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Pump performance results are typically obtained from an experimental test of the
given pump and are presented graphically for each performance parameter.
Typical independent variable - Q {usually gpm (liquids) or cfm (gases)
Typical dependent variables are
! " head pressure rise# in some cases P
$!P " input po%er requirements (motor si&e)
" pump efficiency
These are graphed for fixed pump speed for each impeller diameter in a
given family of pumps
Typical performance curves for a single impeller speed and diameter appear as
'ig. ((.) Typical *entrifugal Pump Performance *urves
at 'ixed Pump +peed and diameter
These curves are observed to have the follo%ing characteristics,
(. h
p
is approximately constant at lo% flo% rate.
-. h
p
. / at Q
max
.
01-((
2. $!P is not equal to / at Q . /.
3. $!P increases monotonically %ith the increase in Q.
4.
p
. / at Q . / and at Q
max
.
). 5aximum pump efficiency occurs at approximately Q6 . /.) Q
max
. This is
the best efficiency point $7P. 8t any other operating point# efficiency is
less# pump head can be higher or lo%er# and $!P can be higher or lo%er.
9. 8t the $7P# Q . Q6# h
p
. h
p
6# $!P . $!P6.
Measured Performance Data
8ctual pump performance data %ill typically be presented graphically as sho%n in
'ig. ((.9. 7ach graph %ill usually have curves representing the pump head vs.
flo% rate for t%o or more impeller diameters for a given class:model of pumps
having a similar design. The graphs %ill also sho% curves of constant efficiency
and constant pump po%er ($!P) for the impeller diameters sho%n. 8ll curves %ill
be for a fixed pump impeller speed.
01-(-
'ig. ((.9 5easured performance curves for t%o models of a centrifugal
%ater pump
01-(2
How to Read Pump Performance Curves
*are must be ta;en to correctly read the performance data from pump curves. This
should be done as follo%s,
(() 'or a given flo% rate Q
(-) <ead vertically to a point on the pump head curve h for the impeller
diameter = of interest.
(2) 8ll remaining parameters ( efficiency > $!P) are read at this point? i.e.#
graphically interpolate bet%een ad@acent curves for $!P to obtain the pump
po%er at this point.
Aote that the resulting values are valid only for the conditions of these curves,
(() pump model and design# (-) pump speed " A# (2) impeller si&e " =# (3) fluid
(typically %ater)
Thus for the pump sho%n in 'ig. ((.9a %ith an impeller diameter = . 2- in# %e
obtain the follo%ing performance at Q . -/#/// gpm,
Q . -/#/// gpm# = . 2- in# A . ((9/ rpm
! 2B4 ft# $!P -2// bhp#
p
B).2 C
Aote that points that are not on an h vs. Q curve are not valid operating points.
Thus for 'ig. ((.9b# the conditions
Q . --#/// gpm# $!P . (4// bhp# hp . -4/ ft
do not correspond to a valid operating point because they do not fall on one of the
given impeller diameter curves. !o%ever# for the same figure# the point
Q . -/#/// gpm# $!P . (-4/ bhp
is a valid point because it coincidentally also falls on the = . 2B in impeller curve
at hp . --9 ft.
01-(3
Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH
Dne additional parameter is typically sho%n on pump performance curves,
AP+! . head required at the pump inlet to ;eep the fluid from cavitating.
AP+! is defined as follo%s,
NPSH
P
i
g
+
V
i
2
2g
P
v
g
%here P
i
. pump inlet pressure
P
v
. vapor pressure of fluid
*onsidering the ad@acent figure#
%rite the energy equation bet%een
the fluid surface and the pump
inlet to obtain the follo%ing,
a
z=0
z
i
P
i
P
a
Pumpinlet
NPSH
P
i
g
+
V
i
2
2g
P
v
g
P
a
g
Z
i
h
f, ai
P
v
g
'or a pump installation %ith this configuration to operate as intended# the right-
hand-side of the above equation must be E the AP+! value for the operating
flo% rate for the pump.
Example,
8 %ater supply tan; and pump are connected
as sho%n. P
a
. (2.) psia and the %ater is at
-/
o
* %ith P
v
. /.23 psia. The system has a
friction loss of 3.23 ft. Fill the AP+! of the
pump of 'ig. ((.9a at -/#/// gpm %or;G
a
10ft
i
a
01-(4
8pplying the previous equation %e obtain
NPSH
P
a
g
Z
i
h
f, ai
P
v
g
NPSH
13.60.34 ( )lbf/in
2
*144in
2
/ft
2
62.4lbf/ft
3
10ft ( ) 4.34ft
NPSH = 36.26ft
The pump %ill %or; because the system AP+! as sho%n in
'ig. ((.9a is 2/ ft %hich provides a ).2 ft safety margin.
*onversely# the pump could be located as close as 2.9 ft
belo% the %ater surface and meet AP+! requirements.
Pump Similarity Laws
8pplication of the dimensional analysis procedures of *h. H %ill yield the
follo%ing three dimensionless performance parameters for centrifugal pumps,
=imensionless flo% coefficient,
C
Q
Q
D
3
=imensionless head coefficient,
C
H
gH
2
D
2
=imensionless po%er coefficient,
C
P
BHP
3
D
5
%here is the pump speed in radians:time and other symbols are standard design
and operating parameters %ith units that ma;e the coefficients dimensionless.
How are these usedG
These terms can be used to estimate design and performance changes bet%een t%o
pumps of similar design.
01-()
+tated in another %ay,
1f pumps ( and - are from the same geometric design family and are operating at
similar ;inematic and dynamic operating conditions# the flo% rates# pump head#
and pump po%er for the t%o pumps %ill be related according to the follo%ing
expressions,
Q
2
Q
1
N
2
N
1
D
2
D
1
_
,
3
H
2
H
1
N
2
N
1
_
,
2
D
2
D
1
_
,
2
BHP
2
BHP
1
1
_
,
N
2
N
1
_
,
3
D
2
D
1
_
,
5
Ised to predict the ne% flo% rate for a
design change in pump speed A and
impeller diameter =.
Ised to predict the ne% pump head ! for a
design change in pump speed A and
impeller diameter =.
Ised to predict the ne% pump po%er $!P
for a design change in fluid# # pump speed
A and impeller diameter =.
Example
1t is desired to modify the operating
conditions for the 2B in diameter
impeller pump of 'ig. ((.9b to a
ne% pump speed of J// rpm and a
larger impeller diameter of 3/ in.
=etermine the ne% pump head and
po%er for the ne% pump speed at
the $7P.
a
Q(gpm)
H(ft)
BEP
2
BEP
1
01-(9
'or the = . 2B in impeller of 'ig. ((.9b operating at 9(/ rpm# %e read the best
efficiency point ($7P) values as
Q6 . -/#/// gpm# !6 . --4 ft# $!P 6 . (-4/ hp
8pplying the similarity la%s for A
-
. J// rpm and =
-
. =
(
. 2B in# %e obtain
Q
2
Q
1
N
2
N
1
D
2
D
1
_
,
3
900
710
40
38
_
,
3
1.478
Q
-
. -/#///6(.39B . -J#49/ gpm ans
H
2
H
1
N
2
N
1
_
,
2
D
2
D
1
_
,
2
900
710
_
,
2
40
38
_
,
2
1.78
!
-
. --46(.9B . 3//.4 ft ans
BHP
2
BHP
1
1
_
,
N
2
N
1
_
,
3
D
2
D
1
_
,
5
1 ( )
900
710
_
,
3
40
38
_
,
5
2.632
$!P- . 2-J/ hp ans
Thus# even small changes in the speed and si&e of a pump can result in significant
changes in flo% rate# head# and po%er.
1t is noted that every point on the original 2B in diameter performance curve
exhibits a similar translation to a ne% operating condition.
The similarity la%s are obviously useful to predict changes in the performance
characteristics of an existing pump or to estimate the performance of a modified
pump design prior to the construction of a prototype.
01-(B
Matc!in" a Pump to System C!aracteristics
The typical design:si&ing requirement for a pump is to select a pump %hich has a
pump head %hich matches the required system head at the design:operating flo%
rate for the piping system.
#ey Point
!
p
$ !
sys
at %
des
1t is noted that pump selection should occur such that the operating point of the
selected pump should occur on the pump curve near or at the $7P.
'rom the energy equation in *h. H1# the system head is typically expressed as
h
sys
P
2
P
1
g
+
V
2
2
V
1
2
2g
+ Z
2
Z
1
+ f
L
D
+ K
i
'
;
V
2g
2
Thus# the selection of a pump for a
piping system design should result in
a pump for %hich the pump head
h
p
at the design flo% rate Q
des
is
equal ( or very close) to the head
requirements h
sys
of the piping
system at the same flo% rate# and this
should occur at or near the point of
maximum efficiency for the chosen
pump.
a
Q(gpm)
Q
des
H
des
h
p
h
sys
p
Dther operating and performance requirements (such as AP+!) and cost are
obviously also a part of the selection criteria for a pump.
01-(J