Actuaries subject to the continuing professional development scheme are required to keep their professional as well as their technical skills up to date. [] The Board for Actuarial Standards (BAS) issues Technical Actuarial Standards (TASs). These can be on either specific or generic topics. [] The TASs apply to work done in relation to UK operations of entities and any non-UK operations which report in the UK. [] The aim of the TASs is to ensure that users of actuarial information can have confidence in the informations relevance, transparency of assumptions, completeness and comprehensibility. [1] Actuaries may only depart from these standards if the departure is not considered to be material. [] [Maximum 4]
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Part 2 Questions
Note that the split between Development Questions and Exam-style Questions is somewhat subjective. For example, there have been past CA1 exam questions that test knowledge of the Core Reading, and so are similar to what weve included here as Development Questions. The Exam-style Questions involve more application and a wider range of ideas and are typically the more challenging questions in the exam.
Development Questions
Question 2.1 Describe the customer needs met by the following contracts: (i) (ii) (iii) income protection critical illness long-term care. [5]
Question 2.2 Comment briefly on the following quote. Buying a without-profit annuity to provide income in retirement is foolish. The insurer will only take the money and invest it in fixed-interest securities, and so the policyholder would do better to buy these directly and cut out the insurers expenses and profit. [5]
Question 2.3 List the perils associated with each of the following forms of insurance:

employers liability public liability product liability professional indemnity marine hull cover pecuniary loss fidelity guarantee. [7]
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Question 2.4 Moral hazard is the risk that an insured behaves differently from the way they would behave if they did not have insurance in place. Give four examples of possible moral hazard within household insurance. [2]
Question 2.5 A friend has recently established a pizza delivery company. He has asked you for some advice as to the types of general insurance products that he might need. Describe briefly the types that he might need, including your reasons for suggesting them. [3]
Question 2.6 State the cash inflows and outflows associated with a motor vehicle insurance policy (from the perspective of the insurer) and the uncertainty associated with the cashflows. [3]
Question 2.7 Outline features of a contract design that increase the financing requirements. [4]
Question 2.8 Why would a regular premium pure endowment assurance result in higher financing requirements than a single premium version of the contract, all other things being equal? [2]
Question 2.9 List the factors to consider in designing a financial contract. [9]
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public liability perils relating to policy type examples include dog bites, falling objects
product liability perils depend upon the nature of the product examples include faulty design, faulty manufacture, faulty packaging, misleading or incorrect instructions
professional indemnity perils depend upon the profession examples include incorrect medical diagnosis, inappropriate legal advice, error in actuarial report
marine hull cover perils of the seas and navigable waters fire, explosion jettison, piracy etc
pecuniary loss bad debts or failure of a third party an example is default on mortgage payments (under mortgage indemnity guarantee insurance)
fidelity guarantee dishonest actions by employees examples include fraud or embezzlement [ each, maximum 7]
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Solution 2.4 Four possible moral hazards in household insurance:

engineering accidents to old / broken items and claiming full replacement acting carelessly, eg leaving a window open or the house unlocked
[] []
carrying more cash / valuable items around with you (ie if personal effects outside the home are included under the terms of the cover) [] arson. [] [Total 2]
Solution 2.5 Types of cover:

building insurance to protect against fire, storm, flood and other hazards
[]
contents of the kitchen / shop to protect against theft, flood, storm damage and other hazards [] business interruption cover to protect against loss of profits after damage to contents or buildings [] theft and liability fleet cover for the delivery vehicles / mopeds employers liability against claims from the staff [] []
possibly public and product liability against claims for negligence from the public and employees. [] [Total 3]
Solution 2.6 The inflow for the insurance company is the premium received at the start of the year or at regular intervals, eg monthly. [] The amount and timing of the premium is known precisely unless endorsements are made to the policy or the policy is discontinued. [] []
The outflows consist of claim payments to policyholders or to third parties, eg vehicle repairers. []
CA1: Assignment X6 Questions
Page 3
Question X6.8 Describe the factors influencing the investment strategy of a funded defined benefit pension scheme, ie a defined benefit pension scheme where monies are set aside before the benefits are due to be paid. [12]
Question X6.9 (i) Define the terms:

risk budgeting strategic risk structural risk active risk [2]
(ii)
A small pension fund with total assets of 100m is in the process of choosing a number of specialist investment managers. Following an asset/liability study by the scheme actuary, the trustees have been told that 75% of the funds liabilities are linked to salary inflation and 25% are fixed in nominal terms. The actuary has recommended that an appropriate asset mix to match these liabilities would be 50% domestic equities, 25% domestic property and 25% fixed-interest undated bonds. The trustees have set up a strategic benchmark of 80% domestic equities and 20% domestic fixed-interest government bonds. The trustees have chosen two specialist managers to manage the fund: a domestic equity manager whose style is described as growth and a passive bond manager that aims to match the FTSE Actuaries over 15-year government bond index. (They were unable to find a passive manager that targeted undated bonds.) Describe the risks inherent in the set-up of this pension fund. [4] [Total 6]
Question X6.10 Suggest ways in which the investment requirements of the following couples might differ:

a couple in their 30s with two young children a retired couple in their 60s. [8]
Page 4
Question X6.11 (i) Describe how you would calculate the historical tracking error and the forwardlooking tracking error of a US equity fund. [2] You have been given the following information relating to two fund managers over the last three years and have been asked to assess their relative performance. Size of fund Fund A Fund B $50m $1m Average annual investment return 2% 6% Historic-tracking error 8% 1% [5] [Total 7]
(ii)
Outline the points you would make in your response.
End of paper
CA1: Assignment X6 Solutions
Page 17
Liquidity Immediate access to their capital might be less important to the retired couple. Insurance needs Insurance protection for dependants against death and ill-health is an important consideration for the younger couple. [] Long-term care may be an important consideration for the retired couple. [] [Maximum 8] []
Solution X6.11
Comment
The Core Reading for this question is discussed in Chapter 28, Developing an investment strategy (2). (i) Tracking errors
Tracking error is normally defined as the annualised standard deviation of the difference between the fund returns and the benchmark returns (ie the active returns) over a given time period. [1] The historical tracking error is calculated using historical data. []
A forward-looking tracking error uses estimates of likely future volatilities and correlations of different stocks and markets to estimate the future tracking error. [] [Total 2] (ii)
Comparison of the two funds Fund manager B appears to have significantly outperformed fund manager A, by earning a higher return on average. [] However, fund manager B did not take on very much active investment risk, and therefore this outperformance is likely to be due to the performance of the underlying benchmark rather than the investment decisions of the fund manager. [1]
Page 18
The tracking error gives no indication of whether the fund managers have performed better or worse than their respective benchmarks ... [] ... so fund manager B may have underperformed his benchmark while fund manager A may have outperformed his. [] Three years may not be a long enough time period to make inferences about investment performance. [] The results may be very different over other periods (both longer and shorter). [] In particular, fund B is much smaller than fund A, so it is likely to be more volatile. [] A direct comparison may not be appropriate, for example: the managers of the funds may have had different constraints or objectives. [] the two managers may be investing in very different funds, eg different asset classes. [] []
Past performance is not necessarily a good guide to the future ...
... hence, it would be useful to look at other measures, eg forward-looking tracking error, in order to estimate the likely future performance of the two fund managers. [] [Maximum 5]
Page 1
Question X10.1 You have been given the following information regarding the past claims experience on a particular line of business. Total claims (m) in one year Frequency of occurrence within last 32 years 0 8 1 6 2 12 3 0 4 2 5 2 6 0 7 0 8 2
The average claim size over the last 32 years was 0.5m with a very small standard deviation. No claims occurred within two weeks of any other claim. If the past claims experience is deemed to be a good indication of future claims experience, discuss: (i) (ii) the appropriateness of reinsurance (in general) for this class of business which types of reinsurance contract would be suitable. [3] [3] [Total 6]
Question X10.2 A proprietary life insurance company sells a range of business, including a significant volume of term insurance. Describe a modelling investigation that the company might perform to set its reinsurance retention limit and the other factors the company should take into account in setting the retention limit. [13]
Question X10.3 (i) (ii) Outline the main features of surplus and stop loss reinsurance. [7]
Give with reasons the main types of reinsurance and extent of reinsurance that would be most suitable for: (a) (b) an insurance company writing motor insurance a large insurance company writing industrial property fire insurance. [4] [Total 11]
Page 2
Question X10.4 A life insurance company sells without-profit critical illness policies. (i) State the key reason why the company will wish to obtain medical evidence when underwriting these policies and list the medical information that the company may wish to obtain. [4] Describe the options open to the company if the underwriting process shows an applicant to have a higher than standard level of risk. Explain when each option is appropriate. [5] [Total 9]
(ii)
Question X10.5 (i) List different ways in which a life insurance company can diversify its business in order to reduce the risks it faces. [5] Describe why too much diversification is not necessarily a good thing. Excluding reinsurance, list ten other risk management tools. [2] [5] [Total 12]
(ii) (iii)
Question X10.6 Describe the reasons why life insurance companies need capital. [9]
Question X10.7 (i) Describe how both traditional and financial reinsurance can be used to aid a provider in managing its capital requirements. [6] Describe, with examples, the other external and internal capital management tools available to a general insurance company. [13] State the factors that will influence the companys choice between the tools described in part (ii). [6] [Total 25]
(ii)
(iii)
Page 5
Stop loss

non-proportional so claim split not pre-defined type of aggregate excess of loss reinsurance reinsurer pays for aggregate claims from all events caused by all perils covered by the direct written policy above a retention limit and up to an upper limit cedant may be required to pay a proportion of the claims within the limits so as to retain an interest in the risk cover tends to be expensive used to reduce the risk of insolvency used to protect against accumulations of risk used to smooth profits by reducing claims fluctuations [ each, maximum 3]
(ii)(a) Insurance company writing motor insurance A motor account can give rise to the occasional enormous liability claim. []
These may relate to a single claim (eg bodily injury or death to a single driver) or multiple claims (eg a motorway pile-up). [1] So the insurer would need individual and aggregate excess of loss reinsurance. []
Sufficient layers would be required to provide cover for any size of claim (ie unlimited). [] (ii)(b) Large insurance company writing industrial property fire insurance Industrial fire risks can be very large, so even a large insurer is not likely to want to retain all the risk for each policy. [] So the insurer would need proportional insurance whereby the proportion reinsured for each individual risk is determined by the size of that risk (which is likely to vary for each different building). [1] A surplus treaty would be required (since industrial properties are relatively heterogeneous) probably with quite a high maximum retention. A second surplus treaty may be required to cope with very large risks. [1] [Maximum 4]
Page 6a
Solution X10.4
Comment
It is tempting with this question to discuss the sources of information from Chapter 30, Data. However, Chapter 30 is concerned with sources of mass data to be used for modelling purposes. In contrast, this question asks about the sources of data available for one applicant. Therefore this is a question on underwriting, which is discussed in Chapter 45, Risk management tools (2). (i) Medical information
The company will obtain evidence about the health of the applicant so as to assess whether he or she attains the companys required standard of health ... [] ... and if not what their state of health is relative to that standard. Medical information that could be used for underwriting includes:

[]
health medical history lifestyle country of residence occupation family histories of critical illness and early death a report from the applicants doctor an independent medical examination standard medical tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, blood pressure tests etc specialist medical tests, eg MRI scan etc. [ each maximum 3]
(ii)
Options if an applicant has a higher than expected level of risk []
The applicant could be declined insurance ...
... This option would only be adopted as a last resort, for the highest risk lives, when all other possible ways of dealing with a case are considered to be too risky for the company. []
Page 6b
An extra premium could be charged, commensurate with the extra degree of risk, for all or part of the policy term ... [] ... This method is appropriate for cases in which the level of extra risk can be assessed with a good degree of confidence, and is not too excessive. [] A deduction could be made from the sum assured. The deduction could be a fixed amount or on a sliding scale ... [] ... This method is appropriate if the policyholder could not afford an extra premium. []

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